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Simon"," (1916–2001), Nobelova cena za ekonomii 1978.",[1023,1223,1226,1234],{"className":1224,"dataCallout":582},[1026,1225],"callout-info",[1030,1227,1229,1233],{"className":1228},[1033],[1035,1230],{"className":1231,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1232,1040],"i-lucide:info","Klíčové pojmy",[1112,1235,1236,1242,1248],{},[1115,1237,1238,1241],{},[1047,1239,1240],{},"Výchozí cíl:"," přežití na trhu.",[1115,1243,1244,1247],{},[1047,1245,1246],{},"Aspirační úroveň:"," žádaná úroveň výkonu.",[1115,1249,1250,1253],{},[1047,1251,1252],{},"Satisficing:"," hledání „dostatečně dobrého\" řešení místo optimálního.",[1030,1255,1256],{},[1047,1257,1258],{},"Mechanismus:",[1260,1261,1262,1265,1268,1275],"ol",{},[1115,1263,1264],{},"Management stanoví počáteční cíl.",[1115,1266,1267],{},"Po určité době se vyhodnocuje, zda byl dosažen.",[1115,1269,1270,1271,1274],{},"Pokud ",[1047,1272,1273],{},"ano"," → zvyšuje se aspirační úroveň, stanoví se vyšší cíl.",[1115,1276,1270,1277,1280],{},[1047,1278,1279],{},"ne"," → snižuje se aspirační úroveň, stanoví se nižší cíl.",[1030,1282,1283,1286],{},[1047,1284,1285],{},"Důsledek:"," v dlouhém období nemusí satisficing vést k nižší výkonnosti — postupné zvyšování aspirací může konvergovat k výsledkům blízkým maximalizaci.",[1212,1288,1290],{"id":1289},"_22-cyert-march-model-1963","2.2 Cyert-March model (1963)",[1030,1292,1293,1062,1296,1299,1300,1303],{},[1047,1294,1295],{},"Richard M. Cyert",[1047,1297,1298],{},"James G. March",", ",[1091,1301,1302],{},"A Behavioral Theory of the Firm",", 1963.",[1030,1305,1306,1307,1310],{},"Firma jako ",[1047,1308,1309],{},"koalice zájmových skupin",":",[1112,1312,1313,1319],{},[1115,1314,1315,1318],{},[1047,1316,1317],{},"Interní:"," vrcholový management, nižší management a administrativa, odboroví předáci, vysoce kvalifikovaní dělníci, řadoví dělníci.",[1115,1320,1321,1324],{},[1047,1322,1323],{},"Externí:"," akcionáři, věřitelé, dodavatelé, zákazníci.",[1030,1326,1327,1328,1331,1332,1075],{},"Každá skupina má vlastní cíle a uzavírá ",[1047,1329,1330],{},"krátkodobé i dlouhodobé koalice"," s jinými skupinami. Cíle firmy se určují jako ",[1047,1333,1334],{},"kompromisy v sociálních hrách",[1023,1336,1338,1345],{"className":1337,"dataCallout":582},[1026,1225],[1030,1339,1341,1344],{"className":1340},[1033],[1035,1342],{"className":1343,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1232,1040],"Pět skupin firemních cílů (Cyert-March)",[1260,1346,1347,1350,1353,1356,1359],{},[1115,1348,1349],{},"Plynulost a objem produkce.",[1115,1351,1352],{},"Úroveň zásob (s mezemi fluktuace).",[1115,1354,1355],{},"Fyzický objem prodejů a hodnota tržeb.",[1115,1357,1358],{},"Velikost tržního podílu.",[1115,1360,1361],{},"Zisk (jako ukazatel kompetentnosti vrcholového managementu).",[1030,1363,1364],{},[1047,1365,1366],{},"Klíčové vlastnosti:",[1112,1368,1369,1376,1383],{},[1115,1370,1371,1372,1375],{},"Cíle jsou ",[1047,1373,1374],{},"proměnné v čase"," (závisí na postavení skupin).",[1115,1377,1378,1379,1382],{},"Rozhodování není maximalizační, ale ",[1047,1380,1381],{},"uspokojující"," (přijímá se první rovnovážné řešení).",[1115,1384,1385],{},"Změna nastane, až když operační podmínky destabilizují stávající řešení.",[1212,1387,1389],{"id":1388},"_23-doyleův-model-zón-tolerance-1994","2.3 Doyleův model zón tolerance (1994)",[1030,1391,1392,1395],{},[1047,1393,1394],{},"Peter Doyle"," (1943–2003).",[1030,1397,1398],{},"8 cílových dimenzí, organizovaných radiálně (paprsky od středu):",[1260,1400,1401,1404,1407,1410,1413,1416,1419,1422],{},[1115,1402,1403],{},"Růst firmy.",[1115,1405,1406],{},"Podíl firmy na trhu.",[1115,1408,1409],{},"Tržní hodnota firmy.",[1115,1411,1412],{},"Výnos z akcie.",[1115,1414,1415],{},"Kvalita produkce.",[1115,1417,1418],{},"Motivace zaměstnanců.",[1115,1420,1421],{},"Dobré dodavatelsko-odběratelské vztahy.",[1115,1423,1424],{},"Minimalizace rizika.",[1030,1426,1427],{},[1047,1428,1429],{},"Tři zóny:",[1112,1431,1432,1438,1444],{},[1115,1433,1434,1437],{},[1047,1435,1436],{},"Vnitřní zóna (netolerance):"," firma neuspokojuje minimální očekávání žádné ze zájmových skupin → ohrožení existence.",[1115,1439,1440,1443],{},[1047,1441,1442],{},"Zóna tolerance:"," vyjednávací prostor pro management; různé zájmy lze sladit.",[1115,1445,1446,1449],{},[1047,1447,1448],{},"Vnější zóna netolerance:"," příliš velký důraz na jeden cíl → nadměrné alternativní náklady → destabilizace.",[1030,1451,1452,1455],{},[1047,1453,1454],{},"Úkol managementu:"," rozšiřovat zónu tolerance — hledáním společných zájmů, zlepšováním komunikace, posilováním neformálních vazeb.",[1100,1457,1459],{"id":1458},"_3-aplikace-na-vysokou-školu","3. Aplikace na vysokou školu",[1212,1461,1463],{"id":1462},"_31-cyert-march-na-vš-zájmové-skupiny","3.1 Cyert-March na VŠ — zájmové skupiny",[1030,1465,1466],{},"Autoři identifikují klíčové skupiny v prostředí univerzity:",[1153,1468,1469,1478],{},[1156,1470,1471],{},[1159,1472,1473,1475],{},[1162,1474,1164],{},[1162,1476,1477],{},"Typické cíle",[1172,1479,1480,1490,1501,1511],{},[1159,1481,1482,1487],{},[1177,1483,1484],{},[1047,1485,1486],{},"Učitelé",[1177,1488,1489],{},"akademická svoboda, výzkum, publikace, odborný růst",[1159,1491,1492,1498],{},[1177,1493,1494,1497],{},[1047,1495,1496],{},"Zaměstnanci"," (administrativa, technici)",[1177,1499,1500],{},"stabilita, mzdy, pracovní podmínky",[1159,1502,1503,1508],{},[1177,1504,1505],{},[1047,1506,1507],{},"Studenti",[1177,1509,1510],{},"kvalita výuky, dostupnost, uznatelnost titulu",[1159,1512,1513,1519],{},[1177,1514,1515,1518],{},[1047,1516,1517],{},"Externí stakeholdři"," (zaměstnavatelé, MŠMT, donoři)",[1177,1520,1521],{},"absolventi s relevantními kompetencemi, výzkumný výstup",[1030,1523,1524],{},"Konflikty: výzkum vs. výuka (učitelé), poptávka po snadných předmětech (studenti) vs. kvalita (zaměstnavatelé).",[1212,1526,1528],{"id":1527},"_32-doyleův-model-na-vš-8-cílů","3.2 Doyleův model na VŠ — 8 cílů",[1030,1530,1531],{},"Autoři adaptují Doyleovu osmici na vysokoškolské prostředí:",[1260,1533,1534,1540,1546,1552,1558,1564,1570,1576],{},[1115,1535,1536,1539],{},[1047,1537,1538],{},"Růst"," — počet studentů, zaměstnanců, programy.",[1115,1541,1542,1545],{},[1047,1543,1544],{},"Podíl na trhu"," vzdělání — pozice mezi VŠ.",[1115,1547,1548,1551],{},[1047,1549,1550],{},"Tržní hodnota"," — pověst, brand, ranking.",[1115,1553,1554,1557],{},[1047,1555,1556],{},"Výnos"," — provozní hospodaření, granty.",[1115,1559,1560,1563],{},[1047,1561,1562],{},"Kvalita výuky a výzkumu"," — analog kvality produkce.",[1115,1565,1566,1569],{},[1047,1567,1568],{},"Motivace zaměstnanců"," — akademiků a podpůrného personálu.",[1115,1571,1572,1575],{},[1047,1573,1574],{},"Vztahy s odběrateli"," — zaměstnavateli absolventů, partnerskými univerzitami.",[1115,1577,1578,1581],{},[1047,1579,1580],{},"Minimalizace rizika"," — finančního, reputačního, akreditačního.",[1100,1583,1585],{"id":1584},"_4-aplikace-na-veřejnou-správu","4. Aplikace na veřejnou správu",[1030,1587,1588],{},"Obdobně se behavioristický rámec aplikuje na úřady veřejné správy:",[1112,1590,1591,1594,1597],{},[1115,1592,1593],{},"Zájmové skupiny: úředníci různých stupňů, politické vedení, občané, kontrolní orgány.",[1115,1595,1596],{},"Cíle se vyjednávají, ne maximalizují.",[1115,1598,1599],{},"Zóna tolerance odpovídá akceptovatelnému stupni výkonu pro všechny skupiny.",[1100,1601,1603],{"id":1602},"_5-závěr","5. Závěr",[1023,1605,1609,1617],{"className":1606,"dataCallout":1608},[1026,1607],"callout-tip","tip",[1030,1610,1612,1616],{"className":1611},[1033],[1035,1613],{"className":1614,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1615,1040],"i-lucide:lightbulb","Hlavní insighty článku",[1260,1618,1619,1626,1633,1640],{},[1115,1620,1621,1622,1625],{},"Behavioristické modely lze přenést z ",[1047,1623,1624],{},"ziskového do veřejného sektoru"," beze ztráty vysvětlující síly.",[1115,1627,1628,1629,1632],{},"Společný znak ziskového i veřejného sektoru: ",[1047,1630,1631],{},"zájmové skupiny"," s vlastními cíli.",[1115,1634,1635,1636,1639],{},"Manažeři (resp. ředitelé veřejných institucí) hledají ",[1047,1637,1638],{},"kompromisní řešení"," v zóně tolerance.",[1115,1641,1642],{},"Maximalizace zisku není univerzální — i v privátním sektoru jde často o satisficing.",[1077,1644,1646],{"id":1645},"související-stránky","Související stránky",[1112,1648,1649,1657,1666,1675],{},[1115,1650,1651,1656],{},[1047,1652,1653],{},[1068,1654,1074],{"className":1655,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1072,"href":1073},[1071]," — hlavní aplikační topic page, deep dive všech tří modelů.",[1115,1658,1659,1665],{},[1068,1660,1664],{"className":1661,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1662,"href":1663},[1071],"topics\u002Fmikk-alternativni-cile-firmy.md","\u002Fwiki\u002Fmikk-alternativni-cile-firmy","Alternativní cíle firmy"," — kontrast manažerských a behavioristických přístupů.",[1115,1667,1668,1674],{},[1068,1669,1673],{"className":1670,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1671,"href":1672},[1071],"summaries\u002Fmikk-prednaska-5-blok.md","\u002Fwiki\u002Fmikk-prednaska-5-blok","Monopolistická konkurence a alternativní cíle firmy"," — souhrn navazujících přednášek.",[1115,1676,1677,1683],{},[1068,1678,1682],{"className":1679,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1680,"href":1681},[1071],"courses\u002Fmikk.md","\u002Fwiki\u002Fmikk","Mikroekonomie 2"," — kurzová stránka.",{"title":1685,"searchDepth":141,"depth":141,"links":1686},"",[1687,1688,1695],{"id":1079,"depth":141,"text":1080},{"id":1097,"depth":141,"text":1098,"children":1689},[1690,1691,1692,1693,1694],{"id":1102,"depth":96,"text":1103},{"id":1209,"depth":96,"text":1210},{"id":1458,"depth":96,"text":1459},{"id":1584,"depth":96,"text":1585},{"id":1602,"depth":96,"text":1603},{"id":1645,"depth":141,"text":1646},null,"2026-04-27","md",{},true,"\u002Fsummaries\u002Fmikk-buchta-clanek",{"title":1014,"description":1685},[1704],"raw\u002Fmikk\u002Fbuchta.pdf","summaries\u002Fmikk-buchta-clanek",[13,57,309,171,179,390,970],"summary","VDZcf6iw3TNdQnf-7M_ueTyx_BZGdhxOeejM9WR8FlU","summaries",{"zapisku":15,"topics":11,"summaries":51,"outputs":96},[1712,4441,7156,10949,20905,33353,43031,55764,62353,66539,72014,75387,79059,91176,94101,97333,103936,114599,128300,132957,141624,144580],{"id":1713,"title":1714,"body":1715,"course":13,"courses":1696,"created":1697,"description":1685,"extension":1698,"meta":4432,"navigation":1700,"path":4433,"seo":4434,"sources":4435,"stem":4437,"tags":4438,"type":4439,"updated":1697,"__hash__":4440},"topics\u002Ftopics\u002Fmikk-alternativni-cile-firmy.md","Alternativní cíle firmy — přehled",{"type":1016,"value":1716,"toc":4399},[1717,1720,1723,1742,1762,1813,1835,1839,1880,1885,1903,1920,1925,1952,1967,1971,2034,2043,2047,2050,2086,2109,2112,2196,2199,2203,2212,2222,2226,2305,2309,2312,2378,2441,2445,2448,2546,2550,2553,2583,2587,2646,2651,2713,2794,2799,2857,2890,2970,2975,3088,3158,3175,3179,3189,3193,3230,3233,3296,3300,3331,3425,3470,3474,3477,3497,3513,3517,3520,3558,3562,3569,3591,3597,3660,3664,3677,3681,3728,3732,3739,3825,3861,3865,3919,3923,3934,3948,3955,3959,3964,3991,4001,4005,4017,4032,4039,4043,4050,4150,4172,4176,4222,4226,4229,4269,4273,4283,4308,4312],[1019,1718,1714],{"id":1719},"alternativní-cíle-firmy-přehled",[1077,1721,1042],{"id":1722},"tldr",[1030,1724,1725,1726,1729,1730,1733,1734,1737,1738,1741],{},"Tradiční mikroekonomická teorie předpokládá, že firma maximalizuje zisk. Realita\nkorporací s oddělením vlastnictví a řízení však ukazuje, že firmy mohou sledovat\ni jiné cíle: ",[1047,1727,1728],{},"uspokojivou výši zisku"," (satisficing), ",[1047,1731,1732],{},"podíl na trhu",",\n",[1047,1735,1736],{},"dlouhodobé přežití"," nebo ",[1047,1739,1740],{},"růst a expanzi",". Alternativní teorie firmy se dělí\ndo tří hlavních směrů:",[1112,1743,1744,1750,1756],{},[1115,1745,1746,1749],{},[1047,1747,1748],{},"Manažerské teorie"," (Baumol, Williamson) zdůrazňují konflikt mezi akcionáři\na manažery a maximalizují užitek manažerů.",[1115,1751,1752,1755],{},[1047,1753,1754],{},"Behavioristické teorie"," (Simon, Cyert–March, Doyle) modelují firmu jako\nvýsledek vyjednávání mezi zájmovými skupinami a operují s aspirační úrovní.",[1115,1757,1758,1761],{},[1047,1759,1760],{},"Teorie zaměstnanecké firmy"," (Ward) maximalizuje příjem na zaměstnance.",[1030,1763,1764,1765,1768,1769,1812],{},"Ve všech alternativních modelech vystupuje ",[1047,1766,1767],{},"zisk jako omezující podmínka","\n(",[1035,1770,1773],{"className":1771},[1772],"katex",[1774,1775,1777],"math",{"xmlns":1776},"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML",[1778,1779,1780,1807],"semantics",{},[1781,1782,1783,1787,1791],"mrow",{},[1784,1785,1786],"mi",{},"π",[1788,1789,1790],"mo",{},"≥",[1792,1793,1794,1796],"msub",{},[1784,1795,1786],{},[1781,1797,1798,1801,1804],{},[1784,1799,1800],{},"m",[1784,1802,1803],{},"i",[1784,1805,1806],{},"n",[1808,1809,1811],"annotation",{"encoding":1810},"application\u002Fx-tex","\\pi \\ge \\pi_{min}","), nikoliv jako maximalizovaná veličina. Společným přínosem\ntěchto teorií je rozšíření spektra problémů analýzy firmy nad rámec\nzjednodušujícího tradičního modelu.",[1030,1814,1815,1816,1733,1819,1299,1823,1733,1829,1075],{},"Související přehledy: ",[1068,1817,1682],{"className":1818,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1680,"href":1681},[1071],[1068,1820,1822],{"className":1821,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1072,"href":1073},[1071],"mikk-behavioristicke-modely-firmy",[1068,1824,1828],{"className":1825,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1826,"href":1827},[1071],"topics\u002Fmikk-zamestnanecka-firma-ward.md","\u002Fwiki\u002Fmikk-zamestnanecka-firma-ward","mikk-zamestnanecka-firma-ward",[1068,1830,1834],{"className":1831,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1832,"href":1833},[1071],"outputs\u002Fmikk-vzorce-prehled.md","\u002Fwiki\u002Fmikk-vzorce-prehled","mikk-vzorce-prehled",[1077,1836,1838],{"id":1837},"_1-co-jsou-alternativní-cíle-firmy","1 Co jsou alternativní cíle firmy",[1030,1840,1841,1842,1845,1846,1872,1873,1879],{},"Tradiční neoklasická mikroekonomie pracuje s předpokladem, že firma má jediný\ncíl — ",[1047,1843,1844],{},"maximalizaci zisku",". Tento předpoklad je analyticky pohodlný a vede\nk jasným podmínkám optima (",[1035,1847,1849],{"className":1848},[1772],[1774,1850,1851],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,1852,1853,1869],{},[1781,1854,1855,1858,1861,1864,1866],{},[1784,1856,1857],{},"M",[1784,1859,1860],{},"R",[1788,1862,1863],{},"=",[1784,1865,1857],{},[1784,1867,1868],{},"C",[1808,1870,1871],{"encoding":1810},"MR = MC",", viz ",[1068,1874,1878],{"className":1875,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1876,"href":1877},[1071],"topics\u002Fmikk-monopol-pokrocily.md","\u002Fwiki\u002Fmikk-monopol-pokrocily","mikk-monopol-pokrocily","). V praxi\nmoderních korporací však platí omezeně.",[1030,1881,1882],{},[1047,1883,1884],{},"Realita korporací:",[1112,1886,1887,1894,1900],{},[1115,1888,1889,1890,1893],{},"vlastníky firmy jsou ",[1047,1891,1892],{},"akcionáři"," (často roztříštěná skupina),",[1115,1895,1896,1897,1138],{},"řídícími pracovníky jsou ",[1047,1898,1899],{},"najatí manažeři",[1115,1901,1902],{},"obě skupiny mají vlastní, často konfliktní zájmy.",[1023,1904,1906,1913],{"className":1905,"dataCallout":582},[1026,1225],[1030,1907,1909,1912],{"className":1908},[1033],[1035,1910],{"className":1911,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1232,1040],"Oddělení vlastnictví a řízení (Berle–Means, 1932)",[1030,1914,1915,1916,1919],{},"Klasická studie ",[1091,1917,1918],{},"The Modern Corporation and Private Property"," upozornila, že\nv amerických korporacích již ve 30. letech ovládali skuteční vlastníci jen\nmenšinu řízení. Tato kniha je intelektuálním základem pozdějších\nmanažerských teorií firmy.",[1030,1921,1922],{},[1047,1923,1924],{},"Možné alternativní cíle firmy:",[1260,1926,1927,1934,1940,1946],{},[1115,1928,1929,1930,1933],{},"Dosažení ",[1047,1931,1932],{},"uspokojivé výše zisku"," (\"satisficing\" — Simon).",[1115,1935,1936,1937,1075],{},"Dosažení určitého ",[1047,1938,1939],{},"podílu na trhu",[1115,1941,1942,1945],{},[1047,1943,1944],{},"Dlouhodobé přežití"," firmy (někteří ekonomové jej považují za prvotní cíl).",[1115,1947,1948,1951],{},[1047,1949,1950],{},"Růst a expanze"," — komplexní cíl, který v sobě zahrnuje vyšší zisk\ni dlouhodobé přežití.",[1030,1953,1954,1955,1958,1959,1962,1963,1966],{},"Obvykle se firma snaží ",[1047,1956,1957],{},"o uspokojivé výsledky"," napříč více proměnnými, nikoliv\no maximalizaci jediné. Tento posun od ",[1091,1960,1961],{},"maximalizace"," k ",[1091,1964,1965],{},"satisficingu"," je hlavní\nmetodickou inovací behavioristických teorií.",[1077,1968,1970],{"id":1969},"_2-klasifikace-alternativních-teorií","2 Klasifikace alternativních teorií",[1153,1972,1973,1986],{},[1156,1974,1975],{},[1159,1976,1977,1980,1983],{},[1162,1978,1979],{},"Typ teorie",[1162,1981,1982],{},"Klíčový předpoklad",[1162,1984,1985],{},"Hlavní představitelé",[1172,1987,1988,2003,2021],{},[1159,1989,1990,1992,1995],{},[1177,1991,1181],{},[1177,1993,1994],{},"oddělení vlastnictví a řízení",[1177,1996,1997,1299,2000],{},[1047,1998,1999],{},"Baumol",[1047,2001,2002],{},"Williamson",[1159,2004,2005,2007,2010],{},[1177,2006,1194],{},[1177,2008,2009],{},"sociální hry mezi zájmovými skupinami",[1177,2011,2012,1299,2015,1299,2018],{},[1047,2013,2014],{},"Simon",[1047,2016,2017],{},"Cyert–March",[1047,2019,2020],{},"Doyle",[1159,2022,2023,2026,2029],{},[1177,2024,2025],{},"Zaměstnanecká firma",[1177,2027,2028],{},"vlastníky jsou zaměstnanci",[1177,2030,2031],{},[1047,2032,2033],{},"Ward",[1030,2035,2036,2037,1062,2040,1075],{},"V dalším textu probíráme manažerské teorie podrobně (jádro této stránky),\nbehavioristické a wardovskou teorii ve zkratce s odkazem na samostatné stránky\n",[1068,2038,1822],{"className":2039,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1072,"href":1073},[1071],[1068,2041,1828],{"className":2042,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1826,"href":1827},[1071],[1077,2044,2046],{"id":2045},"_3-manažerské-teorie-firmy-obecné-rysy","3 Manažerské teorie firmy — obecné rysy",[1030,2048,2049],{},"Manažerské teorie sdílejí následující jádro:",[1112,2051,2052,2058,2064,2079],{},[1115,2053,2054,2057],{},[1047,2055,2056],{},"Vlastníky"," jsou akcionáři (principal).",[1115,2059,2060,2063],{},[1047,2061,2062],{},"Řídícími"," jsou najatí manažeři (agent).",[1115,2065,2066,2067,2070,2071],{},"Mezi oběma skupinami vzniká ",[1047,2068,2069],{},"konflikt cílů",":\n",[1112,2072,2073,2076],{},[1115,2074,2075],{},"akcionáři chtějí maximální zisk,",[1115,2077,2078],{},"manažeři maximalizují vlastní užitek (plat, prestiž, naturální výhody).",[1115,2080,2081,2082,2085],{},"Manažer se chová ",[1047,2083,2084],{},"analogicky se spotřebitelem"," — maximalizuje užitkovou\nfunkci, jejíž argumenty jsou charakteristiky jeho postavení ve firmě.",[1023,2087,2091,2099],{"className":2088,"dataCallout":2090},[1026,2089],"callout-note","note",[1030,2092,2094,2098],{"className":2093},[1033],[1035,2095],{"className":2096,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,2097,1040],"i-lucide:pencil","Princip principal–agent",[1030,2100,2101,2102,2105,2106,1075],{},"Konflikt mezi vlastníkem (principal) a manažerem (agent) je ",[1047,2103,2104],{},"informační\nproblém",": principal nevidí přímo úsilí agenta a musí jej monitorovat nebo\nmotivovat. Náklady tohoto monitoringu se nazývají ",[1091,2107,2108],{},"agency costs",[1030,2110,2111],{},"Užitečnost manažera lze schematicky vyjádřit jako kombinaci:",[1035,2113,2115],{"className":2114},[1772],[1774,2116,2118],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},"block",[1778,2119,2120,2193],{},[1781,2121,2122,2135,2137,2140,2144,2146,2148,2152,2154,2168,2170,2185,2187,2190],{},[1792,2123,2124,2127],{},[1784,2125,2126],{},"U",[1781,2128,2129,2131,2133],{},[1784,2130,1800],{},[1784,2132,1068],{},[1784,2134,1806],{},[1788,2136,1863],{},[1784,2138,2139],{},"f",[1788,2141,2143],{"stretchy":2142},"false","(",[1784,2145,1786],{},[1788,2147,1138],{"separator":1041},[2149,2150,2151],"mtext",{},"plat",[1788,2153,1138],{"separator":1041},[1781,2155,2156,2159],{},[2149,2157,2158],{},"presti",[2160,2161,2162,2165],"mover",{"accent":1041},[2149,2163,2164],{},"z",[1788,2166,2167],{},"ˇ",[1788,2169,1138],{"separator":1041},[1781,2171,2172,2175,2182],{},[2149,2173,2174],{},"natur",[2160,2176,2177,2179],{"accent":1041},[2149,2178,1068],{},[1788,2180,2181],{},"ˊ",[2149,2183,2184],{},"lie",[1788,2186,1138],{"separator":1041},[2149,2188,2189],{},"moc",[1788,2191,2192],{"stretchy":2142},")",[1808,2194,2195],{"encoding":1810},"U_{man} = f(\\pi, \\text{plat}, \\text{prestiž}, \\text{naturálie}, \\text{moc})",[1030,2197,2198],{},"V prostředí, kde manažer není dokonale monitorován, se firma odchýlí od\nzisko-maximalizujícího chování ve prospěch ostatních argumentů této funkce.",[1077,2200,2202],{"id":2201},"_4-baumolův-model-maximalizace-obratu","4 Baumolův model maximalizace obratu",[1030,2204,2205],{},[2206,2207],"img",{"alt":2208,"className":2209,"src":2211},"mikk-baumol-max-prijmu",[1071,2210],"wikilink-broken","\u002Fwiki-assets\u002Fmikk-baumol-max-prijmu.jpeg",[1030,2213,2214,2217,2218,2221],{},[1047,2215,2216],{},"William J. Baumol (1959)"," navrhl model, v němž manažeři maximalizují\n",[1047,2219,2220],{},"obrat"," (tržby) namísto zisku, a to s omezením v podobě minimálního zisku.",[1100,2223,2225],{"id":2224},"_41-předpoklady-a-cíl","4.1 Předpoklady a cíl",[1112,2227,2228,2234,2240,2274],{},[1115,2229,2230,2233],{},[1047,2231,2232],{},"Tržní struktura:"," nedokonalá konkurence (firma je cenotvůrce).",[1115,2235,2236,2239],{},[1047,2237,2238],{},"Bariéry vstupu"," do odvětví — chrání firmu před erozí marže.",[1115,2241,2242,2245,2246,1075],{},[1047,2243,2244],{},"Cíl manažera:"," maximalizace obratu ",[1035,2247,2249],{"className":2248},[1772],[1774,2250,2251],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,2252,2253,2271],{},[1781,2254,2255,2258,2260,2262,2265,2268],{},[1784,2256,2257],{},"T",[1784,2259,1860],{},[1788,2261,1863],{},[1784,2263,2264],{},"P",[1788,2266,2267],{},"⋅",[1784,2269,2270],{},"Q",[1808,2272,2273],{"encoding":1810},"TR = P \\cdot Q",[1115,2275,2276,2279,2280,2304],{},[1047,2277,2278],{},"Omezení:"," zisk nesmí klesnout pod úroveň ",[1035,2281,2283],{"className":2282},[1772],[1774,2284,2285],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,2286,2287,2301],{},[1781,2288,2289],{},[1792,2290,2291,2293],{},[1784,2292,1786],{},[1781,2294,2295,2297,2299],{},[1784,2296,1800],{},[1784,2298,1803],{},[1784,2300,1806],{},[1808,2302,2303],{"encoding":1810},"\\pi_{min}"," potřebnou pro\ndividendy, akceptovatelnost akcionáři a nezbytné investice.",[1100,2306,2308],{"id":2307},"_42-podmínka-optima","4.2 Podmínka optima",[1030,2310,2311],{},"V neomezeném maximu obratu platí:",[1035,2313,2315],{"className":2314},[1772],[1774,2316,2317],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,2318,2319,2375],{},[1781,2320,2321,2339,2341,2343,2345,2347,2351,2355,2358,2360,2367,2369,2372],{},[2322,2323,2324,2333],"mfrac",{},[1781,2325,2326,2329,2331],{},[1784,2327,2328],{},"d",[1784,2330,2257],{},[1784,2332,1860],{},[1781,2334,2335,2337],{},[1784,2336,2328],{},[1784,2338,2270],{},[1788,2340,1863],{},[1784,2342,1857],{},[1784,2344,1860],{},[1788,2346,1863],{},[2348,2349,2350],"mn",{},"0",[2352,2353],"mspace",{"width":2354},"2em",[1788,2356,2357],{},"⇒",[2352,2359],{"width":2354},[1792,2361,2362,2365],{},[1784,2363,2364],{},"E",[1784,2366,2328],{},[1788,2368,1863],{},[1788,2370,2371],{},"−",[2348,2373,2374],{},"1",[1808,2376,2377],{"encoding":1810},"\\frac{dTR}{dQ} = MR = 0 \\qquad \\Rightarrow \\qquad E_d = -1",[1030,2379,2380,2381,2384,2385,2391,2392,2419,2420,2440],{},"Cenová elasticita poptávky se v bodě maxima obratu ",[1047,2382,2383],{},"rovná −1"," (jednotková\nelasticita) — viz ",[1068,2386,2390],{"className":2387,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":2388,"href":2389},[1071],"topics\u002Fmikk-elasticita-poptavky.md","\u002Fwiki\u002Fmikk-elasticita-poptavky","mikk-elasticita-poptavky",". Pokud však omezení\n",[1035,2393,2395],{"className":2394},[1772],[1774,2396,2397],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,2398,2399,2417],{},[1781,2400,2401,2403,2405],{},[1784,2402,1786],{},[1788,2404,1790],{},[1792,2406,2407,2409],{},[1784,2408,1786],{},[1781,2410,2411,2413,2415],{},[1784,2412,1800],{},[1784,2414,1803],{},[1784,2416,1806],{},[1808,2418,1811],{"encoding":1810}," je aktivní, optimum leží na této omezovací podmínce\n(ne v bodě ",[1035,2421,2423],{"className":2422},[1772],[1774,2424,2425],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,2426,2427,2437],{},[1781,2428,2429,2431,2433,2435],{},[1784,2430,1857],{},[1784,2432,1860],{},[1788,2434,1863],{},[2348,2436,2350],{},[1808,2438,2439],{"encoding":1810},"MR = 0",").",[1100,2442,2444],{"id":2443},"_43-důsledky-pro-chování-firmy","4.3 Důsledky pro chování firmy",[1030,2446,2447],{},"Ve srovnání s firmou maximalizující zisk Baumolova firma:",[1112,2449,2450,2513,2519],{},[1115,2451,2452,2453,2456,2457,2512],{},"vyrábí ",[1047,2454,2455],{},"větší objem"," výstupu (",[1035,2458,2460],{"className":2459},[1772],[1774,2461,2462],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,2463,2464,2509],{},[1781,2465,2466,2489,2492],{},[2467,2468,2469,2471],"msup",{},[1784,2470,2270],{},[1781,2472,2473,2476,2478,2481,2483,2486],{},[1784,2474,2475],{},"B",[1784,2477,1068],{},[1784,2479,2480],{},"u",[1784,2482,1800],{},[1784,2484,2485],{},"o",[1784,2487,2488],{},"l",[1788,2490,2491],{},">",[2467,2493,2494,2496],{},[1784,2495,2270],{},[1781,2497,2498,2500,2502,2504,2506],{},[1784,2499,1786],{},[1788,2501,2371],{},[1784,2503,1800],{},[1784,2505,1068],{},[1784,2507,2508],{},"x",[1808,2510,2511],{"encoding":1810},"Q^{Baumol} > Q^{\\pi-max}","),",[1115,2514,2515,2516,1138],{},"prodává za ",[1047,2517,2518],{},"nižší cenu",[1115,2520,2521,2522,2545],{},"v bodě výroby platí ",[1035,2523,2525],{"className":2524},[1772],[1774,2526,2527],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,2528,2529,2542],{},[1781,2530,2531,2533,2535,2538,2540],{},[1784,2532,1857],{},[1784,2534,1860],{},[1788,2536,2537],{},"\u003C",[1784,2539,1857],{},[1784,2541,1868],{},[1808,2543,2544],{"encoding":1810},"MR \u003C MC"," (firma \"vyrábí moc\" z hlediska zisku).",[1100,2547,2549],{"id":2548},"_44-motivace-manažerů-baumolův-argument","4.4 Motivace manažerů (Baumolův argument)",[1030,2551,2552],{},"Proč by manažeři volili obrat místo zisku?",[1260,2554,2555,2562,2569,2576],{},[1115,2556,2557,2558,2561],{},"Jejich příjmy závisejí ",[1047,2559,2560],{},"více na objemu aktivit"," než na zisku.",[1115,2563,2564,2565,2568],{},"Objem výstupů je ",[1047,2566,2567],{},"viditelnější"," z hlediska statusu a prestiže managementu.",[1115,2570,2571,2572,2575],{},"Vysoké zisky jsou ",[1047,2573,2574],{},"z hlediska budoucnosti riskantní"," — lákají konkurenci\na regulační pozornost.",[1115,2577,2578,2579,2582],{},"Větší firma má větší šanci na ",[1047,2580,2581],{},"přežití"," a kariérní stabilitu manažera.",[1100,2584,2586],{"id":2585},"_45-numerický-příklad","4.5 Numerický příklad",[1030,2588,2589,2590,2616,2617,1075],{},"Mějme tržní poptávku ",[1035,2591,2593],{"className":2592},[1772],[1774,2594,2595],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,2596,2597,2613],{},[1781,2598,2599,2601,2603,2606,2608,2611],{},[1784,2600,2264],{},[1788,2602,1863],{},[2348,2604,2605],{},"100",[1788,2607,2371],{},[2348,2609,2610],{},"0,1",[1784,2612,2270],{},[1808,2614,2615],{"encoding":1810},"P = 100 - 0{,}1 Q"," a celkové náklady ",[1035,2618,2620],{"className":2619},[1772],[1774,2621,2622],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,2623,2624,2643],{},[1781,2625,2626,2628,2630,2632,2635,2638,2641],{},[1784,2627,2257],{},[1784,2629,1868],{},[1788,2631,1863],{},[2348,2633,2634],{},"1000",[1788,2636,2637],{},"+",[2348,2639,2640],{},"20",[1784,2642,2270],{},[1808,2644,2645],{"encoding":1810},"TC = 1000 + 20 Q",[1030,2647,2648],{},[1047,2649,2650],{},"Maximalizace zisku:",[1035,2652,2654],{"className":2653},[1772],[1774,2655,2656],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,2657,2658,2710],{},[1781,2659,2660,2662,2664,2666,2668,2670,2672,2674,2676,2679,2681,2683,2685,2687,2693,2695,2698,2700,2703,2705,2707],{},[1784,2661,1857],{},[1784,2663,1860],{},[1788,2665,1863],{},[1784,2667,1857],{},[1784,2669,1868],{},[1788,2671,2357],{},[2348,2673,2605],{},[1788,2675,2371],{},[2348,2677,2678],{},"0,2",[1784,2680,2270],{},[1788,2682,1863],{},[2348,2684,2640],{},[1788,2686,2357],{},[2467,2688,2689,2691],{},[1784,2690,2270],{},[1784,2692,1786],{},[1788,2694,1863],{},[2348,2696,2697],{},"400",[1788,2699,1138],{"separator":1041},[2352,2701],{"width":2702},"1em",[1784,2704,2264],{},[1788,2706,1863],{},[2348,2708,2709],{},"60",[1808,2711,2712],{"encoding":1810},"MR = MC \\Rightarrow 100 - 0{,}2 Q = 20 \\Rightarrow Q^{\\pi} = 400, \\quad P = 60",[1035,2714,2716],{"className":2715},[1772],[1774,2717,2718],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,2719,2720,2791],{},[1781,2721,2722,2738,2740,2742,2744,2746,2748,2750,2752,2754,2756,2758,2760,2762,2764,2767,2770,2773,2775,2778,2780,2782,2784,2787,2789],{},[2467,2723,2724,2726],{},[1784,2725,1786],{},[1781,2727,2728,2730,2732,2734,2736],{},[1784,2729,1786],{},[1788,2731,2371],{},[1784,2733,1800],{},[1784,2735,1068],{},[1784,2737,2508],{},[1788,2739,1863],{},[2348,2741,2709],{},[1788,2743,2267],{},[2348,2745,2697],{},[1788,2747,2371],{},[1788,2749,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,2751,2634],{},[1788,2753,2637],{},[2348,2755,2640],{},[1788,2757,2267],{},[2348,2759,2697],{},[1788,2761,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,2763,1863],{},[2348,2765,2766],{},"24",[2149,2768,2769],{}," ",[2348,2771,2772],{},"000",[1788,2774,2371],{},[2348,2776,2777],{},"9",[2149,2779,2769],{},[2348,2781,2772],{},[1788,2783,1863],{},[2348,2785,2786],{},"15",[2149,2788,2769],{},[2348,2790,2772],{},[1808,2792,2793],{"encoding":1810},"\\pi^{\\pi-max} = 60 \\cdot 400 - (1000 + 20 \\cdot 400) = 24\\,000 - 9\\,000 = 15\\,000",[1030,2795,2796],{},[1047,2797,2798],{},"Maximalizace obratu (Baumol, bez omezení):",[1035,2800,2802],{"className":2801},[1772],[1774,2803,2804],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,2805,2806,2854],{},[1781,2807,2808,2810,2812,2814,2816,2818,2820,2822,2824,2826,2828,2838,2840,2843,2845,2847,2849,2851],{},[1784,2809,1857],{},[1784,2811,1860],{},[1788,2813,1863],{},[2348,2815,2605],{},[1788,2817,2371],{},[2348,2819,2678],{},[1784,2821,2270],{},[1788,2823,1863],{},[2348,2825,2350],{},[1788,2827,2357],{},[2467,2829,2830,2832],{},[1784,2831,2270],{},[1781,2833,2834,2836],{},[1784,2835,2257],{},[1784,2837,1860],{},[1788,2839,1863],{},[2348,2841,2842],{},"500",[1788,2844,1138],{"separator":1041},[2352,2846],{"width":2702},[1784,2848,2264],{},[1788,2850,1863],{},[2348,2852,2853],{},"50",[1808,2855,2856],{"encoding":1810},"MR = 100 - 0{,}2 Q = 0 \\Rightarrow Q^{TR} = 500, \\quad P = 50",[1035,2858,2860],{"className":2859},[1772],[1774,2861,2862],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,2863,2864,2887],{},[1781,2865,2866,2868,2870,2872,2874,2876,2878,2880,2883,2885],{},[1784,2867,2257],{},[1784,2869,1860],{},[1788,2871,1863],{},[2348,2873,2853],{},[1788,2875,2267],{},[2348,2877,2842],{},[1788,2879,1863],{},[2348,2881,2882],{},"25",[2149,2884,2769],{},[2348,2886,2772],{},[1808,2888,2889],{"encoding":1810},"TR = 50 \\cdot 500 = 25\\,000",[1035,2891,2893],{"className":2892},[1772],[1774,2894,2895],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,2896,2897,2967],{},[1781,2898,2899,2917,2919,2921,2923,2925,2927,2929,2931,2933,2935,2937,2939,2941,2943,2945,2947,2949,2951,2954,2956,2958,2960,2963,2965],{},[2467,2900,2901,2903],{},[1784,2902,1786],{},[1781,2904,2905,2907,2909,2911,2913,2915],{},[1784,2906,2475],{},[1784,2908,1068],{},[1784,2910,2480],{},[1784,2912,1800],{},[1784,2914,2485],{},[1784,2916,2488],{},[1788,2918,1863],{},[2348,2920,2882],{},[2149,2922,2769],{},[2348,2924,2772],{},[1788,2926,2371],{},[1788,2928,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,2930,2634],{},[1788,2932,2637],{},[2348,2934,2640],{},[1788,2936,2267],{},[2348,2938,2842],{},[1788,2940,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,2942,1863],{},[2348,2944,2882],{},[2149,2946,2769],{},[2348,2948,2772],{},[1788,2950,2371],{},[2348,2952,2953],{},"11",[2149,2955,2769],{},[2348,2957,2772],{},[1788,2959,1863],{},[2348,2961,2962],{},"14",[2149,2964,2769],{},[2348,2966,2772],{},[1808,2968,2969],{"encoding":1810},"\\pi^{Baumol} = 25\\,000 - (1000 + 20 \\cdot 500) = 25\\,000 - 11\\,000 = 14\\,000",[1030,2971,2972],{},[1047,2973,2974],{},"Porovnání:",[1153,2976,2977,2990],{},[1156,2978,2979],{},[1159,2980,2981,2984,2987],{},[1162,2982,2983],{},"Veličina",[1162,2985,2986],{},"Max zisku",[1162,2988,2989],{},"Max obratu (Baumol)",[1172,2991,2992,3014,3036,3063],{},[1159,2993,2994,3010,3012],{},[1177,2995,2996,2997],{},"Výstup ",[1035,2998,3000],{"className":2999},[1772],[1774,3001,3002],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,3003,3004,3008],{},[1781,3005,3006],{},[1784,3007,2270],{},[1808,3009,2270],{"encoding":1810},[1177,3011,2697],{},[1177,3013,2842],{},[1159,3015,3016,3032,3034],{},[1177,3017,3018,3019],{},"Cena ",[1035,3020,3022],{"className":3021},[1772],[1774,3023,3024],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,3025,3026,3030],{},[1781,3027,3028],{},[1784,3029,2264],{},[1808,3031,2264],{"encoding":1810},[1177,3033,2709],{},[1177,3035,2853],{},[1159,3037,3038,3057,3060],{},[1177,3039,3040,3041],{},"Tržby ",[1035,3042,3044],{"className":3043},[1772],[1774,3045,3046],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,3047,3048,3054],{},[1781,3049,3050,3052],{},[1784,3051,2257],{},[1784,3053,1860],{},[1808,3055,3056],{"encoding":1810},"TR",[1177,3058,3059],{},"24 000",[1177,3061,3062],{},"25 000",[1159,3064,3065,3082,3085],{},[1177,3066,3067,3068],{},"Zisk ",[1035,3069,3071],{"className":3070},[1772],[1774,3072,3073],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,3074,3075,3079],{},[1781,3076,3077],{},[1784,3078,1786],{},[1808,3080,3081],{"encoding":1810},"\\pi",[1177,3083,3084],{},"15 000",[1177,3086,3087],{},"14 000",[1030,3089,3090,3091,3124,3125,3157],{},"Pokud je ",[1035,3092,3094],{"className":3093},[1772],[1774,3095,3096],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,3097,3098,3121],{},[1781,3099,3100,3112,3114,3117,3119],{},[1792,3101,3102,3104],{},[1784,3103,1786],{},[1781,3105,3106,3108,3110],{},[1784,3107,1800],{},[1784,3109,1803],{},[1784,3111,1806],{},[1788,3113,1863],{},[2348,3115,3116],{},"10",[2149,3118,2769],{},[2348,3120,2772],{},[1808,3122,3123],{"encoding":1810},"\\pi_{min} = 10\\,000",", Baumolovo řešení je přípustné a firma vyrábí\no 25 % více než zisko-maximalizující firma. Pokud by ",[1035,3126,3128],{"className":3127},[1772],[1774,3129,3130],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,3131,3132,3154],{},[1781,3133,3134,3146,3148,3150,3152],{},[1792,3135,3136,3138],{},[1784,3137,1786],{},[1781,3139,3140,3142,3144],{},[1784,3141,1800],{},[1784,3143,1803],{},[1784,3145,1806],{},[1788,3147,1863],{},[2348,3149,2962],{},[2149,3151,2769],{},[2348,3153,2842],{},[1808,3155,3156],{"encoding":1810},"\\pi_{min} = 14\\,500",",\nomezení by aktivovalo a firma by vyráběla mezi 400 a 500 jednotkami.",[1023,3159,3161,3168],{"className":3160,"dataCallout":1608},[1026,1607],[1030,3162,3164,3167],{"className":3163},[1033],[1035,3165],{"className":3166,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1615,1040],"Souvislost s alokační efektivností",[1030,3169,3170,3171,3174],{},"Baumolovo řešení je ",[1047,3172,3173],{},"alokačně efektivnější"," než monopolní zisk-max řešení\nv tom smyslu, že vyrábí blíže ke konkurenčnímu výstupu (viz Předtermín X).\nZ hlediska akcionáře je však méně efektivní (nižší zisk).",[1077,3176,3178],{"id":3177},"_5-williamsonův-model-managerial-discretion","5 Williamsonův model managerial discretion",[1030,3180,3181,3184,3185,3188],{},[1047,3182,3183],{},"Oliver E. Williamson (1964)"," rozšířil manažerskou teorii tím, že explicitně\nformuloval ",[1047,3186,3187],{},"užitkovou funkci manažera"," se třemi argumenty.",[1100,3190,3192],{"id":3191},"_51-užitková-funkce-manažera","5.1 Užitková funkce manažera",[1035,3194,3196],{"className":3195},[1772],[1774,3197,3198],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,3199,3200,3227],{},[1781,3201,3202,3204,3206,3208,3210,3213,3215,3217,3219,3222,3225],{},[1784,3203,2126],{},[1788,3205,1863],{},[1784,3207,2139],{},[1788,3209,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,3211,3212],{},"S",[1788,3214,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,3216,1857],{},[1788,3218,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,3220,3221],{},"I",[1784,3223,3224],{},"D",[1788,3226,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,3228,3229],{"encoding":1810},"U = f(S, M, ID)",[1030,3231,3232],{},"kde:",[1112,3234,3235,3255,3274],{},[1115,3236,3237,3250,3251,3254],{},[1035,3238,3240],{"className":3239},[1772],[1774,3241,3242],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,3243,3244,3248],{},[1781,3245,3246],{},[1784,3247,3212],{},[1808,3249,3212],{"encoding":1810}," — ",[1047,3252,3253],{},"mzdy pracovníků"," (staff expenditures), včetně mezd manažerů. Větší\npočet podřízených zvyšuje status manažera.",[1115,3256,3257,3250,3270,3273],{},[1035,3258,3260],{"className":3259},[1772],[1774,3261,3262],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,3263,3264,3268],{},[1781,3265,3266],{},[1784,3267,1857],{},[1808,3269,1857],{"encoding":1810},[1047,3271,3272],{},"naturální požitky managementu"," (managerial emoluments) — luxusní\nnábytek, služební auto, sekretářka, reprezentační účet.",[1115,3275,3276,3250,3292,3295],{},[1035,3277,3279],{"className":3278},[1772],[1774,3280,3281],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,3282,3283,3289],{},[1781,3284,3285,3287],{},[1784,3286,3221],{},[1784,3288,3224],{},[1808,3290,3291],{"encoding":1810},"ID",[1047,3293,3294],{},"investment discretionary"," — svoboda manažera rozhodovat\no investicích nad rámec ekonomicky odůvodněného optima (\"empire building\").",[1100,3297,3299],{"id":3298},"_52-omezení-a-optimum","5.2 Omezení a optimum",[1030,3301,3302,3303,3330],{},"Stejně jako u Baumola platí omezení ",[1035,3304,3306],{"className":3305},[1772],[1774,3307,3308],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,3309,3310,3328],{},[1781,3311,3312,3314,3316],{},[1784,3313,1786],{},[1788,3315,1790],{},[1792,3317,3318,3320],{},[1784,3319,1786],{},[1781,3321,3322,3324,3326],{},[1784,3323,1800],{},[1784,3325,1803],{},[1784,3327,1806],{},[1808,3329,1811],{"encoding":1810},", kde minimální zisk je\núroveň akceptovatelná akcionáři. Manažer řeší úlohu:",[1035,3332,3334],{"className":3333},[1772],[1774,3335,3336],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,3337,3338,3422],{},[1781,3339,3340,3365,3367,3369,3371,3373,3375,3377,3379,3381,3383,3385,3388,3390,3392,3394,3396,3398,3400,3402,3404,3406,3408,3410],{},[3341,3342,3343,3351],"munder",{},[1781,3344,3345,3348],{},[1784,3346,3347],{},"max",[1788,3349,3350],{},"⁡",[1781,3352,3353,3355,3357,3359,3361,3363],{},[1784,3354,3212],{},[1788,3356,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,3358,1857],{},[1788,3360,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,3362,3221],{},[1784,3364,3224],{},[1784,3366,2126],{},[1788,3368,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,3370,3212],{},[1788,3372,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,3374,1857],{},[1788,3376,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,3378,3221],{},[1784,3380,3224],{},[1788,3382,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[2352,3384],{"width":2702},[2149,3386,3387],{},"s.t.",[2352,3389],{"width":2702},[1784,3391,1786],{},[1788,3393,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,3395,3212],{},[1788,3397,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,3399,1857],{},[1788,3401,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,3403,3221],{},[1784,3405,3224],{},[1788,3407,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,3409,1790],{},[1792,3411,3412,3414],{},[1784,3413,1786],{},[1781,3415,3416,3418,3420],{},[1784,3417,1800],{},[1784,3419,1803],{},[1784,3421,1806],{},[1808,3423,3424],{"encoding":1810},"\\max_{S, M, ID} U(S, M, ID) \\quad \\text{s.t.} \\quad \\pi(S, M, ID) \\ge \\pi_{min}",[1030,3426,3427,3428,1299,3441,1062,3454,3469],{},"V optimu manažer alokuje firemní zdroje do ",[1035,3429,3431],{"className":3430},[1772],[1774,3432,3433],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,3434,3435,3439],{},[1781,3436,3437],{},[1784,3438,3212],{},[1808,3440,3212],{"encoding":1810},[1035,3442,3444],{"className":3443},[1772],[1774,3445,3446],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,3447,3448,3452],{},[1781,3449,3450],{},[1784,3451,1857],{},[1808,3453,1857],{"encoding":1810},[1035,3455,3457],{"className":3456},[1772],[1774,3458,3459],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,3460,3461,3467],{},[1781,3462,3463,3465],{},[1784,3464,3221],{},[1784,3466,3224],{},[1808,3468,3291],{"encoding":1810}," až do bodu, kde\ndalší výdaj by porušil omezení minimálního zisku.",[1100,3471,3473],{"id":3472},"_53-důsledky","5.3 Důsledky",[1030,3475,3476],{},"Firma řízená podle Williamsonova modelu vykazuje ve srovnání s firmou\nv dokonalé konkurenci:",[1112,3478,3479,3485,3491],{},[1115,3480,3481,3484],{},[1047,3482,3483],{},"vyšší mzdové náklady"," (více pracovníků, vyšší platy manažerů),",[1115,3486,3487,3490],{},[1047,3488,3489],{},"zbytečné nákupy"," luxusních předmětů a reprezentace,",[1115,3492,3493,3496],{},[1047,3494,3495],{},"investice do projektů s nízkou návratností"," (empire building, prestižní\nprojekty, fúze ze statusových důvodů).",[1023,3498,3502,3510],{"className":3499,"dataCallout":3501},[1026,3500],"callout-warning","warning",[1030,3503,3505,3509],{"className":3504},[1033],[1035,3506],{"className":3507,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,3508,1040],"i-lucide:triangle-alert","Empire building",[1030,3511,3512],{},"Manažeři mají tendenci preferovat akvizice a expanze i tehdy, když ničí\nhodnotu pro akcionáře. Důvod: velikost firmy je hlavní determinant platu CEO\nv empirických datech (Tosi et al., 2000).",[1077,3514,3516],{"id":3515},"_6-manažerský-problém-nástroje-řešení","6 Manažerský problém — nástroje řešení",[1030,3518,3519],{},"Ekonomická teorie i praxe vyvinuly několik nástrojů ke zmírnění konfliktu\nprincipal–agent:",[1112,3521,3522,3528,3534,3540,3546,3552],{},[1115,3523,3524,3527],{},[1047,3525,3526],{},"Stock options a equity compensation"," — propojí příjem manažera s tržní\nhodnotou firmy.",[1115,3529,3530,3533],{},[1047,3531,3532],{},"Bonusy vázané na zisk"," (incentive contracts) — výkonnostní složka odměny.",[1115,3535,3536,3539],{},[1047,3537,3538],{},"Hrozba převzetí"," (take-over threat) — neefektivní management je\nohrožen převzetím firmy a výměnou.",[1115,3541,3542,3545],{},[1047,3543,3544],{},"Rada ředitelů"," (board of directors) — formální monitoring jménem\nakcionářů, často s nezávislými členy.",[1115,3547,3548,3551],{},[1047,3549,3550],{},"Aktivističtí akcionáři"," — institucionální investoři, hedge fondy\n(Carl Icahn, Elliott Management).",[1115,3553,3554,3557],{},[1047,3555,3556],{},"Transparentnost a regulace"," — povinné zveřejňování (SEC v USA, ČNB v ČR).",[1077,3559,3561],{"id":3560},"_7-behavioristické-teorie-firmy-přehled","7 Behavioristické teorie firmy — přehled",[1030,3563,3564,3565,3568],{},"Behavioristické teorie (více v ",[1068,3566,1822],{"className":3567,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1072,"href":1073},[1071],") se odlišují\nod manažerských třemi rysy:",[1260,3570,3571,3577,3584],{},[1115,3572,3573,3576],{},[1047,3574,3575],{},"Cíle = výsledek vyjednávání"," mezi zájmovými skupinami (akcionáři,\nmanažeři, zaměstnanci, dodavatelé, zákazníci).",[1115,3578,3579,3580,3583],{},"Maximalizaci nahrazuje ",[1047,3581,3582],{},"uspokojivá úroveň"," (satisficing).",[1115,3585,3586,3587,3590],{},"Cíle se mění ",[1047,3588,3589],{},"s očekáváním i se zájmy"," zúčastněných subjektů.",[1030,3592,3593,3594,1310],{},"V krátkém období lze cíle behavioristické firmy rozdělit do ",[1047,3595,3596],{},"pěti hlavních\noblastí",[1153,3598,3599,3609],{},[1156,3600,3601],{},[1159,3602,3603,3606],{},[1162,3604,3605],{},"Oblast",[1162,3607,3608],{},"Konkretní formulace cíle",[1172,3610,3611,3621,3631,3641,3650],{},[1159,3612,3613,3618],{},[1177,3614,3615],{},[1047,3616,3617],{},"Výroba",[1177,3619,3620],{},"plynulost výroby nebo dosažení určité výše",[1159,3622,3623,3628],{},[1177,3624,3625],{},[1047,3626,3627],{},"Zásoby",[1177,3629,3630],{},"absolutní úroveň nebo uspokojivé rozmezí (dostatečné pro provoz, neváže zbytečně mnoho prostředků)",[1159,3632,3633,3638],{},[1177,3634,3635],{},[1047,3636,3637],{},"Prodej",[1177,3639,3640],{},"v jednotkách výrobku nebo požadované příjmy",[1159,3642,3643,3647],{},[1177,3644,3645],{},[1047,3646,1544],{},[1177,3648,3649],{},"alternativa prodejů jako ukazatel úspěchu",[1159,3651,3652,3657],{},[1177,3653,3654],{},[1047,3655,3656],{},"Zisk",[1177,3658,3659],{},"ukazatel kompetentnosti manažerů, často jako poměr k nákladům či investicím",[1077,3661,3663],{"id":3662},"_8-wardův-model-zaměstnanecké-firmy","8 Wardův model zaměstnanecké firmy",[1030,3665,3666,3669,3670,3673,3674,1075],{},[1047,3667,3668],{},"Benjamin Ward (1958)"," formuloval model firmy, v níž jsou ",[1047,3671,3672],{},"vlastníky všichni\nzaměstnanci"," (samosprávná firma typu jugoslávského socialistického podniku\nnebo moderního družstva). Detail v ",[1068,3675,1828],{"className":3676,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1826,"href":1827},[1071],[1100,3678,3680],{"id":3679},"_81-předpoklady","8.1 Předpoklady",[1112,3682,3683,3690,3696,3703],{},[1115,3684,3685,3686,3689],{},"Vlastníky jsou ",[1047,3687,3688],{},"všichni zaměstnanci"," firmy.",[1115,3691,3692,3695],{},[1047,3693,3694],{},"Homogenní práce"," (jeden typ pracovníka).",[1115,3697,3698,3699,3702],{},"Firma je ",[1047,3700,3701],{},"cenotvůrce"," (price taker) na trhu výstupu.",[1115,3704,3705,3708,3709,1075],{},[1047,3706,3707],{},"Krátké období",": firma vlastní fixní objem kapitálu ",[1035,3710,3712],{"className":3711},[1772],[1774,3713,3714],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,3715,3716,3725],{},[1781,3717,3718],{},[1792,3719,3720,3723],{},[1784,3721,3722],{},"K",[2348,3724,2350],{},[1808,3726,3727],{"encoding":1810},"K_0",[1100,3729,3731],{"id":3730},"_82-cíl-firmy","8.2 Cíl firmy",[1030,3733,3734,3735,3738],{},"Maximalizuje se ",[1047,3736,3737],{},"příjem na zaměstnance"," (resp. na hodinu práce):",[1035,3740,3742],{"className":3741},[1772],[1774,3743,3744],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,3745,3746,3822],{},[1781,3747,3748,3751,3753,3767,3769,3803,3805],{},[1784,3749,3750],{},"y",[1788,3752,1863],{},[2322,3754,3755,3764],{},[1781,3756,3757,3760,3762],{},[1784,3758,3759],{},"W",[1788,3761,2637],{},[1784,3763,1786],{},[1784,3765,3766],{},"L",[1788,3768,1863],{},[2322,3770,3771,3801],{},[1781,3772,3773,3776,3778,3780,3782,3784,3786,3788,3790,3792,3795],{},[1784,3774,3775],{},"w",[1784,3777,3766],{},[1788,3779,2637],{},[1784,3781,2264],{},[1784,3783,2270],{},[1788,3785,2371],{},[1784,3787,3775],{},[1784,3789,3766],{},[1788,3791,2371],{},[1784,3793,3794],{},"r",[1792,3796,3797,3799],{},[1784,3798,3722],{},[2348,3800,2350],{},[1784,3802,3766],{},[1788,3804,1863],{},[2322,3806,3807,3820],{},[1781,3808,3809,3811,3813,3815,3818],{},[1784,3810,2257],{},[1784,3812,1860],{},[1788,3814,2371],{},[1784,3816,3817],{},"F",[1784,3819,1868],{},[1784,3821,3766],{},[1808,3823,3824],{"encoding":1810},"y = \\frac{W + \\pi}{L} = \\frac{wL + PQ - wL - rK_0}{L} = \\frac{TR - FC}{L}",[1030,3826,3827,3828,3860],{},"při technologickém omezení ",[1035,3829,3831],{"className":3830},[1772],[1774,3832,3833],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,3834,3835,3857],{},[1781,3836,3837,3839,3841,3843,3845,3851,3853,3855],{},[1784,3838,2270],{},[1788,3840,1863],{},[1784,3842,2139],{},[1788,3844,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,3846,3847,3849],{},[1784,3848,3722],{},[2348,3850,2350],{},[1788,3852,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,3854,3766],{},[1788,3856,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,3858,3859],{"encoding":1810},"Q = f(K_0, L)",". Zaměstnanci si rozdělují součet\nmzdové složky a zisku.",[1100,3862,3864],{"id":3863},"_83-paradoxní-reakce","8.3 Paradoxní reakce",[1030,3866,3867,3868,3871,3872,3887,3888,3901,3902,3915,3916,1075],{},"Jednou z překvapivých vlastností Wardova modelu je, že ",[1047,3869,3870],{},"při růstu ceny výstupu\nfirma snižuje zaměstnanost"," (perverzní reakce nabídky) — protože růst ",[1035,3873,3875],{"className":3874},[1772],[1774,3876,3877],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,3878,3879,3885],{},[1781,3880,3881,3883],{},[1784,3882,2257],{},[1784,3884,1860],{},[1808,3886,3056],{"encoding":1810},"\nvede k vyššímu ",[1035,3889,3891],{"className":3890},[1772],[1774,3892,3893],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,3894,3895,3899],{},[1781,3896,3897],{},[1784,3898,3750],{},[1808,3900,3750],{"encoding":1810}," při menším ",[1035,3903,3905],{"className":3904},[1772],[1774,3906,3907],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,3908,3909,3913],{},[1781,3910,3911],{},[1784,3912,3766],{},[1808,3914,3766],{"encoding":1810},". Detail viz\n",[1068,3917,1828],{"className":3918,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1826,"href":1827},[1071],[1077,3920,3922],{"id":3921},"_9-doyleův-model-zón-tolerance","9 Doyleův model zón tolerance",[1030,3924,3925,3926,3929,3930,3933],{},"Doyleův model (více v ",[1068,3927,1822],{"className":3928,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1072,"href":1073},[1071],") operuje s ",[1047,3931,3932],{},"8 cíli\nfirmy"," a definuje pro každý:",[1112,3935,3936,3942],{},[1115,3937,3938,3941],{},[1047,3939,3940],{},"zónu tolerance"," — interval, v němž je výsledek přijatelný,",[1115,3943,3944,3947],{},[1047,3945,3946],{},"zóny netolerance"," — výsledky pod\u002Fnad tolerancí, vyžadující reakci.",[1030,3949,3950,3951,3954],{},"Úkolem managementu je ",[1047,3952,3953],{},"rozšiřovat zónu tolerance"," (zvyšovat flexibilitu firmy)\na vyjednávat hranice s jednotlivými zájmovými skupinami.",[1077,3956,3958],{"id":3957},"_10-simonův-model","10 Simonův model",[1030,3960,3961,3963],{},[1047,3962,1220],{}," (Nobelova cena 1978) zavedl koncepty, které tvoří jádro\nbehavioristické teorie:",[1112,3965,3966,3972,3978,3984],{},[1115,3967,3968,3971],{},[1047,3969,3970],{},"Cíl firmy = přežití na trhu"," (survival).",[1115,3973,3974,3977],{},[1047,3975,3976],{},"Aspirační úroveň",": pokud firma cíle dosáhne, aspirace se zvýší; pokud ne,\nsnižuje se. Tento mechanismus odpovídá psychologii rozhodování.",[1115,3979,3980,3983],{},[1047,3981,3982],{},"Systémová struktura",": vstupy → procesy → výstupy, s rozhodovatelem jako\nsoučástí systému.",[1115,3985,3986,3987,3990],{},"Rozhodování je ",[1047,3988,3989],{},"procesem výběru z alternativ"," za účelem dosažení cíle,\nnikoliv jednorázovou kalkulací optima.",[1030,3992,3993,3994,3997,3998,2440],{},"Simonův koncept ",[1047,3995,3996],{},"omezené racionality"," (bounded rationality) je teoretickým\nzákladem celého směru (viz ",[1068,3999,1822],{"className":4000,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1072,"href":1073},[1071],[1077,4002,4004],{"id":4003},"_11-cyertmarch-model","11 Cyert–March model",[1030,4006,4007,4010,4011,4013,4014,1310],{},[1047,4008,4009],{},"Richard Cyert a James March"," (",[1091,4012,1302],{},", 1963)\nnavázali na Simona a popsali firmu jako ",[1047,4015,4016],{},"koalici zájmových skupin",[1112,4018,4019,4022,4025],{},[1115,4020,4021],{},"akcionáři, manažeři, zaměstnanci, dodavatelé, zákazníci, věřitelé,",[1115,4023,4024],{},"každá skupina má vlastní cíle a vyjednává s ostatními,",[1115,4026,4027,4028,4031],{},"výsledný cíl firmy je ",[1047,4029,4030],{},"kompromis"," s pěti oblastmi (viz výše).",[1030,4033,4034,4035,4038],{},"Cyert–March zdůrazňují ",[1047,4036,4037],{},"organizační slack"," — rezervu zdrojů, která tlumí\nkonflikty mezi skupinami a umožňuje flexibilitu.",[1077,4040,4042],{"id":4041},"_12-význam-zisku-v-alternativních-teoriích","12 Význam zisku v alternativních teoriích",[1030,4044,4045,4046,4049],{},"Ve všech alternativních teoriích firmy zisk ",[1047,4047,4048],{},"nezmizel",", jen změnil roli:",[1112,4051,4052,4086,4128],{},[1115,4053,4054,4055,4058,4059,1075],{},"Zisk vystupuje jako ",[1047,4056,4057],{},"omezující podmínka",": ",[1035,4060,4062],{"className":4061},[1772],[1774,4063,4064],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,4065,4066,4084],{},[1781,4067,4068,4070,4072],{},[1784,4069,1786],{},[1788,4071,1790],{},[1792,4073,4074,4076],{},[1784,4075,1786],{},[1781,4077,4078,4080,4082],{},[1784,4079,1800],{},[1784,4081,1803],{},[1784,4083,1806],{},[1808,4085,1811],{"encoding":1810},[1115,4087,4088,4089,4127],{},"Klíčová podmínka konzistence: ",[1035,4090,4092],{"className":4091},[1772],[1774,4093,4094],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,4095,4096,4124],{},[1781,4097,4098,4110,4112],{},[1792,4099,4100,4102],{},[1784,4101,1786],{},[1781,4103,4104,4106,4108],{},[1784,4105,1800],{},[1784,4107,1803],{},[1784,4109,1806],{},[1788,4111,2537],{},[1792,4113,4114,4116],{},[1784,4115,1786],{},[1781,4117,4118,4120,4122],{},[1784,4119,1800],{},[1784,4121,1068],{},[1784,4123,2508],{},[1808,4125,4126],{"encoding":1810},"\\pi_{min} \u003C \\pi_{max}"," (jinak omezení\nnení smysluplné).",[1115,4129,4130,4131,4134,4135],{},"Uznání důležitosti zisku vyjadřují tyto teorie tím, že firma potřebuje\n",[1047,4132,4133],{},"finanční zdroje"," pro:\n",[1112,4136,4137,4140,4147],{},[1115,4138,4139],{},"konkurenceschopnost na trhu výrobků (R&D, marketing),",[1115,4141,4142,4143,4146],{},"konkurenceschopnost na ",[1047,4144,4145],{},"kapitálovém trhu"," (přilákání kapitálu, rating),",[1115,4148,4149],{},"krytí dividend a očekávání akcionářů.",[1023,4151,4154,4161],{"className":4152,"dataCallout":4153},[1026,3500],"important",[1030,4155,4157,4160],{"className":4156},[1033],[1035,4158],{"className":4159,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,3508,1040],"Společný přínos alternativních teorií",[1030,4162,4163,4164,4167,4168,4171],{},"Alternativní teorie firmy ukazují ",[1047,4165,4166],{},"podstatně větší spektrum problémů\nanalýzy firmy",", než jak je popisuje tradiční model. Nejde o náhradu\nzisko-maximalizujícího modelu, ale o jeho ",[1047,4169,4170],{},"rozšíření o realismus","\nv korporátním prostředí.",[1077,4173,4175],{"id":4174},"_13-empirické-testování-alternativních-teorií","13 Empirické testování alternativních teorií",[1112,4177,4178,4188,4202,4212],{},[1115,4179,4180,4183,4184,4187],{},[1047,4181,4182],{},"Hines & Thaler (1995)"," — podpora Baumolova modelu v sektorech s ",[1047,4185,4186],{},"nízkou\nmonitoringovou intenzitou"," (rozptýlené vlastnictví, slabá rada ředitelů).",[1115,4189,4190,4193,4194,4197,4198,4201],{},[1047,4191,4192],{},"Lazonick (2014)"," — kritika ortodoxie ",[1091,4195,4196],{},"shareholder value maximization"," —\nukazuje, že tlak na maximalizaci ceny akcie vede k upřednostnění ",[1047,4199,4200],{},"zpětných\nodkupů akcií"," (buybacks) na úkor produktivních investic a R&D.",[1115,4203,4204,4207,4208,4211],{},[1047,4205,4206],{},"Stiglitz"," — korporátní governance (rada ředitelů, transparentnost,\nochrana minoritních akcionářů) je ",[1047,4209,4210],{},"klíčový determinant"," chování firmy.",[1115,4213,4214,4217,4218,4221],{},[1047,4215,4216],{},"Tosi et al. (2000)"," — meta-analýza ukazuje, že ",[1047,4219,4220],{},"velikost firmy","\nvysvětluje větší část variace platu CEO než výkonnost — empirická podpora\nempire-buildingu.",[1077,4223,4225],{"id":4224},"_14-aplikace-v-moderním-kontextu","14 Aplikace v moderním kontextu",[1030,4227,4228],{},"Alternativní teorie firmy mají bohaté aplikace v současné ekonomii:",[1112,4230,4231,4237,4247,4253,4263],{},[1115,4232,4233,4236],{},[1047,4234,4235],{},"Tech firmy \"growth at all costs\""," — Uber, Twitter, Snap před IPO\nvykazovaly typické rysy Baumolova modelu (max obrat \u002F uživatelská základna)\ns tolerancí k dlouhodobým ztrátám.",[1115,4238,4239,4242,4243,4246],{},[1047,4240,4241],{},"Family firms"," (rodinné firmy) — preferují ",[1047,4244,4245],{},"dlouhodobé přežití rodinného\nvlastnictví"," a kontroly nad maximem zisku; obvykle nižší zadlužení a vyšší\nreinvestice.",[1115,4248,4249,4252],{},[1047,4250,4251],{},"State-owned enterprises"," (státní podniky) — multikriteriální cíle:\nzaměstnanost, regionální rozvoj, strategická soběstačnost, zisk až sekundárně.",[1115,4254,4255,4258,4259,4262],{},[1047,4256,4257],{},"Cooperative companies"," — Mondragon (Baskicko), zemědělská a spotřebitelská\ndružstva, profesní partnerství (právnické firmy) — odpovídají\n",[1047,4260,4261],{},"Wardovu modelu"," zaměstnanecké firmy.",[1115,4264,4265,4268],{},[1047,4266,4267],{},"B-Corps a sociální podniky"," — explicitně mnohacílové, blízké\nbehavioristickému modelu.",[1077,4270,4272],{"id":4271},"_15-otázky-ke-zkoušce","15 Otázky ke zkoušce",[1030,4274,4275,4276,4282],{},"Podle ",[1068,4277,4281],{"className":4278,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":4279,"href":4280},[1071],"outputs\u002Fmikk-vzorove-zkousky.md","\u002Fwiki\u002Fmikk-vzorove-zkousky","mikk-vzorove-zkousky"," se z této oblasti objevily mj.:",[1112,4284,4285,4291,4297,4303],{},[1115,4286,4287,4290],{},[1047,4288,4289],{},"Předtermín X",": Baumolův model jako alokační efektivnost — porovnání\ns monopolem maximalizujícím zisk.",[1115,4292,4293,4296],{},[1047,4294,4295],{},"Předtermín H",": Alternativní cíle firmy — výčet, klasifikace, role zisku.",[1115,4298,4299,4300],{},"Typická otázka: ",[1091,4301,4302],{},"\"Vysvětlete rozdíl mezi manažerskou a behavioristickou\nteorií firmy.\"",[1115,4304,4299,4305],{},[1091,4306,4307],{},"\"Proč manažeři preferují obrat před ziskem? Uveďte alespoň\ntři důvody (Baumol).\"",[1077,4309,4311],{"id":4310},"_16-cross-references","16 Cross-references",[1112,4313,4314,4320,4382],{},[1115,4315,4316,4317],{},"Kurz: ",[1068,4318,1682],{"className":4319,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1680,"href":1681},[1071],[1115,4321,4322,4323],{},"Související modely a navazující stránky:\n",[1112,4324,4325,4331,4337,4343,4352],{},[1115,4326,4327,4330],{},[1068,4328,1822],{"className":4329,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1072,"href":1073},[1071]," — Simon, Cyert–March, Doyle detailně",[1115,4332,4333,4336],{},[1068,4334,1828],{"className":4335,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1826,"href":1827},[1071]," — Wardův model detailně",[1115,4338,4339,4342],{},[1068,4340,1878],{"className":4341,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1876,"href":1877},[1071]," — tradiční zisk-maximalizující model",[1115,4344,4345,4351],{},[1068,4346,4350],{"className":4347,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":4348,"href":4349},[1071],"topics\u002Fmikk-monopolisticka-konkurence.md","\u002Fwiki\u002Fmikk-monopolisticka-konkurence","mikk-monopolisticka-konkurence"," — Galbraithova kritika spotřebitelské\nsuverenity",[1115,4353,4354,4357,4358],{},[1068,4355,2390],{"className":4356,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":2388,"href":2389},[1071]," — Baumolova podmínka ",[1035,4359,4361],{"className":4360},[1772],[1774,4362,4363],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,4364,4365,4379],{},[1781,4366,4367,4373,4375,4377],{},[1792,4368,4369,4371],{},[1784,4370,2364],{},[1784,4372,2328],{},[1788,4374,1863],{},[1788,4376,2371],{},[2348,4378,2374],{},[1808,4380,4381],{"encoding":1810},"E_d = -1",[1115,4383,4384,4385],{},"Přehledy:\n",[1112,4386,4387,4393],{},[1115,4388,4389,4392],{},[1068,4390,1834],{"className":4391,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1832,"href":1833},[1071]," — kompletní seznam vzorců",[1115,4394,4395,4398],{},[1068,4396,4281],{"className":4397,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":4279,"href":4280},[1071]," — vzorové zkouškové otázky",{"title":1685,"searchDepth":141,"depth":141,"links":4400},[4401,4402,4403,4404,4405,4412,4417,4418,4419,4424,4425,4426,4427,4428,4429,4430,4431],{"id":1722,"depth":141,"text":1042},{"id":1837,"depth":141,"text":1838},{"id":1969,"depth":141,"text":1970},{"id":2045,"depth":141,"text":2046},{"id":2201,"depth":141,"text":2202,"children":4406},[4407,4408,4409,4410,4411],{"id":2224,"depth":96,"text":2225},{"id":2307,"depth":96,"text":2308},{"id":2443,"depth":96,"text":2444},{"id":2548,"depth":96,"text":2549},{"id":2585,"depth":96,"text":2586},{"id":3177,"depth":141,"text":3178,"children":4413},[4414,4415,4416],{"id":3191,"depth":96,"text":3192},{"id":3298,"depth":96,"text":3299},{"id":3472,"depth":96,"text":3473},{"id":3515,"depth":141,"text":3516},{"id":3560,"depth":141,"text":3561},{"id":3662,"depth":141,"text":3663,"children":4420},[4421,4422,4423],{"id":3679,"depth":96,"text":3680},{"id":3730,"depth":96,"text":3731},{"id":3863,"depth":96,"text":3864},{"id":3921,"depth":141,"text":3922},{"id":3957,"depth":141,"text":3958},{"id":4003,"depth":141,"text":4004},{"id":4041,"depth":141,"text":4042},{"id":4174,"depth":141,"text":4175},{"id":4224,"depth":141,"text":4225},{"id":4271,"depth":141,"text":4272},{"id":4310,"depth":141,"text":4311},{},"\u002Ftopics\u002Fmikk-alternativni-cile-firmy",{"title":1714,"description":1685},[4436],"raw\u002Fmikk\u002FMikro KS prednaska 5 2026.pdf","topics\u002Fmikk-alternativni-cile-firmy",[13,28,356,372,994,680],"topic","Vyq0IPH2ChqjVFg0rQKHdycvVmjRIjxPqkXS3AFt_Ag",{"id":4442,"title":4443,"body":4444,"course":13,"courses":1696,"created":1697,"description":1685,"extension":1698,"meta":7149,"navigation":1700,"path":7150,"seo":7151,"sources":7152,"stem":7153,"tags":7154,"type":4439,"updated":1697,"__hash__":7155},"topics\u002Ftopics\u002Fmikk-behavioristicke-modely-firmy.md","Behavioristické modely firmy — Simon, Cyert-March, Doyle",{"type":1016,"value":4445,"toc":7083},[4446,4449,4451,4461,4495,4502,4505,4509,4516,4521,4538,4543,4583,4595,4600,4626,4636,4638,4642,4649,4653,4664,4667,4685,4689,4700,4711,4715,4718,4728,4733,4769,4773,4776,4784,4794,4801,4805,4812,4817,4837,4842,4853,4858,4872,4877,4889,4894,4906,4910,4913,4943,4945,4949,4953,4968,4983,4987,4994,5002,5006,5009,5014,5031,5036,5050,5058,5062,5065,5069,5143,5156,5160,5186,5190,5213,5229,5233,5239,5265,5268,5279,5283,5290,5364,5377,5381,5384,5433,5445,5449,5455,5466,5473,5475,5479,5483,5495,5499,5506,5511,5551,5562,5567,5584,5588,5594,5598,5602,5624,5632,5636,5657,5661,5682,5686,5693,5702,5707,5734,5738,5744,5797,5804,5806,5810,5820,5824,5828,5839,5871,5875,5886,5895,5899,5904,5915,5920,5931,5936,5943,5946,5971,5975,5979,5989,6040,6046,6050,6070,6074,6094,6098,6102,6134,6139,6156,6161,6183,6188,6205,6209,6215,6220,6225,6245,6254,6258,6264,6292,6294,6298,6309,6313,6319,6372,6376,6382,6386,6389,6402,6407,6429,6433,6440,6463,6465,6469,6475,6479,6485,6507,6511,6514,6534,6538,6541,6594,6608,6612,6621,6628,6630,6634,6647,6656,6676,6686,6702,6704,6708,6712,6723,6744,6748,6754,6774,6776,6780,6786,6790,6804,6808,6823,6827,6839,6843,6855,6857,6861,6867,6908,6910,6914,6918,6924,6930,6934,6975,6977,6981,7033,7035,7039],[1019,4447,4443],{"id":4448},"behavioristické-modely-firmy-simon-cyert-march-doyle",[1077,4450,1042],{"id":1722},[1030,4452,4453,4454,4456,4457,4460],{},"Behavioristické teorie firmy opouštějí předpoklad maximalizace jediné proměnné a modelují firmu jako složitou organizaci, v níž se střetávají různé ",[1047,4455,1631],{}," s vlastními cíli. Cíl firmy je výsledkem ",[1047,4458,4459],{},"kompromisu"," dosaženého ve vyjednávání mezi těmito skupinami, nikoli optimum účelové funkce. Mezi klíčové modely patří:",[1112,4462,4463,4473,4483],{},[1115,4464,4465,4468,4469,4472],{},[1047,4466,4467],{},"Simonův model (1959)"," — pojem ",[1047,4470,4471],{},"aspirační úrovně"," a procesního rozhodování (satisficing místo maximizing).",[1115,4474,4475,4478,4479,4482],{},[1047,4476,4477],{},"Cyert-March model (1963)"," — firma jako koalice zájmových skupin, cíle jako výsledek ",[1047,4480,4481],{},"sociálních her",", pět oblastí firemních cílů.",[1115,4484,4485,4488,4489,4492,4493,1075],{},[1047,4486,4487],{},"Doyleův model zón tolerance (1994)"," — současné sledování ",[1047,4490,4491],{},"8 cílů",", manažerský úkol je rozšiřovat ",[1047,4494,3940],{},[1030,4496,4497,4498,4501],{},"Velkou předností těchto teorií je ",[1047,4499,4500],{},"přenositelnost ze ziskového do veřejného sektoru"," — Buchta a Kovárník je úspěšně aplikují na vysokou školu i na veřejnou správu obecně. Související pojmy: bounded rationality (Simon), satisficing, stakeholder theory (Freeman), balanced scorecard (Kaplan-Norton).",[4503,4504],"hr",{},[1077,4506,4508],{"id":4507},"_1-společné-rysy-behavioristických-teorií","1. Společné rysy behavioristických teorií",[1030,4510,4511,4512,4515],{},"Behavioristické modely tvoří jednu ze dvou hlavních skupin ",[1047,4513,4514],{},"alternativních teorií firmy"," (vedle manažerských teorií). Od neoklasické a manažerské teorie se odlišují v několika zásadních bodech:",[1030,4517,4518],{},[1047,4519,4520],{},"Rozdíl oproti maximalizaci",[1112,4522,4523,4528,4531],{},[1115,4524,4525,4526,1075],{},"Neoklasická teorie: firma maximalizuje ",[1047,4527,1008],{},[1115,4529,4530],{},"Manažerské teorie (Baumol, Williamson, Marris): firma maximalizuje jinou veličinu — tržby, manažerský užitek, růst — pod podmínkou minimálního zisku pro vlastníky.",[1115,4532,4533,4534,4537],{},"Behavioristické teorie: ",[1047,4535,4536],{},"žádná maximalizace neexistuje",". Cíl je dynamický a vzniká jako kompromis.",[1030,4539,4540],{},[1047,4541,4542],{},"Klíčové předpoklady behavioristických modelů",[1260,4544,4545,4551,4558,4565,4576],{},[1115,4546,3698,4547,4550],{},[1047,4548,4549],{},"složitá organizace"," s formální i neformální strukturou.",[1115,4552,4553,4554,4557],{},"Cíl firmy = ",[1047,4555,4556],{},"výsledek střetu zájmových skupin"," (vlastníci, management, řadoví pracovníci, externí stakeholdeři).",[1115,4559,4560,4561,4564],{},"Cíle se ",[1047,4562,4563],{},"mění v čase"," se změnou zájmových skupin a jejich relativní moci.",[1115,4566,4567,4568,4571,4572,4575],{},"Rozhodování zohledňuje ",[1047,4569,4570],{},"psychologii"," (omezená racionalita) a ",[1047,4573,4574],{},"sociologii"," (sociální hry, koalice).",[1115,4577,4578,4579,4582],{},"Optimum = ",[1047,4580,4581],{},"uspokojivá výše"," určité proměnné, ne její maximum.",[1082,4584,4585],{},[1030,4586,4587,4590,4591,4594],{},[1047,4588,4589],{},"Pozn."," Soukup ",[1035,4592,4593],{},"2"," uvádí, že \"komplikovaná struktura firmy nedovoluje, aby firma mohla sledovat jako cíl maximalizaci některé veličiny\". Buchta tuto myšlenku rozvádí pro veřejný sektor, kde je heterogenita zájmových skupin ještě výraznější než v podniku.",[1030,4596,4597],{},[1047,4598,4599],{},"Základní dělení zájmových skupin",[1112,4601,4602,4608,4614,4620],{},[1115,4603,4604,4607],{},[1047,4605,4606],{},"Vlastníci"," (akcionáři, podílníci) — usilují o maximalizaci hodnoty, ROI, dividend.",[1115,4609,4610,4613],{},[1047,4611,4612],{},"Management"," (top, middle, low) — usiluje o platy, prestiž, autonomii, růst firmy.",[1115,4615,4616,4619],{},[1047,4617,4618],{},"Řadoví pracovníci"," — usilují o mzdy, jistotu zaměstnání, pracovní podmínky.",[1115,4621,4622,4625],{},[1047,4623,4624],{},"Externí stakeholdeři"," — věřitelé, dodavatelé, zákazníci, stát, regulátoři.",[1030,4627,4628,4629,4632,4633,4635],{},"Každá skupina má vlastní ",[1047,4630,4631],{},"množinu cílů"," a uzavírá s jinými skupinami ",[1047,4634,1330],{},", často proti dalším skupinám.",[4503,4637],{},[1077,4639,4641],{"id":4640},"_2-simonův-model-1959","2. Simonův model (1959)",[1030,4643,4644,4645,4648],{},"![[mikk-satisficing-zona.jpeg|Satisficing — aspirační úroveň π_a a satisficing zóna ",[1035,4646,4647],{},"Q_L, Q_H",", firma se zastaví kdekoli v zóně místo v Q*]]",[1100,4650,4652],{"id":4651},"_21-autor-a-historický-kontext","2.1 Autor a historický kontext",[1030,4654,4655,4656,4659,4660,4663],{},"Autorem modelu je ",[1047,4657,4658],{},"Herbert Alexander Simon"," (1916–2001), americký ekonom, teoretik managementu a kognitivní psycholog. V roce 1978 obdržel ",[1047,4661,4662],{},"Nobelovu cenu za ekonomii"," za \"průkopnický výzkum rozhodovacích procesů uvnitř ekonomických organizací\".",[1030,4665,4666],{},"Simon je rovněž otcem dvou klíčových konceptů moderní ekonomie:",[1112,4668,4669,4675],{},[1115,4670,4671,4674],{},[1047,4672,4673],{},"Bounded rationality"," (omezená racionalita) — lidé nejsou plně racionální; rozhodují se s omezenými informacemi, omezeným časem a omezenou výpočetní kapacitou.",[1115,4676,4677,4680,4681,4684],{},[1047,4678,4679],{},"Satisficing"," (uspokojení) — neologismus složený z \"satisfy\" + \"suffice\"; označuje strategii, kdy rozhodovatel přijme ",[1047,4682,4683],{},"první uspokojivé"," řešení, místo aby hledal globální optimum.",[1100,4686,4688],{"id":4687},"_22-výchozí-předpoklad-přežití-na-trhu","2.2 Výchozí předpoklad: přežití na trhu",[1030,4690,4691,4692,4695,4696,4699],{},"Podle Simona není výchozím cílem firmy maximalizace zisku, ale ",[1047,4693,4694],{},"přežití na trhu",". Tento obecný cíl se v praxi transformuje do hledání takových řešení, která ",[1047,4697,4698],{},"vyhovují všem zájmovým skupinám"," ve firmě.",[1030,4701,4702,4703,4706,4707,4710],{},"Simonův model se proto ",[1047,4704,4705],{},"soustředí na procesy"," rozhodování, ne na výsledky. Klíčový pojem: ",[1047,4708,4709],{},"aspirační úroveň"," (aspiration level) — to, co rozhodovatel v dané chvíli považuje za dostatečné.",[1100,4712,4714],{"id":4713},"_23-schéma-simonova-modelu","2.3 Schéma Simonova modelu",[1030,4716,4717],{},"Buchta v článku reprodukuje Simonovo schéma takto:",[4719,4720,4725],"pre",{"className":4721,"code":4723,"language":4724},[4722],"language-text","       ┌─────────────────────────────┐\n       │  Stanovení počátečního cíle │  (1)\n       └─────────────┬───────────────┘\n                     ▼\n       ┌─────────────────────────────┐\n       │     Byl cíl dosažen?        │  (2)\n       └────────┬───────────┬────────┘\n            ano │           │ ne\n                ▼           ▼\n   ┌───────────────────┐  ┌───────────────────┐\n   │ Stanovení vyššího │  │ Stanovení nižšího │\n   │       cíle (3)    │  │       cíle (4)    │\n   └─────────┬─────────┘  └─────────┬─────────┘\n             │                      │\n   vyšší úroveň aspirace   nižší úroveň aspirace\n             │                      │\n             └──────────┬───────────┘\n                        ▼\n              (cyklický návrat na bod 2)\n","text",[4726,4727,4723],"code",{"__ignoreMap":1685},[1030,4729,4730],{},[1047,4731,4732],{},"Algoritmus",[1260,4734,4735,4741,4747,4757,4766],{},[1115,4736,4737,4740],{},[1047,4738,4739],{},"Krok 1",": Management firmy stanoví počáteční cíl (např. tržby 100 mil. Kč\u002Frok).",[1115,4742,4743,4746],{},[1047,4744,4745],{},"Krok 2",": Po určité době vyhodnotí, zda byl cíl dosažen.",[1115,4748,4749,4752,4753,4756],{},[1047,4750,4751],{},"Pokud ANO"," → ",[1047,4754,4755],{},"Krok 3",": zvýšit aspirační úroveň, stanovit vyšší cíl (např. 110 mil. Kč).",[1115,4758,4759,4752,4762,4765],{},[1047,4760,4761],{},"Pokud NE",[1047,4763,4764],{},"Krok 4",": snížit aspirační úroveň, stanovit nižší cíl (např. 95 mil. Kč).",[1115,4767,4768],{},"Cyklický návrat na Krok 2.",[1100,4770,4772],{"id":4771},"_24-důsledek-postupné-dosažení-maximalizačních-cílů","2.4 Důsledek: postupné dosažení maximalizačních cílů",[1030,4774,4775],{},"Klíčový a často přehlížený důsledek Simonova modelu:",[1082,4777,4778],{},[1030,4779,4780,4783],{},[1047,4781,4782],{},"Postupné zvyšování aspirační úrovně může v konečném důsledku vést až k naplňování cílů, které jsou totožné s maximalizačními cíli."," (Buchta-Kovárník)",[1030,4785,4786,4787,4790,4791,1075],{},"Jinými slovy: nižší a snadno splnitelné cíle se stávají ",[1047,4788,4789],{},"prvním stupněm"," k plnění stále vyšších cílů. Firma, která satisficuje, nemusí dosahovat horších výsledků než firma, která maximalizuje — naopak, díky průběžné adaptaci se její výkonnost ",[1047,4792,4793],{},"zvyšuje",[1030,4795,4796,4797,4800],{},"To je důležitý protiargument vůči kritikům behavioristických teorií, kteří namítají, že satisficing musí vést k podprůměrným výsledkům. Empirická data (zejména March 1991 — exploration vs. exploitation) ukazují, že ",[1047,4798,4799],{},"adaptivní organizace"," s mírnými, postupně zvyšovanými cíli často vykazují vyšší dlouhodobou výkonnost než ty, které usilují o maximum hned od začátku.",[1100,4802,4804],{"id":4803},"_25-systémová-struktura-simonova-modelu","2.5 Systémová struktura Simonova modelu",[1030,4806,4807,4808,4811],{},"Slidy KS přednášky 5 (s. 36–37) doplňují systémový pohled. Simonův model lze chápat jako ",[1047,4809,4810],{},"systém"," s těmito prvky:",[1030,4813,4814],{},[1047,4815,4816],{},"Tři základní části systému",[1112,4818,4819,4825,4831],{},[1115,4820,4821,4824],{},[1047,4822,4823],{},"Vstupy"," (inputs) — zdroje, informace, zakázky.",[1115,4826,4827,4830],{},[1047,4828,4829],{},"Procesy"," (transformations) — rozhodování, výroba, řízení.",[1115,4832,4833,4836],{},[1047,4834,4835],{},"Výstupy"," (outputs) — produkty, zisk, spokojenost zákazníků.",[1030,4838,4839],{},[1047,4840,4841],{},"Okolí systému",[1112,4843,4844,4850],{},[1115,4845,4846,4847,1075],{},"Sociální, politické, právní, ekonomické a fyzikální prvky, které ",[1047,4848,4849],{},"ovlivňují systém, ale nelze je řídit",[1115,4851,4852],{},"Hranice systému odděluje firmu od okolí.",[1030,4854,4855],{},[1047,4856,4857],{},"Otevřené vs. uzavřené systémy",[1112,4859,4860,4866],{},[1115,4861,4862,4865],{},[1047,4863,4864],{},"Uzavřený systém"," — žádná interakce s okolím (ideální abstrakce, v praxi neexistuje).",[1115,4867,4868,4871],{},[1047,4869,4870],{},"Otevřený systém"," — průběžně si vyměňuje energii, hmotu a informace s okolím. Reálná firma je vždy otevřený systém.",[1030,4873,4874],{},[1047,4875,4876],{},"Zpětná vazba (feedback loop)",[1112,4878,4879,4882],{},[1115,4880,4881],{},"Klíčový mechanismus adaptace.",[1115,4883,4884,4885,4888],{},"Zpětná vazba je vlastně ",[1047,4886,4887],{},"mechanismus, který implementuje cyklus"," v algoritmu výše: výstup je porovnán s cílem, rozdíl (error signal) řídí korekci aspirační úrovně.",[1030,4890,4891],{},[1047,4892,4893],{},"Rozhodovatel jako součást systému",[1112,4895,4896,4903],{},[1115,4897,4898,4899,4902],{},"Simon zdůrazňuje, že ",[1047,4900,4901],{},"rozhodovatel není externí pozorovatel",", ale součást systému.",[1115,4904,4905],{},"To má závažné implikace: rozhodovatel je sám zatížen omezenou racionalitou, jeho preference se mění, je ovlivněn okolím systému.",[1100,4907,4909],{"id":4908},"_26-implikace-pro-management","2.6 Implikace pro management",[1030,4911,4912],{},"Z Simonova modelu plynou tyto praktické implikace pro management:",[1260,4914,4915,4921,4927,4932,4937],{},[1115,4916,4917,4920],{},[1047,4918,4919],{},"Manažerské rozhodování = celý manažerský proces"," (plánování, organizování, vedení, kontrola), ne jednorázový akt.",[1115,4922,4923,4926],{},[1047,4924,4925],{},"Decentralizace rozhodování"," — každá úroveň hierarchie má vlastní aspirační úroveň. Top management, middle management, low management i řadoví pracovníci si stanovují cíle samostatně, koordinovaně s nadřazenou úrovní.",[1115,4928,4929,4931],{},[1047,4930,4673],{}," — návrhy a rozhodnutí musí počítat s omezenou racionalitou aktérů. Heuristiky, rutiny a SOP (standard operating procedures) jsou nutné.",[1115,4933,4934,4936],{},[1047,4935,4679],{}," — manažeři nehledají \"best\" řešení, ale \"good enough\" řešení. To šetří čas a zdroje, umožňuje rychlejší adaptaci na změny.",[1115,4938,4939,4942],{},[1047,4940,4941],{},"Učení jako kontinuální proces"," — aspirační úrovně se mění s tím, jak organizace získává zkušenosti. Concept \"organizational learning\" (March 1991) je přímým rozvojem Simonových myšlenek.",[4503,4944],{},[1077,4946,4948],{"id":4947},"_3-cyert-march-model-1963","3. Cyert-March model (1963)",[1100,4950,4952],{"id":4951},"_31-autoři-a-kontext","3.1 Autoři a kontext",[1030,4954,4955,4956,4958,4959,4961,4962,4964,4965,2440],{},"Autory teorie jsou ",[1047,4957,1295],{}," (1921–1998) a ",[1047,4960,1298],{}," (1928–2018), kteří svou práci publikovali pod názvem ",[1047,4963,1302],{}," (Prentice-Hall, 1963). Vyšli z myšlenek H. A. Simona (s nímž March úzce spolupracoval — viz Simon-March 1958: ",[1091,4966,4967],{},"Organizations",[1030,4969,4970,4971,4974,4975,4978,4979,4982],{},"Předmět zkoumání: ",[1047,4972,4973],{},"velká firma"," na ",[1047,4976,4977],{},"nedokonale konkurenčním trhu"," v podmínkách ",[1047,4980,4981],{},"nejistoty",". Tato kombinace je v reálné ekonomice typická a klasická maximalizační teorie zde selhává.",[1100,4984,4986],{"id":4985},"_32-firma-jako-koalice-zájmových-skupin","3.2 Firma jako koalice zájmových skupin",[1030,4988,4989,4990,4993],{},"Cyert a March opouštějí představu firmy jako jednolitého aktéra. V jejich pojetí je firma ",[1047,4991,4992],{},"celá řada zájmových skupin"," (interest groups, koalice), z nichž každá má vlastní cíle.",[1082,4995,4996],{},[1030,4997,4998,4999,5001],{},"\"Firma se nesnaží o dosažení jediného cíle nebo skupiny cílů, které by šlo popsat účelovou funkcí, ale cíle se určují jako komplikovaně dosažitelné kompromisy, jež jsou výsledkem ",[1047,5000,4481],{}," mezi jednotlivými zájmovými skupinami.\" (Buchta-Kovárník)",[1100,5003,5005],{"id":5004},"_33-interní-a-externí-zájmové-skupiny","3.3 Interní a externí zájmové skupiny",[1030,5007,5008],{},"Buchta podle Soukupa rozlišuje:",[1030,5010,5011],{},[1047,5012,5013],{},"Interní zájmové skupiny",[1112,5015,5016,5019,5022,5025,5028],{},[1115,5017,5018],{},"Vrcholový management",[1115,5020,5021],{},"Nižší management a administrativa",[1115,5023,5024],{},"Odboroví předáci",[1115,5026,5027],{},"Vysoce kvalifikovaní dělníci",[1115,5029,5030],{},"Řadoví dělníci",[1030,5032,5033],{},[1047,5034,5035],{},"Externí zájmové skupiny",[1112,5037,5038,5041,5044,5047],{},[1115,5039,5040],{},"Akcionáři (zejm. drobní)",[1115,5042,5043],{},"Věřitelé (banky, dodavatelé úvěrů)",[1115,5045,5046],{},"Dodavatelé materiálu a služeb",[1115,5048,5049],{},"Zákazníci",[1030,5051,4628,5052,4632,5054,5057],{},[1047,5053,4631],{},[1047,5055,5056],{},"krátkodobé i dlouhodobé účelové koalice"," proti jiným skupinám.",[1100,5059,5061],{"id":5060},"_34-členění-zájmových-skupin-podle-buchty","3.4 Členění zájmových skupin podle Buchty",[1030,5063,5064],{},"Buchta v článku poskytuje detailnější členění, které ukazuje, jak hluboko sahá heterogenita zájmů uvnitř průmyslové firmy:",[1212,5066,5068],{"id":5067},"a-podle-útvarů-kde-pracují-aktualizace-na-strojírenský-podnik","a) Podle útvarů, kde pracují (aktualizace na strojírenský podnik)",[1153,5070,5071,5081],{},[1156,5072,5073],{},[1159,5074,5075,5078],{},[1162,5076,5077],{},"Útvar",[1162,5079,5080],{},"Cíle",[1172,5082,5083,5093,5103,5113,5123,5133],{},[1159,5084,5085,5090],{},[1177,5086,5087],{},[1047,5088,5089],{},"Výrobáři",[1177,5091,5092],{},"plynulost výroby, neměnný objem produkce, neměnný sortiment finálních výrobků",[1159,5094,5095,5100],{},[1177,5096,5097],{},[1047,5098,5099],{},"Zásobovači",[1177,5101,5102],{},"co nejužší sortiment dodávaného materiálu, jednorázové dodávky, dodržování limitu zásob",[1159,5104,5105,5110],{},[1177,5106,5107],{},[1047,5108,5109],{},"Odbytáři",[1177,5111,5112],{},"co nejvíc prodat, co nejvíc utržit",[1159,5114,5115,5120],{},[1177,5116,5117],{},[1047,5118,5119],{},"Marketingoví pracovníci",[1177,5121,5122],{},"uspokojit přání zákazníků, zvýšit pozici firmy na trhu, získat další odběratele",[1159,5124,5125,5130],{},[1177,5126,5127],{},[1047,5128,5129],{},"Ekonomové",[1177,5131,5132],{},"efektivnost (ziskovost), maximalizace cash flow",[1159,5134,5135,5140],{},[1177,5136,5137],{},[1047,5138,5139],{},"Technici",[1177,5141,5142],{},"zavádění nových technologií, nové výrobky, technická úroveň",[1082,5144,5145],{},[1030,5146,5147,5148,5151,5152,5155],{},"Pozorný čtenář si všimne, že ",[1047,5149,5150],{},"cíle výrobářů a marketingu jsou strukturálně v konfliktu",": marketing chce co nejširší sortiment a flexibilní reakce na zákazníka, výroba chce co nejužší a stabilní sortiment. Cyert a March přesně tyto ",[1047,5153,5154],{},"vnitřní konflikty"," identifikují jako jádro reálné firmy.",[1212,5157,5159],{"id":5158},"b-podle-stupně-řízení","b) Podle stupně řízení",[1112,5161,5162,5168,5174,5180],{},[1115,5163,5164,5167],{},[1047,5165,5166],{},"Low management"," (základní manažeři) — operativní rozhodnutí, denní řízení.",[1115,5169,5170,5173],{},[1047,5171,5172],{},"Middle management"," (střední manažeři) — taktická rozhodnutí, alokace zdrojů.",[1115,5175,5176,5179],{},[1047,5177,5178],{},"Top management"," (vrcholoví manažeři) — strategická rozhodnutí, vize.",[1115,5181,5182,5185],{},[1047,5183,5184],{},"Řádní zaměstnanci"," — výkon činnosti.",[1212,5187,5189],{"id":5188},"c-podle-úlohy-ve-firmě","c) Podle úlohy ve firmě",[1112,5191,5192,5197,5202,5207],{},[1115,5193,5194,5196],{},[1047,5195,4606],{}," (akcionáři, podílníci)",[1115,5198,5199,5201],{},[1047,5200,5178],{}," (často odděleno od vlastníků — princip oddělení vlastnictví a kontroly podle Berla a Meanse)",[1115,5203,5204],{},[1047,5205,5206],{},"Ostatní zaměstnanci",[1115,5208,5209,5212],{},[1047,5210,5211],{},"Odborová organizace"," (kolektivní vyjednavač)",[1082,5214,5215],{},[1030,5216,5217,5220,5221,5224,5225,5228],{},[1047,5218,5219],{},"Neformální organizační struktury"," — Buchta zdůrazňuje, že vedle formálních útvarů ve firmě působí i ",[1047,5222,5223],{},"neformální"," struktury (přátelské skupiny, \"kliky\", patronáty, neformální koalice). Mohou zahrnovat osoby z různých formálních skupin a ",[1047,5226,5227],{},"významně ovlivňují rozhodovací proces",". Klasická organizační teorie (Weber) je ignorovala; behavioristé je akceptují jako klíčový faktor.",[1100,5230,5232],{"id":5231},"_35-sociální-hry-mezi-skupinami","3.5 Sociální hry mezi skupinami",[1030,5234,5235,5238],{},[1047,5236,5237],{},"Sociální hra"," je opakovaná interakce mezi zájmovými skupinami, jejíž výsledkem je dohoda o cílech. Charakteristiky:",[1112,5240,5241,5247,5253,5259],{},[1115,5242,5243,5246],{},[1047,5244,5245],{},"Vyjednávání o cílech"," — každá skupina má svou aspirační úroveň.",[1115,5248,5249,5252],{},[1047,5250,5251],{},"Tvoření koalic"," — např. management + odbory proti vlastníkům, nebo top management + akcionáři proti odborům.",[1115,5254,5255,5258],{},[1047,5256,5257],{},"Cíle proměnné v čase"," — Buchta zdůrazňuje, že \"cíle jednotlivých zájmových skupin jsou proměnné v čase, jsou dány současným postavením těchto skupin vzhledem k ostatním skupinám\".",[1115,5260,5261,5264],{},[1047,5262,5263],{},"Aspirační úroveň skupiny"," — určuje, jaký kompromis je přijatelný.",[1030,5266,5267],{},"Faktory určující okamžitou aspirační úroveň:",[1260,5269,5270,5273,5276],{},[1115,5271,5272],{},"Postavení skupiny vůči ostatním skupinám uvnitř firmy.",[1115,5274,5275],{},"Postavení firmy vůči konkurenci.",[1115,5277,5278],{},"Postavení stejných zájmových skupin u konkurenčních firem (např. mzdové úrovně v odvětví).",[1100,5280,5282],{"id":5281},"_36-pět-oblastí-cílů-cyert-march","3.6 Pět oblastí cílů Cyert-March",[1030,5284,5285,5286,5289],{},"Cyert a March identifikují ",[1047,5287,5288],{},"pět oblastí",", do nichž lze cíle firmy seskupit:",[1153,5291,5292,5304],{},[1156,5293,5294],{},[1159,5295,5296,5299,5301],{},[1162,5297,5298],{},"#",[1162,5300,3605],{},[1162,5302,5303],{},"Konkretizace",[1172,5305,5306,5317,5328,5340,5352],{},[1159,5307,5308,5310,5314],{},[1177,5309,2374],{},[1177,5311,5312],{},[1047,5313,3617],{},[1177,5315,5316],{},"plynulost nebo dosažení určité výše objemu produkce",[1159,5318,5319,5321,5325],{},[1177,5320,4593],{},[1177,5322,5323],{},[1047,5324,3627],{},[1177,5326,5327],{},"absolutní úroveň nebo uspokojivé rozmezí — musí být dost pro provoz, nesmí vázat příliš prostředků",[1159,5329,5330,5333,5337],{},[1177,5331,5332],{},"3",[1177,5334,5335],{},[1047,5336,3637],{},[1177,5338,5339],{},"v jednotkách produktu nebo dosažení požadovaných příjmů",[1159,5341,5342,5345,5349],{},[1177,5343,5344],{},"4",[1177,5346,5347],{},[1047,5348,1544],{},[1177,5350,5351],{},"alternativa prodejů, indikátor relativní pozice",[1159,5353,5354,5357,5361],{},[1177,5355,5356],{},"5",[1177,5358,5359],{},[1047,5360,3656],{},[1177,5362,5363],{},"ukazatel kompetentnosti vrcholového managementu (poměr zisku k nákladům, k investicím)",[1030,5365,5366,5369,5370,5373,5374,5376],{},[1047,5367,5368],{},"Důležité",": žádná z těchto pěti oblastí se ",[1047,5371,5372],{},"nemaximalizuje",". Pro každou se hledá ",[1047,5375,4581],{}," kompatibilní s aspiračními úrovněmi zájmových skupin.",[1100,5378,5380],{"id":5379},"_37-princip-kompromisního-řešení","3.7 Princip kompromisního řešení",[1030,5382,5383],{},"Rozhodovací proces ve firmě podle Cyert-March:",[1260,5385,5386,5392,5398,5405,5412,5418,5424],{},[1115,5387,5388,5391],{},[1047,5389,5390],{},"Není zaměřen na maximalizaci"," některého zvoleného cíle.",[1115,5393,5394,5395,1075],{},"Soustředí se pouze na ",[1047,5396,5397],{},"uspokojivou výši",[1115,5399,5400,5401,5404],{},"Každé řešení, které ",[1047,5402,5403],{},"uspokojuje zájmové skupiny",", je řešení rovnovážné.",[1115,5406,5407,5408,5411],{},"Firma přijme ",[1047,5409,5410],{},"první"," řešení, se kterým souhlasí všechny zájmové skupiny.",[1115,5413,5414,5417],{},[1047,5415,5416],{},"Nesnaží se hledat dál",", i když by mohlo existovat lepší řešení.",[1115,5419,5420,5421,1075],{},"Dokud přijaté řešení přináší uspokojení, ",[1047,5422,5423],{},"nemění se",[1115,5425,5426,5427,5430,5431,1075],{},"Změna nastane, až když se ",[1047,5428,5429],{},"změní operační podmínky"," a stávající řešení už není uspokojivé. Pak se hledá nové — opět ",[1047,5432,4683],{},[1082,5434,5435],{},[1030,5436,5437,5438,5440,5441,5444],{},"Toto je esenciální vyjádření ",[1047,5439,1965],{}," v týmovém kontextu. Mikroekonomicky lze říci: firma operuje v ",[1047,5442,5443],{},"lokálním optimu"," definovaném kompromisem zájmových skupin, ne v globálním optimu vůči nějaké vnější účelové funkci.",[1100,5446,5448],{"id":5447},"_38-racionalita-celku","3.8 Racionalita celku",[1030,5450,5451,5452,1310],{},"I když se firma chová satisficingově (ne maximalizačně), Cyert a March argumentují, že ",[1047,5453,5454],{},"jako celek se firma chová racionálně",[1112,5456,5457,5460,5463],{},[1115,5458,5459],{},"Snaží se splnit cíle, jejichž uspokojení vede ke splnění alespoň části skupinových cílů.",[1115,5461,5462],{},"Zohledňuje vlastní zájmy i zájmy ostatních skupin.",[1115,5464,5465],{},"Adaptuje se na změny prostředí (přes zpětnou vazbu, jako u Simona).",[1030,5467,5468,5469,5472],{},"Toto je tzv. ",[1047,5470,5471],{},"organizational rationality"," — racionalita organizace jako celku, která se liší od individuální racionality jejích členů.",[4503,5474],{},[1077,5476,5478],{"id":5477},"_4-doyleův-model-zón-tolerance-1994","4. Doyleův model zón tolerance (1994)",[1100,5480,5482],{"id":5481},"_41-autor-a-přínos","4.1 Autor a přínos",[1030,5484,4655,5485,5487,5488,5491,5492,1075],{},[1047,5486,1394],{}," (1943–2003), anglický ekonom a teoretik managementu z Warwick Business School. Jeho přístup z roku 1994 představuje ",[1047,5489,5490],{},"integraci"," Simonova modelu a Cyert-March modelu s důrazem na ",[1047,5493,5494],{},"současné sledování více cílů",[1100,5496,5498],{"id":5497},"_42-klíčová-myšlenka-8-cílů-zároveň","4.2 Klíčová myšlenka: 8 cílů zároveň",[1030,5500,5501,5502,5505],{},"Na rozdíl od Simona (jeden cíl s aspirační úrovní) a Cyert-March (5 oblastí cílů řešených sekvenčně) Doyle zavádí ",[1047,5503,5504],{},"simultánní sledování 8 cílů",", mezi nimiž management hledá rovnováhu.",[1030,5507,5508,1310],{},[1047,5509,5510],{},"8 cílů Doyleova modelu",[1260,5512,5513,5518,5523,5527,5532,5536,5541,5546],{},[1115,5514,5515],{},[1047,5516,5517],{},"Růst firmy",[1115,5519,5520],{},[1047,5521,5522],{},"Dobré dodavatelsko-odběratelské vztahy",[1115,5524,5525],{},[1047,5526,1568],{},[1115,5528,5529],{},[1047,5530,5531],{},"Podíl firmy na trhu",[1115,5533,5534],{},[1047,5535,1580],{},[1115,5537,5538],{},[1047,5539,5540],{},"Kvalita produkce",[1115,5542,5543],{},[1047,5544,5545],{},"Tržní hodnota firmy",[1115,5547,5548],{},[1047,5549,5550],{},"Výnos z akcie",[1030,5552,5553,5554,5557,5558,5561],{},"Cíle jsou graficky zobrazeny jako ",[1047,5555,5556],{},"paprsky"," vycházející ze středu kruhu. ",[1047,5559,5560],{},"Posun po paprsku od středu směrem ven"," představuje orientaci na plnění příslušného cíle.",[1030,5563,5564,1310],{},[1047,5565,5566],{},"Různé zájmové skupiny se ztotožňují s různými cíli",[1112,5568,5569,5572,5575,5578,5581],{},[1115,5570,5571],{},"Akcionáři → výnos z akcie, tržní hodnota firmy",[1115,5573,5574],{},"Management → růst firmy, podíl na trhu",[1115,5576,5577],{},"Zaměstnanci → motivace zaměstnanců, kvalita produkce",[1115,5579,5580],{},"Dodavatelé\u002Fodběratelé → dobré dodavatelsko-odběratelské vztahy",[1115,5582,5583],{},"Banky\u002Fvěřitelé → minimalizace rizika",[1100,5585,5587],{"id":5586},"_43-schéma-tři-zóny","4.3 Schéma — tři zóny",[4719,5589,5592],{"className":5590,"code":5591,"language":4724},[4722],"                  RŮST FIRMY\n                        │\n   VÝNOS Z AKCIE       ▲       DODAVATELÉ-\n                        │       ODBĚRATELÉ\n              ┌─────────┼─────────┐\n              │  vnější zóna      │\n              │  netolerance      │\n              │   ┌─────────┐     │\n   TRŽNÍ      │   │  zóna   │     │   MOTIVACE\n   HODNOTA ◄──┤   │tolerance│─────┤   ZAMĚSTNANCŮ\n              │   │ ┌─────┐ │     │\n              │   │ │vnitř│ │     │\n              │   │ │zóna │ │     │\n              │   │ │netol│ │     │\n              │   │ └─────┘ │     │\n              │   └─────────┘     │\n              └─────────┬─────────┘\n                        ▼\n   KVALITA          PODÍL NA       MINIMALIZACE\n   PRODUKCE         TRHU           RIZIKA\n",[4726,5593,5591],{"__ignoreMap":1685},[1100,5595,5597],{"id":5596},"_44-tři-zóny","4.4 Tři zóny",[1212,5599,5601],{"id":5600},"vnější-zóna-netolerance","Vnější zóna netolerance",[1112,5603,5604,5611,5618],{},[1115,5605,5606,5607,5610],{},"Firma klade ",[1047,5608,5609],{},"příliš velký důraz na jeden cíl"," na úkor ostatních.",[1115,5612,5613,5614,5617],{},"Vznikají ",[1047,5615,5616],{},"nadměrné alternativní náklady"," plynoucí z neschopnosti dosáhnout jiných cílů.",[1115,5619,5620,5623],{},[1047,5621,5622],{},"Důsledek",": destabilizace firmy nebo ohrožení její existence.",[1082,5625,5626],{},[1030,5627,5628,5631],{},[1047,5629,5630],{},"Příklad",": Firma s extrémním pure cost-leadership (max. snižování nákladů) ztratí kvalitu produkce a motivaci zaměstnanců → klesá podíl na trhu, ztrácí dobré dodavatelsko-odběratelské vztahy → kolaps. Doyle takovéto chování přesně predikuje.",[1212,5633,5635],{"id":5634},"vnitřní-zóna-netolerance","Vnitřní zóna netolerance",[1112,5637,5638,5645,5650],{},[1115,5639,5640,5641,5644],{},"Firma ",[1047,5642,5643],{},"nenaplňuje minimální očekávání žádné"," ze zájmových skupin.",[1115,5646,5647,1075],{},[1047,5648,5649],{},"Žádná skupina není spokojená",[1115,5651,5652,5653,5656],{},"Vede k ",[1047,5654,5655],{},"rozpadu koalice",", odchodu klíčových zaměstnanců, ztrátě investorů.",[1212,5658,5660],{"id":5659},"zóna-tolerance","Zóna tolerance",[1112,5662,5663,5669,5676],{},[1115,5664,5665,5668],{},[1047,5666,5667],{},"Vyjednávací prostor",", který mají k dispozici manažeři.",[1115,5670,5671,5672,5675],{},"Manažeři zde mohou ",[1047,5673,5674],{},"sladit různé (i konfliktní) cíle"," zájmových skupin.",[1115,5677,5678,5679,1075],{},"Není to bod, ale ",[1047,5680,5681],{},"plocha možných kompromisů",[1100,5683,5685],{"id":5684},"_45-úkol-managementu-rozšiřovat-zónu-tolerance","4.5 Úkol managementu: rozšiřovat zónu tolerance",[1030,5687,5688,5689,5692],{},"Klíčová ",[1047,5690,5691],{},"manažerská preskripce"," podle Doyla:",[1082,5694,5695],{},[1030,5696,5697,5698,5701],{},"\"Úkolem managementu je ",[1047,5699,5700],{},"rozšiřovat tento vyjednávací prostor"," v zájmu stabilní existence firmy na trhu.\"",[1030,5703,5704],{},[1047,5705,5706],{},"Mechanismy rozšiřování zóny tolerance",[1260,5708,5709,5715,5721,5727],{},[1115,5710,5711,5714],{},[1047,5712,5713],{},"Hledání společných zájmů"," zájmových skupin — kde se cíle skupin překrývají?",[1115,5716,5717,5720],{},[1047,5718,5719],{},"Zlepšování komunikace"," mezi skupinami — sdílené informace, transparentnost.",[1115,5722,5723,5726],{},[1047,5724,5725],{},"Posilování neformálních vazeb"," — společné akce, mentoring, team building.",[1115,5728,5729,5730,5733],{},"(implicitně) ",[1047,5731,5732],{},"Vytváření nových koalic"," — slabší skupina se může spojit s jinou pro vyjednání lepšího kompromisu.",[1100,5735,5737],{"id":5736},"_46-doyleův-model-jako-empirický-nástroj","4.6 Doyleův model jako empirický nástroj",[1030,5739,5740,5741,1310],{},"Doyleův model dobře vysvětluje ",[1047,5742,5743],{},"nestabilitu firem s extrémním důrazem na 1 cíl",[1153,5745,5746,5755],{},[1156,5747,5748],{},[1159,5749,5750,5753],{},[1162,5751,5752],{},"Extrémní cíl",[1162,5754,5622],{},[1172,5756,5757,5765,5773,5781,5789],{},[1159,5758,5759,5762],{},[1177,5760,5761],{},"Pouze růst firmy",[1177,5763,5764],{},"Akvizice za přemrštěné ceny → finanční tíseň",[1159,5766,5767,5770],{},[1177,5768,5769],{},"Pouze podíl na trhu",[1177,5771,5772],{},"Cenové války → ztrátovost (např. Uber 2010s)",[1159,5774,5775,5778],{},[1177,5776,5777],{},"Pouze minimalizace rizika",[1177,5779,5780],{},"Ztráta inovační schopnosti, postupný úpadek",[1159,5782,5783,5786],{},[1177,5784,5785],{},"Pouze výnos z akcie",[1177,5787,5788],{},"Krátkodobý focus, podinvestování do R&D",[1159,5790,5791,5794],{},[1177,5792,5793],{},"Pouze kvalita produkce",[1177,5795,5796],{},"Nadměrná cena, ztráta cenově citlivých zákazníků",[1030,5798,5799,5800,5803],{},"Doyle tedy poskytuje teoretický rámec pro ",[1047,5801,5802],{},"portfolio approach"," — manažer musí udržovat balanc mezi 8 cíli, ne maximalizovat jeden.",[4503,5805],{},[1077,5807,5809],{"id":5808},"_5-aplikace-cyert-march-na-vysokou-školu","5. Aplikace Cyert-March na vysokou školu",[1030,5811,5812,5813,5816,5817,1075],{},"Buchta a Kovárník v kapitole 3 článku aplikují Cyert-March model na ",[1047,5814,5815],{},"vysokou školu (resp. fakultu)",". Jde o klíčovou aplikaci, protože ukazuje, že behavioristické teorie jsou přenositelné z ziskového do ",[1047,5818,5819],{},"veřejného sektoru",[1100,5821,5823],{"id":5822},"_51-zájmové-skupiny-vysoké-školy","5.1 Zájmové skupiny vysoké školy",[1212,5825,5827],{"id":5826},"učitelé-heterogenní-skupina","Učitelé (heterogenní skupina)",[1030,5829,5830,5831,5834,5835,5838],{},"Učitelé jsou primárně formálně rozdělení na ",[1047,5832,5833],{},"profesory, docenty, odborné asistenty a asistenty",". Buchta však poukazuje na ",[1047,5836,5837],{},"neformální dělení",", které je často důležitější:",[1112,5840,5841,5847,5853,5859,5865],{},[1115,5842,5843,5846],{},[1047,5844,5845],{},"Akademičtí funkcionáři"," (současní\u002Fbývalí): rektoři, prorektoři, děkani, proděkani.",[1115,5848,5849,5852],{},[1047,5850,5851],{},"Mladší \u002F střední \u002F starší"," — podle generací (věk).",[1115,5854,5855,5858],{},[1047,5856,5857],{},"Místní \u002F dojíždějící"," — podle místa trvalého bydliště.",[1115,5860,5861,5864],{},[1047,5862,5863],{},"Senátoři"," (fakultní a univerzitní) — mají přístup k rozhodovacím procesům.",[1115,5866,5867,5870],{},[1047,5868,5869],{},"Vedoucí kateder či ústavů"," — manažerská role.",[1212,5872,5874],{"id":5873},"zaměstnanci-technicko-hospodářští-dělníci","Zaměstnanci (technicko-hospodářští, dělníci)",[1112,5876,5877,5880,5883],{},[1115,5878,5879],{},"Technicko-hospodářští pracovníci (mzdové oddělení, studijní oddělení, IT).",[1115,5881,5882],{},"Dělníci, údržbáři.",[1115,5884,5885],{},"Personál univerzitní jídelny.",[1082,5887,5888],{},[1030,5889,5890,5891,5894],{},"Buchta poznamenává, že \"u některých úřednických funkcí se však projevuje i touha po moci, u jiných snaha o přijatelné množství práce\". Skupina je ",[1047,5892,5893],{},"velmi nesourodá",", jediný společný cíl je obvykle maximalizace mezd a platů.",[1212,5896,5898],{"id":5897},"studenti-nejheterogennější","Studenti (nejheterogennější)",[1030,5900,5901,1310],{},[1047,5902,5903],{},"a) Podle formy studia",[1112,5905,5906,5909,5912],{},[1115,5907,5908],{},"Prezenční studenti",[1115,5910,5911],{},"Studenti kombinované formy",[1115,5913,5914],{},"Studenti distanční formy",[1030,5916,5917,1310],{},[1047,5918,5919],{},"b) Podle stupně vzdělávání",[1112,5921,5922,5925,5928],{},[1115,5923,5924],{},"Bakalářský stupeň",[1115,5926,5927],{},"Magisterský stupeň",[1115,5929,5930],{},"Doktorandský stupeň",[1030,5932,5933,1310],{},[1047,5934,5935],{},"c) Další podskupiny",[1112,5937,5938,5940],{},[1115,5939,5863],{},[1115,5941,5942],{},"Pomocní pedagogičtí nebo vědečtí pracovníci",[1212,5944,5035],{"id":5945},"externí-zájmové-skupiny",[1112,5947,5948,5954,5960,5965],{},[1115,5949,5950,5953],{},[1047,5951,5952],{},"MŠMT"," (Ministerstvo školství, mládeže a tělovýchovy) — největší vliv, financování.",[1115,5955,5956,5959],{},[1047,5957,5958],{},"Akreditační komise vlády ČR"," — zprostředkovaně přes MŠMT.",[1115,5961,5962,1075],{},[1047,5963,5964],{},"Rodiče studentů",[1115,5966,5967,5970],{},[1047,5968,5969],{},"Krajský úřad \u002F městský úřad"," — regionální vazby.",[1100,5972,5974],{"id":5973},"_52-cíle-jednotlivých-skupin","5.2 Cíle jednotlivých skupin",[1212,5976,5978],{"id":5977},"cíle-učitelů","Cíle učitelů",[1030,5980,5981,5982,5985,5986,1310],{},"Buchta zdůrazňuje, že učitelé jsou ",[1047,5983,5984],{},"heterogenní skupina"," s ",[1047,5987,5988],{},"různorodými cíli",[1112,5990,5991,5997,6003,6030],{},[1115,5992,5993,5996],{},[1047,5994,5995],{},"Maximalizace mezd a platů"," — společný cíl, ale \"není stěžejní\".",[1115,5998,5999,6002],{},[1047,6000,6001],{},"Bezproblémový chod univerzity"," — společný cíl.",[1115,6004,6005,6007,6008,3250,6011,2070,6014],{},[1047,6006,5845],{}," vs. ",[1047,6009,6010],{},"řadoví učitelé",[1047,6012,6013],{},"rozporné cíle",[1112,6015,6016,6023],{},[1115,6017,6018,6019,6022],{},"Akademičtí funkcionáři chtějí ",[1047,6020,6021],{},"co největší počet studentů"," (více peněz pro univerzitu).",[1115,6024,6025,6026,6029],{},"Řadoví učitelé chtějí ",[1047,6027,6028],{},"co nejmenší počet studentů"," (méně práce).",[1115,6031,6032,6035,6036,6039],{},[1047,6033,6034],{},"Vedoucí kateder\u002Fústavů",": tlak na podřízené pracovníky kvůli zajištění odborné způsobilosti — ",[1047,6037,6038],{},"publikace, konference",", vědecko-výzkumná činnost.",[1030,6041,6042,6045],{},[1047,6043,6044],{},"Zásadní dilema učitelů",": vědecko-výzkumná činnost stojí čas, který nelze věnovat pedagogickému procesu.",[1212,6047,6049],{"id":6048},"cíle-akademických-funkcionářů","Cíle akademických funkcionářů",[1112,6051,6052,6058,6064],{},[1115,6053,6054,6057],{},[1047,6055,6056],{},"Maximalizace počtu studentů"," (vede k vyššímu rozpočtu školy).",[1115,6059,6060,6063],{},[1047,6061,6062],{},"Reputace školy"," (rankingy, akreditace).",[1115,6065,6066,6069],{},[1047,6067,6068],{},"Politická pozice"," (znovuzvolení do funkce).",[1212,6071,6073],{"id":6072},"cíle-vedoucích-katederústavů","Cíle vedoucích kateder\u002Fústavů",[1112,6075,6076,6082,6088],{},[1115,6077,6078,6081],{},[1047,6079,6080],{},"Odborná způsobilost podřízených"," — tlak na publikace, konference.",[1115,6083,6084,6087],{},[1047,6085,6086],{},"Hladký chod katedry"," — alokace pedagogických úvazků, garance předmětů.",[1115,6089,6090,6093],{},[1047,6091,6092],{},"Obhájení existence katedry"," v interní soutěži o zdroje.",[1212,6095,6097],{"id":6096},"cíle-studentů","Cíle studentů",[1030,6099,6100,1310],{},[1047,6101,5908],{},[1112,6103,6104,6111,6117,6123,6128],{},[1115,6105,6106,6107,6110],{},"Dosažení akademického titulu ",[1047,6108,6109],{},"s minimálními náklady"," (časovými).",[1115,6112,6113,6116],{},[1047,6114,6115],{},"Plynulost výuky"," — bez dlouhých mezer mezi přednáškami.",[1115,6118,6119,6122],{},[1047,6120,6121],{},"Přiměřený počet studentů ve skupině"," (cvičení, semináře).",[1115,6124,6125,1075],{},[1047,6126,6127],{},"Dostatečná odborná způsobilost vyučujících",[1115,6129,6130,6133],{},[1047,6131,6132],{},"Eliminace přecházení"," mezi budovami.",[1030,6135,6136,1310],{},[1047,6137,6138],{},"Studenti kombinované\u002Fdistanční formy",[1112,6140,6141,6147,6153],{},[1115,6142,6143,6146],{},[1047,6144,6145],{},"Minimum povinných přednášek",", tutoriálů, setkání.",[1115,6148,6149,6150,1075],{},"Preference ",[1047,6151,6152],{},"individuální přípravy",[1115,6154,6155],{},"Cíl: aby je škola příliš nezatěžovala (studují při zaměstnání).",[1030,6157,6158,1310],{},[1047,6159,6160],{},"Senátoři a pomocní vědečtí pracovníci",[1112,6162,6163,6166,6172,6177],{},[1115,6164,6165],{},"Většinou prezenční studenti.",[1115,6167,6168,6171],{},[1047,6169,6170],{},"Eventuální cíle"," vyplývající z působení v těchto seskupeních nemají velký význam.",[1115,6173,6174,6176],{},[1047,6175,5863],{}," = jediný kanál, kterým mohou studenti přednést své cíle vedoucím pracovníkům.",[1115,6178,6179,6182],{},[1047,6180,6181],{},"Pomocní pracovníci"," mohou využívat lobbismus přes přiděleného pedagoga.",[1030,6184,6185,1310],{},[1047,6186,6187],{},"Doktorandi",[1112,6189,6190,6196,6199],{},[1115,6191,6192,6195],{},[1047,6193,6194],{},"Specifická skupina"," — na pomezí mezi studenty a pedagogy.",[1115,6197,6198],{},"Vlastní předměty + povinné zkoušky + pedagogická + vědecko-výzkumná činnost.",[1115,6200,4560,6201,6204],{},[1047,6202,6203],{},"z velké části ztotožňují s cíli učitelů"," (publikace, výzkum).",[1100,6206,6208],{"id":6207},"_53-klíčové-dilema-optimální-množství-studentů","5.3 Klíčové dilema: optimální množství studentů",[1030,6210,6211,6212,1310],{},"Buchta identifikuje ",[1047,6213,6214],{},"základní dilema",[1082,6216,6217],{},[1030,6218,6219],{},"\"Je třeba vyhledat takové množství studentů, které jednak po finanční stránce zajistí chod celé univerzity, ale zároveň bude toto množství ještě možno obsloužit se stávajícím personálem za předpokladu, že výuka bude mít náležitou úroveň.\"",[1030,6221,6222],{},[1047,6223,6224],{},"Tři protichůdné požadavky",[1260,6226,6227,6233,6239],{},[1115,6228,6229,6232],{},[1047,6230,6231],{},"Finanční stránka"," — čím více studentů, tím více peněz pro univerzitu.",[1115,6234,6235,6238],{},[1047,6236,6237],{},"Kvalita výuky"," — čím méně studentů ve skupině, tím lepší pedagogický proces.",[1115,6240,6241,6244],{},[1047,6242,6243],{},"Kapacita pedagogů"," — pedagogové musí kromě výuky zvládat i výzkum (publikace, konference, granty).",[1030,6246,6247,6248,6251,6252,1075],{},"Tyto tři požadavky vytvářejí ",[1047,6249,6250],{},"trojúhelník napětí"," typický pro Cyert-March model. Žádný z nich nelze maximalizovat samostatně — řešení = ",[1047,6253,4030],{},[1100,6255,6257],{"id":6256},"_54-závěry-cm-aplikace-na-vš","5.4 Závěry CM aplikace na VŠ",[1030,6259,6260,6261,1310],{},"Buchta a Kovárník formulují ",[1047,6262,6263],{},"tři klíčové závěry",[1260,6265,6266,6272,6282],{},[1115,6267,6268,6271],{},[1047,6269,6270],{},"Závěry Cyert-March platí i pro VŠ"," — model je úspěšně aplikovatelný na nezávislý sektor.",[1115,6273,6274,6277,6278,6281],{},[1047,6275,6276],{},"Rozhodující roli hrají volení akademičtí funkcionáři a senátoři",", kteří v plném rozsahu praktikují poznatky ",[1047,6279,6280],{},"teorie veřejné volby"," (public choice theory — Buchanan, Tullock).",[1115,6283,6284,6287,6288,6291],{},[1047,6285,6286],{},"Rozhodování funkcionářů ovlivňují především jim blízké osoby",", ne všichni členové akademické obce. To je projev ",[1047,6289,6290],{},"tzv. principal-agent problému"," v akademickém kontextu.",[4503,6293],{},[1077,6295,6297],{"id":6296},"_6-aplikace-doyleova-modelu-na-vysokou-školu","6. Aplikace Doyleova modelu na vysokou školu",[1030,6299,6300,6301,6304,6305,6308],{},"V kapitole 3.2 Buchta a Kovárník aplikují ",[1047,6302,6303],{},"Doyleův model zón"," na vysokou školu. Je třeba zdůraznit, že Doyleův model se ",[1047,6306,6307],{},"vztahuje k cílům firmy (instituce)",", ne k cílům zájmových skupin (i když některé se mohou shodovat).",[1100,6310,6312],{"id":6311},"_61-8-cílů-vysoké-školy","6.1 8 cílů vysoké školy",[1030,6314,6315,6316,6318],{},"Buchta navrhuje následujících ",[1047,6317,4491],{}," vysoké školy \u002F fakulty:",[1260,6320,6321,6327,6333,6339,6345,6351,6357,6366],{},[1115,6322,6323,6326],{},[1047,6324,6325],{},"Vyhovění požadavkům akreditační komise"," — bez akreditace nelze vyučovat.",[1115,6328,6329,6332],{},[1047,6330,6331],{},"Mzdy a platy"," — zabezpečení dostatečných finančních zdrojů.",[1115,6334,6335,6338],{},[1047,6336,6337],{},"Materiální a technická základna"," — laboratoře, učebny, IT vybavení.",[1115,6340,6341,6344],{},[1047,6342,6343],{},"Dobré jméno fakulty"," v místě, regionu, kraji, státu.",[1115,6346,6347,6350],{},[1047,6348,6349],{},"Lákavost školy pro studenty"," — počet uchazečů, výběrovost.",[1115,6352,6353,6356],{},[1047,6354,6355],{},"Úroveň studia"," — kvalita výuky, úspěšnost absolventů.",[1115,6358,6359,6362,6363,1075],{},[1047,6360,6361],{},"Podíl na výzkumných projektech"," — místních, regionálních, krajských, národních, ",[1047,6364,6365],{},"i nadnárodních",[1115,6367,6368,6371],{},[1047,6369,6370],{},"Lákavost školy pro významné pedagogy"," — schopnost přitáhnout a udržet odborníky.",[1100,6373,6375],{"id":6374},"_62-schéma-doyleova-modelu-pro-vš","6.2 Schéma Doyleova modelu pro VŠ",[4719,6377,6380],{"className":6378,"code":6379,"language":4724},[4722],"                AKREDITAČNÍ KOMISE\n                        │\n   LÁKAVOST PRO         ▲          MZDY\n   PEDAGOGY             │          A PLATY\n              ┌─────────┼─────────┐\n              │  vnější zóna      │\n              │  netolerance      │\n              │   ┌─────────┐     │\n   PODÍL NA   │   │  zóna   │     │  MATERIÁLNÍ\n   VÝZKUM. ◄──┤   │tolerance│─────┤  A TECHNICKÁ\n   PROJEKTECH │   │         │     │  ZÁKLADNA\n              │   └─────────┘     │\n              └─────────┬─────────┘\n                        ▼\n   ÚROVEŇ          LÁKAVOST       DOBRÉ\n   STUDIA          PRO STUDENTY   JMÉNO\n",[4726,6381,6379],{"__ignoreMap":1685},[1100,6383,6385],{"id":6384},"_63-cíle-vš-vs-cíle-zájmových-skupin","6.3 Cíle VŠ vs. cíle zájmových skupin",[1030,6387,6388],{},"Buchta zdůrazňuje:",[1082,6390,6391],{},[1030,6392,6393,6394,6397,6398,6401],{},"\"Tyto cíle nejsou identické s cíli zájmových skupin v části 3.1 a navíc jsou mnohem více cíli ",[1047,6395,6396],{},"celospolečenskými",", čili cíli ",[1047,6399,6400],{},"instituce jako takové",".\"",[1030,6403,6404,1310],{},[1047,6405,6406],{},"Vztah cílů VŠ a fakulty",[1112,6408,6409,6415,6422],{},[1115,6410,6411,6412,1075],{},"Cíle VŠ a fakulty se ",[1047,6413,6414],{},"nemusí zcela ztotožňovat",[1115,6416,6417,6418,6421],{},"Cíle fakulty však musí být ",[1047,6419,6420],{},"v souladu s cíli VŠ"," (princip subordinace).",[1115,6423,6424,6425,6428],{},"Vedení musí získávat ",[1047,6426,6427],{},"spojence"," mezi zájmovými skupinami pro svou politiku.",[1100,6430,6432],{"id":6431},"_64-manažerská-preskripce-pro-vš","6.4 Manažerská preskripce pro VŠ",[1030,6434,6435,6436,6439],{},"Stejně jako u firmy, i u VŠ je ",[1047,6437,6438],{},"úkolem vedení"," rozšiřovat zónu tolerance:",[1112,6441,6442,6449,6456],{},[1115,6443,6444,6445,6448],{},"Hledat ",[1047,6446,6447],{},"společné zájmy"," zájmových skupin (např. vyšší kvalita výuky → vyšší mzdy → spokojenost učitelů + studentů).",[1115,6450,6451,6452,6455],{},"Zlepšovat ",[1047,6453,6454],{},"komunikaci"," (otevřené senáty, transparentní rozpočty).",[1115,6457,6458,6459,6462],{},"Posilovat ",[1047,6460,6461],{},"neformální vazby"," (akademické rituály, interní akce).",[4503,6464],{},[1077,6466,6468],{"id":6467},"_7-aplikace-na-veřejnou-správu","7. Aplikace na veřejnou správu",[1030,6470,6471,6472,1075],{},"V kapitole 4 Buchta a Kovárník rozšiřují aplikaci behavioristických modelů z VŠ na ",[1047,6473,6474],{},"celou veřejnou správu",[1100,6476,6478],{"id":6477},"_71-společný-znak-veřejného-sektoru","7.1 Společný znak veřejného sektoru",[1030,6480,6481,6482,1075],{},"Klíčová charakteristika: veřejný sektor podléhá ",[1047,6483,6484],{},"veřejné kontrole",[1112,6486,6487,6494,6501],{},[1115,6488,6489,6490,6493],{},"Většina představitelů je ",[1047,6491,6492],{},"zvolena lidmi"," (přímá nebo nepřímá demokracie).",[1115,6495,6496,6497,6500],{},"Měli by jednat ",[1047,6498,6499],{},"v zájmu voličů",", ne maximalizovat vlastní zisk.",[1115,6502,6503,6504,1075],{},"Cíl: ",[1047,6505,6506],{},"chránit zájmy, práva a majetek obyvatel ČR",[1100,6508,6510],{"id":6509},"_72-realita-osobní-zájmy-a-cíle","7.2 Realita: osobní zájmy a cíle",[1030,6512,6513],{},"Bohužel ve veřejném sektoru se (možná i více než v ziskovém) projevují:",[1112,6515,6516,6522,6528],{},[1115,6517,6518,6521],{},[1047,6519,6520],{},"Touha po vyšší moci"," a její zneužívání.",[1115,6523,6524,6527],{},[1047,6525,6526],{},"Lobbování"," za parciální zájmy.",[1115,6529,6530,6533],{},[1047,6531,6532],{},"Nekalé praktiky",": úplatky, podvody, klientelismus.",[1100,6535,6537],{"id":6536},"_73-aplikační-oblasti","7.3 Aplikační oblasti",[1030,6539,6540],{},"Buchta uvádí, že behavioristické modely lze aplikovat na:",[1112,6542,6543,6555,6561,6567,6573,6582],{},[1115,6544,6545,1299,6548,1299,6551,6554],{},[1047,6546,6547],{},"Armáda",[1047,6549,6550],{},"policie",[1047,6552,6553],{},"hasiči"," — silové složky.",[1115,6556,6557,6560],{},[1047,6558,6559],{},"Soudy"," — justice.",[1115,6562,6563,6566],{},[1047,6564,6565],{},"Veřejné vysoké školy"," — školství.",[1115,6568,6569,6572],{},[1047,6570,6571],{},"Nemocnice"," — zdravotnictví.",[1115,6574,6575,1299,6578,6581],{},[1047,6576,6577],{},"Městské úřady",[1047,6579,6580],{},"krajské úřady"," — samospráva.",[1115,6583,6584,1299,6587,1299,6590,6593],{},[1047,6585,6586],{},"Parlament",[1047,6588,6589],{},"vláda",[1047,6591,6592],{},"prezident"," — ústavní orgány.",[1030,6595,6596,6597,5985,6600,6603,6604,6607],{},"V každé z těchto institucí existují ",[1047,6598,6599],{},"různé zájmové skupiny",[1047,6601,6602],{},"vlastními cíli",", ale ",[1047,6605,6606],{},"celospolečenské cíle organizace"," se liší podle typu instituce.",[1100,6609,6611],{"id":6610},"_74-klíčový-závěr-buchty-a-kovárníka","7.4 Klíčový závěr Buchty a Kovárníka",[1082,6613,6614],{},[1030,6615,6616,6617,6620],{},"\"Stejně, jako nelze striktně oddělovat mikroekonomii od makroekonomie, ",[1047,6618,6619],{},"nelze oddělovat ani veřejný sektor od sektoru ziskového",". Jako do sektoru ziskového pronikají poznatky ze sektoru veřejného (management, marketing), lze poznatky sektoru ziskového (behavioristické modely) aplikovat do sektoru veřejného.\" (Buchta-Kovárník)",[1030,6622,6623,6624,6627],{},"Tento závěr je metodologicky zásadní — ",[1047,6625,6626],{},"přenositelnost teorií"," mezi sektory je projevem hluboké strukturální podobnosti všech komplexních organizací.",[4503,6629],{},[1077,6631,6633],{"id":6632},"_8-vztah-behavioristických-modelů-k-vězňovu-dilematu-a-teorii-her","8. Vztah behavioristických modelů k vězňovu dilematu a teorii her",[1030,6635,6636,6637,6640,6641,1075],{},"Behavioristické modely mají úzkou souvislost s ",[1047,6638,6639],{},"teorií her"," — viz ",[1068,6642,6646],{"className":6643,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":6644,"href":6645},[1071],"topics\u002Fmikk-vezno-dilema-teorie-her.md","\u002Fwiki\u002Fmikk-vezno-dilema-teorie-her","Vězňovo dilema a teorie her",[1030,6648,6649,6652,6653,1310],{},[1047,6650,6651],{},"Sociální hry"," v Cyert-March modelu jsou analogické ",[1047,6654,6655],{},"iterovanému vězňovu dilematu",[1112,6657,6658,6661,6664,6670],{},[1115,6659,6660],{},"Zájmové skupiny opakovaně interagují.",[1115,6662,6663],{},"Mohou kooperovat nebo defektovat.",[1115,6665,6666,6669],{},[1047,6667,6668],{},"Tit-for-tat strategie"," udržuje koalice — skupina, která jednou defektovala, ztrácí důvěru.",[1115,6671,6672,6675],{},[1047,6673,6674],{},"Reputační efekty"," stabilizují kooperaci.",[1030,6677,6678,6681,6682,6685],{},[1047,6679,6680],{},"Zóny tolerance"," v Doyleově modelu lze interpretovat jako ",[1047,6683,6684],{},"stabilní rovnováhy"," v opakované hře:",[1112,6687,6688,6695],{},[1115,6689,6690,6691,6694],{},"Rozšiřování zóny tolerance = budování ",[1047,6692,6693],{},"shadow of the future"," (Axelrod 1984).",[1115,6696,6697,6698,6701],{},"Vyjednávací prostor = množina ",[1047,6699,6700],{},"Nash equilibria"," kompatibilních s aspiračními úrovněmi všech hráčů.",[4503,6703],{},[1077,6705,6707],{"id":6706},"_9-empirické-testování-behavioristických-modelů","9. Empirické testování behavioristických modelů",[1100,6709,6711],{"id":6710},"_91-cyert-march-vs-neoklasická-teorie","9.1 Cyert-March vs. neoklasická teorie",[1030,6713,6714,6715,6718,6719,6722],{},"Empirické studie (zejména ",[1091,6716,6717],{},"Behavioral Theory of the Firm"," a navazující práce 1960s-2000s) potvrzují, že Cyert-March popisuje ",[1047,6720,6721],{},"skutečné chování firmy lépe"," než neoklasická teorie:",[1112,6724,6725,6732,6739],{},[1115,6726,6727,6728,6731],{},"Firmy reálně ",[1047,6729,6730],{},"nemaximalizují"," žádnou veličinu.",[1115,6733,6734,6735,6738],{},"Firmy se chovají ",[1047,6736,6737],{},"path-dependent"," — minulá rozhodnutí omezují současné možnosti.",[1115,6740,1371,6741,6743],{},[1047,6742,1374],{}," (jak Cyert-March predikuje).",[1100,6745,6747],{"id":6746},"_92-doyle-a-nestabilita-firem","9.2 Doyle a nestabilita firem",[1030,6749,5740,6750,6753],{},[1047,6751,6752],{},"empirickou nestabilitu firem"," s extrémním důrazem na 1 cíl:",[1112,6755,6756,6762,6768],{},[1115,6757,6758,6761],{},[1047,6759,6760],{},"Pure cost-leadership"," → kolaps kvality (např. retail řetězce s laciným zbožím).",[1115,6763,6764,6767],{},[1047,6765,6766],{},"Pure growth"," → over-extension (např. technologické bubliny).",[1115,6769,6770,6773],{},[1047,6771,6772],{},"Pure shareholder value"," → krátkodobý focus, podinvestování (debata Friedman vs. stakeholder theory).",[4503,6775],{},[1077,6777,6779],{"id":6778},"_10-praktické-nástroje-vycházející-z-behavioristických-teorií","10. Praktické nástroje vycházející z behavioristických teorií",[1030,6781,6782,6783,1310],{},"Behavioristické teorie firmy položily základ řadě ",[1047,6784,6785],{},"praktických manažerských nástrojů",[1100,6787,6789],{"id":6788},"_101-balanced-scorecard-kaplan-norton-1992","10.1 Balanced Scorecard (Kaplan-Norton 1992)",[1112,6791,6792,6798,6801],{},[1115,6793,6794,6797],{},[1047,6795,6796],{},"Multi-dimenzionální měření"," výkonnosti firmy.",[1115,6799,6800],{},"4 perspektivy: finanční, zákaznická, interních procesů, učení a růstu.",[1115,6802,6803],{},"Přímý důsledek Doyleova přístupu (více cílů zároveň).",[1100,6805,6807],{"id":6806},"_102-stakeholder-theory-freeman-1984","10.2 Stakeholder theory (Freeman 1984)",[1112,6809,6810,6817,6820],{},[1115,6811,6812,6813,6816],{},"Firma má ",[1047,6814,6815],{},"povinnosti vůči všem stakeholderům",", ne jen vůči akcionářům.",[1115,6818,6819],{},"Stakeholders = zaměstnanci, zákazníci, dodavatelé, komunita, stát, životní prostředí.",[1115,6821,6822],{},"Operacionalizace Cyert-March konceptu zájmových skupin.",[1100,6824,6826],{"id":6825},"_103-corporate-social-responsibility-csr","10.3 Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)",[1112,6828,6829,6836],{},[1115,6830,6831,6832,6835],{},"Firma se hlásí ke ",[1047,6833,6834],{},"společenské odpovědnosti"," nad rámec zákona.",[1115,6837,6838],{},"Reporting CSR aktivit (sustainability reports, ESG).",[1100,6840,6842],{"id":6841},"_104-triple-bottom-line-elkington-1994","10.4 Triple Bottom Line (Elkington 1994)",[1112,6844,6845,6852],{},[1115,6846,6847,6848,6851],{},"Firma sleduje ",[1047,6849,6850],{},"3 dimenze",": economic, social, environmental (\"3P\": profit, people, planet).",[1115,6853,6854],{},"Aplikace Doyleova multi-cílového přístupu na udržitelnost.",[4503,6856],{},[1077,6858,6860],{"id":6859},"_11-návaznost-na-současné-teorie-firmy","11. Návaznost na současné teorie firmy",[1030,6862,6863,6864,1310],{},"Behavioristické teorie nejsou jen historická kapitola — jsou ",[1047,6865,6866],{},"živým výzkumným programem",[1112,6868,6869,6875,6880,6890,6896,6902],{},[1115,6870,6871,6874],{},[1047,6872,6873],{},"Behavioral economics"," (Kahneman-Tversky, prospect theory, 1979) — psychologické základy ekonomického rozhodování.",[1115,6876,6877,6879],{},[1047,6878,4673],{}," (Simon) — stále aktivní výzkumné téma.",[1115,6881,6882,6885,6886,6889],{},[1047,6883,6884],{},"Organizational learning"," (March 1991) — ",[1047,6887,6888],{},"exploration vs. exploitation"," trade-off.",[1115,6891,6892,6895],{},[1047,6893,6894],{},"Garbage can model"," (Cohen, March, Olsen 1972) — rozhodování v \"organizovaném anarchismu\" (např. univerzity).",[1115,6897,6898,6901],{},[1047,6899,6900],{},"Adaptive markets hypothesis"," (Lo 2004) — aplikace behavioristických principů na finanční trhy.",[1115,6903,6904,6907],{},[1047,6905,6906],{},"Nudge theory"," (Thaler-Sunstein 2008) — politická aplikace bounded rationality.",[4503,6909],{},[1077,6911,6913],{"id":6912},"_12-otázky-ke-zkoušce","12. Otázky ke zkoušce",[1100,6915,6917],{"id":6916},"typové-otázky-β-série","Typové otázky (β série)",[1030,6919,6920,6923],{},[1047,6921,6922],{},"Otázka 4 (β)",": Vysvětlete model zón tolerance. Identifikujte 8 cílů firmy a tři zóny. Jaký je úkol managementu?",[1030,6925,6926,6929],{},[1047,6927,6928],{},"Předtermín I",": Behavioristické modely a teorie her — vysvětlete vztah sociálních her u Cyerta a Marche k iterovanému vězňovu dilematu.",[1100,6931,6933],{"id":6932},"pomocné-otázky-pro-vlastní-přípravu","Pomocné otázky pro vlastní přípravu",[1260,6935,6936,6939,6942,6945,6948,6951,6954,6957,6960,6963,6966,6969,6972],{},[1115,6937,6938],{},"Vysvětlete, proč Simon obdržel Nobelovu cenu. Které dva pojmy zavedl?",[1115,6940,6941],{},"Popište algoritmus Simonova modelu krok za krokem.",[1115,6943,6944],{},"Co znamená \"satisficing\"? Proč není v rozporu s racionalitou?",[1115,6946,6947],{},"Vyjmenujte 5 oblastí cílů Cyert-March.",[1115,6949,6950],{},"Co jsou interní a externí zájmové skupiny? Uveďte příklady.",[1115,6952,6953],{},"Jak Cyert-March popisují rozhodování o cílech firmy?",[1115,6955,6956],{},"Vyjmenujte 8 cílů Doyleova modelu.",[1115,6958,6959],{},"Vysvětlete vnější a vnitřní zónu netolerance. Jaký je rozdíl?",[1115,6961,6962],{},"Jak může management rozšiřovat zónu tolerance?",[1115,6964,6965],{},"Aplikujte Cyert-March model na vysokou školu — identifikujte 3 hlavní zájmové skupiny a jejich konfliktní cíle.",[1115,6967,6968],{},"V čem se cíle akademických funkcionářů liší od cílů řadových učitelů?",[1115,6970,6971],{},"Jak Doyle vysvětluje nestabilitu firem s extrémním důrazem na 1 cíl?",[1115,6973,6974],{},"Jaký je vztah mezi behavioristickými modely a stakeholder theory?",[4503,6976],{},[1077,6978,6980],{"id":6979},"_13-související-kapitoly","13. Související kapitoly",[1112,6982,6983,6989,6995,7002,7008,7015,7021,7027],{},[1115,6984,6985,1683],{},[1068,6986,6988],{"className":6987,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1680,"href":1681},[1071],"Mikroekonomie 2 (MikK)",[1115,6990,6991,6994],{},[1068,6992,1664],{"className":6993,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1662,"href":1663},[1071]," — širší přehled neoklasických, manažerských a behavioristických teorií.",[1115,6996,6997,7001],{},[1068,6998,7000],{"className":6999,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1826,"href":1827},[1071],"Zaměstnanecká firma (Ward)"," — alternativní teorie firmy s primárním cílem maximalizace mzdy zaměstnance.",[1115,7003,7004,7007],{},[1068,7005,6646],{"className":7006,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":6644,"href":6645},[1071]," — formální rámec sociálních her v Cyert-March.",[1115,7009,7010,7014],{},[1068,7011,7013],{"className":7012,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":4348,"href":4349},[1071],"Monopolistická konkurence"," (včetně Galbraithovy teorie tržní moci a vyrovnávací moci).",[1115,7016,7017,1075],{},[1068,7018,7020],{"className":7019,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1876,"href":1877},[1071],"Monopol — pokročilá teorie",[1115,7022,7023,1075],{},[1068,7024,7026],{"className":7025,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1832,"href":1833},[1071],"MikK — Přehled vzorců",[1115,7028,7029,1075],{},[1068,7030,7032],{"className":7031,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":4279,"href":4280},[1071],"MikK — Vzorové zkoušky",[4503,7034],{},[1077,7036,7038],{"id":7037},"_14-zdroje","14. Zdroje",[1112,7040,7041,7049,7056,7063,7070,7077],{},[1115,7042,7043,1089,7046,7048],{},[1047,7044,7045],{},"Buchta M., Kovárník J.",[1091,7047,1093],{}," Univerzita Pardubice, FES, Ústav ekonomie.",[1115,7050,7051,7052,7055],{},"Buchta M. ",[1091,7053,7054],{},"Mikroekonomie II."," Pardubice, Univerzita Pardubice FES, 2004, 184 str., ISBN 80-7194-683-4.",[1115,7057,7058,7059,7062],{},"Soukup J. ",[1091,7060,7061],{},"Mikroekonomická analýza."," Slaný, Melandrium, 2001, 217 str., ISBN 80-86175-13-8.",[1115,7064,7065,7066,7069],{},"Simon H. A. (1959). ",[1091,7067,7068],{},"Theories of Decision-Making in Economics and Behavioral Science."," American Economic Review.",[1115,7071,7072,7073,7076],{},"Cyert R. M., March J. G. (1963). ",[1091,7074,7075],{},"A Behavioral Theory of the Firm."," Prentice-Hall.",[1115,7078,7079,7080,7076],{},"Doyle P. (1994). ",[1091,7081,7082],{},"Marketing Management and Strategy.",{"title":1685,"searchDepth":141,"depth":141,"links":7084},[7085,7086,7087,7095,7105,7113,7119,7125,7131,7132,7136,7142,7143,7147,7148],{"id":1722,"depth":141,"text":1042},{"id":4507,"depth":141,"text":4508},{"id":4640,"depth":141,"text":4641,"children":7088},[7089,7090,7091,7092,7093,7094],{"id":4651,"depth":96,"text":4652},{"id":4687,"depth":96,"text":4688},{"id":4713,"depth":96,"text":4714},{"id":4771,"depth":96,"text":4772},{"id":4803,"depth":96,"text":4804},{"id":4908,"depth":96,"text":4909},{"id":4947,"depth":141,"text":4948,"children":7096},[7097,7098,7099,7100,7101,7102,7103,7104],{"id":4951,"depth":96,"text":4952},{"id":4985,"depth":96,"text":4986},{"id":5004,"depth":96,"text":5005},{"id":5060,"depth":96,"text":5061},{"id":5231,"depth":96,"text":5232},{"id":5281,"depth":96,"text":5282},{"id":5379,"depth":96,"text":5380},{"id":5447,"depth":96,"text":5448},{"id":5477,"depth":141,"text":5478,"children":7106},[7107,7108,7109,7110,7111,7112],{"id":5481,"depth":96,"text":5482},{"id":5497,"depth":96,"text":5498},{"id":5586,"depth":96,"text":5587},{"id":5596,"depth":96,"text":5597},{"id":5684,"depth":96,"text":5685},{"id":5736,"depth":96,"text":5737},{"id":5808,"depth":141,"text":5809,"children":7114},[7115,7116,7117,7118],{"id":5822,"depth":96,"text":5823},{"id":5973,"depth":96,"text":5974},{"id":6207,"depth":96,"text":6208},{"id":6256,"depth":96,"text":6257},{"id":6296,"depth":141,"text":6297,"children":7120},[7121,7122,7123,7124],{"id":6311,"depth":96,"text":6312},{"id":6374,"depth":96,"text":6375},{"id":6384,"depth":96,"text":6385},{"id":6431,"depth":96,"text":6432},{"id":6467,"depth":141,"text":6468,"children":7126},[7127,7128,7129,7130],{"id":6477,"depth":96,"text":6478},{"id":6509,"depth":96,"text":6510},{"id":6536,"depth":96,"text":6537},{"id":6610,"depth":96,"text":6611},{"id":6632,"depth":141,"text":6633},{"id":6706,"depth":141,"text":6707,"children":7133},[7134,7135],{"id":6710,"depth":96,"text":6711},{"id":6746,"depth":96,"text":6747},{"id":6778,"depth":141,"text":6779,"children":7137},[7138,7139,7140,7141],{"id":6788,"depth":96,"text":6789},{"id":6806,"depth":96,"text":6807},{"id":6825,"depth":96,"text":6826},{"id":6841,"depth":96,"text":6842},{"id":6859,"depth":141,"text":6860},{"id":6912,"depth":141,"text":6913,"children":7144},[7145,7146],{"id":6916,"depth":96,"text":6917},{"id":6932,"depth":96,"text":6933},{"id":6979,"depth":141,"text":6980},{"id":7037,"depth":141,"text":7038},{},"\u002Ftopics\u002Fmikk-behavioristicke-modely-firmy",{"title":4443,"description":1685},[1704,4436],"topics\u002Fmikk-behavioristicke-modely-firmy",[13,28,309,171,179,57,870],"8PpE4bIFSRAdVn5DFZIriNyMO3JIWlC8isHNbD1a15s",{"id":7157,"title":7158,"body":7159,"course":13,"courses":1696,"created":1697,"description":1685,"extension":1698,"meta":10940,"navigation":1700,"path":10941,"seo":10942,"sources":10943,"stem":10946,"tags":10947,"type":4439,"updated":1697,"__hash__":10948},"topics\u002Ftopics\u002Fmikk-bundling-two-part-tariff.md","Bundling a Two-Part Tariff",{"type":1016,"value":7160,"toc":10900},[7161,7164,7166,7180,7234,7247,7249,7253,7256,7284,7289,7300,7307,7309,7313,7407,7414,7418,7559,7563,7568,7658,7664,7681,7687,7706,7807,7814,7906,7951,7953,7957,7972,7976,8002,8013,8017,8020,8106,8108,8216,8305,8309,8377,8394,8412,8414,8418,8462,8465,8470,8564,8598,8606,8608,8612,8619,8637,8643,8663,8667,8688,8695,8697,8701,8711,8764,8793,8797,8804,8890,8893,8897,8904,8942,8946,8993,9119,9148,9150,9154,9164,9240,9262,9266,9568,9572,9575,9862,9869,9873,9880,9979,10016,10020,10023,10052,10061,10141,10150,10166,10170,10246,10257,10259,10263,10273,10373,10376,10387,10437,10439,10443,10604,10606,10610,10612,10646,10648,10683,10685,10689,10764,10766,10770,10847,10849,10853],[1019,7162,7158],{"id":7163},"bundling-a-two-part-tariff",[1077,7165,1042],{"id":1722},[1030,7167,7168,7171,7172,7175,7176,7179],{},[1047,7169,7170],{},"Two-Part Tariff"," (dvousložková cena) a ",[1047,7173,7174],{},"Bundling"," (spojování produktů) jsou dvě pokročilé cenové\nstrategie monopolisty (či firmy s tržní silou), které mu umožňují ",[1047,7177,7178],{},"zachytit větší podíl spotřebitelského\npřebytku",", než dovoluje jednoduchá monopolní cena, a aniž by vyžadovaly přímou identifikaci typu\nzákazníka.",[1112,7181,7182,7221],{},[1115,7183,7184,7186,7187,1089,7190,7203,7204,1089,7207,7220],{},[1047,7185,7170],{}," = cena má dvě složky: jednorázový ",[1047,7188,7189],{},"vstupní poplatek",[1035,7191,7193],{"className":7192},[1772],[1774,7194,7195],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,7196,7197,7201],{},[1781,7198,7199],{},[1784,7200,2257],{},[1808,7202,2257],{"encoding":1810}," (entry fee) a ",[1047,7205,7206],{},"cenu\nza jednotku",[1035,7208,7210],{"className":7209},[1772],[1774,7211,7212],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,7213,7214,7218],{},[1781,7215,7216],{},[1784,7217,2264],{},[1808,7219,2264],{"encoding":1810}," (usage fee). Klasický příklad — Polaroid SX-70 (1971): kamera za nízkou marži,\nfilmy s vysokou marží. Strategie je samoselekční — zákazník svým chováním (kolik nakoupí) odhalí\nsvůj typ.",[1115,7222,7223,7225,7226,7229,7230,7233],{},[1047,7224,7174],{}," = prodej dvou nebo více produktů jako jednoho ",[1047,7227,7228],{},"balíčku"," za jednu cenu, místo\nsamostatných cen. Funguje, když mají zákazníci ",[1047,7231,7232],{},"inverzní rezervační ceny"," (ten, kdo si vysoko\ncení A, hodnotí B níže, a naopak), a kdy nelze přímo cenově diskriminovat.",[1030,7235,7236,7237,7240,7241,1075],{},"Oba postupy patří k ",[1047,7238,7239],{},"mechanismům odhalování typu zákazníka skrze jeho volbu"," (mechanism design)\na jsou alternativami klasické 1.\u002F2.\u002F3. cenové diskriminace popsané v tématu\n",[1068,7242,7246],{"className":7243,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":7244,"href":7245},[1071],"topics\u002Fmikk-cenova-diskriminace.md","\u002Fwiki\u002Fmikk-cenova-diskriminace","Cenová diskriminace",[4503,7248],{},[1077,7250,7252],{"id":7251},"motivace-proč-nestačí-prostá-cenová-diskriminace","Motivace — proč nestačí prostá cenová diskriminace",[1030,7254,7255],{},"Klasická triáda cenové diskriminace má praktické limity:",[1260,7257,7258,7264,7270],{},[1115,7259,7260,7263],{},[1047,7261,7262],{},"1. stupeň"," (perfektní cenová diskriminace) — vyžaduje znát rezervační cenu každého zákazníka\nindividuálně. Prakticky nemožné: lidé svou maximální ochotu platit nesdělí, a firma ji\nneumí přečíst z chování.",[1115,7265,7266,7269],{},[1047,7267,7268],{},"2. stupeň"," (samoselekční menu — různá cena podle objemu) — funguje, ale jen na omezené\nspektrum produktů (množstevní slevy, paušály).",[1115,7271,7272,7275,7276,7279,7280,7283],{},[1047,7273,7274],{},"3. stupeň"," (segmentace trhu — různá cena pro různé skupiny) — vyžaduje ",[1047,7277,7278],{},"identifikovatelné\nsegmenty"," (studenti, senioři, geografické trhy) a ",[1047,7281,7282],{},"nemožnost reseneru"," mezi segmenty.",[1030,7285,7286,1310],{},[1047,7287,7288],{},"Two-Part Tariff a Bundling řeší případy, kdy nic z výše uvedeného nestačí",[1112,7290,7291,7294,7297],{},[1115,7292,7293],{},"Zákazníci jsou heterogenní, ale segmenty nelze pozorovat (nelze diskriminovat 3. stupně).",[1115,7295,7296],{},"Není proveditelné individuální vyjednávání (1. stupeň).",[1115,7298,7299],{},"Přesto chce firma extrahovat více než klasický monopolní zisk.",[1030,7301,7302,7303,7306],{},"Klíčová idea obou postupů: ",[1047,7304,7305],{},"necháme zákazníka, aby svou volbou sám odhalil typ"," — to vede\nk samoselekci a vyšším zachyceným přebytkům.",[4503,7308],{},[1077,7310,7312],{"id":7311},"two-part-tariff-definice","Two-Part Tariff — definice",[1082,7314,7315,7323,7363],{},[1030,7316,7317,7319,7320,1310],{},[1047,7318,7170],{}," je cenový mechanismus, ve kterém zákazník platí ",[1047,7321,7322],{},"dvě složky",[1112,7324,7325,7344],{},[1115,7326,7327,1089,7330,7343],{},[1047,7328,7329],{},"Entry fee",[1035,7331,7333],{"className":7332},[1772],[1774,7334,7335],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,7336,7337,7341],{},[1781,7338,7339],{},[1784,7340,2257],{},[1808,7342,2257],{"encoding":1810}," — jednorázový vstupní\u002Fčlenský poplatek (placený jednou, nezávislý na množství).",[1115,7345,7346,1089,7349,7362],{},[1047,7347,7348],{},"Usage fee",[1035,7350,7352],{"className":7351},[1772],[1774,7353,7354],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,7355,7356,7360],{},[1781,7357,7358],{},[1784,7359,2264],{},[1808,7361,2264],{"encoding":1810}," — cena za jednotku výstupu\u002Fslužby (placena za každou spotřebovanou jednotku).",[1030,7364,7365,7366,7379,7380,1075],{},"Celková platba zákazníka, který spotřebuje ",[1035,7367,7369],{"className":7368},[1772],[1774,7370,7371],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,7372,7373,7377],{},[1781,7374,7375],{},[1784,7376,2270],{},[1808,7378,2270],{"encoding":1810}," jednotek: ",[1035,7381,7383],{"className":7382},[1772],[1774,7384,7385],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,7386,7387,7404],{},[1781,7388,7389,7392,7394,7396,7398,7400,7402],{},[2149,7390,7391],{},"platba",[1788,7393,1863],{},[1784,7395,2257],{},[1788,7397,2637],{},[1784,7399,2264],{},[1788,7401,2267],{},[1784,7403,2270],{},[1808,7405,7406],{"encoding":1810},"\\text{platba} = T + P \\cdot Q",[1030,7408,7409,7410,7413],{},"Strategie se nasazuje v případech, kde ",[1047,7411,7412],{},"funkčnost vyžaduje dvě nákupní rozhodnutí"," — nejprve si\nzákazník koupí přístup nebo zařízení, teprve pak začne nakupovat opakovaně.",[1100,7415,7417],{"id":7416},"příklady-two-part-tariff-v-praxi","Příklady Two-Part Tariff v praxi",[1153,7419,7420,7459],{},[1156,7421,7422],{},[1159,7423,7424,7427,7443],{},[1162,7425,7426],{},"Situace",[1162,7428,7429,7430],{},"Entry fee ",[1035,7431,7433],{"className":7432},[1772],[1774,7434,7435],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,7436,7437,7441],{},[1781,7438,7439],{},[1784,7440,2257],{},[1808,7442,2257],{"encoding":1810},[1162,7444,7445,7446],{},"Usage fee ",[1035,7447,7449],{"className":7448},[1772],[1774,7450,7451],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,7452,7453,7457],{},[1781,7454,7455],{},[1784,7456,2264],{},[1808,7458,2264],{"encoding":1810},[1172,7460,7461,7472,7483,7494,7505,7516,7526,7537,7548],{},[1159,7462,7463,7466,7469],{},[1177,7464,7465],{},"Disneyland",[1177,7467,7468],{},"Vstupné do parku",[1177,7470,7471],{},"Cena rychlejších atrakcí (Express Pass)",[1159,7473,7474,7477,7480],{},[1177,7475,7476],{},"Telekom (paušál)",[1177,7478,7479],{},"Měsíční paušál",[1177,7481,7482],{},"Cena za minutu hovoru \u002F SMS",[1159,7484,7485,7488,7491],{},[1177,7486,7487],{},"Klub\u002Fdiskotéka",[1177,7489,7490],{},"Členský poplatek, vstupné",[1177,7492,7493],{},"Ceny drinků a jídla",[1159,7495,7496,7499,7502],{},[1177,7497,7498],{},"Tržiště \u002F bazar",[1177,7500,7501],{},"Pronájem stánku, kotce",[1177,7503,7504],{},"Provize z prodejů",[1159,7506,7507,7510,7513],{},[1177,7508,7509],{},"Amazon Prime",[1177,7511,7512],{},"Roční členství",[1177,7514,7515],{},"Ceny zboží (často s benefity)",[1159,7517,7518,7521,7523],{},[1177,7519,7520],{},"Costco \u002F Sam's Club",[1177,7522,7512],{},[1177,7524,7525],{},"Slevové ceny zboží",[1159,7527,7528,7531,7534],{},[1177,7529,7530],{},"Polaroid SX-70 (1971)",[1177,7532,7533],{},"Cena kamery",[1177,7535,7536],{},"Cena filmu (per snímek)",[1159,7538,7539,7542,7545],{},[1177,7540,7541],{},"Espresso kávovar",[1177,7543,7544],{},"Cena stroje",[1177,7546,7547],{},"Cena kapslí (Nespresso)",[1159,7549,7550,7553,7556],{},[1177,7551,7552],{},"Holicí strojek + břity",[1177,7554,7555],{},"Holicí strojek",[1177,7557,7558],{},"Náhradní hlavice",[1100,7560,7562],{"id":7561},"dvě-extrémní-řešení","Dvě extrémní řešení",[1030,7564,7565,1310],{},[1047,7566,7567],{},"Dvě extrémní polohy",[1260,7569,7570,7614],{},[1115,7571,7572,3250,7575,7588,7589,7609,7610,7613],{},[1047,7573,7574],{},"Pure entry fee",[1035,7576,7578],{"className":7577},[1772],[1774,7579,7580],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,7581,7582,7586],{},[1781,7583,7584],{},[1784,7585,2257],{},[1808,7587,2257],{"encoding":1810}," velké, ",[1035,7590,7592],{"className":7591},[1772],[1774,7593,7594],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,7595,7596,7606],{},[1781,7597,7598,7600,7602,7604],{},[1784,7599,2264],{},[1788,7601,1863],{},[1784,7603,1857],{},[1784,7605,1868],{},[1808,7607,7608],{"encoding":1810},"P = MC"," (cena jednotky se rovná mezním nákladům, používání\nprakticky zdarma). Při homogenních zákaznících tato strategie zachytí ",[1047,7611,7612],{},"celý spotřebitelský\npřebytek"," ve formě entry fee — analogie 1. stupně cenové diskriminace.",[1115,7615,7616,3250,7619,1299,7637,7657],{},[1047,7617,7618],{},"Pure usage fee",[1035,7620,7622],{"className":7621},[1772],[1774,7623,7624],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,7625,7626,7634],{},[1781,7627,7628,7630,7632],{},[1784,7629,2257],{},[1788,7631,1863],{},[2348,7633,2350],{},[1808,7635,7636],{"encoding":1810},"T = 0",[1035,7638,7640],{"className":7639},[1772],[1774,7641,7642],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,7643,7644,7654],{},[1781,7645,7646,7648,7650,7652],{},[1784,7647,2264],{},[1788,7649,2491],{},[1784,7651,1857],{},[1784,7653,1868],{},[1808,7655,7656],{"encoding":1810},"P > MC"," (klasická monopolní cena za jednotku). Jednoduchá\nmonopolní strategie, jejíž zisk je menší než pure entry fee při homogenním trhu.",[1030,7659,7660,7663],{},[1047,7661,7662],{},"Mezi nimi leží optimum"," závislé na heterogenitě zákazníků.",[1100,7665,7667,7668],{"id":7666},"geometrie-graf-zisku-v-závislosti-na-tt","Geometrie — graf zisku v závislosti na ",[1035,7669,7671],{"className":7670},[1772],[1774,7672,7673],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,7674,7675,7679],{},[1781,7676,7677],{},[1784,7678,2257],{},[1808,7680,2257],{"encoding":1810},[4719,7682,7685],{"className":7683,"code":7684,"language":4724},[4722],"zisk π(T)\n  │           ┌─────●─────┐\n  │         \u002F     T*       \\\n  │       \u002F                  \\\n  │     \u002F                      \\\n  │   \u002F                          \\\n  │ \u002F                              \\\n  └────────────────────────────────────→ T\n   T=0  (pure usage)        T_max (vstup zadarmo, P=MC)\n",[4726,7686,7684],{"__ignoreMap":1685},[1030,7688,7689,7692,7693,1310],{},[1047,7690,7691],{},"Křivka celkového zisku"," jako funkce entry fee ",[1035,7694,7696],{"className":7695},[1772],[1774,7697,7698],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,7699,7700,7704],{},[1781,7701,7702],{},[1784,7703,2257],{},[1808,7705,2257],{"encoding":1810},[1112,7707,7708,7725,7742,7782],{},[1115,7709,7710,7711,7724],{},"Nízké ",[1035,7712,7714],{"className":7713},[1772],[1774,7715,7716],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,7717,7718,7722],{},[1781,7719,7720],{},[1784,7721,2257],{},[1808,7723,2257],{"encoding":1810},": drtivá většina zákazníků koupí vstup, ale firma málo vydělává na vstupu samém.\nZisk plyne z usage fee.",[1115,7726,7727,7728,7741],{},"Rostoucí ",[1035,7729,7731],{"className":7730},[1772],[1774,7732,7733],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,7734,7735,7739],{},[1781,7736,7737],{},[1784,7738,2257],{},[1808,7740,2257],{"encoding":1810},": vstupné přináší více, ale klesá počet kupujících (ti s nejnižší rezervační cenou\nodpadají).",[1115,7743,7744,7767,7768,7781],{},[1035,7745,7747],{"className":7746},[1772],[1774,7748,7749],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,7750,7751,7764],{},[1781,7752,7753,7755,7757],{},[1784,7754,2257],{},[1788,7756,1863],{},[2467,7758,7759,7761],{},[1784,7760,2257],{},[1788,7762,7763],{},"∗",[1808,7765,7766],{"encoding":1810},"T = T^*",": optimum, kde derivace celkového zisku podle ",[1035,7769,7771],{"className":7770},[1772],[1774,7772,7773],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,7774,7775,7779],{},[1781,7776,7777],{},[1784,7778,2257],{},[1808,7780,2257],{"encoding":1810}," je nulová.",[1115,7783,7784,7806],{},[1035,7785,7787],{"className":7786},[1772],[1774,7788,7789],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,7790,7791,7803],{},[1781,7792,7793,7795,7797],{},[1784,7794,2257],{},[1788,7796,2491],{},[2467,7798,7799,7801],{},[1784,7800,2257],{},[1788,7802,7763],{},[1808,7804,7805],{"encoding":1810},"T > T^*",": další růst vstupu už odrazí více zákazníků, než kolik přidá ze zisku z těch, kteří\nzůstanou.",[1030,7808,7809,7810,7813],{},"Křivka je ",[1047,7811,7812],{},"konkávní"," (jeden vrchol). Optimum balancuje dvě protisměrné síly:",[1035,7815,7817],{"className":7816},[1772],[1774,7818,7819],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,7820,7821,7903],{},[1781,7822,7823,7839,7841,7843,7845,7847,7849,7851,7853,7855,7863,7865,7867,7869,7871,7873,7875,7877,7879,7881,7883,7885,7891,7893,7895,7897,7899,7901],{},[2322,7824,7825,7833],{},[1781,7826,7827,7831],{},[1784,7828,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},"normal","∂",[1784,7832,1786],{},[1781,7834,7835,7837],{},[1784,7836,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,7838,2257],{},[1788,7840,1863],{},[1784,7842,1806],{},[1788,7844,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,7846,2257],{},[1788,7848,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,7850,2637],{},[1784,7852,2257],{},[1788,7854,2267],{},[2467,7856,7857,7859],{},[1784,7858,1806],{},[1788,7860,7862],{"mathvariant":7829,"lspace":7861,"rspace":7861},"0em","′",[1788,7864,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,7866,2257],{},[1788,7868,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,7870,2637],{},[1788,7872,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,7874,2264],{},[1788,7876,2371],{},[1784,7878,1857],{},[1784,7880,1868],{},[1788,7882,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,7884,2267],{},[2467,7886,7887,7889],{},[1784,7888,2270],{},[1788,7890,7862],{"mathvariant":7829,"lspace":7861,"rspace":7861},[1788,7892,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,7894,2257],{},[1788,7896,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,7898,1863],{},[2348,7900,2350],{},[1788,7902,1138],{"separator":1041},[1808,7904,7905],{"encoding":1810},"\\frac{\\partial \\pi}{\\partial T} = n(T) + T \\cdot n'(T) + (P - MC) \\cdot Q'(T) = 0,",[1030,7907,7908,7909,7929,7930,7950],{},"kde ",[1035,7910,7912],{"className":7911},[1772],[1774,7913,7914],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,7915,7916,7926],{},[1781,7917,7918,7920,7922,7924],{},[1784,7919,1806],{},[1788,7921,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,7923,2257],{},[1788,7925,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,7927,7928],{"encoding":1810},"n(T)"," je počet kupujících při daném vstupu a ",[1035,7931,7933],{"className":7932},[1772],[1774,7934,7935],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,7936,7937,7947],{},[1781,7938,7939,7941,7943,7945],{},[1784,7940,2270],{},[1788,7942,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,7944,2257],{},[1788,7946,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,7948,7949],{"encoding":1810},"Q(T)"," celkové množství usage napříč nimi.",[4503,7952],{},[1077,7954,7956],{"id":7955},"polaroid-case-modelový-příklad","Polaroid case — modelový příklad",[1030,7958,7959,7960,7963,7964,7967,7968,7971],{},"V roce 1971 představila firma ",[1047,7961,7962],{},"Polaroid"," revoluční instantní fotoaparát ",[1047,7965,7966],{},"Polaroid SX-70",".\nStroj byl konstrukčně samostatný, ale ",[1047,7969,7970],{},"nefunkční bez originálních filmů Polaroid",", které firma\ntaké vyráběla. Jde o kanonický Two-Part Tariff problém.",[1100,7973,7975],{"id":7974},"cenová-strategie-polaroidu","Cenová strategie Polaroidu",[1112,7977,7978,7992],{},[1115,7979,7980,7983,7984,7987,7988,7991],{},[1047,7981,7982],{},"Kamera"," se prodávala s ",[1047,7985,7986],{},"nízkou marží"," (téměř za výrobní náklady, někdy i pod cenou).\nCílem nebylo vydělat na kameře, ale ",[1047,7989,7990],{},"rozšířit instalovanou bázi"," uživatelů.",[1115,7993,7994,7997,7998,8001],{},[1047,7995,7996],{},"Filmy"," se prodávaly s ",[1047,7999,8000],{},"vysokou marží"," (násobky výrobních nákladů). Každý prodaný film\nje v podstatě malý \"usage fee\" za fotografování jako službu.",[1030,8003,8004,8005,8008,8009,8012],{},"Tato strategie se v literatuře nazývá také ",[1047,8006,8007],{},"\"razor and blades\""," (strojek a žiletky) nebo\n",[1047,8010,8011],{},"\"printer and ink\""," (tiskárna a inkoust) — stejný princip používá Gillette, HP, Nespresso a další.",[1100,8014,8016],{"id":8015},"vzorec-zisku-polaroidu","Vzorec zisku Polaroidu",[1030,8018,8019],{},"Obecný tvar (zhuštěná notace):",[1035,8021,8023],{"className":8022},[1772],[1774,8024,8025],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,8026,8027,8103],{},[1781,8028,8029,8031,8033,8063,8065],{},[1784,8030,1786],{},[1788,8032,1863],{},[3341,8034,8035,8060],{},[3341,8036,8037,8057],{},[1781,8038,8039,8041,8043,8045,8051,8053,8055],{},[1788,8040,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,8042,2257],{},[1788,8044,2371],{},[1792,8046,8047,8049],{},[1784,8048,1868],{},[2348,8050,2374],{},[1788,8052,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,8054,2267],{},[1784,8056,1806],{},[1788,8058,8059],{"stretchy":1041},"⏟",[2149,8061,8062],{},"zisk z kamer",[1788,8064,2637],{},[3341,8066,8067,8091],{},[3341,8068,8069,8089],{},[1781,8070,8071,8073,8075,8077,8083,8085,8087],{},[1788,8072,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,8074,2264],{},[1788,8076,2371],{},[1792,8078,8079,8081],{},[1784,8080,1868],{},[2348,8082,4593],{},[1788,8084,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,8086,2267],{},[1784,8088,2270],{},[1788,8090,8059],{"stretchy":1041},[1781,8092,8093,8096],{},[2149,8094,8095],{},"zisk z film",[2160,8097,8098,8100],{"accent":1041},[2149,8099,2480],{},[1788,8101,8102],{},"˚",[1808,8104,8105],{"encoding":1810},"\\pi = \\underbrace{(T - C_1) \\cdot n}_{\\text{zisk z kamer}} + \\underbrace{(P - C_2) \\cdot Q}_{\\text{zisk z filmů}}",[1030,8107,3232],{},[1112,8109,8110,8126,8147,8163,8179,8200],{},[1115,8111,8112,8125],{},[1035,8113,8115],{"className":8114},[1772],[1774,8116,8117],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,8118,8119,8123],{},[1781,8120,8121],{},[1784,8122,2257],{},[1808,8124,2257],{"encoding":1810}," — cena kamery (entry fee, jednorázová);",[1115,8127,8128,8146],{},[1035,8129,8131],{"className":8130},[1772],[1774,8132,8133],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,8134,8135,8143],{},[1781,8136,8137],{},[1792,8138,8139,8141],{},[1784,8140,1868],{},[2348,8142,2374],{},[1808,8144,8145],{"encoding":1810},"C_1"," — výrobní náklad kamery;",[1115,8148,8149,8162],{},[1035,8150,8152],{"className":8151},[1772],[1774,8153,8154],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,8155,8156,8160],{},[1781,8157,8158],{},[1784,8159,1806],{},[1808,8161,1806],{"encoding":1810}," — počet prodaných kamer (= počet kupujících v Two-Part Tariff);",[1115,8164,8165,8178],{},[1035,8166,8168],{"className":8167},[1772],[1774,8169,8170],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,8171,8172,8176],{},[1781,8173,8174],{},[1784,8175,2264],{},[1808,8177,2264],{"encoding":1810}," — cena filmu (usage fee, opakovaná);",[1115,8180,8181,8199],{},[1035,8182,8184],{"className":8183},[1772],[1774,8185,8186],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,8187,8188,8196],{},[1781,8189,8190],{},[1792,8191,8192,8194],{},[1784,8193,1868],{},[2348,8195,4593],{},[1808,8197,8198],{"encoding":1810},"C_2"," — výrobní náklad filmu;",[1115,8201,8202,8215],{},[1035,8203,8205],{"className":8204},[1772],[1774,8206,8207],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,8208,8209,8213],{},[1781,8210,8211],{},[1784,8212,2270],{},[1808,8214,2270],{"encoding":1810}," — celkové množství prodaných filmů.",[1030,8217,8218,8219,8248,8249,8278,8279,1062,8292,1075],{},"Klíčová vazba: ",[1047,8220,8221,8234,8235],{},[1035,8222,8224],{"className":8223},[1772],[1774,8225,8226],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,8227,8228,8232],{},[1781,8229,8230],{},[1784,8231,2270],{},[1808,8233,2270],{"encoding":1810}," závisí na ",[1035,8236,8238],{"className":8237},[1772],[1774,8239,8240],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,8241,8242,8246],{},[1781,8243,8244],{},[1784,8245,1806],{},[1808,8247,1806],{"encoding":1810}," (více majitelů kamer kupuje více filmů) a ",[1047,8250,8251,8264,8265],{},[1035,8252,8254],{"className":8253},[1772],[1774,8255,8256],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,8257,8258,8262],{},[1781,8259,8260],{},[1784,8261,1806],{},[1808,8263,1806],{"encoding":1810}," závisí na\n",[1035,8266,8268],{"className":8267},[1772],[1774,8269,8270],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,8271,8272,8276],{},[1781,8273,8274],{},[1784,8275,2257],{},[1808,8277,2257],{"encoding":1810}," (vyšší cena kamery → méně kupujících). Optimalizace probíhá společně přes ",[1035,8280,8282],{"className":8281},[1772],[1774,8283,8284],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,8285,8286,8290],{},[1781,8287,8288],{},[1784,8289,2257],{},[1808,8291,2257],{"encoding":1810},[1035,8293,8295],{"className":8294},[1772],[1774,8296,8297],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,8298,8299,8303],{},[1781,8300,8301],{},[1784,8302,2264],{},[1808,8304,2264],{"encoding":1810},[1100,8306,8308],{"id":8307},"optimální-strategie","Optimální strategie",[1112,8310,8311,8334],{},[1115,8312,8313,8329,8330,8333],{},[1047,8314,8315,8316],{},"Cenu kamery ",[1035,8317,8319],{"className":8318},[1772],[1774,8320,8321],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,8322,8323,8327],{},[1781,8324,8325],{},[1784,8326,2257],{},[1808,8328,2257],{"encoding":1810}," nastav na úroveň, která ",[1047,8331,8332],{},"získá širokou bázi kupujících"," (včetně těch\ns nižší rezervační cenou na samotnou kameru).",[1115,8335,8336,8352,8353,8373,8374,1075],{},[1047,8337,8338,8339],{},"Cenu filmu ",[1035,8340,8342],{"className":8341},[1772],[1774,8343,8344],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,8345,8346,8350],{},[1781,8347,8348],{},[1784,8349,2264],{},[1808,8351,2264],{"encoding":1810}," zvolíš nad ",[1035,8354,8356],{"className":8355},[1772],[1774,8357,8358],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,8359,8360,8370],{},[1781,8361,8362,8364],{},[1784,8363,1857],{},[1792,8365,8366,8368],{},[1784,8367,1868],{},[2348,8369,4593],{},[1808,8371,8372],{"encoding":1810},"MC_2"," tak, aby dlouhodobě ",[1047,8375,8376],{},"zachytila přebytek z opakovaného\npoužití",[1030,8378,8379,8380,8393],{},"Pokud zákazníci s vysokou ochotou platit i hodně fotí (vysoká korelace), pak vyšší ",[1035,8381,8383],{"className":8382},[1772],[1774,8384,8385],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,8386,8387,8391],{},[1781,8388,8389],{},[1784,8390,2264],{},[1808,8392,2264],{"encoding":1810}," funguje\njako de facto cenová diskriminace 2. stupně — těžcí uživatelé platí celkově víc, lehcí uživatelé\nméně.",[1023,8395,8398,8405],{"className":8396,"dataCallout":1026},[1026,8397],"callout-default",[1030,8399,8401,8404],{"className":8400},[1033],[1035,8402],{"className":8403,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1232,1040],"Lock-in efekt",[1030,8406,8407,8408,8411],{},"Polaroid si filmy patentově chránil — žádná konkurence nemohla vyrábět filmy do SX-70.\nTím vznikl ",[1047,8409,8410],{},"vendor lock-in",": jakmile si zákazník koupil kameru, byl uzamčen v ekosystému.\nTatáž logika dnes platí pro Nespresso kapsle, HP cartridge, lightning kabely Apple atd.",[4503,8413],{},[1077,8415,8417],{"id":8416},"heterogenní-zákazníci-a-two-part-proč-extrém-často-nefunguje","Heterogenní zákazníci a Two-Part — proč extrém často nefunguje",[1030,8419,8420,8421,8424,8425,8428,8429,8442,8443,2440],{},"V čistém modelu s ",[1047,8422,8423],{},"homogenními zákazníky"," (všichni mají stejnou rezervační cenu a stejnou\nintenzitu používání) je optimální ",[1047,8426,8427],{},"pure entry fee strategie"," (vysoké ",[1035,8430,8432],{"className":8431},[1772],[1774,8433,8434],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,8435,8436,8440],{},[1781,8437,8438],{},[1784,8439,2257],{},[1808,8441,2257],{"encoding":1810}," rovné celému\nspotřebitelskému přebytku, ",[1035,8444,8446],{"className":8445},[1772],[1774,8447,8448],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,8449,8450,8460],{},[1781,8451,8452,8454,8456,8458],{},[1784,8453,2264],{},[1788,8455,1863],{},[1784,8457,1857],{},[1784,8459,1868],{},[1808,8461,7608],{"encoding":1810},[1030,8463,8464],{},"V realitě jsou ale zákazníci heterogenní — některý uživatel kameru koupí a vyfotí 5 filmů\nza rok, jiný 50. Analogicky pro Disneyland, telekom, klub apod.",[1030,8466,8467,8468,1310],{},"Pak musí firma najít ",[1047,8469,4030],{},[1112,8471,8472,8525],{},[1115,8473,8474,8475,1062,8488,8507,8508,8511,8512,2440],{},"Vyšší ",[1035,8476,8478],{"className":8477},[1772],[1774,8479,8480],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,8481,8482,8486],{},[1781,8483,8484],{},[1784,8485,2257],{},[1808,8487,2257],{"encoding":1810},[1035,8489,8491],{"className":8490},[1772],[1774,8492,8493],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,8494,8495,8505],{},[1781,8496,8497,8499,8501,8503],{},[1784,8498,2264],{},[1788,8500,1863],{},[1784,8502,1857],{},[1784,8504,1868],{},[1808,8506,7608],{"encoding":1810},": maximalizuje zisk z těžkých uživatelů, ale ",[1047,8509,8510],{},"odradí lehké uživatele","\n(jejich přebytek z usage je menší než ",[1035,8513,8515],{"className":8514},[1772],[1774,8516,8517],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,8518,8519,8523],{},[1781,8520,8521],{},[1784,8522,2257],{},[1808,8524,2257],{"encoding":1810},[1115,8526,8527,8528,1062,8541,8560,8561,1075],{},"Nižší ",[1035,8529,8531],{"className":8530},[1772],[1774,8532,8533],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,8534,8535,8539],{},[1781,8536,8537],{},[1784,8538,2257],{},[1808,8540,2257],{"encoding":1810},[1035,8542,8544],{"className":8543},[1772],[1774,8545,8546],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,8547,8548,8558],{},[1781,8549,8550,8552,8554,8556],{},[1784,8551,2264],{},[1788,8553,2491],{},[1784,8555,1857],{},[1784,8557,1868],{},[1808,8559,7656],{"encoding":1810},": získá širokou bázi (lehké uživatele zachytí), ale ",[1047,8562,8563],{},"nedostane plný\npřebytek od těžkých uživatelů",[1030,8565,8566,8569,8570,8583,8584,8597],{},[1047,8567,8568],{},"Optimální mix"," záleží na rozdělení typů. Pokud jsou těžcí uživatelé v menšině, vyšší ",[1035,8571,8573],{"className":8572},[1772],[1774,8574,8575],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,8576,8577,8581],{},[1781,8578,8579],{},[1784,8580,2264],{},[1808,8582,2264],{"encoding":1810},"\na nižší ",[1035,8585,8587],{"className":8586},[1772],[1774,8588,8589],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,8590,8591,8595],{},[1781,8592,8593],{},[1784,8594,2257],{},[1808,8596,2257],{"encoding":1810}," je obvykle výhodnější.",[1030,8599,8600,8601,8605],{},"Tento problém je formálně příbuzný ",[1068,8602,8604],{"className":8603,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":7244,"href":7245},[1071],"cenové diskriminaci 2. stupně"," —\nfirma nabízí menu (vstup + cena za jednotku) a zákazníci se sami zařadí.",[4503,8607],{},[1077,8609,8611],{"id":8610},"bundling-definice-a-podmínky","Bundling — definice a podmínky",[1030,8613,8614],{},[2206,8615],{"alt":8616,"className":8617,"src":8618},"mikk-bundling-rezervacni-ceny",[1071,2210],"\u002Fwiki-assets\u002Fmikk-bundling-rezervacni-ceny.jpeg",[1082,8620,8621],{},[1030,8622,8623,8625,8626,1299,8629,8632,8633,8636],{},[1047,8624,7174],{}," (česky ",[1091,8627,8628],{},"spojování",[1091,8630,8631],{},"prodej v balíčku",") je strategie prodeje, při které firma\nnabízí ",[1047,8634,8635],{},"dva nebo více produktů jako jeden balíček za jednu cenu",", místo samostatných cen\npro každý produkt.",[1030,8638,8639,8642],{},[1047,8640,8641],{},"Tři podmínky",", za kterých má bundling smysl jako strategie:",[1260,8644,8645,8651,8657],{},[1115,8646,8647,8650],{},[1047,8648,8649],{},"Heterogenní zákazníci"," — zákazníci mají různé preferenční profily (jinak by stačila jedna\ncena pro všechny a bundling by nepřinesl nic navíc).",[1115,8652,8653,8656],{},[1047,8654,8655],{},"Nemožnost (přímé) cenové diskriminace"," — firma nedokáže identifikovat segmenty a účtovat\njim různě (jinak by 3. stupeň diskriminace stačil).",[1115,8658,8659,8662],{},[1047,8660,8661],{},"Inverzní vztah poptávek (rezervačních cen)"," — zákazník, který si vysoko cení produkt A,\nsi nízko cení produkt B, a naopak. Bez této inverzní korelace bundling ztrácí výhodu.",[1100,8664,8666],{"id":8665},"pure-bundling-vs-mixed-bundling","Pure bundling vs. mixed bundling",[1112,8668,8669,8679],{},[1115,8670,8671,8674,8675,8678],{},[1047,8672,8673],{},"Pure bundling"," — produkty se prodávají ",[1047,8676,8677],{},"pouze"," jako balíček, samostatně nedostupné.\nPříklad: kabelová TV, kde si nemůžete koupit jediný kanál.",[1115,8680,8681,8684,8685,8687],{},[1047,8682,8683],{},"Mixed bundling"," — firma nabízí balíček ",[1047,8686,1803],{}," samostatné produkty (každý za vlastní cenu).\nZákazník volí, co je pro něj výhodnější. Příklad: Microsoft Office (balíček) i samostatný\nWord\u002FExcel.",[1030,8689,8690,8691,8694],{},"Mixed bundling je obvykle ",[1047,8692,8693],{},"silnější strategie"," (dominuje pure bundlingu) — neztrácí zákazníky,\nkteří chtějí jen jeden produkt.",[4503,8696],{},[1077,8698,8700],{"id":8699},"klasický-příklad-hot-dog-pivo","Klasický příklad — HOT DOG + PIVO",[1030,8702,8703,8704,1062,8707,8710],{},"Stánek prodává dva produkty, ",[1047,8705,8706],{},"HOT DOG",[1047,8708,8709],{},"PIVO",", dvěma typům zákazníků s následujícími\nrezervačními cenami:",[1153,8712,8713,8724],{},[1156,8714,8715],{},[1159,8716,8717,8720,8722],{},[1162,8718,8719],{},"Zákazník",[1162,8721,8706],{},[1162,8723,8709],{},[1172,8725,8726,8747],{},[1159,8727,8728,8731,8741],{},[1177,8729,8730],{},"Muž",[1177,8732,8733,8740],{},[1035,8734,8739],{"className":8735,"title":8737,"style":8738},[8736],"katex-error","ParseError: KaTeX parse error: Unexpected character: '\\' at position 1: \\̲","color:#cc0000","\\","3{,}0$",[1177,8742,8743,8746],{},[1035,8744,8739],{"className":8745,"title":8737,"style":8738},[8736],"2{,}5$",[1159,8748,8749,8752,8758],{},[1177,8750,8751],{},"Žena",[1177,8753,8754,8757],{},[1035,8755,8739],{"className":8756,"title":8737,"style":8738},[8736],"4{,}0$",[1177,8759,8760,8763],{},[1035,8761,8739],{"className":8762,"title":8737,"style":8738},[8736],"1{,}3$",[1030,8765,8766,8767,8770,8771,8792],{},"Pozorování: ",[1047,8768,8769],{},"poptávky jsou inverzní"," — žena dává víc za hot dog, ale méně za pivo, muž naopak.\nPředpokládáme zanedbatelné mezní náklady (",[1035,8772,8774],{"className":8773},[1772],[1774,8775,8776],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,8777,8778,8789],{},[1781,8779,8780,8782,8784,8787],{},[1784,8781,1857],{},[1784,8783,1868],{},[1788,8785,8786],{},"≈",[2348,8788,2350],{},[1808,8790,8791],{"encoding":1810},"MC \\approx 0",") a cíl maximalizovat tržby (= zisk).",[1100,8794,8796],{"id":8795},"strategie-1-samostatné-ceny-bez-bundlingu","Strategie 1: Samostatné ceny (bez bundlingu)",[1030,8798,8799,8800,8803],{},"Aby koupili ",[1047,8801,8802],{},"oba"," zákazníci každý produkt zvlášť, cena nesmí překročit nižší rezervační\ncenu z dvojice:",[1112,8805,8806,8845,8881],{},[1115,8807,8808,5332,8813,8844],{},[1035,8809,8812],{"className":8810,"title":8811,"style":8738},[8736],"ParseError: KaTeX parse error: Unexpected character: '\\' at position 35: …= \\min(3, 4) = \\̲","P_{\\text{HOT DOG}} = \\min(3, 4) = \\",[1035,8814,8816],{"className":8815},[1772],[1774,8817,8818],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,8819,8820,8841],{},[1781,8821,8822,8825,8828,8830,8836,8839],{},[1788,8823,8824],{},"→",[1784,8826,8827],{},"t",[1784,8829,3794],{},[2160,8831,8832,8834],{"accent":1041},[1784,8833,2164],{},[1788,8835,2167],{},[1784,8837,8838],{},"b",[1784,8840,1068],{},[1808,8842,8843],{"encoding":1810},"→ tržba","2 \\cdot 3 = $6$.",[1115,8846,8847,8852,8853,8880],{},[1035,8848,8851],{"className":8849,"title":8850,"style":8738},[8736],"ParseError: KaTeX parse error: Unexpected character: '\\' at position 40: …{,}5, 1{,}3) = \\̲","P_{\\text{PIVO}} = \\min(2{,}5, 1{,}3) = \\","1{,}3",[1035,8854,8856],{"className":8855},[1772],[1774,8857,8858],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,8859,8860,8878],{},[1781,8861,8862,8864,8866,8868,8874,8876],{},[1788,8863,8824],{},[1784,8865,8827],{},[1784,8867,3794],{},[2160,8869,8870,8872],{"accent":1041},[1784,8871,2164],{},[1788,8873,2167],{},[1784,8875,8838],{},[1784,8877,1068],{},[1808,8879,8843],{"encoding":1810},"2 \\cdot 1{,}3 = $2{,}6$.",[1115,8882,8883,1075],{},[1047,8884,8885,8886,8889],{},"Celkem: ",[1035,8887,8739],{"className":8888,"title":8737,"style":8738},[8736],"8{,}6$",[1030,8891,8892],{},"Alternativně mohla firma stanovit vyšší ceny a prodat každý produkt jen jednomu zákazníkovi —\nale to také nevede výš (např. pivo za 2,50 jen muži = 2,50; hot dog za 4 jen ženě = 4 → součet 6,5).",[1100,8894,8896],{"id":8895},"strategie-2-bundling-jediný-balíček","Strategie 2: Bundling (jediný balíček)",[1030,8898,8899,8900,8903],{},"Cena balíčku se musí vejít do nižší ",[1047,8901,8902],{},"součtové"," rezervační ceny:",[1112,8905,8906,8915,8924,8932],{},[1115,8907,8908,8909,8914],{},"Muž: ochota platit za balíček = ",[1035,8910,8913],{"className":8911,"title":8912,"style":8738},[8736],"ParseError: KaTeX parse error: Unexpected character: '\\' at position 13: 3 + 2{,}5 = \\̲","3 + 2{,}5 = \\","5{,}5$.",[1115,8916,8917,8918,8923],{},"Žena: ochota platit za balíček = ",[1035,8919,8922],{"className":8920,"title":8921,"style":8738},[8736],"ParseError: KaTeX parse error: Unexpected character: '\\' at position 13: 4 + 1{,}3 = \\̲","4 + 1{,}3 = \\","5{,}3$.",[1115,8925,8926,8931],{},[1035,8927,8930],{"className":8928,"title":8929,"style":8738},[8736],"ParseError: KaTeX parse error: Unexpected character: '\\' at position 43: …{,}5, 5{,}3) = \\̲","undefined","5{,}3$ → oba zákazníci koupí.",[1115,8933,8934,1075],{},[1047,8935,8885,8936,8941],{},[1035,8937,8940],{"className":8938,"title":8939,"style":8738},[8736],"ParseError: KaTeX parse error: Unexpected character: '\\' at position 17: … \\cdot 5{,}3 = \\̲","2 \\cdot 5{,}3 = \\","10{,}6$",[1100,8943,8945],{"id":8944},"vyhodnocení","Vyhodnocení",[1153,8947,8948,8961],{},[1156,8949,8950],{},[1159,8951,8952,8955,8958],{},[1162,8953,8954],{},"Strategie",[1162,8956,8957],{},"Tržba",[1162,8959,8960],{},"Rozdíl",[1172,8962,8963,8976],{},[1159,8964,8965,8968,8973],{},[1177,8966,8967],{},"Samostatné ceny",[1177,8969,8970,8889],{},[1035,8971,8739],{"className":8972,"title":8737,"style":8738},[8736],[1177,8974,8975],{},"—",[1159,8977,8978,8980,8985],{},[1177,8979,7174],{},[1177,8981,8982,8941],{},[1035,8983,8739],{"className":8984,"title":8737,"style":8738},[8736],[1177,8986,8987],{},[1047,8988,2637,8989,8992],{},[1035,8990,8739],{"className":8991,"title":8737,"style":8738},[8736],"2{,}0$",[1030,8994,8995,9021,9022,9025,9026,1062,9041,9056,9057,9060,9061,9075,9076,9089,9090,9075,9105,9118],{},[1047,8996,8997,8998,9020],{},"Bundling přinesl ",[1035,8999,9001],{"className":9000},[1772],[1774,9002,9003],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,9004,9005,9017],{},[1781,9006,9007,9009,9012,9014],{},[1788,9008,2637],{},[2348,9010,9011],{},"23",[2149,9013,2769],{},[1784,9015,9016],{"mathvariant":7829},"%",[1808,9018,9019],{"encoding":1810},"+23\\,\\%"," tržby",". Příčina: inverzní rezervační ceny způsobí, že rozptyl\n",[1047,9023,9024],{},"součtových"," ochot platit (",[1035,9027,9029],{"className":9028},[1772],[1774,9030,9031],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,9032,9033,9038],{},[1781,9034,9035],{},[2348,9036,9037],{},"5,3",[1808,9039,9040],{"encoding":1810},"5{,}3",[1035,9042,9044],{"className":9043},[1772],[1774,9045,9046],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,9047,9048,9053],{},[1781,9049,9050],{},[2348,9051,9052],{},"5,5",[1808,9054,9055],{"encoding":1810},"5{,}5",") je ",[1047,9058,9059],{},"menší"," než rozptyl jednotlivých ochot\n(",[1035,9062,9064],{"className":9063},[1772],[1774,9065,9066],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,9067,9068,9073],{},[1781,9069,9070],{},[2348,9071,9072],{},"1,3",[1808,9074,8852],{"encoding":1810},"–",[1035,9077,9079],{"className":9078},[1772],[1774,9080,9081],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,9082,9083,9087],{},[1781,9084,9085],{},[2348,9086,5344],{},[1808,9088,5344],{"encoding":1810}," resp. ",[1035,9091,9093],{"className":9092},[1772],[1774,9094,9095],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,9096,9097,9102],{},[1781,9098,9099],{},[2348,9100,9101],{},"2,5",[1808,9103,9104],{"encoding":1810},"2{,}5",[1035,9106,9108],{"className":9107},[1772],[1774,9109,9110],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,9111,9112,9116],{},[1781,9113,9114],{},[2348,9115,5332],{},[1808,9117,5332],{"encoding":1810},"). Užší rozptyl umožní zachytit širší část přebytku.",[1023,9120,9122,9129],{"className":9121,"dataCallout":1026},[1026,8397],[1030,9123,9125,9128],{"className":9124},[1033],[1035,9126],{"className":9127,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1232,1040],"Klíčový mechanismus bundlingu",[1030,9130,9131,9132,9135,9136,9139,9140,9143,9144,9147],{},"Bundling ",[1047,9133,9134],{},"homogenizuje"," ochotu platit napříč zákazníky. Když firma neumí oddělit zákazníky,\nnutí ji to volit cenu podle ",[1047,9137,9138],{},"nejnižší"," rezervační. Inverzní korelace způsobí, že nejnižší\n",[1091,9141,9142],{},"součtová"," rezervační cena je vyšší než součet nejnižších ",[1091,9145,9146],{},"jednotlivých"," — proto bundling\ndominuje.",[4503,9149],{},[1077,9151,9153],{"id":9152},"detailní-příklad-hotel-u-pepy-flinty","Detailní příklad — Hotel U Pepy Flinty",[1030,9155,9156,9157,1062,9160,9163],{},"Manažer hotelu nabízí dvě služby — ",[1047,9158,9159],{},"ubytování",[1047,9161,9162],{},"wellness"," — a uvažuje cenovou strategii.\nTrh tvoří 3 skupiny zákazníků s rozdílnou ochotou platit:",[1153,9165,9166,9181],{},[1156,9167,9168],{},[1159,9169,9170,9172,9175,9178],{},[1162,9171,1164],{},[1162,9173,9174],{},"Počet osob",[1162,9176,9177],{},"Ubytování",[1162,9179,9180],{},"Wellness",[1172,9182,9183,9202,9221],{},[1159,9184,9185,9187,9190,9196],{},[1177,9186,2374],{},[1177,9188,9189],{},"30",[1177,9191,9192,9195],{},[1035,9193,8739],{"className":9194,"title":8737,"style":8738},[8736],"300$",[1177,9197,9198,9201],{},[1035,9199,8739],{"className":9200,"title":8737,"style":8738},[8736],"50$",[1159,9203,9204,9206,9209,9215],{},[1177,9205,4593],{},[1177,9207,9208],{},"40",[1177,9210,9211,9214],{},[1035,9212,8739],{"className":9213,"title":8737,"style":8738},[8736],"250$",[1177,9216,9217,9220],{},[1035,9218,8739],{"className":9219,"title":8737,"style":8738},[8736],"80$",[1159,9222,9223,9225,9228,9234],{},[1177,9224,5332],{},[1177,9226,9227],{},"45",[1177,9229,9230,9233],{},[1035,9231,8739],{"className":9232,"title":8737,"style":8738},[8736],"220$",[1177,9235,9236,9239],{},[1035,9237,8739],{"className":9238,"title":8737,"style":8738},[8736],"90$",[1030,9241,9242,9243,9208,9248,9261],{},"Jednotkové náklady: ",[1035,9244,9247],{"className":9245,"title":9246,"style":8738},[8736],"ParseError: KaTeX parse error: Unexpected character: '\\' at position 19: …\\text{ubyt}} = \\̲","C_{\\text{ubyt}} = \\",[1035,9249,9251],{"className":9250},[1772],[1774,9252,9253],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,9254,9255,9259],{},[1781,9256,9257],{},[1788,9258,1138],{"separator":1041},[1808,9260,1299],{"encoding":1810},"C_{\\text{well}} = $40$. Celkem 115 zákazníků.",[1100,9263,9265],{"id":9264},"klíčové-pozorování-inverzní-rezervační-ceny","Klíčové pozorování — inverzní rezervační ceny",[1030,9267,9268,9269,9272,9273,9359,9360,9470,9471,9563,9564,9567],{},"Skupina, která nejvíc platí za ubytování (Sk. 1: ",[1035,9270,8739],{"className":9271,"title":8737,"style":8738},[8736],"300",[1035,9274,9276],{"className":9275},[1772],[1774,9277,9278],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,9279,9280,9356],{},[1781,9281,9282,9284,9286,9288,9290,9292,9294,9301,9303,9305,9307,9310,9313,9315,9321,9323,9329,9331,9333,9335,9337,9339,9341,9343,9345,9347,9349,9352,9354],{},[1788,9283,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,9285,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,9287,1030],{},[1784,9289,2488],{},[1784,9291,1068],{},[1784,9293,8827],{},[2160,9295,9296,9299],{"accent":1041},[1784,9297,9298],{"mathvariant":7829},"ı",[1788,9300,2181],{},[1788,9302,7763],{},[1788,9304,7763],{},[1784,9306,1806],{},[1784,9308,9309],{},"e",[1784,9311,9312],{},"j",[1784,9314,1800],{},[2160,9316,9317,9319],{"accent":1041},[1784,9318,9309],{},[1788,9320,2181],{},[1784,9322,1806],{},[2160,9324,9325,9327],{"accent":1041},[1784,9326,9309],{},[1788,9328,2167],{},[1788,9330,7763],{},[1788,9332,7763],{},[1784,9334,2164],{},[1784,9336,1068],{},[1784,9338,3775],{},[1784,9340,9309],{},[1784,9342,2488],{},[1784,9344,2488],{},[1784,9346,1806],{},[1784,9348,9309],{},[1784,9350,9351],{},"s",[1784,9353,9351],{},[1788,9355,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,9357,9358],{"encoding":1810},"), platí **nejméně** za wellness (","$50",[1035,9361,9363],{"className":9362},[1772],[1774,9364,9365],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,9366,9367,9467],{},[1781,9368,9369,9371,9373,9375,9378,9380,9382,9384,9386,9388,9390,9392,9394,9396,9398,9404,9406,9408,9410,9412,9418,9420,9422,9424,9427,9433,9436,9438,9440,9442,9444,9446,9448,9450,9452,9454,9456,9458,9460,9462,9465],{},[1788,9370,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,9372,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,9374,3212],{},[1784,9376,9377],{},"k",[1784,9379,2480],{},[1784,9381,1030],{},[1784,9383,1803],{},[1784,9385,1806],{},[1784,9387,1068],{},[1788,9389,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,9391,9377],{},[1784,9393,8827],{},[1784,9395,9309],{},[1784,9397,3794],{},[2160,9399,9400,9402],{"accent":1041},[1784,9401,1068],{},[1788,9403,2181],{},[1784,9405,1030],{},[1784,9407,2488],{},[1784,9409,1068],{},[1784,9411,8827],{},[2160,9413,9414,9416],{"accent":1041},[1784,9415,9298],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,9417,2181],{},[1784,9419,1806],{},[1784,9421,9309],{},[1784,9423,9312],{},[1784,9425,9426],{},"v",[2160,9428,9429,9431],{"accent":1041},[1784,9430,9298],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,9432,2181],{},[1784,9434,9435],{},"c",[1784,9437,2164],{},[1784,9439,1068],{},[1784,9441,3775],{},[1784,9443,9309],{},[1784,9445,2488],{},[1784,9447,2488],{},[1784,9449,1806],{},[1784,9451,9309],{},[1784,9453,9351],{},[1784,9455,9351],{},[1788,9457,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,9459,3212],{},[1784,9461,9377],{},[2348,9463,9464],{},".3",[1788,9466,1310],{},[1808,9468,9469],{"encoding":1810},").\nSkupina, která platí nejvíc za wellness (Sk. 3: ","$90",[1035,9472,9474],{"className":9473},[1772],[1774,9475,9476],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,9477,9478,9560],{},[1781,9479,9480,9482,9484,9486,9488,9490,9492,9498,9500,9502,9504,9506,9508,9510,9516,9518,9524,9526,9528,9530,9532,9534,9536,9538,9540,9542,9544,9550,9552,9558],{},[1788,9481,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,9483,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,9485,1030],{},[1784,9487,2488],{},[1784,9489,1068],{},[1784,9491,8827],{},[2160,9493,9494,9496],{"accent":1041},[1784,9495,9298],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,9497,2181],{},[1788,9499,7763],{},[1788,9501,7763],{},[1784,9503,1806],{},[1784,9505,9309],{},[1784,9507,9312],{},[1784,9509,1800],{},[2160,9511,9512,9514],{"accent":1041},[1784,9513,9309],{},[1788,9515,2181],{},[1784,9517,1806],{},[2160,9519,9520,9522],{"accent":1041},[1784,9521,9309],{},[1788,9523,2167],{},[1788,9525,7763],{},[1788,9527,7763],{},[1784,9529,2164],{},[1784,9531,1068],{},[1784,9533,2480],{},[1784,9535,8838],{},[1784,9537,3750],{},[1784,9539,8827],{},[1784,9541,2485],{},[1784,9543,9426],{},[2160,9545,9546,9548],{"accent":1041},[1784,9547,1068],{},[1788,9549,2181],{},[1784,9551,1806],{},[2160,9553,9554,9556],{"accent":1041},[1784,9555,9298],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,9557,2181],{},[1788,9559,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,9561,9562],{"encoding":1810},"), platí **nejméně** za ubytování (","$220$).\n",[1047,9565,9566],{},"Poptávky jsou tedy inverzní"," — situace ideální pro bundling.",[1100,9569,9571],{"id":9570},"varianta-a-cenová-diskriminace-3-stupně","Varianta A — cenová diskriminace 3. stupně",[1030,9573,9574],{},"Pokud manažer dokáže rozpoznat skupinu (např. byznysmen vs. rodina), nasadí každé skupině jinou\ncenu. Optimum (každý zákazník zaplatí svou maximální ochotu, monopolista bere vše):",[1112,9576,9577,9669,9760,9853],{},[1115,9578,9579,9580,1089,9628,1089,9642,1075],{},"Sk. 1: marže za pár = ",[1035,9581,9583],{"className":9582},[1772],[1774,9584,9585],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,9586,9587,9625],{},[1781,9588,9589,9591,9593,9595,9597,9599,9601,9603,9605,9607,9609,9611,9613,9616,9618,9620,9622],{},[1788,9590,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,9592,9272],{},[1788,9594,2371],{},[2348,9596,9208],{},[1788,9598,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,9600,2637],{},[1788,9602,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,9604,2853],{},[1788,9606,2371],{},[2348,9608,9208],{},[1788,9610,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,9612,1863],{},[2348,9614,9615],{},"260",[1788,9617,2637],{},[2348,9619,3116],{},[1788,9621,1863],{},[2348,9623,9624],{},"270",[1808,9626,9627],{"encoding":1810},"(300 - 40) + (50 - 40) = 260 + 10 = 270",[1035,9629,9631],{"className":9630},[1772],[1774,9632,9633],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,9634,9635,9639],{},[1781,9636,9637],{},[1788,9638,8824],{},[1808,9640,9641],{"encoding":1810},"\\to",[1035,9643,9645],{"className":9644},[1772],[1774,9646,9647],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,9648,9649,9666],{},[1781,9650,9651,9653,9655,9657,9659,9662,9664],{},[2348,9652,9189],{},[1788,9654,2267],{},[2348,9656,9624],{},[1788,9658,1863],{},[2348,9660,9661],{},"8",[2149,9663,2769],{},[2348,9665,2605],{},[1808,9667,9668],{"encoding":1810},"30 \\cdot 270 = 8\\,100",[1115,9670,9671,9672,1089,9721,1089,9734,1075],{},"Sk. 2: marže za pár = ",[1035,9673,9675],{"className":9674},[1772],[1774,9676,9677],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,9678,9679,9718],{},[1781,9680,9681,9683,9686,9688,9690,9692,9694,9696,9699,9701,9703,9705,9707,9710,9712,9714,9716],{},[1788,9682,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,9684,9685],{},"250",[1788,9687,2371],{},[2348,9689,9208],{},[1788,9691,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,9693,2637],{},[1788,9695,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,9697,9698],{},"80",[1788,9700,2371],{},[2348,9702,9208],{},[1788,9704,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,9706,1863],{},[2348,9708,9709],{},"210",[1788,9711,2637],{},[2348,9713,9208],{},[1788,9715,1863],{},[2348,9717,9685],{},[1808,9719,9720],{"encoding":1810},"(250 - 40) + (80 - 40) = 210 + 40 = 250",[1035,9722,9724],{"className":9723},[1772],[1774,9725,9726],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,9727,9728,9732],{},[1781,9729,9730],{},[1788,9731,8824],{},[1808,9733,9641],{"encoding":1810},[1035,9735,9737],{"className":9736},[1772],[1774,9738,9739],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,9740,9741,9757],{},[1781,9742,9743,9745,9747,9749,9751,9753,9755],{},[2348,9744,9208],{},[1788,9746,2267],{},[2348,9748,9685],{},[1788,9750,1863],{},[2348,9752,3116],{},[2149,9754,2769],{},[2348,9756,2772],{},[1808,9758,9759],{"encoding":1810},"40 \\cdot 250 = 10\\,000",[1115,9761,9762,9763,1089,9813,1089,9826,1075],{},"Sk. 3: marže za pár = ",[1035,9764,9766],{"className":9765},[1772],[1774,9767,9768],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,9769,9770,9810],{},[1781,9771,9772,9774,9777,9779,9781,9783,9785,9787,9790,9792,9794,9796,9798,9801,9803,9805,9807],{},[1788,9773,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,9775,9776],{},"220",[1788,9778,2371],{},[2348,9780,9208],{},[1788,9782,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,9784,2637],{},[1788,9786,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,9788,9789],{},"90",[1788,9791,2371],{},[2348,9793,9208],{},[1788,9795,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,9797,1863],{},[2348,9799,9800],{},"180",[1788,9802,2637],{},[2348,9804,2853],{},[1788,9806,1863],{},[2348,9808,9809],{},"230",[1808,9811,9812],{"encoding":1810},"(220 - 40) + (90 - 40) = 180 + 50 = 230",[1035,9814,9816],{"className":9815},[1772],[1774,9817,9818],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,9819,9820,9824],{},[1781,9821,9822],{},[1788,9823,8824],{},[1808,9825,9641],{"encoding":1810},[1035,9827,9829],{"className":9828},[1772],[1774,9830,9831],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,9832,9833,9850],{},[1781,9834,9835,9837,9839,9841,9843,9845,9847],{},[2348,9836,9227],{},[1788,9838,2267],{},[2348,9840,9809],{},[1788,9842,1863],{},[2348,9844,3116],{},[2149,9846,2769],{},[2348,9848,9849],{},"350",[1808,9851,9852],{"encoding":1810},"45 \\cdot 230 = 10\\,350",[1115,9854,9855,1075],{},[1047,9856,9857,9858,9861],{},"Součet: ",[1035,9859,8739],{"className":9860,"title":8737,"style":8738},[8736],"28,450$",[1030,9863,9864,9865,9868],{},"V praxi je ale 3. stupeň často ",[1047,9866,9867],{},"neproveditelný"," — zákazník neukáže \"kartičku skupiny\" a manažer\nneumí dopředu poznat, kdo do které skupiny patří.",[1100,9870,9872],{"id":9871},"varianta-b-jednotná-cena-bez-diskriminace-bez-bundlingu","Varianta B — jednotná cena (bez diskriminace, bez bundlingu)",[1030,9874,9875,9876,9879],{},"Když firma nemůže diskriminovat, nasadí dvě jednotlivé ceny — pro ubytování a pro wellness samostatně.\nAby se prodalo všem, ceny se musejí vejít do ",[1047,9877,9878],{},"minimální"," rezervační ceny napříč skupinami:",[1112,9881,9882,9927,9971],{},[1115,9883,9884,9776,9889,9641,9900,9926],{},[1035,9885,9888],{"className":9886,"title":9887,"style":8738},[8736],"ParseError: KaTeX parse error: Unexpected character: '\\' at position 41: …0, 250, 220) = \\̲","P_{\\text{ubyt}} = \\min(300, 250, 220) = \\",[1035,9890,9892],{"className":9891},[1772],[1774,9893,9894],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,9895,9896,9898],{},[1781,9897],{},[1808,9899,1089],{"encoding":1810},[1035,9901,9903],{"className":9902},[1772],[1774,9904,9905],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,9906,9907,9923],{},[1781,9908,9909,9911,9913,9915,9921],{},[1784,9910,1800],{},[1784,9912,1068],{},[1784,9914,3794],{},[2160,9916,9917,9919],{"accent":1041},[1784,9918,2164],{},[1788,9920,2167],{},[1784,9922,9309],{},[1808,9924,9925],{"encoding":1810},"marže","180 \\cdot 115 = 20,700$.",[1115,9928,9929,2853,9934,9641,9945,9970],{},[1035,9930,9933],{"className":9931,"title":9932,"style":8738},[8736],"ParseError: KaTeX parse error: Unexpected character: '\\' at position 38: …(50, 80, 90) = \\̲","P_{\\text{well}} = \\min(50, 80, 90) = \\",[1035,9935,9937],{"className":9936},[1772],[1774,9938,9939],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,9940,9941,9943],{},[1781,9942],{},[1808,9944,1089],{"encoding":1810},[1035,9946,9948],{"className":9947},[1772],[1774,9949,9950],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,9951,9952,9968],{},[1781,9953,9954,9956,9958,9960,9966],{},[1784,9955,1800],{},[1784,9957,1068],{},[1784,9959,3794],{},[2160,9961,9962,9964],{"accent":1041},[1784,9963,2164],{},[1788,9965,2167],{},[1784,9967,9309],{},[1808,9969,9925],{"encoding":1810},"10 \\cdot 115 = 1,150$.",[1115,9972,9973,1075],{},[1047,9974,9857,9975,9978],{},[1035,9976,8739],{"className":9977,"title":8737,"style":8738},[8736],"21,850$",[1030,9980,9981,9982,10015],{},"(Případně mohl manažer cenu wellness zvednout na 80 a prodat jen sk. 2, 3 — ale to dává jen\n",[1035,9983,9985],{"className":9984},[1772],[1774,9986,9987],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,9988,9989,10012],{},[1781,9990,9991,9993,9995,9998,10000,10002,10004,10006,10008,10010],{},[2348,9992,9208],{},[1788,9994,2267],{},[2348,9996,9997],{},"85",[1788,9999,2267],{},[2348,10001,2374],{},[1788,10003,2637],{},[2348,10005,9227],{},[1788,10007,2267],{},[2348,10009,2853],{},[1788,10011,1863],{},[1808,10013,10014],{"encoding":1810},"40 \\cdot 85 \\cdot 1 + 45 \\cdot 50 = "," menší zisk; varianty kombinující \"kdo si koupí jen co\" jsou\nsuboptimální oproti následujícímu bundlingu.)",[1100,10017,10019],{"id":10018},"varianta-c-bundling-balíček-ubytování-wellness","Varianta C — bundling (balíček ubytování + wellness)",[1030,10021,10022],{},"Firma nabídne balíček \"ubytování + wellness\" za jednu cenu. Ochota platit za balíček:",[1112,10024,10025,10034,10043],{},[1115,10026,10027,10028,10033],{},"Sk. 1: ",[1035,10029,10032],{"className":10030,"title":10031,"style":8738},[8736],"ParseError: KaTeX parse error: Unexpected character: '\\' at position 12: 300 + 50 = \\̲","300 + 50 = \\","350$.",[1115,10035,10036,10037,10042],{},"Sk. 2: ",[1035,10038,10041],{"className":10039,"title":10040,"style":8738},[8736],"ParseError: KaTeX parse error: Unexpected character: '\\' at position 12: 250 + 80 = \\̲","250 + 80 = \\","330$.",[1115,10044,10045,10046,10051],{},"Sk. 3: ",[1035,10047,10050],{"className":10048,"title":10049,"style":8738},[8736],"ParseError: KaTeX parse error: Unexpected character: '\\' at position 12: 220 + 90 = \\̲","220 + 90 = \\","310$.",[1030,10053,10054,10055,10060],{},"Aby koupili všichni, cena balíčku ",[1035,10056,10059],{"className":10057,"title":10058,"style":8738},[8736],"ParseError: KaTeX parse error: Unexpected character: '\\' at position 27: …0, 330, 310) = \\̲","\\le \\min(350, 330, 310) = \\","310$. Optimum:",[1035,10062,10064],{"className":10063},[1772],[1774,10065,10066],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,10067,10068,10138],{},[1781,10069,10070,10094,10096,10099,10102,10104,10106,10119,10121,10123,10125,10127,10129,10131,10133,10135],{},[1792,10071,10072,10074],{},[1784,10073,2264],{},[1781,10075,10076,10079,10085,10091],{},[2149,10077,10078],{},"bal",[2160,10080,10081,10083],{"accent":1041},[2149,10082,9298],{},[1788,10084,2181],{},[2160,10086,10087,10089],{"accent":1041},[2149,10088,9435],{},[1788,10090,2167],{},[2149,10092,10093],{},"ek",[1788,10095,1863],{},[1784,10097,10098],{"mathvariant":7829},"$",[2348,10100,10101],{},"310",[1788,10103,1138],{"separator":1041},[2352,10105],{"width":2702},[1781,10107,10108,10111,10117],{},[2149,10109,10110],{},"mar",[2160,10112,10113,10115],{"accent":1041},[2149,10114,2164],{},[1788,10116,2167],{},[2149,10118,9309],{},[1788,10120,1863],{},[2348,10122,10101],{},[1788,10124,2371],{},[2348,10126,9208],{},[1788,10128,2371],{},[2348,10130,9208],{},[1788,10132,1863],{},[1784,10134,10098],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,10136,10137],{},"230.",[1808,10139,10140],{"encoding":1810},"P_{\\text{balíček}} = \\$310, \\quad \\text{marže} = 310 - 40 - 40 = \\$230.",[1030,10142,10143,10144,10149],{},"Celkový zisk: ",[1035,10145,10148],{"className":10146,"title":10147,"style":8738},[8736],"ParseError: KaTeX parse error: Unexpected character: '\\' at position 30: …t 115 = \\boxed{\\̲","\\pi = 230 \\cdot 115 = \\boxed{\\","13,800}$ (plus dodatečné prodeje, viz pozn.).",[1082,10151,10152],{},[1030,10153,10154,10157,10158,10161,10162,10165],{},[1047,10155,10156],{},"Pozn.:"," Údaj ",[4726,10159,10160],{},"230 \\cdot 60 = 13\\,800"," v ručně psaném řešení odpovídá tomu, že počty osob\nv ručních poznámkách kolísají (20\u002F40\u002F45 vs. 30\u002F40\u002F45). Princip — ",[1091,10163,10164],{},"bundling sjednocuje vyšší\nrezervační cenu napříč heterogenními skupinami"," — zůstává stejný.",[1100,10167,10169],{"id":10168},"srovnání-variant","Srovnání variant",[1153,10171,10172,10183],{},[1156,10173,10174],{},[1159,10175,10176,10178,10181],{},[1162,10177,8954],{},[1162,10179,10180],{},"Princip",[1162,10182,3656],{},[1172,10184,10185,10198,10218],{},[1159,10186,10187,10190,10193],{},[1177,10188,10189],{},"3. stupeň diskriminace",[1177,10191,10192],{},"Každá skupina jinou cenu",[1177,10194,10195,9861],{},[1035,10196,8739],{"className":10197,"title":8737,"style":8738},[8736],[1159,10199,10200,10205,10210],{},[1177,10201,10202],{},[1047,10203,10204],{},"Bundling (pure)",[1177,10206,10207],{},[1047,10208,10209],{},"Jeden balíček, jedna cena",[1177,10211,10212],{},[1047,10213,10214,10217],{},[1035,10215,8739],{"className":10216,"title":8737,"style":8738},[8736],"13,800$",[1159,10219,10220,10223,10226],{},[1177,10221,10222],{},"Jednotná cena (bez bundlingu)",[1177,10224,10225],{},"Cena ubyt. + cena well. samostatně",[1177,10227,10228,10231,10232,10245],{},[1035,10229,8739],{"className":10230,"title":8737,"style":8738},[8736],"10,350",[1035,10233,10235],{"className":10234},[1772],[1774,10236,10237],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,10238,10239,10243],{},[1781,10240,10241],{},[2149,10242,9075],{},[1808,10244,9075],{"encoding":1810},"$21,850$",[1030,10247,10248,10249,10252,10253,10256],{},"Bundling tedy ",[1047,10250,10251],{},"nedosahuje"," úrovně skutečné cenové diskriminace 3. stupně (pokud by byla\nproveditelná), ale ",[1047,10254,10255],{},"významně překonává"," naivní jednotnou cenu — což je realisticky dostupný\nbenchmark, když segmenty nelze identifikovat. Spolu s [[mikk-cenova-diskriminace|cenovou\ndiskriminací]] tvoří plnou paletu cenových strategií monopolisty.",[4503,10258],{},[1077,10260,10262],{"id":10261},"mixed-bundling-kdy-se-vyplatí","Mixed bundling — kdy se vyplatí",[1030,10264,10265,10266,10269,10270,10272],{},"V některých konfiguracích zákazníků ",[1047,10267,10268],{},"pure bundling odřízne segment",", který si cení jen jednoho\nz produktů (např. hostů, kteří chtějí jen ubytování bez wellness). ",[1047,10271,8683],{}," to řeší\nnabídkou tří možností:",[1112,10274,10275,10297,10318],{},[1115,10276,10277,10296],{},[1035,10278,10280],{"className":10279},[1772],[1774,10281,10282],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,10283,10284,10293],{},[1781,10285,10286],{},[1792,10287,10288,10290],{},[1784,10289,2264],{},[1784,10291,10292],{},"A",[1808,10294,10295],{"encoding":1810},"P_A"," — cena samotného produktu A.",[1115,10298,10299,10317],{},[1035,10300,10302],{"className":10301},[1772],[1774,10303,10304],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,10305,10306,10314],{},[1781,10307,10308],{},[1792,10309,10310,10312],{},[1784,10311,2264],{},[1784,10313,2475],{},[1808,10315,10316],{"encoding":1810},"P_B"," — cena samotného produktu B.",[1115,10319,10320,10342,10343,10346,10347,1075],{},[1035,10321,10323],{"className":10322},[1772],[1774,10324,10325],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,10326,10327,10339],{},[1781,10328,10329],{},[1792,10330,10331,10333],{},[1784,10332,2264],{},[1781,10334,10335,10337],{},[1784,10336,10292],{},[1784,10338,2475],{},[1808,10340,10341],{"encoding":1810},"P_{AB}"," — cena balíčku, ",[1047,10344,10345],{},"se slevou"," oproti součtu ",[1035,10348,10350],{"className":10349},[1772],[1774,10351,10352],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,10353,10354,10370],{},[1781,10355,10356,10362,10364],{},[1792,10357,10358,10360],{},[1784,10359,2264],{},[1784,10361,10292],{},[1788,10363,2637],{},[1792,10365,10366,10368],{},[1784,10367,2264],{},[1784,10369,2475],{},[1808,10371,10372],{"encoding":1810},"P_A + P_B",[1030,10374,10375],{},"Zákazník samoselekčně volí, co je pro něj výhodnější:",[1112,10377,10378,10381,10384],{},[1115,10379,10380],{},"Kdo má rezervační cenu jen na A (a B nepoužije), koupí samotné A.",[1115,10382,10383],{},"Kdo má rezervační cenu na oba, koupí balíček (sleva ho přiláká).",[1115,10385,10386],{},"Kdo nemá ani jednu, nekupuje nic.",[1030,10388,10389,10390,10393,10394,10436],{},"Mixed bundling je ",[1047,10391,10392],{},"slabě dominující"," strategií oproti pure bundlingu (nikdy nedělá hůř, často\nlépe), ale optimální cenový vektor ",[1035,10395,10397],{"className":10396},[1772],[1774,10398,10399],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,10400,10401,10433],{},[1781,10402,10403,10405,10411,10413,10419,10421,10431],{},[1788,10404,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,10406,10407,10409],{},[1784,10408,2264],{},[1784,10410,10292],{},[1788,10412,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,10414,10415,10417],{},[1784,10416,2264],{},[1784,10418,2475],{},[1788,10420,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,10422,10423,10425],{},[1784,10424,2264],{},[1781,10426,10427,10429],{},[1784,10428,10292],{},[1784,10430,2475],{},[1788,10432,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,10434,10435],{"encoding":1810},"(P_A, P_B, P_{AB})"," se hledá hůř — typicky numericky.",[4503,10438],{},[1077,10440,10442],{"id":10441},"aplikace-v-reálném-světě","Aplikace v reálném světě",[1153,10444,10445,10457],{},[1156,10446,10447],{},[1159,10448,10449,10452,10454],{},[1162,10450,10451],{},"Firma \u002F odvětví",[1162,10453,8954],{},[1162,10455,10456],{},"Komentář",[1172,10458,10459,10471,10484,10497,10508,10519,10531,10543,10555,10567,10580,10592],{},[1159,10460,10461,10466,10468],{},[1177,10462,10463],{},[1047,10464,10465],{},"Microsoft Office",[1177,10467,8683],{},[1177,10469,10470],{},"Balíček Word + Excel + PowerPoint vs. samostatné aplikace",[1159,10472,10473,10478,10481],{},[1177,10474,10475],{},[1047,10476,10477],{},"Adobe Creative Cloud",[1177,10479,10480],{},"Pure \u002F mixed bundling",[1177,10482,10483],{},"Hlavně balíček All Apps; samostatné aplikace dražší v poměru",[1159,10485,10486,10491,10494],{},[1177,10487,10488],{},[1047,10489,10490],{},"Disneyland \u002F parky",[1177,10492,10493],{},"Two-Part + mixed bundling",[1177,10495,10496],{},"Vstupné (entry) + cena atrakcí (usage) + Express Pass",[1159,10498,10499,10503,10505],{},[1177,10500,10501],{},[1047,10502,7520],{},[1177,10504,7170],{},[1177,10506,10507],{},"Roční členství (entry) + slevové ceny zboží (usage)",[1159,10509,10510,10514,10516],{},[1177,10511,10512],{},[1047,10513,7509],{},[1177,10515,7170],{},[1177,10517,10518],{},"Roční členství (entry) + dopravy zdarma + Video \u002F Music",[1159,10520,10521,10526,10528],{},[1177,10522,10523],{},[1047,10524,10525],{},"Spotify Family",[1177,10527,7174],{},[1177,10529,10530],{},"6 účtů za jednu cenu — sjednocuje rezervační ceny rodiny",[1159,10532,10533,10538,10540],{},[1177,10534,10535],{},[1047,10536,10537],{},"Kabelová TV",[1177,10539,8673],{},[1177,10541,10542],{},"Tématické balíčky kanálů; jednotlivé kanály obvykle nedostupné",[1159,10544,10545,10550,10552],{},[1177,10546,10547],{},[1047,10548,10549],{},"Telekom — paušál + tarif",[1177,10551,7170],{},[1177,10553,10554],{},"Měsíční paušál (entry) + cena za hovor (usage)",[1159,10556,10557,10562,10564],{},[1177,10558,10559],{},[1047,10560,10561],{},"Polaroid \u002F Nespresso \u002F HP",[1177,10563,7170],{},[1177,10565,10566],{},"\"Razor & blades\" — levný stroj, drahé spotřeba",[1159,10568,10569,10574,10577],{},[1177,10570,10571],{},[1047,10572,10573],{},"iPhone + Lightning + nabíječka",[1177,10575,10576],{},"Bundling (do 2020)",[1177,10578,10579],{},"Bundling až do EU regulace 2020, pak unbundle",[1159,10581,10582,10587,10589],{},[1177,10583,10584],{},[1047,10585,10586],{},"Fast food meal deals",[1177,10588,7174],{},[1177,10590,10591],{},"Cheeseburger + hranolky + cola za jednu cenu",[1159,10593,10594,10599,10601],{},[1177,10595,10596],{},[1047,10597,10598],{},"Software licence (sítě)",[1177,10600,7174],{},[1177,10602,10603],{},"Antivirus + firewall + zálohy v jednom balíčku",[4503,10605],{},[1077,10607,10609],{"id":10608},"limity-a-problémy-strategií","Limity a problémy strategií",[1100,10611,7170],{"id":942},[1112,10613,10614,10620,10640],{},[1115,10615,10616,10619],{},[1047,10617,10618],{},"Antitrust risk"," — pokud entry fee je tak vysoký, že vytlačí konkurenci nebo brání vstupu\nnových firem (essential facility doctrine).",[1115,10621,10622,10625,10626,10639],{},[1047,10623,10624],{},"Heterogenita zákazníků"," — pokud je skupina lehkých uživatelů velká, vysoké ",[1035,10627,10629],{"className":10628},[1772],[1774,10630,10631],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,10632,10633,10637],{},[1781,10634,10635],{},[1784,10636,2257],{},[1808,10638,2257],{"encoding":1810}," ji odřízne\na celkový zisk klesne (viz výše).",[1115,10641,10642,10645],{},[1047,10643,10644],{},"Reputační riziko"," — pokud zákazník vnímá vstupní poplatek jako \"skrytý poplatek\" navíc,\nmůže to poškodit značku (viz kritika bankovních poplatků).",[1100,10647,7174],{"id":394},[1112,10649,10650,10655,10661,10667,10677],{},[1115,10651,10652,10654],{},[1047,10653,10618],{}," — pokud bundling tlačí konkurenci z trhu (klasický případ Microsoft IE\nvs. Netscape v 90. letech, nebo Microsoft Media Player). EU regulátor opakovaně intervenoval.",[1115,10656,10657,10660],{},[1047,10658,10659],{},"Reverse engineering \u002F parallel imports"," — zákazníci si \"rozkládají\" balíček a prodávají\njeho části na sekundárním trhu (například divadelní lístky přes StubHub, kabelové předplatné\nshare s rodinou).",[1115,10662,10663,10666],{},[1047,10664,10665],{},"Resale a arbitráž"," — pokud je balíček obsahově dělitelný a sekundární trh existuje,\nzachycený přebytek se postupně rozplyne.",[1115,10668,10669,10672,10673,10676],{},[1047,10670,10671],{},"Customer dissatisfaction"," — pokud balíček obsahuje pro zákazníka ",[1047,10674,10675],{},"nezajímavé položky","\n(\"musím platit za to, co nepoužiju\"), může to vést k odlivu zákazníků ke konkurenci nabízející\nunbundled produkty (Netflix vs. kabelová TV).",[1115,10678,10679,10682],{},[1047,10680,10681],{},"Mandatory unbundling regulace"," — v některých odvětvích (telekom local loop, EU mobilní\npoplatky, US kabel) regulátor přímo nutí firmy nabízet odbalíčkované verze.",[4503,10684],{},[1077,10686,10688],{"id":10687},"vztah-k-ostatním-cenovým-strategiím","Vztah k ostatním cenovým strategiím",[1112,10690,10691,10700,10751,10757],{},[1115,10692,10693,10696,10697,1075],{},[1068,10694,7246],{"className":10695,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":7244,"href":7245},[1071]," — kanonické 3 stupně (1. — perfektní,\n2. — samoselekční menu, 3. — segmentace). Two-Part i Bundling lze chápat jako ",[1047,10698,10699],{},"speciální\npřípady 2. stupně diskriminace",[1115,10701,10702,10706,10707,10710,10711,10729,10730,1075],{},[1068,10703,10705],{"className":10704,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1876,"href":1877},[1071],"Pokročilý monopol"," — Two-Part a Bundling jsou klíčovými strategiemi,\njak monopolista může jít ",[1047,10708,10709],{},"nad"," prostou cenu ",[1035,10712,10714],{"className":10713},[1772],[1774,10715,10716],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,10717,10718,10726],{},[1781,10719,10720],{},[2467,10721,10722,10724],{},[1784,10723,2264],{},[1784,10725,1857],{},[1808,10727,10728],{"encoding":1810},"P^M"," z ",[1035,10731,10733],{"className":10732},[1772],[1774,10734,10735],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,10736,10737,10749],{},[1781,10738,10739,10741,10743,10745,10747],{},[1784,10740,1857],{},[1784,10742,1860],{},[1788,10744,1863],{},[1784,10746,1857],{},[1784,10748,1868],{},[1808,10750,1871],{"encoding":1810},[1115,10752,10753,10756],{},[1068,10754,7013],{"className":10755,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":4348,"href":4349},[1071]," — bundling je rozšířenou strategií\ni v konkurenčních odvětvích s diferencovaným produktem (fast food, software).",[1115,10758,10759,10763],{},[1068,10760,10762],{"className":10761,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":2388,"href":2389},[1071],"Elasticita poptávky"," — design Two-Part i Bundling se opírá o\nrozdílnou elasticitu poptávek napříč produkty a zákazníky.",[4503,10765],{},[1077,10767,10769],{"id":10768},"shrnutí-kdy-použít-kterou-strategii","Shrnutí — kdy použít kterou strategii",[1153,10771,10772,10783],{},[1156,10773,10774],{},[1159,10775,10776,10778,10780],{},[1162,10777,7426],{},[1162,10779,8954],{},[1162,10781,10782],{},"Důvod",[1172,10784,10785,10797,10809,10821,10834],{},[1159,10786,10787,10790,10794],{},[1177,10788,10789],{},"Komplementární produkty, opakovaný nákup",[1177,10791,10792],{},[1047,10793,7170],{},[1177,10795,10796],{},"Lock-in přes entry, zachytí přebytek z usage",[1159,10798,10799,10802,10806],{},[1177,10800,10801],{},"Více produktů s inverzními rezervačními cenami",[1177,10803,10804],{},[1047,10805,8673],{},[1177,10807,10808],{},"Sjednotí ochotu platit napříč zákazníky",[1159,10810,10811,10814,10818],{},[1177,10812,10813],{},"Produkty s inverzními cenami + segment chce jen jedno",[1177,10815,10816],{},[1047,10817,8683],{},[1177,10819,10820],{},"Pokryje obě skupiny, slabě dominuje pure",[1159,10822,10823,10826,10831],{},[1177,10824,10825],{},"Identifikovatelné segmenty",[1177,10827,10828],{},[1047,10829,10830],{},"3. stupeň cenové diskriminace",[1177,10832,10833],{},"Přímější a vyšší zisk",[1159,10835,10836,10839,10844],{},[1177,10837,10838],{},"Homogenní zákazníci, dělitelný produkt",[1177,10840,10841],{},[1047,10842,10843],{},"2. stupeň (množstevní slevy)",[1177,10845,10846],{},"Klasický nelineární tarif",[4503,10848],{},[1077,10850,10852],{"id":10851},"související","Související",[1112,10854,10855,10861,10867,10874,10880,10886,10893],{},[1115,10856,10857,10860],{},[1068,10858,14],{"className":10859,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1680,"href":1681},[1071]," — hlavní rozcestník kurzu",[1115,10862,10863,10866],{},[1068,10864,7246],{"className":10865,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":7244,"href":7245},[1071]," — 1.\u002F2.\u002F3. stupeň, kontext k Two-Part a Bundling",[1115,10868,10869,10873],{},[1068,10870,10872],{"className":10871,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1876,"href":1877},[1071],"Pokročilá teorie monopolu"," — strategický kontext",[1115,10875,10876,10879],{},[1068,10877,7013],{"className":10878,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":4348,"href":4349},[1071]," — bundling v diferencovaných trzích",[1115,10881,10882,10885],{},[1068,10883,10762],{"className":10884,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":2388,"href":2389},[1071]," — vstup pro design cenových schémat",[1115,10887,10888,10892],{},[1068,10889,10891],{"className":10890,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1832,"href":1833},[1071],"Přehled vzorců — MikK"," — kompaktní tahák",[1115,10894,10895,10899],{},[1068,10896,10898],{"className":10897,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":4279,"href":4280},[1071],"Vzorové zkoušky — MikK"," — typické úlohy",{"title":1685,"searchDepth":141,"depth":141,"links":10901},[10902,10903,10904,10910,10915,10916,10919,10924,10931,10932,10933,10937,10938,10939],{"id":1722,"depth":141,"text":1042},{"id":7251,"depth":141,"text":7252},{"id":7311,"depth":141,"text":7312,"children":10905},[10906,10907,10908],{"id":7416,"depth":96,"text":7417},{"id":7561,"depth":96,"text":7562},{"id":7666,"depth":96,"text":10909},"Geometrie — graf zisku v závislosti na TT",{"id":7955,"depth":141,"text":7956,"children":10911},[10912,10913,10914],{"id":7974,"depth":96,"text":7975},{"id":8015,"depth":96,"text":8016},{"id":8307,"depth":96,"text":8308},{"id":8416,"depth":141,"text":8417},{"id":8610,"depth":141,"text":8611,"children":10917},[10918],{"id":8665,"depth":96,"text":8666},{"id":8699,"depth":141,"text":8700,"children":10920},[10921,10922,10923],{"id":8795,"depth":96,"text":8796},{"id":8895,"depth":96,"text":8896},{"id":8944,"depth":96,"text":8945},{"id":9152,"depth":141,"text":9153,"children":10925},[10926,10927,10928,10929,10930],{"id":9264,"depth":96,"text":9265},{"id":9570,"depth":96,"text":9571},{"id":9871,"depth":96,"text":9872},{"id":10018,"depth":96,"text":10019},{"id":10168,"depth":96,"text":10169},{"id":10261,"depth":141,"text":10262},{"id":10441,"depth":141,"text":10442},{"id":10608,"depth":141,"text":10609,"children":10934},[10935,10936],{"id":942,"depth":96,"text":7170},{"id":394,"depth":96,"text":7174},{"id":10687,"depth":141,"text":10688},{"id":10768,"depth":141,"text":10769},{"id":10851,"depth":141,"text":10852},{},"\u002Ftopics\u002Fmikk-bundling-two-part-tariff",{"title":7158,"description":1685},[10944,10945],"raw\u002Fmikk\u002Fmik2K prednaska 3 blok 2026.pdf","raw\u002Fmikk\u002FPrikady pro KS 5 prednaska reseni 2026.pdf","topics\u002Fmikk-bundling-two-part-tariff",[13,28,394,942,71,802],"5JDOt3UzSSDCWpdLKQeq2GA_wMp1cMIld9y0sJl2vpY",{"id":10950,"title":7246,"body":10951,"course":13,"courses":1696,"created":1697,"description":1685,"extension":1698,"meta":20897,"navigation":1700,"path":20898,"seo":20899,"sources":20900,"stem":20902,"tags":20903,"type":4439,"updated":1697,"__hash__":20904},"topics\u002Ftopics\u002Fmikk-cenova-diskriminace.md",{"type":1016,"value":10952,"toc":20805},[10953,10956,10979,11001,11003,11007,11011,11077,11168,11260,11277,11281,11291,11302,11306,11309,11333,11335,11339,11346,11421,11427,11447,11449,11453,11457,11471,11533,11537,11558,11602,11605,11625,11655,11727,11743,11747,11750,11913,11916,11920,11948,11951,11971,11975,12022,12025,12029,12236,12240,12275,12305,12312,12314,12318,12322,12332,12463,12474,12478,12540,12547,12551,12554,12568,12572,12713,12717,12720,12734,12737,12739,12743,12747,12760,12763,12783,12787,12877,12927,12933,12937,13238,13242,13272,13320,13323,13386,13399,13410,13414,13436,13492,13521,13602,13606,13644,13646,13680,13684,13717,13751,13784,13787,13806,13861,13911,13914,13964,14014,14079,14144,14209,14253,14296,14371,14417,14443,14473,14493,14511,14546,14551,14593,14636,14641,14683,14727,14775,14779,14799,14913,14934,15042,15045,15159,15237,15240,15300,15361,15364,15406,15449,15508,15552,15592,15622,15644,15690,15694,15697,15833,15836,15838,15858,15862,15879,15935,15994,15998,16021,16071,16129,16176,16224,16255,16260,16331,16402,16434,16542,16601,16668,16712,16716,16786,16840,16968,17049,17053,17098,17104,17286,17290,17296,17298,17302,17306,17317,17331,17338,17342,17345,17656,17666,17670,17699,17760,17799,17803,17856,17967,17990,18043,18047,18079,18081,18085,18089,18095,18122,18133,18137,18140,18204,18286,18290,18362,18366,18377,18379,18383,18387,18393,18407,18495,18499,18528,18532,18541,18574,18581,18585,18678,18680,18684,18688,18695,18727,18733,18737,18743,18763,18776,18780,18806,18813,18817,18824,18838,18840,18844,18848,18868,18872,18875,18901,18905,18925,18927,18931,18935,19035,19168,19171,19175,19200,19206,19234,19240,19242,19246,19475,19667,19673,19675,19679,19729,19731,19735,19848,19850,19884,19887,19983,20003,20117,20204,20276,20296,20323,20433,20465,20531,20592,20595,20599,20710,20712,20716,20727,20746,20762,20778,20797],[1019,10954,7246],{"id":10955},"cenová-diskriminace",[1082,10957,10958],{},[1030,10959,10960,10962,10963,10966,10967,10970,10971,10974,10975,10978],{},[1047,10961,1042],{}," — Cenová diskriminace znamená stanovení ",[1047,10964,10965],{},"různých cen různým zákazníkům za stejný produkt"," (případně různých cen témuž zákazníkovi za různá množství). Existují ",[1047,10968,10969],{},"3 stupně"," podle hloubky personalizace ceny: 1. stupeň (perfektní, individuální), 2. stupeň (block pricing podle množství) a 3. stupeň (segmentace skupin). Cílem je vždy ",[1047,10972,10973],{},"přetransformovat spotřebitelský přebytek na zisk firmy"," a získat tím i tu část přebytku, kterou jednotná monopolní cena ztrácí. Praktickými variantami jsou ",[1047,10976,10977],{},"kupony, slevy, diskriminace v čase a peak-load pricing",". Nutné podmínky pro fungování diskriminace: monopolní (nebo aspoň výrazná) tržní síla, schopnost segmentovat zákazníky a zabránit přeprodeji (resale).",[1030,10980,10981,10982,10986,10987,1062,10991,10997,10998,1075],{},"Tato stránka rozvíjí téma započaté v ",[1068,10983,10985],{"className":10984,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1876,"href":1877},[1071],"monopolu"," a navazuje na ",[1068,10988,10990],{"className":10989,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":2388,"href":2389},[1071],"elasticitu poptávky",[1068,10992,10996],{"className":10993,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":10994,"href":10995},[1071],"topics\u002Fmikk-bundling-two-part-tariff.md","\u002Fwiki\u002Fmikk-bundling-two-part-tariff","bundling a two-part tariff",". Je součástí kurzu ",[1068,10999,14],{"className":11000,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1680,"href":1681},[1071],[4503,11002],{},[1077,11004,11006],{"id":11005},"_1-motivace-proč-diskriminovat","1. Motivace — proč diskriminovat?",[1100,11008,11010],{"id":11009},"_11-co-se-děje-při-jediné-monopolní-ceně","1.1 Co se děje při jediné monopolní ceně",[1030,11012,11013,11014,1089,11017,11035,11036,11057,11058,11076],{},"Monopolista, který stanoví ",[1047,11015,11016],{},"jednu jedinou cenu",[1035,11018,11020],{"className":11019},[1772],[1774,11021,11022],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,11023,11024,11032],{},[1781,11025,11026],{},[2467,11027,11028,11030],{},[1784,11029,2264],{},[1788,11031,7763],{},[1808,11033,11034],{"encoding":1810},"P^*"," na základě pravidla ",[1035,11037,11039],{"className":11038},[1772],[1774,11040,11041],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,11042,11043,11055],{},[1781,11044,11045,11047,11049,11051,11053],{},[1784,11046,1857],{},[1784,11048,1860],{},[1788,11050,1863],{},[1784,11052,1857],{},[1784,11054,1868],{},[1808,11056,1871],{"encoding":1810},", prodá množství ",[1035,11059,11061],{"className":11060},[1772],[1774,11062,11063],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,11064,11065,11073],{},[1781,11066,11067],{},[2467,11068,11069,11071],{},[1784,11070,2270],{},[1788,11072,7763],{},[1808,11074,11075],{"encoding":1810},"Q^*",". Při této strategii získá:",[1112,11078,11079],{},[1115,11080,11081,11084,11085,11102,11103,1062,11120,11136,11137,11150,11151,2440],{},[1047,11082,11083],{},"Plochu A"," = monopolní zisk při ceně ",[1035,11086,11088],{"className":11087},[1772],[1774,11089,11090],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,11091,11092,11100],{},[1781,11093,11094],{},[2467,11095,11096,11098],{},[1784,11097,2264],{},[1788,11099,7763],{},[1808,11101,11034],{"encoding":1810}," (obdélník mezi ",[1035,11104,11106],{"className":11105},[1772],[1774,11107,11108],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,11109,11110,11118],{},[1781,11111,11112],{},[2467,11113,11114,11116],{},[1784,11115,2264],{},[1788,11117,7763],{},[1808,11119,11034],{"encoding":1810},[1035,11121,11123],{"className":11122},[1772],[1774,11124,11125],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,11126,11127,11133],{},[1781,11128,11129,11131],{},[1784,11130,1857],{},[1784,11132,1868],{},[1808,11134,11135],{"encoding":1810},"MC"," od ",[1035,11138,11140],{"className":11139},[1772],[1774,11141,11142],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,11143,11144,11148],{},[1781,11145,11146],{},[2348,11147,2350],{},[1808,11149,2350],{"encoding":1810}," do ",[1035,11152,11154],{"className":11153},[1772],[1774,11155,11156],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,11157,11158,11166],{},[1781,11159,11160],{},[2467,11161,11162,11164],{},[1784,11163,2270],{},[1788,11165,7763],{},[1808,11167,11075],{"encoding":1810},[1030,11169,11170,11171,11174,11175,11188,11189,11206,11207,11224,11225,9056,11238,11241,11242,11259],{},"Část přebytku spotřebitele, který by zákazníci s vyšší ochotou platit byli ochotni odevzdat, ",[1047,11172,11173],{},"uniká firmě jako spotřebitelský přebytek"," (plocha mezi poptávkou ",[1035,11176,11178],{"className":11177},[1772],[1774,11179,11180],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,11181,11182,11186],{},[1781,11183,11184],{},[1784,11185,3224],{},[1808,11187,3224],{"encoding":1810}," a cenou ",[1035,11190,11192],{"className":11191},[1772],[1774,11193,11194],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,11195,11196,11204],{},[1781,11197,11198],{},[2467,11199,11200,11202],{},[1784,11201,2264],{},[1788,11203,7763],{},[1808,11205,11034],{"encoding":1810}," nad ",[1035,11208,11210],{"className":11209},[1772],[1774,11211,11212],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,11213,11214,11222],{},[1781,11215,11216],{},[2467,11217,11218,11220],{},[1784,11219,2264],{},[1788,11221,7763],{},[1808,11223,11034],{"encoding":1810},"). A další část (plocha ",[1035,11226,11228],{"className":11227},[1772],[1774,11229,11230],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,11231,11232,11236],{},[1781,11233,11234],{},[1784,11235,2475],{},[1808,11237,2475],{"encoding":1810},[1047,11239,11240],{},"deadweight loss"," — produkce, která se neuskuteční, protože monopolní cena ",[1035,11243,11245],{"className":11244},[1772],[1774,11246,11247],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,11248,11249,11257],{},[1781,11250,11251],{},[2467,11252,11253,11255],{},[1784,11254,2264],{},[1788,11256,7763],{},[1808,11258,11034],{"encoding":1810}," je nad mezními náklady, ale pod některými rezervačními cenami.",[1082,11261,11262],{},[1030,11263,11264,1089,11267,11270,11273,11276],{},[1047,11265,11266],{},"Otázka:",[1091,11268,11269],{},"„Jak získat A, a zároveň ideálně i B?\"",[11271,11272],"br",{},[1047,11274,11275],{},"Odpověď:"," Cenová diskriminace na různé způsoby.",[1100,11278,11280],{"id":11279},"_12-cíl-diskriminace","1.2 Cíl diskriminace",[1030,11282,11283,11286,11287,11290],{},[1047,11284,11285],{},"Cílem cenové diskriminace je extrahovat co největší část spotřebitelského přebytku jako zisk firmy."," V ideálním případě (1. stupeň) firma získá ",[1047,11288,11289],{},"úplně všechen"," spotřebitelský přebytek; v praktickém případě (2. a 3. stupeň) firma získá podstatnou část — víc, než kolik by získala jednou monopolní cenou.",[1030,11292,11293,11294,11297,11298,11301],{},"Diskriminace zároveň často vede k ",[1047,11295,11296],{},"rozšíření produkce",": prodává se i zákazníkům, kteří by za jednotnou monopolní cenu nekoupili, ale za nižší slevovou cenu už kupují. Z tohoto pohledu může mít cenová diskriminace ",[1047,11299,11300],{},"paradoxně pozitivní vliv na efektivitu trhu"," (snížení deadweight loss).",[1100,11303,11305],{"id":11304},"_13-nutné-podmínky-pro-cenovou-diskriminaci","1.3 Nutné podmínky pro cenovou diskriminaci",[1030,11307,11308],{},"Aby cenová diskriminace mohla fungovat, musí být splněny tři podmínky:",[1260,11310,11311,11317,11323],{},[1115,11312,11313,11316],{},[1047,11314,11315],{},"Tržní síla (price-making power)."," Firma musí mít schopnost ovlivňovat cenu — typicky monopol, monopolistická konkurence nebo oligopol. V dokonalé konkurenci firma cenu pouze přebírá a diskriminace je vyloučena.",[1115,11318,11319,11322],{},[1047,11320,11321],{},"Segmentace."," Firma musí dokázat rozpoznat různé skupiny zákazníků (nebo různé situace\u002Fmnožství) a aplikovat pro ně jiné ceny. To je často ten technicky nejobtížnější bod.",[1115,11324,11325,11328,11329,11332],{},[1047,11326,11327],{},"Zabránění přeprodeji (resale arbitrage)."," Pokud zákazník s nízkou cenou může produkt přeprodat zákazníkovi s vysokou cenou, diskriminace zkolabuje. Proto se diskriminace lépe uplatňuje u ",[1047,11330,11331],{},"služeb"," (ostříhání, hotel, doprava) než u převoditelného zboží.",[4503,11334],{},[1077,11336,11338],{"id":11337},"_2-tři-stupně-cenové-diskriminace-souhrn","2. Tři stupně cenové diskriminace — souhrn",[1030,11340,11341],{},[2206,11342],{"alt":11343,"className":11344,"src":11345},"mikk-cenova-diskriminace-3stupne",[1071,2210],"\u002Fwiki-assets\u002Fmikk-cenova-diskriminace-3stupne.jpeg",[1153,11347,11348,11363],{},[1156,11349,11350],{},[1159,11351,11352,11355,11357,11360],{},[1162,11353,11354],{},"Stupeň",[1162,11356,10180],{},[1162,11358,11359],{},"Praktické příklady",[1162,11361,11362],{},"Kdo platí kolik",[1172,11364,11365,11381,11401],{},[1159,11366,11367,11372,11375,11378],{},[1177,11368,11369],{},[1047,11370,11371],{},"1. (perfektní)",[1177,11373,11374],{},"Individuální cena pro každého zákazníka, rovna jeho rezervační ceně",[1177,11376,11377],{},"Aukce, vyjednávání, plastický chirurg, B2B kontrakty na míru",[1177,11379,11380],{},"Každý zákazník platí svou max. ochotu",[1159,11382,11383,11388,11395,11398],{},[1177,11384,11385],{},[1047,11386,11387],{},"2. (block pricing)",[1177,11389,11390,11391,11394],{},"Cena závisí na zakoupeném ",[1047,11392,11393],{},"množství"," (množstevní rabat či progresivní tarify)",[1177,11396,11397],{},"Energie tarify, telefonní paušály, vodné, „2 za cenu 1,5\"",[1177,11399,11400],{},"Stejný zákazník platí různou jednotkovou cenu podle bloku",[1159,11402,11403,11408,11415,11418],{},[1177,11404,11405],{},[1047,11406,11407],{},"3. (segmentační)",[1177,11409,11410,11411,11414],{},"Různé ceny ",[1047,11412,11413],{},"různým skupinám"," zákazníků",[1177,11416,11417],{},"Studentské\u002Fseniorské slevy, kupony, geografické ceny, sezónní letenky",[1177,11419,11420],{},"Skupina platí cenu podle své poptávkové elasticity",[1030,11422,11423,11424],{},"Mezi 3. stupněm a 2. stupněm občas dochází k zaměňování. ",[1047,11425,11426],{},"Klíčový rozdíl:",[1112,11428,11429,11436],{},[1115,11430,11431,11432,11435],{},"2. stupeň — ",[1047,11433,11434],{},"podmínka nákupu je veřejně dostupná",", každý zákazník si může vybrat, jaký „blok\" koupí (kdo si koupí 1000 ks dostane nižší jednotkovou cenu).",[1115,11437,11438],{},[1260,11439,11440],{"start":96},[1115,11441,11442,11443,11446],{},"stupeň — firma ",[1047,11444,11445],{},"rozdělí zákazníky podle pozorovatelné charakteristiky"," (věk, ID studenta, region) a každé skupině nastaví jinou cenu, na kterou ostatní nedosáhnou.",[4503,11448],{},[1077,11450,11452],{"id":11451},"_3-první-stupeň-perfektní-cenová-diskriminace","3. První stupeň — perfektní cenová diskriminace",[1100,11454,11456],{"id":11455},"_31-definice","3.1 Definice",[1030,11458,11459,11462,11463,11466,11467,11470],{},[1047,11460,11461],{},"Perfektní cenová diskriminace"," (1. stupeň) znamená, že firma stanoví ",[1047,11464,11465],{},"každému jednotlivému spotřebiteli rozdílnou cenu",", a to přesně rovnou jeho ",[1047,11468,11469],{},"rezervační ceně"," (maximální ochotě platit).",[1030,11472,11473,11474,4058,11477,11495,11496,11509,11510,11532],{},"Z pohledu firmy přestává platit, že existuje jediná „cena\". Místo ní existuje ",[1047,11475,11476],{},"cenová funkce",[1035,11478,11480],{"className":11479},[1772],[1774,11481,11482],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,11483,11484,11492],{},[1781,11485,11486],{},[1792,11487,11488,11490],{},[1784,11489,2264],{},[1784,11491,1803],{},[1808,11493,11494],{"encoding":1810},"P_i"," pro zákazníka ",[1035,11497,11499],{"className":11498},[1772],[1774,11500,11501],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,11502,11503,11507],{},[1781,11504,11505],{},[1784,11506,1803],{},[1808,11508,1803],{"encoding":1810},", rovna jeho ",[1035,11511,11513],{"className":11512},[1772],[1774,11514,11515],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,11516,11517,11529],{},[1781,11518,11519,11521,11523],{},[1784,11520,3759],{},[1784,11522,2257],{},[1792,11524,11525,11527],{},[1784,11526,2264],{},[1784,11528,1803],{},[1808,11530,11531],{"encoding":1810},"WTP_i"," (willingness-to-pay).",[1100,11534,11536],{"id":11535},"_32-geometrie-a-důsledek-pro-zisk","3.2 Geometrie a důsledek pro zisk",[1030,11538,11539,11540,11553,11554,11557],{},"Při 1. stupni diskriminace se poptávková křivka ",[1035,11541,11543],{"className":11542},[1772],[1774,11544,11545],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,11546,11547,11551],{},[1781,11548,11549],{},[1784,11550,3224],{},[1808,11552,3224],{"encoding":1810}," stává zároveň ",[1047,11555,11556],{},"mezním příjmem"," firmy: každá další jednotka prodaná za rezervační cenu konkrétního zákazníka přidá k tržbám přesně tu cenu (žádné ztráty z toho, že by se musela snížit cena u dříve prodaných jednotek).",[1035,11559,11561],{"className":11560},[1772],[1774,11562,11563],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,11564,11565,11599],{},[1781,11566,11567,11569,11589,11591,11593,11595,11597],{},[1784,11568,1857],{},[1792,11570,11571,11573],{},[1784,11572,1860],{},[1781,11574,11575,11578],{},[2348,11576,11577],{},"1.",[1781,11579,11580,11583],{},[2149,11581,11582],{}," stupe",[2160,11584,11585,11587],{"accent":1041},[2149,11586,1806],{},[1788,11588,2167],{},[1788,11590,1863],{},[1784,11592,3224],{},[1788,11594,1863],{},[1784,11596,10292],{},[1784,11598,1860],{},[1808,11600,11601],{"encoding":1810},"MR_{1.\\text{ stupeň}} = D = AR",[1030,11603,11604],{},"Optimum je tam, kde:",[1035,11606,11608],{"className":11607},[1772],[1774,11609,11610],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,11611,11612,11622],{},[1781,11613,11614,11616,11618,11620],{},[1784,11615,3224],{},[1788,11617,1863],{},[1784,11619,1857],{},[1784,11621,1868],{},[1808,11623,11624],{"encoding":1810},"D = MC",[1030,11626,11627,11628,11650,11651,11654],{},"Tj. firma vyrábí až do bodu ",[1035,11629,11631],{"className":11630},[1772],[1774,11632,11633],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,11634,11635,11647],{},[1781,11636,11637],{},[2467,11638,11639,11641],{},[1784,11640,2270],{},[1781,11642,11643,11645],{},[1788,11644,7763],{},[1788,11646,7763],{},[1808,11648,11649],{"encoding":1810},"Q^{**}",", kde poptávka protíná mezní náklady. To je ",[1047,11652,11653],{},"stejné množství jako v dokonalé konkurenci"," — rozdíl je jen v rozdělení přebytku:",[1112,11656,11657,11700],{},[1115,11658,11659,11660,11681,11682,1299,11697,1075],{},"V dokonalé konkurenci: vyrobí se ",[1035,11661,11663],{"className":11662},[1772],[1774,11664,11665],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,11666,11667,11679],{},[1781,11668,11669],{},[2467,11670,11671,11673],{},[1784,11672,2270],{},[1781,11674,11675,11677],{},[1788,11676,7763],{},[1788,11678,7763],{},[1808,11680,11649],{"encoding":1810},", cena = ",[1035,11683,11685],{"className":11684},[1772],[1774,11686,11687],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,11688,11689,11695],{},[1781,11690,11691,11693],{},[1784,11692,1857],{},[1784,11694,1868],{},[1808,11696,11135],{"encoding":1810},[1047,11698,11699],{},"veškerý přebytek jde spotřebitelům",[1115,11701,11702,11703,1299,11724,1075],{},"V 1. stupni diskriminace: vyrobí se ",[1035,11704,11706],{"className":11705},[1772],[1774,11707,11708],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,11709,11710,11722],{},[1781,11711,11712],{},[2467,11713,11714,11716],{},[1784,11715,2270],{},[1781,11717,11718,11720],{},[1788,11719,7763],{},[1788,11721,7763],{},[1808,11723,11649],{"encoding":1810},[1047,11725,11726],{},"veškerý přebytek jde firmě",[1082,11728,11729],{},[1030,11730,11731,11734,11735,11738,11739,11742],{},[1047,11732,11733],{},"Klíčová pointa:"," 1. stupeň diskriminace je ",[1047,11736,11737],{},"alokačně efektivní"," (žádný deadweight loss), ale ",[1047,11740,11741],{},"distribučně extrémně asymetrický"," (firma bere úplně všechno).",[1100,11744,11746],{"id":11745},"_33-geometrické-znázornění","3.3 Geometrické znázornění",[1030,11748,11749],{},"Přídavný zisk z 1. stupně oproti jednotné monopolní ceně lze rozdělit na dvě části:",[1260,11751,11752,11837],{},[1115,11753,11754,11774,11775,11792,11793,11136,11806,11150,11819,11836],{},[1047,11755,11756,11757],{},"Spotřebitelský přebytek při ceně ",[1035,11758,11760],{"className":11759},[1772],[1774,11761,11762],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,11763,11764,11772],{},[1781,11765,11766],{},[2467,11767,11768,11770],{},[1784,11769,2264],{},[1788,11771,7763],{},[1808,11773,11034],{"encoding":1810}," (trojúhelník nad ",[1035,11776,11778],{"className":11777},[1772],[1774,11779,11780],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,11781,11782,11790],{},[1781,11783,11784],{},[2467,11785,11786,11788],{},[1784,11787,2264],{},[1788,11789,7763],{},[1808,11791,11034],{"encoding":1810}," a pod ",[1035,11794,11796],{"className":11795},[1772],[1774,11797,11798],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,11799,11800,11804],{},[1781,11801,11802],{},[1784,11803,3224],{},[1808,11805,3224],{"encoding":1810},[1035,11807,11809],{"className":11808},[1772],[1774,11810,11811],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,11812,11813,11817],{},[1781,11814,11815],{},[2348,11816,2350],{},[1808,11818,2350],{"encoding":1810},[1035,11820,11822],{"className":11821},[1772],[1774,11823,11824],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,11825,11826,11834],{},[1781,11827,11828],{},[2467,11829,11830,11832],{},[1784,11831,2270],{},[1788,11833,7763],{},[1808,11835,11075],{"encoding":1810},") — tato plocha se převádí ze spotřebitelů na firmu.",[1115,11838,11839,11912],{},[1047,11840,11841,11842,1062,11859,11136,11874,11150,11891],{},"Plocha mezi ",[1035,11843,11845],{"className":11844},[1772],[1774,11846,11847],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,11848,11849,11857],{},[1781,11850,11851],{},[2467,11852,11853,11855],{},[1784,11854,2264],{},[1788,11856,7763],{},[1808,11858,11034],{"encoding":1810},[1035,11860,11862],{"className":11861},[1772],[1774,11863,11864],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,11865,11866,11872],{},[1781,11867,11868,11870],{},[1784,11869,1857],{},[1784,11871,1868],{},[1808,11873,11135],{"encoding":1810},[1035,11875,11877],{"className":11876},[1772],[1774,11878,11879],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,11880,11881,11889],{},[1781,11882,11883],{},[2467,11884,11885,11887],{},[1784,11886,2270],{},[1788,11888,7763],{},[1808,11890,11075],{"encoding":1810},[1035,11892,11894],{"className":11893},[1772],[1774,11895,11896],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,11897,11898,11910],{},[1781,11899,11900],{},[2467,11901,11902,11904],{},[1784,11903,2270],{},[1781,11905,11906,11908],{},[1788,11907,7763],{},[1788,11909,7763],{},[1808,11911,11649],{"encoding":1810}," — to je dříve „zabitá\" plocha (deadweight loss z monopolu), která se nyní díky rozšíření produkce realizuje a přidá k zisku.",[1030,11914,11915],{},"Celkový přírůstek zisku oproti čistému monopolu = celý spotřebitelský přebytek + DWL z monopolu.",[1100,11917,11919],{"id":11918},"_34-praktické-problémy-1-stupně","3.4 Praktické problémy 1. stupně",[1082,11921,11922,11933],{},[1030,11923,11924,1089,11926,11929,11931],{},[1047,11925,11266],{},[1091,11927,11928],{},"„Co je pro praktické využití největší problém při tomto způsobu diskriminace?\"",[11271,11930],{},[1047,11932,11275],{},[1260,11934,11935,11942],{},[1115,11936,11937,11938,11941],{},"Je ",[1047,11939,11940],{},"příliš mnoho spotřebitelů"," — nepraktické udržovat individuální vyjednávání s každým z nich.",[1115,11943,11944,11947],{},[1047,11945,11946],{},"Nelze stanovit rezervační cenu"," pro každého zákazníka — tu zákazník přirozeně skrývá, protože její odhalení mu škodí.",[1030,11949,11950],{},"Další problémy:",[1112,11952,11953,11959,11965],{},[1115,11954,11955,11958],{},[1047,11956,11957],{},"Riziko arbitráže."," Pokud někteří zákazníci dostanou produkt levně, mohou ho přeprodat za prostřední cenu zákazníkům, kteří měli platit hodně.",[1115,11960,11961,11964],{},[1047,11962,11963],{},"Reputační efekty."," Když se zákazníci dozví, že platí víc než ostatní, vznikne pocit nespravedlnosti a firma ztratí důvěru.",[1115,11966,11967,11970],{},[1047,11968,11969],{},"Náklady transakce."," Vyjednávání se každým zákazníkem zvlášť stojí čas a peníze.",[1100,11972,11974],{"id":11973},"_35-praktická-aproximace","3.5 Praktická aproximace",[1030,11976,11977,11978,4010,11981,12021],{},"Místo nekonečně mnoha cen lze použít ",[1047,11979,11980],{},"několik cenových hladin",[1035,11982,11984],{"className":11983},[1772],[1774,11985,11986],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,11987,11988,12018],{},[1781,11989,11990,11996,11998,12004,12006,12009,12011],{},[1792,11991,11992,11994],{},[1784,11993,2264],{},[2348,11995,2374],{},[1788,11997,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,11999,12000,12002],{},[1784,12001,2264],{},[2348,12003,4593],{},[1788,12005,1138],{"separator":1041},[1788,12007,12008],{},"…",[1788,12010,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,12012,12013,12015],{},[1784,12014,2264],{},[2348,12016,12017],{},"6",[1808,12019,12020],{"encoding":1810},"P_1, P_2, \\ldots, P_6","). Při šesti hladinách už firma získá podstatnou část spotřebitelského přebytku oproti jediné ceně. Schéma vypadá jako „schody\" pod poptávkovou křivkou.",[1030,12023,12024],{},"Tato aproximace je v praxi velmi rozšířená — sleva pro studenty, seniory, „first 100 customers\", happy hour atd. jsou všechno hrubé aproximace 1. stupně.",[1100,12026,12028],{"id":12027},"_36-reálné-příklady-1-stupně","3.6 Reálné příklady 1. stupně",[1112,12030,12031,12037,12043,12049,12055],{},[1115,12032,12033,12036],{},[1047,12034,12035],{},"Aukce"," (Sotheby's, eBay) — vítězí ten, kdo nabídne nejvíc, tj. cena se blíží jeho rezervační ceně.",[1115,12038,12039,12042],{},[1047,12040,12041],{},"Plastický chirurg \u002F B2B konzultanti"," — cena je vyjednaná individuálně s každým klientem podle jeho možností a komplexnosti případu.",[1115,12044,12045,12048],{},[1047,12046,12047],{},"Vyjednávání o ceně auta"," v autosalonu (do míry, do které prodavač má manévrovací prostor).",[1115,12050,12051,12054],{},[1047,12052,12053],{},"Salesforce, Oracle, SAP"," — cena enterprise software je čistě individuální podle velikosti firmy a vyjednávací síly.",[1115,12056,12057,12060,12061,12235],{},[1047,12058,12059],{},"Univerzitní stipendia"," v USA — „price discrimination by ability to pay\": uvedená sticker-price je ",[1035,12062,12064],{"className":12063},[1772],[1774,12065,12066],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,12067,12068,12232],{},[1781,12069,12070,12073,12075,12077,12079,12081,12083,12085,12087,12089,12091,12093,12095,12097,12099,12101,12107,12109,12111,12113,12115,12117,12119,12125,12127,12130,12132,12138,12144,12146,12148,12154,12156,12158,12160,12162,12164,12166,12168,12174,12176,12178,12180,12182,12184,12186,12188,12190,12192,12194,12200,12202,12204,12206,12208,12210,12212,12214,12216,12218,12220,12222,12228,12230],{},[2348,12071,12072],{},"70000",[1788,12074,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,12076,1068],{},[1784,12078,2488],{},[1784,12080,9309],{},[1784,12082,1030],{},[1784,12084,2485],{},[1784,12086,1030],{},[1784,12088,2485],{},[1784,12090,9351],{},[1784,12092,2485],{},[1784,12094,2480],{},[1784,12096,2164],{},[1784,12098,9309],{},[1784,12100,1806],{},[2160,12102,12103,12105],{"accent":1041},[1784,12104,9298],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,12106,2181],{},[1784,12108,3794],{},[1784,12110,2485],{},[1784,12112,2328],{},[1784,12114,1803],{},[1784,12116,1806],{},[1784,12118,1806],{},[2160,12120,12121,12123],{"accent":1041},[1784,12122,3750],{},[1788,12124,2181],{},[1784,12126,9435],{},[1784,12128,12129],{},"h",[1784,12131,1030],{},[2160,12133,12134,12136],{"accent":1041},[1784,12135,3794],{},[1788,12137,2167],{},[2160,12139,12140,12142],{"accent":1041},[1784,12141,9298],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,12143,2181],{},[1784,12145,9312],{},[1784,12147,1800],{},[2160,12149,12150,12152],{"accent":1041},[1784,12151,2480],{},[1788,12153,8102],{},[1784,12155,9351],{},[1784,12157,8827],{},[1784,12159,2480],{},[1784,12161,2328],{},[1784,12163,9309],{},[1784,12165,1806],{},[1784,12167,8827],{},[2160,12169,12170,12172],{"accent":1041},[1784,12171,2480],{},[1788,12173,8102],{},[1784,12175,9351],{},[1784,12177,9309],{},[1784,12179,9309],{},[1784,12181,2139],{},[1784,12183,9309],{},[1784,12185,9377],{},[1784,12187,8827],{},[1784,12189,1803],{},[1784,12191,9426],{},[1784,12193,1806],{},[2160,12195,12196,12198],{"accent":1041},[1784,12197,9298],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,12199,2181],{},[1784,12201,9435],{},[1784,12203,9309],{},[1784,12205,1806],{},[1784,12207,3750],{},[1784,12209,1030],{},[1784,12211,2485],{},[1784,12213,12129],{},[1784,12215,3750],{},[1784,12217,8838],{},[1784,12219,2480],{},[1784,12221,9312],{},[2160,12223,12224,12226],{"accent":1041},[1784,12225,9298],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,12227,2181],{},[1784,12229,2485],{},[1784,12231,2328],{},[1808,12233,12234],{"encoding":1810},"70 000, ale po posouzení rodinných příjmů studentů se efektivní ceny pohybují od ","5 000 do $70 000.",[1100,12237,12239],{"id":12238},"_37-detail-z-předtermínu-c-plastický-chirurg","3.7 Detail z Předtermínu C — plastický chirurg",[1030,12241,12242,12243,12246,12247,12270,12271,12274],{},"V jednom ze starších předtermínových zadání se objeví příklad ",[1047,12244,12245],{},"plastického chirurga",", jehož ",[1035,12248,12250],{"className":12249},[1772],[1774,12251,12252],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,12253,12254,12267],{},[1781,12255,12256,12258,12260,12262,12264],{},[1784,12257,3766],{},[1784,12259,10292],{},[1784,12261,1868],{},[1788,12263,1863],{},[2348,12265,12266],{},"7500",[1808,12268,12269],{"encoding":1810},"LAC = 7500"," Kč\u002Foperace a který diskriminuje podle bonity klienta. Plný rozbor je v ",[1068,12272,4281],{"className":12273,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":4279,"href":4280},[1071],"; klíčové body:",[1112,12276,12277,12280,12283],{},[1115,12278,12279],{},"Chirurg má omezenou kapacitu (počet operací za rok), takže nemůže obsloužit nekonečně mnoho zákazníků.",[1115,12281,12282],{},"Volí strategii „prvních N nejbohatších klientů s rezervační cenou ≥ jejich nabídka\".",[1115,12284,12285,12286,12304],{},"Optimální je obsloužit jen ty klienty, kteří nabídnou alespoň ",[1035,12287,12289],{"className":12288},[1772],[1774,12290,12291],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,12292,12293,12301],{},[1781,12294,12295,12297,12299],{},[1784,12296,3766],{},[1784,12298,10292],{},[1784,12300,1868],{},[1808,12302,12303],{"encoding":1810},"LAC",", a od každého inkasovat maximum.",[1030,12306,12307,12308,12311],{},"To ilustruje ",[1047,12309,12310],{},"kapacitně omezenou variantu 1. stupně",", kde firma navíc musí volit, koho odmítnout.",[4503,12313],{},[1077,12315,12317],{"id":12316},"_4-druhý-stupeň-block-pricing","4. Druhý stupeň — block pricing",[1100,12319,12321],{"id":12320},"_41-definice","4.1 Definice",[1030,12323,12324,12327,12328,12331],{},[1047,12325,12326],{},"Druhý stupeň cenové diskriminace"," (block pricing, množstevní diskriminace) znamená, že ",[1047,12329,12330],{},"cena za jednotku závisí na zakoupeném množství",". Typicky:",[1112,12333,12334,12390,12457],{},[1115,12335,12336,4010,12339,12352,12353,12371,12372,2440],{},[1047,12337,12338],{},"První blok",[1035,12340,12342],{"className":12341},[1772],[1774,12343,12344],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,12345,12346,12350],{},[1781,12347,12348],{},[2348,12349,2350],{},[1808,12351,2350],{"encoding":1810}," až ",[1035,12354,12356],{"className":12355},[1772],[1774,12357,12358],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,12359,12360,12368],{},[1781,12361,12362],{},[1792,12363,12364,12366],{},[1784,12365,2270],{},[2348,12367,2374],{},[1808,12369,12370],{"encoding":1810},"Q_1"," jednotek) je dražší (cena ",[1035,12373,12375],{"className":12374},[1772],[1774,12376,12377],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,12378,12379,12387],{},[1781,12380,12381],{},[1792,12382,12383,12385],{},[1784,12384,2264],{},[2348,12386,2374],{},[1808,12388,12389],{"encoding":1810},"P_1",[1115,12391,12392,4010,12395,12352,12412,12430,12431,2440],{},[1047,12393,12394],{},"Druhý blok",[1035,12396,12398],{"className":12397},[1772],[1774,12399,12400],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,12401,12402,12410],{},[1781,12403,12404],{},[1792,12405,12406,12408],{},[1784,12407,2270],{},[2348,12409,2374],{},[1808,12411,12370],{"encoding":1810},[1035,12413,12415],{"className":12414},[1772],[1774,12416,12417],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,12418,12419,12427],{},[1781,12420,12421],{},[1792,12422,12423,12425],{},[1784,12424,2270],{},[2348,12426,4593],{},[1808,12428,12429],{"encoding":1810},"Q_2",") je levnější (cena ",[1035,12432,12434],{"className":12433},[1772],[1774,12435,12436],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,12437,12438,12454],{},[1781,12439,12440,12446,12448],{},[1792,12441,12442,12444],{},[1784,12443,2264],{},[2348,12445,4593],{},[1788,12447,2537],{},[1792,12449,12450,12452],{},[1784,12451,2264],{},[2348,12453,2374],{},[1808,12455,12456],{"encoding":1810},"P_2 \u003C P_1",[1115,12458,12459,12462],{},[1047,12460,12461],{},"Třetí blok"," atd.",[1030,12464,12465,12466,12469,12470,12473],{},"Důležité: ",[1047,12467,12468],{},"každý zákazník"," může nakoupit kolik chce — diskriminace neprobíhá podle toho, kdo zákazník je, ale podle toho, ",[1047,12471,12472],{},"kolik nakupuje",". Zákazníci se sami „samosegmentují\".",[1100,12475,12477],{"id":12476},"_42-geometrie","4.2 Geometrie",[1030,12479,12480,12481,12494,12495,12539],{},"Poptávková křivka má schodovitý tvar — pro každý blok jiná cena. Tržby firmy z bloku ",[1035,12482,12484],{"className":12483},[1772],[1774,12485,12486],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,12487,12488,12492],{},[1781,12489,12490],{},[1784,12491,1803],{},[1808,12493,1803],{"encoding":1810}," jsou ",[1035,12496,12498],{"className":12497},[1772],[1774,12499,12500],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,12501,12502,12536],{},[1781,12503,12504,12510,12512,12514,12520,12522,12534],{},[1792,12505,12506,12508],{},[1784,12507,2264],{},[1784,12509,1803],{},[1788,12511,2267],{},[1788,12513,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,12515,12516,12518],{},[1784,12517,2270],{},[1784,12519,1803],{},[1788,12521,2371],{},[1792,12523,12524,12526],{},[1784,12525,2270],{},[1781,12527,12528,12530,12532],{},[1784,12529,1803],{},[1788,12531,2371],{},[2348,12533,2374],{},[1788,12535,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,12537,12538],{"encoding":1810},"P_i \\cdot (Q_i - Q_{i-1})",". Optimální počet a výška bloků se hledá tak, aby se maximalizoval součet tržeb minus náklady.",[1030,12541,12542,12543,12546],{},"Geometricky to lze chápat jako ",[1047,12544,12545],{},"stupňovitou aproximaci 1. stupně diskriminace"," — místo individuální ceny pro každou jednotku platí jednotná cena pro každý blok jednotek.",[1100,12548,12550],{"id":12549},"_43-ekonomická-logika","4.3 Ekonomická logika",[1030,12552,12553],{},"Block pricing kombinuje dva efekty:",[1112,12555,12556,12562],{},[1115,12557,12558,12561],{},[1047,12559,12560],{},"Economies of scale"," — výrobce má často klesající AC s množstvím (úspory z rozsahu), proto je ekonomicky racionální podpořit větší nákupy slevou.",[1115,12563,12564,12567],{},[1047,12565,12566],{},"Vyšší celkový přebytek"," — zákazník s vyšší ochotou platit (obvykle ten, který kupuje víc) zaplatí na první jednotce vyšší cenu, ale na další jednotce už cenu nižší. Tím se zachycuje větší část jeho rezervačních cen.",[1100,12569,12571],{"id":12570},"_44-praktické-příklady","4.4 Praktické příklady",[1153,12573,12574,12584],{},[1156,12575,12576],{},[1159,12577,12578,12581],{},[1162,12579,12580],{},"Odvětví",[1162,12582,12583],{},"Mechanismus",[1172,12585,12586,12596,12606,12616,12626,12636],{},[1159,12587,12588,12593],{},[1177,12589,12590],{},[1047,12591,12592],{},"Vodárenské služby",[1177,12594,12595],{},"Cena za m³ vody se mění podle spotřeby — první blok pro domácnosti je často levnější, vysoká spotřeba (zalévání bazénu) dražší (motivace šetřit). V některých zemích naopak: čím víc, tím levněji.",[1159,12597,12598,12603],{},[1177,12599,12600],{},[1047,12601,12602],{},"Elektřina (tarify)",[1177,12604,12605],{},"Distributor nabízí různé tarify pro různé spotřebitelské profily. Nízký tarif (NT) v noci, vysoký (VT) přes den.",[1159,12607,12608,12613],{},[1177,12609,12610],{},[1047,12611,12612],{},"Telefonie (paušály)",[1177,12614,12615],{},"„Zaplať 500 Kč za 1500 minut, dalších 1000 minut zdarma\" je 2. stupeň.",[1159,12617,12618,12623],{},[1177,12619,12620],{},[1047,12621,12622],{},"Plyn",[1177,12624,12625],{},"Domácnostní tarif × průmyslový tarif × velkoodběratel.",[1159,12627,12628,12633],{},[1177,12629,12630],{},[1047,12631,12632],{},"Nákupní bonusy",[1177,12634,12635],{},"„Druhý kus za polovinu\", „kup 3 + 1 zdarma\".",[1159,12637,12638,12643],{},[1177,12639,12640],{},[1047,12641,12642],{},"SaaS",[1177,12644,12645,12646,12712],{},"„",[1035,12647,12649],{"className":12648},[1772],[1774,12650,12651],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,12652,12653,12709],{},[1781,12654,12655,12657,12659,12661,12663,12665,12667,12669,12675,12677,12679,12681,12683,12685,12687,12689,12691,12693,12699,12701,12707],{},[2348,12656,3116],{},[1784,12658,2164],{},[1784,12660,1068],{},[1784,12662,1030],{},[1784,12664,3794],{},[1784,12666,9426],{},[1784,12668,1806],{},[2160,12670,12671,12673],{"accent":1041},[1784,12672,9298],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,12674,2181],{},[1784,12676,9435],{},[1784,12678,12129],{},[2348,12680,2634],{},[1784,12682,10292],{},[1784,12684,2264],{},[1784,12686,3221],{},[1784,12688,9426],{},[1784,12690,2485],{},[1784,12692,2488],{},[2160,12694,12695,12697],{"accent":1041},[1784,12696,1068],{},[1788,12698,2181],{},[1784,12700,1806],{},[2160,12702,12703,12705],{"accent":1041},[1784,12704,9298],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,12706,2181],{},[1788,12708,1138],{"separator":1041},[1808,12710,12711],{"encoding":1810},"10 za prvních 1000 API volání, ","5 za každé další tisíce.\"",[1100,12714,12716],{"id":12715},"_45-pozn-block-pricing-vs-množstevní-rabat","4.5 Pozn. — block pricing vs. množstevní rabat",[1030,12718,12719],{},"Někteří autoři rozlišují:",[1112,12721,12722,12728],{},[1115,12723,12724,12727],{},[1047,12725,12726],{},"Pravý 2. stupeň diskriminace"," = rostoucí ceny pro malá množství (motivuje k větším nákupům).",[1115,12729,12730,12733],{},[1047,12731,12732],{},"Množstevní rabat"," = klesající ceny pro velká množství.",[1030,12735,12736],{},"V praxi se používá obojí. Z hlediska Mikroekonomie 2 oba spadají pod 2. stupeň diskriminace.",[4503,12738],{},[1077,12740,12742],{"id":12741},"_5-třetí-stupeň-segmentace-trhu","5. Třetí stupeň — segmentace trhu",[1100,12744,12746],{"id":12745},"_51-definice-a-podmínky","5.1 Definice a podmínky",[1030,12748,12749,12752,12753,12756,12757,1075],{},[1047,12750,12751],{},"Třetí stupeň cenové diskriminace"," spočívá v ",[1047,12754,12755],{},"rozdělení trhu na dvě nebo více skupin zákazníků"," s různými poptávkovými funkcemi a v účtování ",[1047,12758,12759],{},"různé ceny každé skupině",[1030,12761,12762],{},"Podmínky:",[1260,12764,12765,12771,12777],{},[1115,12766,12767,12770],{},[1047,12768,12769],{},"Trh lze rozdělit na minimálně 2 skupiny"," podle pozorovatelné charakteristiky (věk, příjem, region, čas, status).",[1115,12772,12773,12776],{},[1047,12774,12775],{},"Každá skupina má vlastní poptávkovou křivku"," — typicky se liší elasticitou.",[1115,12778,12779,12782],{},[1047,12780,12781],{},"Skupiny mezi sebou nemohou obchodovat"," (nemůže nastat resale).",[1100,12784,12786],{"id":12785},"_52-pravidlo-optimalizace","5.2 Pravidlo optimalizace",[1030,12788,12789,12790,12850,12851,12876],{},"Firma řeší úlohu maximalizace celkového zisku ",[1035,12791,12793],{"className":12792},[1772],[1774,12794,12795],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,12796,12797,12847],{},[1781,12798,12799,12801,12803,12805,12811,12813,12815,12821,12823,12825,12827,12829,12835,12837,12839,12841,12843,12845],{},[1784,12800,1786],{},[1788,12802,1863],{},[1784,12804,2257],{},[1792,12806,12807,12809],{},[1784,12808,1860],{},[2348,12810,2374],{},[1788,12812,2637],{},[1784,12814,2257],{},[1792,12816,12817,12819],{},[1784,12818,1860],{},[2348,12820,4593],{},[1788,12822,2637],{},[1788,12824,12008],{},[1788,12826,2637],{},[1784,12828,2257],{},[1792,12830,12831,12833],{},[1784,12832,1860],{},[1784,12834,1806],{},[1788,12836,2371],{},[1784,12838,2257],{},[1784,12840,1868],{},[1788,12842,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,12844,2270],{},[1788,12846,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,12848,12849],{"encoding":1810},"\\pi = TR_1 + TR_2 + \\ldots + TR_n - TC(Q)",", kde ",[1035,12852,12854],{"className":12853},[1772],[1774,12855,12856],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,12857,12858,12873],{},[1781,12859,12860,12862,12864,12867],{},[1784,12861,2270],{},[1788,12863,1863],{},[1788,12865,12866],{},"∑",[1792,12868,12869,12871],{},[1784,12870,2270],{},[1784,12872,1803],{},[1808,12874,12875],{"encoding":1810},"Q = \\sum Q_i",". Z parciálních derivací:",[1035,12878,12880],{"className":12879},[1772],[1774,12881,12882],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,12883,12884,12924],{},[1781,12885,12886,12888,12894,12896,12898,12904,12906,12908,12910,12912,12918,12920,12922],{},[1784,12887,1857],{},[1792,12889,12890,12892],{},[1784,12891,1860],{},[2348,12893,2374],{},[1788,12895,1863],{},[1784,12897,1857],{},[1792,12899,12900,12902],{},[1784,12901,1860],{},[2348,12903,4593],{},[1788,12905,1863],{},[1788,12907,12008],{},[1788,12909,1863],{},[1784,12911,1857],{},[1792,12913,12914,12916],{},[1784,12915,1860],{},[1784,12917,1806],{},[1788,12919,1863],{},[1784,12921,1857],{},[1784,12923,1868],{},[1808,12925,12926],{"encoding":1810},"MR_1 = MR_2 = \\ldots = MR_n = MC",[1030,12928,12929,12932],{},[1047,12930,12931],{},"Slovně:"," Firma vyrobí takové celkové množství, kde poslední vyrobená jednotka má mezní náklad rovný společné hodnotě mezních příjmů na všech trzích, a toto množství rozdělí mezi trhy tak, aby měly vyrovnané mezní příjmy.",[1100,12934,12936],{"id":12935},"_53-geometrický-postup","5.3 Geometrický postup",[1260,12938,12939,12983,13046,13093,13182],{},[1115,12940,12941,12942,1062,12962,12982],{},"Sestrojte ",[1035,12943,12945],{"className":12944},[1772],[1774,12946,12947],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,12948,12949,12959],{},[1781,12950,12951,12953],{},[1784,12952,1857],{},[1792,12954,12955,12957],{},[1784,12956,1860],{},[2348,12958,2374],{},[1808,12960,12961],{"encoding":1810},"MR_1",[1035,12963,12965],{"className":12964},[1772],[1774,12966,12967],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,12968,12969,12979],{},[1781,12970,12971,12973],{},[1784,12972,1857],{},[1792,12974,12975,12977],{},[1784,12976,1860],{},[2348,12978,4593],{},[1808,12980,12981],{"encoding":1810},"MR_2"," pro každou skupinu.",[1115,12984,12941,12985,1089,12988,13028,13029,13045],{},[1047,12986,12987],{},"horizontální součet",[1035,12989,12991],{"className":12990},[1772],[1774,12992,12993],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,12994,12995,13025],{},[1781,12996,12997,12999,13005,13007,13009,13015,13017,13019],{},[1784,12998,1857],{},[1792,13000,13001,13003],{},[1784,13002,1860],{},[1784,13004,2257],{},[1788,13006,1863],{},[1784,13008,1857],{},[1792,13010,13011,13013],{},[1784,13012,1860],{},[2348,13014,2374],{},[1788,13016,2637],{},[1784,13018,1857],{},[1792,13020,13021,13023],{},[1784,13022,1860],{},[2348,13024,4593],{},[1808,13026,13027],{"encoding":1810},"MR_T = MR_1 + MR_2"," (pro každou hodnotu ",[1035,13030,13032],{"className":13031},[1772],[1774,13033,13034],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,13035,13036,13042],{},[1781,13037,13038,13040],{},[1784,13039,1857],{},[1784,13041,1860],{},[1808,13043,13044],{"encoding":1810},"MR"," sečtete odpovídající množství z obou skupin).",[1115,13047,13048,13049,12850,13067,1075],{},"Najděte ",[1035,13050,13052],{"className":13051},[1772],[1774,13053,13054],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,13055,13056,13064],{},[1781,13057,13058],{},[1792,13059,13060,13062],{},[1784,13061,2270],{},[1784,13063,2257],{},[1808,13065,13066],{"encoding":1810},"Q_T",[1035,13068,13070],{"className":13069},[1772],[1774,13071,13072],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,13073,13074,13090],{},[1781,13075,13076,13078,13084,13086,13088],{},[1784,13077,1857],{},[1792,13079,13080,13082],{},[1784,13081,1860],{},[1784,13083,2257],{},[1788,13085,1863],{},[1784,13087,1857],{},[1784,13089,1868],{},[1808,13091,13092],{"encoding":1810},"MR_T = MC",[1115,13094,13095,13096,13116,13117,1062,13134,13151,13152,2440],{},"Z odpovídající hodnoty ",[1035,13097,13099],{"className":13098},[1772],[1774,13100,13101],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,13102,13103,13113],{},[1781,13104,13105,13107],{},[1784,13106,1857],{},[2467,13108,13109,13111],{},[1784,13110,1860],{},[1788,13112,7763],{},[1808,13114,13115],{"encoding":1810},"MR^*"," zpětně určete ",[1035,13118,13120],{"className":13119},[1772],[1774,13121,13122],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,13123,13124,13132],{},[1781,13125,13126],{},[1792,13127,13128,13130],{},[1784,13129,2270],{},[2348,13131,2374],{},[1808,13133,12370],{"encoding":1810},[1035,13135,13137],{"className":13136},[1772],[1774,13138,13139],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,13140,13141,13149],{},[1781,13142,13143],{},[1792,13144,13145,13147],{},[1784,13146,2270],{},[2348,13148,4593],{},[1808,13150,12429],{"encoding":1810}," (tj. pro jaké množství v každé skupině platí ",[1035,13153,13155],{"className":13154},[1772],[1774,13156,13157],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,13158,13159,13179],{},[1781,13160,13161,13163,13169,13171,13173],{},[1784,13162,1857],{},[1792,13164,13165,13167],{},[1784,13166,1860],{},[1784,13168,1803],{},[1788,13170,1863],{},[1784,13172,1857],{},[2467,13174,13175,13177],{},[1784,13176,1860],{},[1788,13178,7763],{},[1808,13180,13181],{"encoding":1810},"MR_i = MR^*",[1115,13183,13184,13185,13211,13212,1075],{},"Z poptávkových křivek ",[1035,13186,13188],{"className":13187},[1772],[1774,13189,13190],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,13191,13192,13208],{},[1781,13193,13194,13200,13202],{},[1792,13195,13196,13198],{},[1784,13197,3224],{},[2348,13199,2374],{},[1788,13201,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,13203,13204,13206],{},[1784,13205,3224],{},[2348,13207,4593],{},[1808,13209,13210],{"encoding":1810},"D_1, D_2"," určete ceny ",[1035,13213,13215],{"className":13214},[1772],[1774,13216,13217],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,13218,13219,13235],{},[1781,13220,13221,13227,13229],{},[1792,13222,13223,13225],{},[1784,13224,2264],{},[2348,13226,2374],{},[1788,13228,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,13230,13231,13233],{},[1784,13232,2264],{},[2348,13234,4593],{},[1808,13236,13237],{"encoding":1810},"P_1, P_2",[1100,13239,13241],{"id":13240},"_54-důsledek-pro-vztah-cena-elasticita","5.4 Důsledek pro vztah cena × elasticita",[1030,13243,13244,13245,13271],{},"Z pravidla ",[1035,13246,13248],{"className":13247},[1772],[1774,13249,13250],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,13251,13252,13268],{},[1781,13253,13254,13256,13262,13264,13266],{},[1784,13255,1857],{},[1792,13257,13258,13260],{},[1784,13259,1860],{},[1784,13261,1803],{},[1788,13263,1863],{},[1784,13265,1857],{},[1784,13267,1868],{},[1808,13269,13270],{"encoding":1810},"MR_i = MC"," a Lernerova vztahu plyne:",[1035,13273,13275],{"className":13274},[1772],[1774,13276,13277],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,13278,13279,13317],{},[1781,13280,13281,13303,13305,13307],{},[2322,13282,13283,13297],{},[1781,13284,13285,13291,13293,13295],{},[1792,13286,13287,13289],{},[1784,13288,2264],{},[1784,13290,1803],{},[1788,13292,2371],{},[1784,13294,1857],{},[1784,13296,1868],{},[1792,13298,13299,13301],{},[1784,13300,2264],{},[1784,13302,1803],{},[1788,13304,1863],{},[1788,13306,2371],{},[2322,13308,13309,13311],{},[2348,13310,2374],{},[1792,13312,13313,13315],{},[1784,13314,2364],{},[1784,13316,1803],{},[1808,13318,13319],{"encoding":1810},"\\frac{P_i - MC}{P_i} = -\\frac{1}{E_i}",[1030,13321,13322],{},"resp.",[1035,13324,13326],{"className":13325},[1772],[1774,13327,13328],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,13329,13330,13383],{},[1781,13331,13332,13346,13348],{},[2322,13333,13334,13340],{},[1792,13335,13336,13338],{},[1784,13337,2264],{},[2348,13339,2374],{},[1792,13341,13342,13344],{},[1784,13343,2264],{},[2348,13345,4593],{},[1788,13347,1863],{},[2322,13349,13350,13367],{},[1781,13351,13352,13354,13356,13358,13361],{},[2348,13353,2374],{},[1788,13355,2637],{},[2348,13357,2374],{},[1784,13359,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},"\u002F",[1792,13362,13363,13365],{},[1784,13364,2364],{},[2348,13366,4593],{},[1781,13368,13369,13371,13373,13375,13377],{},[2348,13370,2374],{},[1788,13372,2637],{},[2348,13374,2374],{},[1784,13376,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,13378,13379,13381],{},[1784,13380,2364],{},[2348,13382,2374],{},[1808,13384,13385],{"encoding":1810},"\\frac{P_1}{P_2} = \\frac{1 + 1\u002FE_2}{1 + 1\u002FE_1}",[1030,13387,13388,1089,13391,13394,13395,13398],{},[1047,13389,13390],{},"Klíčový důsledek:",[1047,13392,13393],{},"Méně elastická skupina"," (elasticita s menší absolutní hodnotou) ",[1047,13396,13397],{},"platí vyšší cenu",". Tím se vysvětluje, proč:",[1112,13400,13401,13404,13407],{},[1115,13402,13403],{},"Senioři a studenti dostávají slevy (mají vyšší elasticitu — citliví na cenu).",[1115,13405,13406],{},"Obchodní cestující na letenkách platí víc než turisté (méně elastičtí — musí letět).",[1115,13408,13409],{},"Ranní espresso v centru je dražší než odpolední (ranní pijí elastičtí kancelářští, odpoledne náhodní turisté). Ne vždy platí, ale je to typický mechanismus.",[1100,13411,13413],{"id":13412},"_55-specifický-případ-kdy-diskriminace-nemá-smysl","5.5 Specifický případ — kdy diskriminace nemá smysl",[1030,13415,13416,13417,13435],{},"Pokud je poptávka skupiny 1 příliš nízká (resp. její ",[1035,13418,13420],{"className":13419},[1772],[1774,13421,13422],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,13423,13424,13432],{},[1781,13425,13426],{},[1792,13427,13428,13430],{},[1784,13429,3224],{},[2348,13431,2374],{},[1808,13433,13434],{"encoding":1810},"D_1"," leží zcela pod cenou, kterou firma účtuje skupině 2), pak:",[1035,13437,13439],{"className":13438},[1772],[1774,13440,13441],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,13442,13443,13489],{},[1781,13444,13445,13451,13453,13455,13457,13479,13485,13487],{},[1792,13446,13447,13449],{},[1784,13448,3224],{},[2348,13450,2374],{},[1788,13452,2537],{},[1784,13454,1857],{},[1784,13456,1868],{},[1781,13458,13459,13462,13468,13470,13476],{},[2149,13460,13461],{}," pro ka",[2160,13463,13464,13466],{"accent":1041},[2149,13465,2164],{},[1788,13467,2167],{},[2149,13469,2328],{},[2160,13471,13472,13474],{"accent":1041},[2149,13473,9309],{},[1788,13475,2181],{},[2149,13477,13478],{}," ",[1792,13480,13481,13483],{},[1784,13482,2270],{},[2348,13484,2374],{},[1788,13486,2491],{},[2348,13488,2350],{},[1808,13490,13491],{"encoding":1810},"D_1 \u003C MC \\text{ pro každé } Q_1 > 0",[1030,13493,13494,13495,13498,13499,13502,13503,13520],{},"V takovém případě firma ",[1047,13496,13497],{},"neprodává skupině 1 vůbec"," — bylo by to ztrátové. Optimální je obsluhovat ",[1047,13500,13501],{},"jen skupinu 2"," za jednu cenu ",[1035,13504,13506],{"className":13505},[1772],[1774,13507,13508],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,13509,13510,13518],{},[1781,13511,13512],{},[2467,13513,13514,13516],{},[1784,13515,2264],{},[1788,13517,7763],{},[1808,13519,11034],{"encoding":1810},", jako klasický monopol.",[1082,13522,13523],{},[1030,13524,13525,13528,13529,13546,13547,13562,13563,13576,13577,1075],{},[1047,13526,13527],{},"Geometricky:"," Pokud na grafu skupina 1 leží zcela vlevo a její ",[1035,13530,13532],{"className":13531},[1772],[1774,13533,13534],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,13535,13536,13544],{},[1781,13537,13538],{},[1792,13539,13540,13542],{},[1784,13541,3224],{},[2348,13543,2374],{},[1808,13545,13434],{"encoding":1810}," je nižší než ",[1035,13548,13550],{"className":13549},[1772],[1774,13551,13552],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,13553,13554,13560],{},[1781,13555,13556,13558],{},[1784,13557,1857],{},[1784,13559,1868],{},[1808,13561,11135],{"encoding":1810}," pro všechna ",[1035,13564,13566],{"className":13565},[1772],[1774,13567,13568],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,13569,13570,13574],{},[1781,13571,13572],{},[1784,13573,2270],{},[1808,13575,2270],{"encoding":1810},", pak platí ",[1035,13578,13580],{"className":13579},[1772],[1774,13581,13582],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,13583,13584,13599],{},[1781,13585,13586,13595,13597],{},[13587,13588,13589,13591,13593],"msubsup",{},[1784,13590,2270],{},[2348,13592,2374],{},[1788,13594,7763],{},[1788,13596,1863],{},[2348,13598,2350],{},[1808,13600,13601],{"encoding":1810},"Q_1^* = 0",[1100,13603,13605],{"id":13604},"_56-praktické-příklady-3-stupně","5.6 Praktické příklady 3. stupně",[1112,13607,13608,13614,13620,13626,13632,13638],{},[1115,13609,13610,13613],{},[1047,13611,13612],{},"Studentské\u002Fseniorské slevy"," v MHD, kinech, divadlech, muzeích.",[1115,13615,13616,13619],{},[1047,13617,13618],{},"Geografická diskriminace."," Stejný produkt v Praze stojí jinak než v Olomouci nebo v Bratislavě (různá ochota platit, různé místní konkurenční podmínky).",[1115,13621,13622,13625],{},[1047,13623,13624],{},"Sezónní ceny"," (hotely u moře v létě × v zimě, vlek v lyžařském středisku v sezóně × mimo).",[1115,13627,13628,13631],{},[1047,13629,13630],{},"B2B vs. B2C"," — stejný software pro firmy a pro spotřebitele má často různou cenu.",[1115,13633,13634,13637],{},[1047,13635,13636],{},"Cenovka v různých kanálech"," — obchod, e-shop, mobilní aplikace mívají různé ceny pro stejné zboží.",[1115,13639,13640,13643],{},[1047,13641,13642],{},"Aerolinky"," — neuvěřitelně sofistikovaný systém: cena letenky závisí na čase rezervace, dni odletu, dni v týdnu, počtu zbývajících sedaček, historii prohledávání atd. To je hluboká kombinace 2. a 3. stupně.",[4503,13645],{},[1077,13647,13649,13650],{"id":13648},"_6-detailní-příklad-diskriminace-na-2-trzích-tcq210qtc-q2-10q","6. Detailní příklad — diskriminace na 2 trzích, ",[1035,13651,13653],{"className":13652},[1772],[1774,13654,13655],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,13656,13657,13677],{},[1781,13658,13659,13661,13663,13665,13671,13673,13675],{},[1784,13660,2257],{},[1784,13662,1868],{},[1788,13664,1863],{},[2467,13666,13667,13669],{},[1784,13668,2270],{},[2348,13670,4593],{},[1788,13672,2637],{},[2348,13674,3116],{},[1784,13676,2270],{},[1808,13678,13679],{"encoding":1810},"TC = Q^2 + 10Q",[1100,13681,13683],{"id":13682},"_61-zadání","6.1 Zadání",[1030,13685,13686,13687,13716],{},"Monopolista vyrábí v jednom podniku a prodává na dvou trzích. Nákladová funkce ",[1035,13688,13690],{"className":13689},[1772],[1774,13691,13692],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,13693,13694,13714],{},[1781,13695,13696,13698,13700,13702,13708,13710,13712],{},[1784,13697,2257],{},[1784,13699,1868],{},[1788,13701,1863],{},[2467,13703,13704,13706],{},[1784,13705,2270],{},[2348,13707,4593],{},[1788,13709,2637],{},[2348,13711,3116],{},[1784,13713,2270],{},[1808,13715,13679],{"encoding":1810},", poptávkové funkce:",[1035,13718,13720],{"className":13719},[1772],[1774,13721,13722],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,13723,13724,13748],{},[1781,13725,13726,13732,13734,13737,13739,13742],{},[1792,13727,13728,13730],{},[1784,13729,2270],{},[2348,13731,2374],{},[1788,13733,1863],{},[2348,13735,13736],{},"32",[1788,13738,2371],{},[2348,13740,13741],{},"0,4",[1792,13743,13744,13746],{},[1784,13745,2264],{},[2348,13747,2374],{},[1808,13749,13750],{"encoding":1810},"Q_1 = 32 - 0{,}4 P_1",[1035,13752,13754],{"className":13753},[1772],[1774,13755,13756],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,13757,13758,13781],{},[1781,13759,13760,13766,13768,13771,13773,13775],{},[1792,13761,13762,13764],{},[1784,13763,2270],{},[2348,13765,4593],{},[1788,13767,1863],{},[2348,13769,13770],{},"18",[1788,13772,2371],{},[2348,13774,2610],{},[1792,13776,13777,13779],{},[1784,13778,2264],{},[2348,13780,4593],{},[1808,13782,13783],{"encoding":1810},"Q_2 = 18 - 0{,}1 P_2",[1030,13785,13786],{},"Cíl: maximalizovat zisk. Doporučte cenovou politiku a diskutujte realizovatelnost.",[1100,13788,13790,13791],{"id":13789},"_62-metoda-a-horizontální-součet-mrmr","6.2 Metoda A — horizontální součet ",[1035,13792,13794],{"className":13793},[1772],[1774,13795,13796],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,13797,13798,13804],{},[1781,13799,13800,13802],{},[1784,13801,1857],{},[1784,13803,1860],{},[1808,13805,13044],{"encoding":1810},[1030,13807,13808,13811,13812,13843,13844,1310],{},[1047,13809,13810],{},"Krok 1: Inverze poptávek."," Z ",[1035,13813,13815],{"className":13814},[1772],[1774,13816,13817],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,13818,13819,13841],{},[1781,13820,13821,13827,13829,13831,13833,13835],{},[1792,13822,13823,13825],{},[1784,13824,2270],{},[2348,13826,2374],{},[1788,13828,1863],{},[2348,13830,13736],{},[1788,13832,2371],{},[2348,13834,13741],{},[1792,13836,13837,13839],{},[1784,13838,2264],{},[2348,13840,2374],{},[1808,13842,13750],{"encoding":1810}," vyjádříme ",[1035,13845,13847],{"className":13846},[1772],[1774,13848,13849],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,13850,13851,13859],{},[1781,13852,13853],{},[1792,13854,13855,13857],{},[1784,13856,2264],{},[2348,13858,2374],{},[1808,13860,12389],{"encoding":1810},[1035,13862,13864],{"className":13863},[1772],[1774,13865,13866],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,13867,13868,13908],{},[1781,13869,13870,13876,13878,13894,13896,13898,13900,13902],{},[1792,13871,13872,13874],{},[1784,13873,2264],{},[2348,13875,2374],{},[1788,13877,1863],{},[2322,13879,13880,13892],{},[1781,13881,13882,13884,13886],{},[2348,13883,13736],{},[1788,13885,2371],{},[1792,13887,13888,13890],{},[1784,13889,2270],{},[2348,13891,2374],{},[2348,13893,13741],{},[1788,13895,1863],{},[2348,13897,9698],{},[1788,13899,2371],{},[2348,13901,9101],{},[1792,13903,13904,13906],{},[1784,13905,2270],{},[2348,13907,2374],{},[1808,13909,13910],{"encoding":1810},"P_1 = \\frac{32 - Q_1}{0{,}4} = 80 - 2{,}5 Q_1",[1030,13912,13913],{},"Analogicky pro druhý trh:",[1035,13915,13917],{"className":13916},[1772],[1774,13918,13919],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,13920,13921,13961],{},[1781,13922,13923,13929,13931,13947,13949,13951,13953,13955],{},[1792,13924,13925,13927],{},[1784,13926,2264],{},[2348,13928,4593],{},[1788,13930,1863],{},[2322,13932,13933,13945],{},[1781,13934,13935,13937,13939],{},[2348,13936,13770],{},[1788,13938,2371],{},[1792,13940,13941,13943],{},[1784,13942,2270],{},[2348,13944,4593],{},[2348,13946,2610],{},[1788,13948,1863],{},[2348,13950,9800],{},[1788,13952,2371],{},[2348,13954,3116],{},[1792,13956,13957,13959],{},[1784,13958,2270],{},[2348,13960,4593],{},[1808,13962,13963],{"encoding":1810},"P_2 = \\frac{18 - Q_2}{0{,}1} = 180 - 10 Q_2",[1030,13965,13966,13969,13970,13985,13986,13999,14000,14013],{},[1047,13967,13968],{},"Krok 2: Mezní příjmy."," Pro lineární poptávku platí, že ",[1035,13971,13973],{"className":13972},[1772],[1774,13974,13975],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,13976,13977,13983],{},[1781,13978,13979,13981],{},[1784,13980,1857],{},[1784,13982,1860],{},[1808,13984,13044],{"encoding":1810}," má stejný průsečík s osou ",[1035,13987,13989],{"className":13988},[1772],[1774,13990,13991],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,13992,13993,13997],{},[1781,13994,13995],{},[1784,13996,2264],{},[1808,13998,2264],{"encoding":1810}," jako ",[1035,14001,14003],{"className":14002},[1772],[1774,14004,14005],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,14006,14007,14011],{},[1781,14008,14009],{},[1784,14010,3224],{},[1808,14012,3224],{"encoding":1810},", ale dvojnásobnou strmost:",[1035,14015,14017],{"className":14016},[1772],[1774,14018,14019],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,14020,14021,14076],{},[1781,14022,14023,14025,14031,14033,14035,14037,14039,14045,14047,14049,14051,14057,14059,14062,14064,14066,14068,14070],{},[1784,14024,1857],{},[1792,14026,14027,14029],{},[1784,14028,1860],{},[2348,14030,2374],{},[1788,14032,1863],{},[2348,14034,9698],{},[1788,14036,2371],{},[2348,14038,5356],{},[1792,14040,14041,14043],{},[1784,14042,2270],{},[2348,14044,2374],{},[2352,14046],{"width":2702},[1788,14048,2357],{},[2352,14050],{"width":2702},[1792,14052,14053,14055],{},[1784,14054,2270],{},[2348,14056,2374],{},[1788,14058,1863],{},[2348,14060,14061],{},"16",[1788,14063,2371],{},[2348,14065,2678],{},[2149,14067,2769],{},[1784,14069,1857],{},[1792,14071,14072,14074],{},[1784,14073,1860],{},[2348,14075,2374],{},[1808,14077,14078],{"encoding":1810},"MR_1 = 80 - 5 Q_1 \\quad\\Rightarrow\\quad Q_1 = 16 - 0{,}2\\, MR_1",[1035,14080,14082],{"className":14081},[1772],[1774,14083,14084],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,14085,14086,14141],{},[1781,14087,14088,14090,14096,14098,14100,14102,14104,14110,14112,14114,14116,14122,14124,14126,14128,14131,14133,14135],{},[1784,14089,1857],{},[1792,14091,14092,14094],{},[1784,14093,1860],{},[2348,14095,4593],{},[1788,14097,1863],{},[2348,14099,9800],{},[1788,14101,2371],{},[2348,14103,2640],{},[1792,14105,14106,14108],{},[1784,14107,2270],{},[2348,14109,4593],{},[2352,14111],{"width":2702},[1788,14113,2357],{},[2352,14115],{"width":2702},[1792,14117,14118,14120],{},[1784,14119,2270],{},[2348,14121,4593],{},[1788,14123,1863],{},[2348,14125,2777],{},[1788,14127,2371],{},[2348,14129,14130],{},"0,05",[2149,14132,2769],{},[1784,14134,1857],{},[1792,14136,14137,14139],{},[1784,14138,1860],{},[2348,14140,4593],{},[1808,14142,14143],{"encoding":1810},"MR_2 = 180 - 20 Q_2 \\quad\\Rightarrow\\quad Q_2 = 9 - 0{,}05\\, MR_2",[1030,14145,14146,1089,14149,12850,14178,14208],{},[1047,14147,14148],{},"Krok 3: Mezní náklady.",[1035,14150,14152],{"className":14151},[1772],[1774,14153,14154],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,14155,14156,14176],{},[1781,14157,14158,14160,14162,14164,14170,14172,14174],{},[1784,14159,2257],{},[1784,14161,1868],{},[1788,14163,1863],{},[2467,14165,14166,14168],{},[1784,14167,2270],{},[2348,14169,4593],{},[1788,14171,2637],{},[2348,14173,3116],{},[1784,14175,2270],{},[1808,14177,13679],{"encoding":1810},[1035,14179,14181],{"className":14180},[1772],[1774,14182,14183],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,14184,14185,14205],{},[1781,14186,14187,14189,14191,14197,14199],{},[1784,14188,2270],{},[1788,14190,1863],{},[1792,14192,14193,14195],{},[1784,14194,2270],{},[2348,14196,2374],{},[1788,14198,2637],{},[1792,14200,14201,14203],{},[1784,14202,2270],{},[2348,14204,4593],{},[1808,14206,14207],{"encoding":1810},"Q = Q_1 + Q_2",", takže:",[1035,14210,14212],{"className":14211},[1772],[1774,14213,14214],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,14215,14216,14250],{},[1781,14217,14218,14220,14222,14224,14240,14242,14244,14246,14248],{},[1784,14219,1857],{},[1784,14221,1868],{},[1788,14223,1863],{},[2322,14225,14226,14234],{},[1781,14227,14228,14230,14232],{},[1784,14229,2328],{},[1784,14231,2257],{},[1784,14233,1868],{},[1781,14235,14236,14238],{},[1784,14237,2328],{},[1784,14239,2270],{},[1788,14241,1863],{},[2348,14243,4593],{},[1784,14245,2270],{},[1788,14247,2637],{},[2348,14249,3116],{},[1808,14251,14252],{"encoding":1810},"MC = \\frac{dTC}{dQ} = 2Q + 10",[1030,14254,14255,14258,14259,14295],{},[1047,14256,14257],{},"Krok 4: Horizontální součet."," Při optimu platí ",[1035,14260,14262],{"className":14261},[1772],[1774,14263,14264],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,14265,14266,14292],{},[1781,14267,14268,14270,14276,14278,14280,14286,14288,14290],{},[1784,14269,1857],{},[1792,14271,14272,14274],{},[1784,14273,1860],{},[2348,14275,2374],{},[1788,14277,1863],{},[1784,14279,1857],{},[1792,14281,14282,14284],{},[1784,14283,1860],{},[2348,14285,4593],{},[1788,14287,1863],{},[1784,14289,1857],{},[1784,14291,1860],{},[1808,14293,14294],{"encoding":1810},"MR_1 = MR_2 = MR",", tedy:",[1035,14297,14299],{"className":14298},[1772],[1774,14300,14301],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,14302,14303,14368],{},[1781,14304,14305,14307,14309,14315,14317,14323,14325,14327,14329,14331,14333,14335,14337,14339,14341,14343,14345,14347,14349,14351,14353,14355,14357,14359,14361,14364,14366],{},[1784,14306,2270],{},[1788,14308,1863],{},[1792,14310,14311,14313],{},[1784,14312,2270],{},[2348,14314,2374],{},[1788,14316,2637],{},[1792,14318,14319,14321],{},[1784,14320,2270],{},[2348,14322,4593],{},[1788,14324,1863],{},[1788,14326,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,14328,14061],{},[1788,14330,2371],{},[2348,14332,2678],{},[1784,14334,1857],{},[1784,14336,1860],{},[1788,14338,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,14340,2637],{},[1788,14342,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,14344,2777],{},[1788,14346,2371],{},[2348,14348,14130],{},[1784,14350,1857],{},[1784,14352,1860],{},[1788,14354,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,14356,1863],{},[2348,14358,2882],{},[1788,14360,2371],{},[2348,14362,14363],{},"0,25",[1784,14365,1857],{},[1784,14367,1860],{},[1808,14369,14370],{"encoding":1810},"Q = Q_1 + Q_2 = (16 - 0{,}2 MR) + (9 - 0{,}05 MR) = 25 - 0{,}25 MR",[1030,14372,14373,14374,1075],{},"Inverzí: ",[1035,14375,14377],{"className":14376},[1772],[1774,14378,14379],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,14380,14381,14414],{},[1781,14382,14383,14385,14387,14389,14404,14406,14408,14410,14412],{},[1784,14384,1857],{},[1784,14386,1860],{},[1788,14388,1863],{},[14390,14391,14392],"mstyle",{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,14393,14394,14402],{},[1781,14395,14396,14398,14400],{},[2348,14397,2882],{},[1788,14399,2371],{},[1784,14401,2270],{},[2348,14403,14363],{},[1788,14405,1863],{},[2348,14407,2605],{},[1788,14409,2371],{},[2348,14411,5344],{},[1784,14413,2270],{},[1808,14415,14416],{"encoding":1810},"MR = \\dfrac{25 - Q}{0{,}25} = 100 - 4Q",[1030,14418,14419],{},[1047,14420,14421,14422,1075],{},"Krok 5: Rovnice ",[1035,14423,14425],{"className":14424},[1772],[1774,14426,14427],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,14428,14429,14441],{},[1781,14430,14431,14433,14435,14437,14439],{},[1784,14432,1857],{},[1784,14434,1860],{},[1788,14436,1863],{},[1784,14438,1857],{},[1784,14440,1868],{},[1808,14442,1871],{"encoding":1810},[1035,14444,14446],{"className":14445},[1772],[1774,14447,14448],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,14449,14450,14470],{},[1781,14451,14452,14454,14456,14458,14460,14462,14464,14466,14468],{},[2348,14453,2605],{},[1788,14455,2371],{},[2348,14457,5344],{},[1784,14459,2270],{},[1788,14461,1863],{},[2348,14463,4593],{},[1784,14465,2270],{},[1788,14467,2637],{},[2348,14469,3116],{},[1808,14471,14472],{"encoding":1810},"100 - 4Q = 2Q + 10",[1035,14474,14476],{"className":14475},[1772],[1774,14477,14478],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,14479,14480,14490],{},[1781,14481,14482,14484,14486,14488],{},[2348,14483,9789],{},[1788,14485,1863],{},[2348,14487,12017],{},[1784,14489,2270],{},[1808,14491,14492],{"encoding":1810},"90 = 6Q",[1035,14494,14496],{"className":14495},[1772],[1774,14497,14498],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,14499,14500,14508],{},[1781,14501,14502,14504,14506],{},[1784,14503,2270],{},[1788,14505,1863],{},[2348,14507,2786],{},[1808,14509,14510],{"encoding":1810},"Q = 15",[1030,14512,14513,14514,1075],{},"A tedy ",[1035,14515,14517],{"className":14516},[1772],[1774,14518,14519],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,14520,14521,14543],{},[1781,14522,14523,14525,14527,14529,14531,14533,14535,14537,14539,14541],{},[1784,14524,1857],{},[1784,14526,1860],{},[1788,14528,1863],{},[2348,14530,2605],{},[1788,14532,2371],{},[2348,14534,5344],{},[1788,14536,2267],{},[2348,14538,2786],{},[1788,14540,1863],{},[2348,14542,9208],{},[1808,14544,14545],{"encoding":1810},"MR = 100 - 4 \\cdot 15 = 40",[1030,14547,14548],{},[1047,14549,14550],{},"Krok 6: Zpětný rozpad na trhy.",[1035,14552,14554],{"className":14553},[1772],[1774,14555,14556],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,14557,14558,14590],{},[1781,14559,14560,14566,14568,14570,14572,14574,14576,14578,14580,14582,14584,14586,14588],{},[1792,14561,14562,14564],{},[1784,14563,2270],{},[2348,14565,2374],{},[1788,14567,1863],{},[2348,14569,14061],{},[1788,14571,2371],{},[2348,14573,2678],{},[1788,14575,2267],{},[2348,14577,9208],{},[1788,14579,1863],{},[2348,14581,14061],{},[1788,14583,2371],{},[2348,14585,9661],{},[1788,14587,1863],{},[2348,14589,9661],{},[1808,14591,14592],{"encoding":1810},"Q_1 = 16 - 0{,}2 \\cdot 40 = 16 - 8 = 8",[1035,14594,14596],{"className":14595},[1772],[1774,14597,14598],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,14599,14600,14633],{},[1781,14601,14602,14608,14610,14612,14614,14616,14618,14620,14622,14624,14626,14628,14630],{},[1792,14603,14604,14606],{},[1784,14605,2270],{},[2348,14607,4593],{},[1788,14609,1863],{},[2348,14611,2777],{},[1788,14613,2371],{},[2348,14615,14130],{},[1788,14617,2267],{},[2348,14619,9208],{},[1788,14621,1863],{},[2348,14623,2777],{},[1788,14625,2371],{},[2348,14627,4593],{},[1788,14629,1863],{},[2348,14631,14632],{},"7",[1808,14634,14635],{"encoding":1810},"Q_2 = 9 - 0{,}05 \\cdot 40 = 9 - 2 = 7",[1030,14637,14638],{},[1047,14639,14640],{},"Krok 7: Ceny.",[1035,14642,14644],{"className":14643},[1772],[1774,14645,14646],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,14647,14648,14680],{},[1781,14649,14650,14656,14658,14660,14662,14664,14666,14668,14670,14672,14674,14676,14678],{},[1792,14651,14652,14654],{},[1784,14653,2264],{},[2348,14655,2374],{},[1788,14657,1863],{},[2348,14659,9698],{},[1788,14661,2371],{},[2348,14663,9101],{},[1788,14665,2267],{},[2348,14667,9661],{},[1788,14669,1863],{},[2348,14671,9698],{},[1788,14673,2371],{},[2348,14675,2640],{},[1788,14677,1863],{},[2348,14679,2709],{},[1808,14681,14682],{"encoding":1810},"P_1 = 80 - 2{,}5 \\cdot 8 = 80 - 20 = 60",[1035,14684,14686],{"className":14685},[1772],[1774,14687,14688],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,14689,14690,14724],{},[1781,14691,14692,14698,14700,14702,14704,14706,14708,14710,14712,14714,14716,14719,14721],{},[1792,14693,14694,14696],{},[1784,14695,2264],{},[2348,14697,4593],{},[1788,14699,1863],{},[2348,14701,9800],{},[1788,14703,2371],{},[2348,14705,3116],{},[1788,14707,2267],{},[2348,14709,14632],{},[1788,14711,1863],{},[2348,14713,9800],{},[1788,14715,2371],{},[2348,14717,14718],{},"70",[1788,14720,1863],{},[2348,14722,14723],{},"110",[1808,14725,14726],{"encoding":1810},"P_2 = 180 - 10 \\cdot 7 = 180 - 70 = 110",[1030,14728,14729,1089,14732,14774],{},[1047,14730,14731],{},"Kontrola:",[1035,14733,14735],{"className":14734},[1772],[1774,14736,14737],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,14738,14739,14771],{},[1781,14740,14741,14747,14749,14755,14757,14759,14761,14763,14765,14767,14769],{},[1792,14742,14743,14745],{},[1784,14744,2270],{},[2348,14746,2374],{},[1788,14748,2637],{},[1792,14750,14751,14753],{},[1784,14752,2270],{},[2348,14754,4593],{},[1788,14756,1863],{},[2348,14758,9661],{},[1788,14760,2637],{},[2348,14762,14632],{},[1788,14764,1863],{},[2348,14766,2786],{},[1788,14768,1863],{},[1784,14770,2270],{},[1808,14772,14773],{"encoding":1810},"Q_1 + Q_2 = 8 + 7 = 15 = Q"," ✓.",[1100,14776,14778],{"id":14777},"_63-metoda-b-přes-funkci-zisku-parciální-derivace","6.3 Metoda B — přes funkci zisku (parciální derivace)",[1030,14780,14781,14782,14798],{},"Alternativní (a robustnější — funguje pro libovolné nelineární ",[1035,14783,14785],{"className":14784},[1772],[1774,14786,14787],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,14788,14789,14795],{},[1781,14790,14791,14793],{},[1784,14792,2257],{},[1784,14794,1868],{},[1808,14796,14797],{"encoding":1810},"TC",") postup:",[1035,14800,14802],{"className":14801},[1772],[1774,14803,14804],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,14805,14806,14910],{},[1781,14807,14808,14810,14812,14814,14820,14822,14824,14830,14832,14834,14836,14838,14844,14850,14852,14858,14864,14866,14868,14874,14876,14882,14888,14890,14892,14894,14900,14902,14908],{},[1784,14809,1786],{},[1788,14811,1863],{},[1784,14813,2257],{},[1792,14815,14816,14818],{},[1784,14817,1860],{},[2348,14819,2374],{},[1788,14821,2637],{},[1784,14823,2257],{},[1792,14825,14826,14828],{},[1784,14827,1860],{},[2348,14829,4593],{},[1788,14831,2371],{},[1784,14833,2257],{},[1784,14835,1868],{},[1788,14837,1863],{},[1792,14839,14840,14842],{},[1784,14841,2264],{},[2348,14843,2374],{},[1792,14845,14846,14848],{},[1784,14847,2270],{},[2348,14849,2374],{},[1788,14851,2637],{},[1792,14853,14854,14856],{},[1784,14855,2264],{},[2348,14857,4593],{},[1792,14859,14860,14862],{},[1784,14861,2270],{},[2348,14863,4593],{},[1788,14865,2371],{},[1788,14867,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,14869,14870,14872],{},[1784,14871,2270],{},[2348,14873,2374],{},[1788,14875,2637],{},[1792,14877,14878,14880],{},[1784,14879,2270],{},[2348,14881,4593],{},[2467,14883,14884,14886],{},[1788,14885,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,14887,4593],{},[1788,14889,2371],{},[2348,14891,3116],{},[1788,14893,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,14895,14896,14898],{},[1784,14897,2270],{},[2348,14899,2374],{},[1788,14901,2637],{},[1792,14903,14904,14906],{},[1784,14905,2270],{},[2348,14907,4593],{},[1788,14909,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,14911,14912],{"encoding":1810},"\\pi = TR_1 + TR_2 - TC = P_1 Q_1 + P_2 Q_2 - (Q_1+Q_2)^2 - 10(Q_1+Q_2)",[1030,14914,14915,14916,14933],{},"Po dosazení ",[1035,14917,14919],{"className":14918},[1772],[1774,14920,14921],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,14922,14923,14931],{},[1781,14924,14925],{},[1792,14926,14927,14929],{},[1784,14928,2264],{},[1784,14930,1803],{},[1808,14932,11494],{"encoding":1810}," z inverzních poptávek:",[1035,14935,14937],{"className":14936},[1772],[1774,14938,14939],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,14940,14941,15039],{},[1781,14942,14943,14945,14947,14949,14951,14953,14955,14961,14963,14969,14971,14973,14975,14977,14979,14985,14987,14993,14995,14997,15003,15005,15011,15017,15019,15021,15023,15029,15031,15037],{},[1784,14944,1786],{},[1788,14946,1863],{},[1788,14948,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,14950,9698],{},[1788,14952,2371],{},[2348,14954,9101],{},[1792,14956,14957,14959],{},[1784,14958,2270],{},[2348,14960,2374],{},[1788,14962,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,14964,14965,14967],{},[1784,14966,2270],{},[2348,14968,2374],{},[1788,14970,2637],{},[1788,14972,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,14974,9800],{},[1788,14976,2371],{},[2348,14978,3116],{},[1792,14980,14981,14983],{},[1784,14982,2270],{},[2348,14984,4593],{},[1788,14986,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,14988,14989,14991],{},[1784,14990,2270],{},[2348,14992,4593],{},[1788,14994,2371],{},[1788,14996,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,14998,14999,15001],{},[1784,15000,2270],{},[2348,15002,2374],{},[1788,15004,2637],{},[1792,15006,15007,15009],{},[1784,15008,2270],{},[2348,15010,4593],{},[2467,15012,15013,15015],{},[1788,15014,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,15016,4593],{},[1788,15018,2371],{},[2348,15020,3116],{},[1788,15022,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,15024,15025,15027],{},[1784,15026,2270],{},[2348,15028,2374],{},[1788,15030,2637],{},[1792,15032,15033,15035],{},[1784,15034,2270],{},[2348,15036,4593],{},[1788,15038,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,15040,15041],{"encoding":1810},"\\pi = (80 - 2{,}5 Q_1) Q_1 + (180 - 10 Q_2) Q_2 - (Q_1+Q_2)^2 - 10(Q_1+Q_2)",[1030,15043,15044],{},"Roznásobím a sloučím:",[1035,15046,15048],{"className":15047},[1772],[1774,15049,15050],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,15051,15052,15156],{},[1781,15053,15054,15056,15058,15060,15066,15068,15070,15078,15080,15082,15088,15090,15092,15100,15102,15110,15112,15114,15120,15126,15128,15136,15138,15140,15146,15148,15150],{},[1784,15055,1786],{},[1788,15057,1863],{},[2348,15059,9698],{},[1792,15061,15062,15064],{},[1784,15063,2270],{},[2348,15065,2374],{},[1788,15067,2371],{},[2348,15069,9101],{},[13587,15071,15072,15074,15076],{},[1784,15073,2270],{},[2348,15075,2374],{},[2348,15077,4593],{},[1788,15079,2637],{},[2348,15081,9800],{},[1792,15083,15084,15086],{},[1784,15085,2270],{},[2348,15087,4593],{},[1788,15089,2371],{},[2348,15091,3116],{},[13587,15093,15094,15096,15098],{},[1784,15095,2270],{},[2348,15097,4593],{},[2348,15099,4593],{},[1788,15101,2371],{},[13587,15103,15104,15106,15108],{},[1784,15105,2270],{},[2348,15107,2374],{},[2348,15109,4593],{},[1788,15111,2371],{},[2348,15113,4593],{},[1792,15115,15116,15118],{},[1784,15117,2270],{},[2348,15119,2374],{},[1792,15121,15122,15124],{},[1784,15123,2270],{},[2348,15125,4593],{},[1788,15127,2371],{},[13587,15129,15130,15132,15134],{},[1784,15131,2270],{},[2348,15133,4593],{},[2348,15135,4593],{},[1788,15137,2371],{},[2348,15139,3116],{},[1792,15141,15142,15144],{},[1784,15143,2270],{},[2348,15145,2374],{},[1788,15147,2371],{},[2348,15149,3116],{},[1792,15151,15152,15154],{},[1784,15153,2270],{},[2348,15155,4593],{},[1808,15157,15158],{"encoding":1810},"\\pi = 80 Q_1 - 2{,}5 Q_1^2 + 180 Q_2 - 10 Q_2^2 - Q_1^2 - 2 Q_1 Q_2 - Q_2^2 - 10 Q_1 - 10 Q_2",[1035,15160,15162],{"className":15161},[1772],[1774,15163,15164],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,15165,15166,15234],{},[1781,15167,15168,15170,15172,15174,15177,15185,15187,15189,15197,15199,15201,15207,15213,15215,15217,15223,15225,15228],{},[1784,15169,1786],{},[1788,15171,1863],{},[1788,15173,2371],{},[2348,15175,15176],{},"3,5",[13587,15178,15179,15181,15183],{},[1784,15180,2270],{},[2348,15182,2374],{},[2348,15184,4593],{},[1788,15186,2371],{},[2348,15188,2953],{},[13587,15190,15191,15193,15195],{},[1784,15192,2270],{},[2348,15194,4593],{},[2348,15196,4593],{},[1788,15198,2371],{},[2348,15200,4593],{},[1792,15202,15203,15205],{},[1784,15204,2270],{},[2348,15206,2374],{},[1792,15208,15209,15211],{},[1784,15210,2270],{},[2348,15212,4593],{},[1788,15214,2637],{},[2348,15216,14718],{},[1792,15218,15219,15221],{},[1784,15220,2270],{},[2348,15222,2374],{},[1788,15224,2637],{},[2348,15226,15227],{},"170",[1792,15229,15230,15232],{},[1784,15231,2270],{},[2348,15233,4593],{},[1808,15235,15236],{"encoding":1810},"\\pi = -3{,}5 Q_1^2 - 11 Q_2^2 - 2 Q_1 Q_2 + 70 Q_1 + 170 Q_2",[1030,15238,15239],{},"Parciální derivace:",[1035,15241,15243],{"className":15242},[1772],[1774,15244,15245],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,15246,15247,15297],{},[1781,15248,15249,15267,15269,15271,15273,15279,15281,15283,15289,15291,15293,15295],{},[2322,15250,15251,15257],{},[1781,15252,15253,15255],{},[1784,15254,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,15256,1786],{},[1781,15258,15259,15261],{},[1784,15260,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,15262,15263,15265],{},[1784,15264,2270],{},[2348,15266,2374],{},[1788,15268,1863],{},[1788,15270,2371],{},[2348,15272,14632],{},[1792,15274,15275,15277],{},[1784,15276,2270],{},[2348,15278,2374],{},[1788,15280,2371],{},[2348,15282,4593],{},[1792,15284,15285,15287],{},[1784,15286,2270],{},[2348,15288,4593],{},[1788,15290,2637],{},[2348,15292,14718],{},[1788,15294,1863],{},[2348,15296,2350],{},[1808,15298,15299],{"encoding":1810},"\\frac{\\partial \\pi}{\\partial Q_1} = -7 Q_1 - 2 Q_2 + 70 = 0",[1035,15301,15303],{"className":15302},[1772],[1774,15304,15305],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,15306,15307,15358],{},[1781,15308,15309,15327,15329,15331,15334,15340,15342,15344,15350,15352,15354,15356],{},[2322,15310,15311,15317],{},[1781,15312,15313,15315],{},[1784,15314,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,15316,1786],{},[1781,15318,15319,15321],{},[1784,15320,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,15322,15323,15325],{},[1784,15324,2270],{},[2348,15326,4593],{},[1788,15328,1863],{},[1788,15330,2371],{},[2348,15332,15333],{},"22",[1792,15335,15336,15338],{},[1784,15337,2270],{},[2348,15339,4593],{},[1788,15341,2371],{},[2348,15343,4593],{},[1792,15345,15346,15348],{},[1784,15347,2270],{},[2348,15349,2374],{},[1788,15351,2637],{},[2348,15353,15227],{},[1788,15355,1863],{},[2348,15357,2350],{},[1808,15359,15360],{"encoding":1810},"\\frac{\\partial \\pi}{\\partial Q_2} = -22 Q_2 - 2 Q_1 + 170 = 0",[1030,15362,15363],{},"Soustava:",[1035,15365,15367],{"className":15366},[1772],[1774,15368,15369],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,15370,15371,15403],{},[1781,15372,15373,15375,15381,15383,15385,15391,15393,15395,15397,15399,15401],{},[2348,15374,14632],{},[1792,15376,15377,15379],{},[1784,15378,2270],{},[2348,15380,2374],{},[1788,15382,2637],{},[2348,15384,4593],{},[1792,15386,15387,15389],{},[1784,15388,2270],{},[2348,15390,4593],{},[1788,15392,1863],{},[2348,15394,14718],{},[2352,15396],{"width":2702},[1788,15398,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2149,15400,3221],{},[1788,15402,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,15404,15405],{"encoding":1810},"7 Q_1 + 2 Q_2 = 70 \\quad (\\text{I})",[1035,15407,15409],{"className":15408},[1772],[1774,15410,15411],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,15412,15413,15446],{},[1781,15414,15415,15417,15423,15425,15427,15433,15435,15437,15439,15441,15444],{},[2348,15416,4593],{},[1792,15418,15419,15421],{},[1784,15420,2270],{},[2348,15422,2374],{},[1788,15424,2637],{},[2348,15426,15333],{},[1792,15428,15429,15431],{},[1784,15430,2270],{},[2348,15432,4593],{},[1788,15434,1863],{},[2348,15436,15227],{},[2352,15438],{"width":2702},[1788,15440,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2149,15442,15443],{},"II",[1788,15445,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,15447,15448],{"encoding":1810},"2 Q_1 + 22 Q_2 = 170 \\quad (\\text{II})",[1030,15450,15451,15452,15507],{},"Z (I): ",[1035,15453,15455],{"className":15454},[1772],[1774,15456,15457],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,15458,15459,15504],{},[1781,15460,15461,15467,15469,15471,15473,15475,15477,15483,15485,15487,15489,15491,15494,15496,15498],{},[1792,15462,15463,15465],{},[1784,15464,2270],{},[2348,15466,4593],{},[1788,15468,1863],{},[1788,15470,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,15472,14718],{},[1788,15474,2371],{},[2348,15476,14632],{},[1792,15478,15479,15481],{},[1784,15480,2270],{},[2348,15482,2374],{},[1788,15484,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,15486,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,15488,4593],{},[1788,15490,1863],{},[2348,15492,15493],{},"35",[1788,15495,2371],{},[2348,15497,15176],{},[1792,15499,15500,15502],{},[1784,15501,2270],{},[2348,15503,2374],{},[1808,15505,15506],{"encoding":1810},"Q_2 = (70 - 7 Q_1) \u002F 2 = 35 - 3{,}5 Q_1",". Dosadím do (II):",[1035,15509,15511],{"className":15510},[1772],[1774,15512,15513],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,15514,15515,15549],{},[1781,15516,15517,15519,15525,15527,15529,15531,15533,15535,15537,15543,15545,15547],{},[2348,15518,4593],{},[1792,15520,15521,15523],{},[1784,15522,2270],{},[2348,15524,2374],{},[1788,15526,2637],{},[2348,15528,15333],{},[1788,15530,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,15532,15493],{},[1788,15534,2371],{},[2348,15536,15176],{},[1792,15538,15539,15541],{},[1784,15540,2270],{},[2348,15542,2374],{},[1788,15544,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,15546,1863],{},[2348,15548,15227],{},[1808,15550,15551],{"encoding":1810},"2 Q_1 + 22 (35 - 3{,}5 Q_1) = 170",[1035,15553,15555],{"className":15554},[1772],[1774,15556,15557],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,15558,15559,15589],{},[1781,15560,15561,15563,15569,15571,15574,15576,15579,15585,15587],{},[2348,15562,4593],{},[1792,15564,15565,15567],{},[1784,15566,2270],{},[2348,15568,2374],{},[1788,15570,2637],{},[2348,15572,15573],{},"770",[1788,15575,2371],{},[2348,15577,15578],{},"77",[1792,15580,15581,15583],{},[1784,15582,2270],{},[2348,15584,2374],{},[1788,15586,1863],{},[2348,15588,15227],{},[1808,15590,15591],{"encoding":1810},"2 Q_1 + 770 - 77 Q_1 = 170",[1035,15593,15595],{"className":15594},[1772],[1774,15596,15597],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,15598,15599,15619],{},[1781,15600,15601,15603,15606,15612,15614,15616],{},[1788,15602,2371],{},[2348,15604,15605],{},"75",[1792,15607,15608,15610],{},[1784,15609,2270],{},[2348,15611,2374],{},[1788,15613,1863],{},[1788,15615,2371],{},[2348,15617,15618],{},"600",[1808,15620,15621],{"encoding":1810},"-75 Q_1 = -600",[1035,15623,15625],{"className":15624},[1772],[1774,15626,15627],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,15628,15629,15641],{},[1781,15630,15631,15637,15639],{},[1792,15632,15633,15635],{},[1784,15634,2270],{},[2348,15636,2374],{},[1788,15638,1863],{},[2348,15640,9661],{},[1808,15642,15643],{"encoding":1810},"Q_1 = 8",[1030,15645,15646,15647,15686,15687],{},"A z (I): ",[1035,15648,15650],{"className":15649},[1772],[1774,15651,15652],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,15653,15654,15683],{},[1781,15655,15656,15662,15664,15666,15668,15670,15673,15675,15677,15679,15681],{},[1792,15657,15658,15660],{},[1784,15659,2270],{},[2348,15661,4593],{},[1788,15663,1863],{},[1788,15665,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,15667,14718],{},[1788,15669,2371],{},[2348,15671,15672],{},"56",[1788,15674,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,15676,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,15678,4593],{},[1788,15680,1863],{},[2348,15682,14632],{},[1808,15684,15685],{"encoding":1810},"Q_2 = (70 - 56)\u002F2 = 7",". ✓ ",[1047,15688,15689],{},"Shoda s metodou A.",[1100,15691,15693],{"id":15692},"_64-diskuze-realizovatelnosti","6.4 Diskuze realizovatelnosti",[1030,15695,15696],{},"Aby tato cenová politika fungovala:",[1112,15698,15699,15820,15827],{},[1115,15700,15701,15704,15705,15819],{},[1047,15702,15703],{},"Trhy musí být oddělené"," (geograficky nebo institucionálně) — zákazník platící ",[1035,15706,15708],{"className":15707},[1772],[1774,15709,15710],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,15711,15712,15816],{},[1781,15713,15714,15716,15718,15720,15722,15724,15730,15732,15738,15740,15742,15744,15746,15748,15754,15756,15758,15760,15762,15768,15770,15772,15774,15776,15782,15784,15786,15788,15790,15792,15794,15796,15798,15804,15806,15812,15814],{},[2348,15715,2709],{},[1784,15717,1806],{},[1784,15719,9309],{},[1784,15721,9351],{},[1784,15723,1800],{},[2160,15725,15726,15728],{"accent":1041},[1784,15727,9298],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,15729,2181],{},[1784,15731,1030],{},[2160,15733,15734,15736],{"accent":1041},[1784,15735,3794],{},[1788,15737,2167],{},[1784,15739,9309],{},[1784,15741,1030],{},[1784,15743,3794],{},[1784,15745,2485],{},[1784,15747,2328],{},[2160,15749,15750,15752],{"accent":1041},[1784,15751,1068],{},[1788,15753,2181],{},[1784,15755,9426],{},[1784,15757,1068],{},[1784,15759,8827],{},[1784,15761,2164],{},[2160,15763,15764,15766],{"accent":1041},[1784,15765,1068],{},[1788,15767,2181],{},[1784,15769,9377],{},[1784,15771,1068],{},[1784,15773,2164],{},[1784,15775,1806],{},[2160,15777,15778,15780],{"accent":1041},[1784,15779,9298],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,15781,2181],{},[1784,15783,9377],{},[1784,15785,2485],{},[1784,15787,9426],{},[1784,15789,1803],{},[1784,15791,1030],{},[1784,15793,2488],{},[1784,15795,1068],{},[1784,15797,8827],{},[2160,15799,15800,15802],{"accent":1041},[1784,15801,9298],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,15803,2181],{},[1784,15805,9435],{},[2160,15807,15808,15810],{"accent":1041},[1784,15809,9298],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,15811,2181],{},[1784,15813,1800],{},[1784,15815,2480],{},[1808,15817,15818],{"encoding":1810},"60 nesmí přeprodávat zákazníkovi platícímu ","110.",[1115,15821,15822,15823,15826],{},"Firma musí umět ",[1047,15824,15825],{},"rozpoznat",", ze kterého trhu zákazník je. To je často problém — proč by si zákazník z trhu 2 nepostavil falešnou identitu zákazníka z trhu 1?",[1115,15828,15829,15832],{},[1047,15830,15831],{},"Neexistuje arbitráž"," — žádný překupník nemůže nakupovat na trhu 1 a prodávat na trhu 2.",[1030,15834,15835],{},"Pokud by tyto podmínky nebyly splněny, firma musí skončit u jednotné ceny, kterou určí jako klasický monopolista na agregované poptávce.",[4503,15837],{},[1077,15839,15841,15842,15857],{"id":15840},"_7-detailní-příklad-konstantní-mcmc-dva-oddělené-trhy","7. Detailní příklad — konstantní ",[1035,15843,15845],{"className":15844},[1772],[1774,15846,15847],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,15848,15849,15855],{},[1781,15850,15851,15853],{},[1784,15852,1857],{},[1784,15854,1868],{},[1808,15856,11135],{"encoding":1810},", dva oddělené trhy",[1100,15859,15861],{"id":15860},"_71-zadání","7.1 Zadání",[1030,15863,15864,15865,15878],{},"Monopolista vyrábí s konstantními náklady ",[1035,15866,15868],{"className":15867},[1772],[1774,15869,15870],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,15871,15872,15876],{},[1781,15873,15874],{},[2348,15875,5356],{},[1808,15877,5356],{"encoding":1810}," Kč\u002Fjednotku, prodává na dvou oddělených trzích:",[1035,15880,15882],{"className":15881},[1772],[1774,15883,15884],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,15885,15886,15932],{},[1781,15887,15888,15894,15896,15899,15901,15907,15909,15912,15914,15920,15922,15924,15926],{},[1792,15889,15890,15892],{},[1784,15891,2270],{},[2348,15893,2374],{},[1788,15895,1863],{},[2348,15897,15898],{},"55",[1788,15900,2371],{},[1792,15902,15903,15905],{},[1784,15904,2264],{},[2348,15906,2374],{},[2352,15908],{"width":2702},[1788,15910,15911],{},"⇔",[2352,15913],{"width":2702},[1792,15915,15916,15918],{},[1784,15917,2264],{},[2348,15919,2374],{},[1788,15921,1863],{},[2348,15923,15898],{},[1788,15925,2371],{},[1792,15927,15928,15930],{},[1784,15929,2270],{},[2348,15931,2374],{},[1808,15933,15934],{"encoding":1810},"Q_1 = 55 - P_1 \\quad\\Leftrightarrow\\quad P_1 = 55 - Q_1",[1035,15936,15938],{"className":15937},[1772],[1774,15939,15940],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,15941,15942,15991],{},[1781,15943,15944,15950,15952,15954,15956,15958,15964,15966,15968,15970,15976,15978,15980,15982,15985],{},[1792,15945,15946,15948],{},[1784,15947,2270],{},[2348,15949,4593],{},[1788,15951,1863],{},[2348,15953,14718],{},[1788,15955,2371],{},[2348,15957,4593],{},[1792,15959,15960,15962],{},[1784,15961,2264],{},[2348,15963,4593],{},[2352,15965],{"width":2702},[1788,15967,15911],{},[2352,15969],{"width":2702},[1792,15971,15972,15974],{},[1784,15973,2264],{},[2348,15975,4593],{},[1788,15977,1863],{},[2348,15979,15493],{},[1788,15981,2371],{},[2348,15983,15984],{},"0,5",[1792,15986,15987,15989],{},[1784,15988,2270],{},[2348,15990,4593],{},[1808,15992,15993],{"encoding":1810},"Q_2 = 70 - 2 P_2 \\quad\\Leftrightarrow\\quad P_2 = 35 - 0{,}5 Q_2",[1100,15995,15997],{"id":15996},"_72-řešení-s-diskriminací","7.2 Řešení s diskriminací",[1030,15999,16000,16001,16016,16017,16020],{},"Při konstantních ",[1035,16002,16004],{"className":16003},[1772],[1774,16005,16006],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,16007,16008,16014],{},[1781,16009,16010,16012],{},[1784,16011,1857],{},[1784,16013,1868],{},[1808,16015,11135],{"encoding":1810}," jsou trhy v podstatě ",[1047,16018,16019],{},"nezávislé"," — můžu řešit každý trh zvlášť.",[1030,16022,16023,1089,16026,16070],{},[1047,16024,16025],{},"Trh 1:",[1035,16027,16029],{"className":16028},[1772],[1774,16030,16031],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,16032,16033,16067],{},[1781,16034,16035,16037,16043,16045,16047,16049,16051,16057,16059,16061,16063,16065],{},[1784,16036,1857],{},[1792,16038,16039,16041],{},[1784,16040,1860],{},[2348,16042,2374],{},[1788,16044,1863],{},[2348,16046,15898],{},[1788,16048,2371],{},[2348,16050,4593],{},[1792,16052,16053,16055],{},[1784,16054,2270],{},[2348,16056,2374],{},[1788,16058,1863],{},[1784,16060,1857],{},[1784,16062,1868],{},[1788,16064,1863],{},[2348,16066,5356],{},[1808,16068,16069],{"encoding":1810},"MR_1 = 55 - 2 Q_1 = MC = 5",". Tedy:",[1035,16072,16074],{"className":16073},[1772],[1774,16075,16076],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,16077,16078,16126],{},[1781,16079,16080,16082,16088,16090,16092,16094,16100,16102,16104,16106,16108,16114,16116,16118,16120,16122,16124],{},[2348,16081,4593],{},[1792,16083,16084,16086],{},[1784,16085,2270],{},[2348,16087,2374],{},[1788,16089,1863],{},[2348,16091,2853],{},[1788,16093,2357],{},[1792,16095,16096,16098],{},[1784,16097,2270],{},[2348,16099,2374],{},[1788,16101,1863],{},[2348,16103,2882],{},[1788,16105,1138],{"separator":1041},[2352,16107],{"width":2702},[1792,16109,16110,16112],{},[1784,16111,2264],{},[2348,16113,2374],{},[1788,16115,1863],{},[2348,16117,15898],{},[1788,16119,2371],{},[2348,16121,2882],{},[1788,16123,1863],{},[2348,16125,9189],{},[1808,16127,16128],{"encoding":1810},"2 Q_1 = 50 \\Rightarrow Q_1 = 25, \\quad P_1 = 55 - 25 = 30",[1030,16130,16131,1089,16134,16070],{},[1047,16132,16133],{},"Trh 2:",[1035,16135,16137],{"className":16136},[1772],[1774,16138,16139],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,16140,16141,16173],{},[1781,16142,16143,16145,16151,16153,16155,16157,16163,16165,16167,16169,16171],{},[1784,16144,1857],{},[1792,16146,16147,16149],{},[1784,16148,1860],{},[2348,16150,4593],{},[1788,16152,1863],{},[2348,16154,15493],{},[1788,16156,2371],{},[1792,16158,16159,16161],{},[1784,16160,2270],{},[2348,16162,4593],{},[1788,16164,1863],{},[1784,16166,1857],{},[1784,16168,1868],{},[1788,16170,1863],{},[2348,16172,5356],{},[1808,16174,16175],{"encoding":1810},"MR_2 = 35 - Q_2 = MC = 5",[1035,16177,16179],{"className":16178},[1772],[1774,16180,16181],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,16182,16183,16221],{},[1781,16184,16185,16191,16193,16195,16197,16199,16205,16207,16209,16211,16213,16215,16217,16219],{},[1792,16186,16187,16189],{},[1784,16188,2270],{},[2348,16190,4593],{},[1788,16192,1863],{},[2348,16194,9189],{},[1788,16196,1138],{"separator":1041},[2352,16198],{"width":2702},[1792,16200,16201,16203],{},[1784,16202,2264],{},[2348,16204,4593],{},[1788,16206,1863],{},[2348,16208,15493],{},[1788,16210,2371],{},[2348,16212,15984],{},[1788,16214,2267],{},[2348,16216,9189],{},[1788,16218,1863],{},[2348,16220,2640],{},[1808,16222,16223],{"encoding":1810},"Q_2 = 30, \\quad P_2 = 35 - 0{,}5 \\cdot 30 = 20",[1030,16225,16226,1089,16229,1075],{},[1047,16227,16228],{},"Celková výroba:",[1035,16230,16232],{"className":16231},[1772],[1774,16233,16234],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,16235,16236,16252],{},[1781,16237,16238,16240,16242,16244,16246,16248,16250],{},[1784,16239,2270],{},[1788,16241,1863],{},[2348,16243,2882],{},[1788,16245,2637],{},[2348,16247,9189],{},[1788,16249,1863],{},[2348,16251,15898],{},[1808,16253,16254],{"encoding":1810},"Q = 25 + 30 = 55",[1030,16256,16257],{},[1047,16258,16259],{},"Zisky:",[1035,16261,16263],{"className":16262},[1772],[1774,16264,16265],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,16266,16267,16328],{},[1781,16268,16269,16275,16277,16279,16285,16287,16289,16291,16293,16299,16301,16303,16305,16307,16309,16311,16313,16315,16317,16319,16321,16323,16325],{},[1792,16270,16271,16273],{},[1784,16272,1786],{},[2348,16274,2374],{},[1788,16276,1863],{},[1788,16278,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,16280,16281,16283],{},[1784,16282,2264],{},[2348,16284,2374],{},[1788,16286,2371],{},[1784,16288,1857],{},[1784,16290,1868],{},[1788,16292,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,16294,16295,16297],{},[1784,16296,2270],{},[2348,16298,2374],{},[1788,16300,1863],{},[1788,16302,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,16304,9189],{},[1788,16306,2371],{},[2348,16308,5356],{},[1788,16310,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,16312,2267],{},[2348,16314,2882],{},[1788,16316,1863],{},[2348,16318,2882],{},[1788,16320,2267],{},[2348,16322,2882],{},[1788,16324,1863],{},[2348,16326,16327],{},"625",[1808,16329,16330],{"encoding":1810},"\\pi_1 = (P_1 - MC) Q_1 = (30 - 5) \\cdot 25 = 25 \\cdot 25 = 625",[1035,16332,16334],{"className":16333},[1772],[1774,16335,16336],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,16337,16338,16399],{},[1781,16339,16340,16346,16348,16350,16356,16358,16360,16362,16364,16370,16372,16374,16376,16378,16380,16382,16384,16386,16388,16390,16392,16394,16396],{},[1792,16341,16342,16344],{},[1784,16343,1786],{},[2348,16345,4593],{},[1788,16347,1863],{},[1788,16349,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,16351,16352,16354],{},[1784,16353,2264],{},[2348,16355,4593],{},[1788,16357,2371],{},[1784,16359,1857],{},[1784,16361,1868],{},[1788,16363,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,16365,16366,16368],{},[1784,16367,2270],{},[2348,16369,4593],{},[1788,16371,1863],{},[1788,16373,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,16375,2640],{},[1788,16377,2371],{},[2348,16379,5356],{},[1788,16381,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,16383,2267],{},[2348,16385,9189],{},[1788,16387,1863],{},[2348,16389,2786],{},[1788,16391,2267],{},[2348,16393,9189],{},[1788,16395,1863],{},[2348,16397,16398],{},"450",[1808,16400,16401],{"encoding":1810},"\\pi_2 = (P_2 - MC) Q_2 = (20 - 5) \\cdot 30 = 15 \\cdot 30 = 450",[1035,16403,16405],{"className":16404},[1772],[1774,16406,16407],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,16408,16409,16431],{},[1781,16410,16411,16418,16420,16422,16424,16426,16428],{},[1792,16412,16413,16415],{},[1784,16414,1786],{},[2149,16416,16417],{},"disk",[1788,16419,1863],{},[2348,16421,16327],{},[1788,16423,2637],{},[2348,16425,16398],{},[1788,16427,1863],{},[2348,16429,16430],{},"1075",[1808,16432,16433],{"encoding":1810},"\\pi_{\\text{disk}} = 625 + 450 = 1075",[1030,16435,16436,1089,16439,1299,16474,16506,16507,1310],{},[1047,16437,16438],{},"Kontrola horizontálním součtem.",[1035,16440,16442],{"className":16441},[1772],[1774,16443,16444],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,16445,16446,16471],{},[1781,16447,16448,16454,16456,16459,16461,16463,16465],{},[1792,16449,16450,16452],{},[1784,16451,2270],{},[2348,16453,2374],{},[1788,16455,1863],{},[2348,16457,16458],{},"27,5",[1788,16460,2371],{},[2348,16462,15984],{},[1784,16464,1857],{},[1792,16466,16467,16469],{},[1784,16468,1860],{},[2348,16470,2374],{},[1808,16472,16473],{"encoding":1810},"Q_1 = 27{,}5 - 0{,}5 MR_1",[1035,16475,16477],{"className":16476},[1772],[1774,16478,16479],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,16480,16481,16503],{},[1781,16482,16483,16489,16491,16493,16495,16497],{},[1792,16484,16485,16487],{},[1784,16486,2270],{},[2348,16488,4593],{},[1788,16490,1863],{},[2348,16492,15493],{},[1788,16494,2371],{},[1784,16496,1857],{},[1792,16498,16499,16501],{},[1784,16500,1860],{},[2348,16502,4593],{},[1808,16504,16505],{"encoding":1810},"Q_2 = 35 - MR_2",". Při ",[1035,16508,16510],{"className":16509},[1772],[1774,16511,16512],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,16513,16514,16540],{},[1781,16515,16516,16518,16524,16526,16528,16534,16536,16538],{},[1784,16517,1857],{},[1792,16519,16520,16522],{},[1784,16521,1860],{},[2348,16523,2374],{},[1788,16525,1863],{},[1784,16527,1857],{},[1792,16529,16530,16532],{},[1784,16531,1860],{},[2348,16533,4593],{},[1788,16535,1863],{},[1784,16537,1857],{},[1784,16539,1860],{},[1808,16541,14294],{"encoding":1810},[1035,16543,16545],{"className":16544},[1772],[1774,16546,16547],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,16548,16549,16598],{},[1781,16550,16551,16553,16555,16558,16560,16563,16565,16567,16569,16571,16573,16575,16578,16585,16587,16590,16596],{},[1784,16552,2270],{},[1788,16554,1863],{},[2348,16556,16557],{},"62,5",[1788,16559,2371],{},[2348,16561,16562],{},"1,5",[1784,16564,1857],{},[1784,16566,1860],{},[1788,16568,2357],{},[1784,16570,1857],{},[1784,16572,1860],{},[1788,16574,1863],{},[2348,16576,16577],{},"41,",[2160,16579,16580,16582],{"accent":1041},[2348,16581,12017],{},[1788,16583,16584],{"stretchy":1041},"‾",[1788,16586,2371],{},[2348,16588,16589],{},"0,",[2160,16591,16592,16594],{"accent":1041},[2348,16593,12017],{},[1788,16595,16584],{"stretchy":1041},[1784,16597,2270],{},[1808,16599,16600],{"encoding":1810},"Q = 62{,}5 - 1{,}5 MR \\Rightarrow MR = 41{,}\\overline{6} - 0{,}\\overline{6} Q",[1030,16602,16603,4058,16624,14774],{},[1035,16604,16606],{"className":16605},[1772],[1774,16607,16608],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,16609,16610,16622],{},[1781,16611,16612,16614,16616,16618,16620],{},[1784,16613,1857],{},[1784,16615,1860],{},[1788,16617,1863],{},[1784,16619,1857],{},[1784,16621,1868],{},[1808,16623,1871],{"encoding":1810},[1035,16625,16627],{"className":16626},[1772],[1774,16628,16629],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,16630,16631,16665],{},[1781,16632,16633,16635,16641,16643,16645,16651,16653,16655,16657,16659,16661,16663],{},[2348,16634,16577],{},[2160,16636,16637,16639],{"accent":1041},[2348,16638,12017],{},[1788,16640,16584],{"stretchy":1041},[1788,16642,2371],{},[2348,16644,16589],{},[2160,16646,16647,16649],{"accent":1041},[2348,16648,12017],{},[1788,16650,16584],{"stretchy":1041},[1784,16652,2270],{},[1788,16654,1863],{},[2348,16656,5356],{},[1788,16658,2357],{},[1784,16660,2270],{},[1788,16662,1863],{},[2348,16664,15898],{},[1808,16666,16667],{"encoding":1810},"41{,}\\overline{6} - 0{,}\\overline{6} Q = 5 \\Rightarrow Q = 55",[1082,16669,16670],{},[1030,16671,16672,16675,16676,16691,16692,16711],{},[1047,16673,16674],{},"Pozor:"," Při konstantních ",[1035,16677,16679],{"className":16678},[1772],[1774,16680,16681],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,16682,16683,16689],{},[1781,16684,16685,16687],{},[1784,16686,1857],{},[1784,16688,1868],{},[1808,16690,11135],{"encoding":1810}," vyjde celkové množství stejné jako bez diskriminace. ",[1047,16693,16694,16695,16710],{},"Při rozdílných (rostoucích či klesajících) ",[1035,16696,16698],{"className":16697},[1772],[1774,16699,16700],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,16701,16702,16708],{},[1781,16703,16704,16706],{},[1784,16705,1857],{},[1784,16707,1868],{},[1808,16709,11135],{"encoding":1810}," by tomu tak nebylo"," — diskriminace by přerozdělila množství mezi trhy a změnila i celkový objem produkce.",[1100,16713,16715],{"id":16714},"_73-řešení-bez-diskriminace-jednotná-cena","7.3 Řešení bez diskriminace (jednotná cena)",[1030,16717,16718,16719,1075],{},"Sjednocená poptávka: ",[1035,16720,16722],{"className":16721},[1772],[1774,16723,16724],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,16725,16726,16783],{},[1781,16727,16728,16730,16732,16738,16740,16746,16748,16750,16752,16754,16756,16758,16760,16762,16764,16766,16768,16770,16772,16774,16777,16779,16781],{},[1784,16729,2270],{},[1788,16731,1863],{},[1792,16733,16734,16736],{},[1784,16735,2270],{},[2348,16737,2374],{},[1788,16739,2637],{},[1792,16741,16742,16744],{},[1784,16743,2270],{},[2348,16745,4593],{},[1788,16747,1863],{},[1788,16749,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,16751,15898],{},[1788,16753,2371],{},[1784,16755,2264],{},[1788,16757,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,16759,2637],{},[1788,16761,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,16763,14718],{},[1788,16765,2371],{},[2348,16767,4593],{},[1784,16769,2264],{},[1788,16771,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,16773,1863],{},[2348,16775,16776],{},"125",[1788,16778,2371],{},[2348,16780,5332],{},[1784,16782,2264],{},[1808,16784,16785],{"encoding":1810},"Q = Q_1 + Q_2 = (55 - P) + (70 - 2P) = 125 - 3P",[1030,16787,14373,16788,1075],{},[1035,16789,16791],{"className":16790},[1772],[1774,16792,16793],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,16794,16795,16837],{},[1781,16796,16797,16799,16801,16815,16817,16819,16825,16827,16829,16835],{},[1784,16798,2264],{},[1788,16800,1863],{},[14390,16802,16803],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,16804,16805,16813],{},[1781,16806,16807,16809,16811],{},[2348,16808,16776],{},[1788,16810,2371],{},[1784,16812,2270],{},[2348,16814,5332],{},[1788,16816,1863],{},[2348,16818,16577],{},[2160,16820,16821,16823],{"accent":1041},[2348,16822,12017],{},[1788,16824,16584],{"stretchy":1041},[1788,16826,2371],{},[2348,16828,16589],{},[2160,16830,16831,16833],{"accent":1041},[2348,16832,5332],{},[1788,16834,16584],{"stretchy":1041},[1784,16836,2270],{},[1808,16838,16839],{"encoding":1810},"P = \\dfrac{125 - Q}{3} = 41{,}\\overline{6} - 0{,}\\overline{3} Q",[1030,16841,16842,1299,16898,1075],{},[1035,16843,16845],{"className":16844},[1772],[1774,16846,16847],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,16848,16849,16895],{},[1781,16850,16851,16853,16855,16857,16859,16865,16867,16869,16875,16877,16879,16881,16883,16885,16887,16889,16891,16893],{},[1784,16852,1857],{},[1784,16854,1860],{},[1788,16856,1863],{},[2348,16858,16577],{},[2160,16860,16861,16863],{"accent":1041},[2348,16862,12017],{},[1788,16864,16584],{"stretchy":1041},[1788,16866,2371],{},[2348,16868,16589],{},[2160,16870,16871,16873],{"accent":1041},[2348,16872,12017],{},[1788,16874,16584],{"stretchy":1041},[1784,16876,2270],{},[1788,16878,1863],{},[1784,16880,1857],{},[1784,16882,1868],{},[1788,16884,1863],{},[2348,16886,5356],{},[1788,16888,2357],{},[1784,16890,2270],{},[1788,16892,1863],{},[2348,16894,15898],{},[1808,16896,16897],{"encoding":1810},"MR = 41{,}\\overline{6} - 0{,}\\overline{6} Q = MC = 5 \\Rightarrow Q = 55",[1035,16899,16901],{"className":16900},[1772],[1774,16902,16903],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,16904,16905,16965],{},[1781,16906,16907,16909,16911,16913,16919,16921,16923,16929,16931,16933,16935,16937,16943,16945,16948,16954,16956,16959],{},[1784,16908,2264],{},[1788,16910,1863],{},[2348,16912,16577],{},[2160,16914,16915,16917],{"accent":1041},[2348,16916,12017],{},[1788,16918,16584],{"stretchy":1041},[1788,16920,2371],{},[2348,16922,16589],{},[2160,16924,16925,16927],{"accent":1041},[2348,16926,5332],{},[1788,16928,16584],{"stretchy":1041},[1788,16930,2267],{},[2348,16932,15898],{},[1788,16934,1863],{},[2348,16936,16577],{},[2160,16938,16939,16941],{"accent":1041},[2348,16940,12017],{},[1788,16942,16584],{"stretchy":1041},[1788,16944,2371],{},[2348,16946,16947],{},"18,",[2160,16949,16950,16952],{"accent":1041},[2348,16951,5332],{},[1788,16953,16584],{"stretchy":1041},[1788,16955,1863],{},[2348,16957,16958],{},"23,",[2160,16960,16961,16963],{"accent":1041},[2348,16962,5332],{},[1788,16964,16584],{"stretchy":1041},[1808,16966,16967],{"encoding":1810},"P = 41{,}\\overline{6} - 0{,}\\overline{3} \\cdot 55 = 41{,}\\overline{6} - 18{,}\\overline{3} = 23{,}\\overline{3}",[1030,16969,16970,16971,1075],{},"Zisk: ",[1035,16972,16974],{"className":16973},[1772],[1774,16975,16976],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,16977,16978,17046],{},[1781,16979,16980,16987,16989,16991,16993,16995,16997,16999,17001,17003,17005,17007,17009,17011,17017,17019,17021,17023,17025,17027,17029,17031,17037,17039,17041,17043],{},[1792,16981,16982,16984],{},[1784,16983,1786],{},[2149,16985,16986],{},"nedisk",[1788,16988,1863],{},[1788,16990,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,16992,2264],{},[1788,16994,2371],{},[1784,16996,1857],{},[1784,16998,1868],{},[1788,17000,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,17002,2267],{},[1784,17004,2270],{},[1788,17006,1863],{},[1788,17008,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,17010,16958],{},[2160,17012,17013,17015],{"accent":1041},[2348,17014,5332],{},[1788,17016,16584],{"stretchy":1041},[1788,17018,2371],{},[2348,17020,5356],{},[1788,17022,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,17024,2267],{},[2348,17026,15898],{},[1788,17028,1863],{},[2348,17030,16947],{},[2160,17032,17033,17035],{"accent":1041},[2348,17034,5332],{},[1788,17036,16584],{"stretchy":1041},[1788,17038,2267],{},[2348,17040,15898],{},[1788,17042,1863],{},[2348,17044,17045],{},"990",[1808,17047,17048],{"encoding":1810},"\\pi_{\\text{nedisk}} = (P - MC) \\cdot Q = (23{,}\\overline{3} - 5) \\cdot 55 = 18{,}\\overline{3} \\cdot 55 = 990",[1100,17050,17052],{"id":17051},"_74-benefit-z-diskriminace","7.4 Benefit z diskriminace",[1035,17054,17056],{"className":17055},[1772],[1774,17057,17058],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,17059,17060,17095],{},[1781,17061,17062,17065,17067,17069,17075,17077,17083,17085,17087,17089,17091,17093],{},[1784,17063,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},"Δ",[1784,17066,1786],{},[1788,17068,1863],{},[1792,17070,17071,17073],{},[1784,17072,1786],{},[2149,17074,16417],{},[1788,17076,2371],{},[1792,17078,17079,17081],{},[1784,17080,1786],{},[2149,17082,16986],{},[1788,17084,1863],{},[2348,17086,16430],{},[1788,17088,2371],{},[2348,17090,17045],{},[1788,17092,1863],{},[2348,17094,9997],{},[1808,17096,17097],{"encoding":1810},"\\Delta \\pi = \\pi_{\\text{disk}} - \\pi_{\\text{nedisk}} = 1075 - 990 = 85",[1030,17099,17100,17103],{},[1047,17101,17102],{},"85 Kč"," je čistý přínos diskriminace pro firmu při jinak stejných podmínkách.",[1082,17105,17106],{},[1030,17107,17108,17111,17112,17115,17116,17119,17120,4010,17123,17285],{},[1047,17109,17110],{},"Interpretace:"," Firma prodává ",[1047,17113,17114],{},"stejné celkové množství",", ale tak, že ",[1047,17117,17118],{},"zákazníci s méně elastickou poptávkou"," (trh 1, kde malá změna ceny způsobí malou změnu množství) ",[1047,17121,17122],{},"platí víc",[1035,17124,17126],{"className":17125},[1772],[1774,17127,17128],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,17129,17130,17282],{},[1781,17131,17132,17134,17136,17138,17140,17142,17144,17150,17152,17154,17156,17158,17164,17166,17168,17170,17172,17174,17176,17182,17184,17190,17192,17198,17204,17206,17208,17210,17212,17218,17220,17222,17224,17226,17228,17230,17232,17234,17236,17238,17240,17242,17244,17246,17248,17250,17252,17254,17260,17262,17268,17270,17276,17278,17280],{},[2348,17133,9189],{},[1788,17135,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,17137,1068],{},[1788,17139,7763],{},[1788,17141,7763],{},[1784,17143,2164],{},[2160,17145,17146,17148],{"accent":1041},[1784,17147,1068],{},[1788,17149,2181],{},[1784,17151,9377],{},[1784,17153,1068],{},[1784,17155,2164],{},[1784,17157,1806],{},[2160,17159,17160,17162],{"accent":1041},[1784,17161,9298],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,17163,2181],{},[1784,17165,9435],{},[1784,17167,1803],{},[1784,17169,9351],{},[1784,17171,1030],{},[1784,17173,3794],{},[1784,17175,2480],{},[2160,17177,17178,17180],{"accent":1041},[1784,17179,2164],{},[1788,17181,2167],{},[1784,17183,1806],{},[2160,17185,17186,17188],{"accent":1041},[1784,17187,9309],{},[1788,17189,2167],{},[1784,17191,9312],{},[2160,17193,17194,17196],{"accent":1041},[1784,17195,9351],{},[1788,17197,2167],{},[2160,17199,17200,17202],{"accent":1041},[1784,17201,9298],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,17203,2181],{},[1784,17205,1030],{},[1784,17207,2485],{},[1784,17209,1030],{},[1784,17211,8827],{},[2160,17213,17214,17216],{"accent":1041},[1784,17215,1068],{},[1788,17217,2181],{},[1784,17219,9426],{},[1784,17221,9377],{},[1784,17223,2485],{},[1784,17225,2480],{},[1788,17227,7763],{},[1788,17229,7763],{},[1788,17231,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,17233,8827],{},[1784,17235,3794],{},[1784,17237,12129],{},[2348,17239,4593],{},[1788,17241,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,17243,7763],{},[1788,17245,7763],{},[1784,17247,1030],{},[1784,17249,2488],{},[1784,17251,1068],{},[1784,17253,8827],{},[2160,17255,17256,17258],{"accent":1041},[1784,17257,9298],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,17259,2181],{},[1784,17261,1800],{},[2160,17263,17264,17266],{"accent":1041},[1784,17265,9309],{},[1788,17267,2181],{},[1784,17269,1806],{},[2160,17271,17272,17274],{"accent":1041},[1784,17273,9309],{},[1788,17275,2167],{},[1788,17277,7763],{},[1788,17279,7763],{},[1788,17281,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,17283,17284],{"encoding":1810},"30) a **zákazníci s pružnější poptávkou** (trh 2) **platí méně** (","20). Tím firma extrahuje větší část přebytku.",[1100,17287,17289],{"id":17288},"_75-identifikace-stupně-diskriminace","7.5 Identifikace stupně diskriminace",[1030,17291,17292,17293,17295],{},"V této úloze se jedná o ",[1047,17294,10830],{}," — rozdělení podle skupin (trhů), nikoli podle množství nebo individuálních zákazníků.",[4503,17297],{},[1077,17299,17301],{"id":17300},"_8-ekonomika-kuponů-a-slev","8. Ekonomika kuponů a slev",[1100,17303,17305],{"id":17304},"_81-princip","8.1 Princip",[1030,17307,17308,17309,17312,17313,17316],{},"Spotřebitelé s ",[1047,17310,17311],{},"více elastickou poptávkou"," mají větší motivaci si přivlastnit slevu — tj. ",[1047,17314,17315],{},"vystřihnout kupon"," z novin, použít promo kód, registrovat se do věrnostního programu. Pro firmu to znamená:",[1112,17318,17319,17325],{},[1115,17320,17321,17324],{},[1047,17322,17323],{},"Zákazníci, kteří kupony používají"," = elastická skupina = platí nižší cenu.",[1115,17326,17327,17330],{},[1047,17328,17329],{},"Zákazníci, kteří kupony nepoužívají"," = neelastická skupina = platí plnou cenu.",[1030,17332,17333,17334,17337],{},"Kupon tak slouží jako ",[1047,17335,17336],{},"samosegmentační mechanismus",": firma nepotřebuje zákazníka explicitně zařadit do skupiny — zákazník se zařadí sám tím, že kupon buď použije, nebo ne. Náklady na získání kuponu (vystřihnutí, hledání kódu, čekání na akci) odhalují elasticitu zákazníka.",[1100,17339,17341],{"id":17340},"_82-cenová-elasticita-v-usa","8.2 Cenová elasticita v USA",[1030,17343,17344],{},"Empirická tabulka (Pindyck\u002FRubinfeld), elasticity poptávky pro různé produkty a dvě skupiny zákazníků:",[1153,17346,17347,17396],{},[1156,17348,17349],{},[1159,17350,17351,17354,17375],{},[1162,17352,17353],{},"Produkt",[1162,17355,17356,17357],{},"Neuživatelé kuponů ",[1035,17358,17360],{"className":17359},[1772],[1774,17361,17362],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,17363,17364,17372],{},[1781,17365,17366],{},[1792,17367,17368,17370],{},[1784,17369,2364],{},[2348,17371,2374],{},[1808,17373,17374],{"encoding":1810},"E_1",[1162,17376,17377,17378],{},"Uživatelé kuponů ",[1035,17379,17381],{"className":17380},[1772],[1774,17382,17383],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,17384,17385,17393],{},[1781,17386,17387],{},[1792,17388,17389,17391],{},[1784,17390,2364],{},[2348,17392,4593],{},[1808,17394,17395],{"encoding":1810},"E_2",[1172,17397,17398,17441,17484,17527,17570,17613],{},[1159,17399,17400,17403,17422],{},[1177,17401,17402],{},"Toaletní potřeby",[1177,17404,17405],{},[1035,17406,17408],{"className":17407},[1772],[1774,17409,17410],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,17411,17412,17419],{},[1781,17413,17414,17416],{},[1788,17415,2371],{},[2348,17417,17418],{},"0,60",[1808,17420,17421],{"encoding":1810},"-0{,}60",[1177,17423,17424],{},[1035,17425,17427],{"className":17426},[1772],[1774,17428,17429],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,17430,17431,17438],{},[1781,17432,17433,17435],{},[1788,17434,2371],{},[2348,17436,17437],{},"0,66",[1808,17439,17440],{"encoding":1810},"-0{,}66",[1159,17442,17443,17446,17465],{},[1177,17444,17445],{},"Oblečení",[1177,17447,17448],{},[1035,17449,17451],{"className":17450},[1772],[1774,17452,17453],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,17454,17455,17462],{},[1781,17456,17457,17459],{},[1788,17458,2371],{},[2348,17460,17461],{},"0,71",[1808,17463,17464],{"encoding":1810},"-0{,}71",[1177,17466,17467],{},[1035,17468,17470],{"className":17469},[1772],[1774,17471,17472],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,17473,17474,17481],{},[1781,17475,17476,17478],{},[1788,17477,2371],{},[2348,17479,17480],{},"0,96",[1808,17482,17483],{"encoding":1810},"-0{,}96",[1159,17485,17486,17489,17508],{},[1177,17487,17488],{},"Šampóny",[1177,17490,17491],{},[1035,17492,17494],{"className":17493},[1772],[1774,17495,17496],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,17497,17498,17505],{},[1781,17499,17500,17502],{},[1788,17501,2371],{},[2348,17503,17504],{},"0,84",[1808,17506,17507],{"encoding":1810},"-0{,}84",[1177,17509,17510],{},[1035,17511,17513],{"className":17512},[1772],[1774,17514,17515],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,17516,17517,17524],{},[1781,17518,17519,17521],{},[1788,17520,2371],{},[2348,17522,17523],{},"1,04",[1808,17525,17526],{"encoding":1810},"-1{,}04",[1159,17528,17529,17532,17551],{},[1177,17530,17531],{},"Vaření (potřeby)",[1177,17533,17534],{},[1035,17535,17537],{"className":17536},[1772],[1774,17538,17539],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,17540,17541,17548],{},[1781,17542,17543,17545],{},[1788,17544,2371],{},[2348,17546,17547],{},"1,22",[1808,17549,17550],{"encoding":1810},"-1{,}22",[1177,17552,17553],{},[1035,17554,17556],{"className":17555},[1772],[1774,17557,17558],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,17559,17560,17567],{},[1781,17561,17562,17564],{},[1788,17563,2371],{},[2348,17565,17566],{},"1,32",[1808,17568,17569],{"encoding":1810},"-1{,}32",[1159,17571,17572,17575,17594],{},[1177,17573,17574],{},"Polotovar pizza",[1177,17576,17577],{},[1035,17578,17580],{"className":17579},[1772],[1774,17581,17582],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,17583,17584,17591],{},[1781,17585,17586,17588],{},[1788,17587,2371],{},[2348,17589,17590],{},"0,88",[1808,17592,17593],{"encoding":1810},"-0{,}88",[1177,17595,17596],{},[1035,17597,17599],{"className":17598},[1772],[1774,17600,17601],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,17602,17603,17610],{},[1781,17604,17605,17607],{},[1788,17606,2371],{},[2348,17608,17609],{},"1,09",[1808,17611,17612],{"encoding":1810},"-1{,}09",[1159,17614,17615,17618,17637],{},[1177,17616,17617],{},"Koláče",[1177,17619,17620],{},[1035,17621,17623],{"className":17622},[1772],[1774,17624,17625],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,17626,17627,17634],{},[1781,17628,17629,17631],{},[1788,17630,2371],{},[2348,17632,17633],{},"0,21",[1808,17635,17636],{"encoding":1810},"-0{,}21",[1177,17638,17639],{},[1035,17640,17642],{"className":17641},[1772],[1774,17643,17644],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,17645,17646,17653],{},[1781,17647,17648,17650],{},[1788,17649,2371],{},[2348,17651,17652],{},"0,43",[1808,17654,17655],{"encoding":1810},"-0{,}43",[1030,17657,17658,17661,17662,17665],{},[1047,17659,17660],{},"Pozorování:"," Uživatelé kuponů mají ",[1047,17663,17664],{},"vždy vyšší absolutní elasticitu"," — to je sebevýběr (selection effect) potvrzující výchozí teoretický předpoklad.",[1100,17667,17669],{"id":17668},"_83-vzorec-pro-poměr-cen","8.3 Vzorec pro poměr cen",[1030,17671,17672,17673,17698],{},"Ze vztahu ",[1035,17674,17676],{"className":17675},[1772],[1774,17677,17678],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,17679,17680,17696],{},[1781,17681,17682,17684,17690,17692,17694],{},[1784,17683,1857],{},[1792,17685,17686,17688],{},[1784,17687,1860],{},[1784,17689,1803],{},[1788,17691,1863],{},[1784,17693,1857],{},[1784,17695,1868],{},[1808,17697,13270],{"encoding":1810}," a Lernerova pravidla pro 3. stupeň diskriminace:",[1035,17700,17702],{"className":17701},[1772],[1774,17703,17704],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,17705,17706,17758],{},[1781,17707,17708,17722,17724],{},[2322,17709,17710,17716],{},[1792,17711,17712,17714],{},[1784,17713,2264],{},[2348,17715,2374],{},[1792,17717,17718,17720],{},[1784,17719,2264],{},[2348,17721,4593],{},[1788,17723,1863],{},[2322,17725,17726,17742],{},[1781,17727,17728,17730,17732,17734,17736],{},[2348,17729,2374],{},[1788,17731,2637],{},[2348,17733,2374],{},[1784,17735,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,17737,17738,17740],{},[1784,17739,2364],{},[2348,17741,4593],{},[1781,17743,17744,17746,17748,17750,17752],{},[2348,17745,2374],{},[1788,17747,2637],{},[2348,17749,2374],{},[1784,17751,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,17753,17754,17756],{},[1784,17755,2364],{},[2348,17757,2374],{},[1808,17759,13385],{"encoding":1810},[1030,17761,7908,17762,17779,17780,17798],{},[1035,17763,17765],{"className":17764},[1772],[1774,17766,17767],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,17768,17769,17777],{},[1781,17770,17771],{},[1792,17772,17773,17775],{},[1784,17774,2264],{},[2348,17776,2374],{},[1808,17778,12389],{"encoding":1810}," je cena pro neuživatele (skupina 1) a ",[1035,17781,17783],{"className":17782},[1772],[1774,17784,17785],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,17786,17787,17795],{},[1781,17788,17789],{},[1792,17790,17791,17793],{},[1784,17792,2264],{},[2348,17794,4593],{},[1808,17796,17797],{"encoding":1810},"P_2"," je cena s kuponem (skupina 2). Elasticity berte se znaménkem.",[1100,17800,17802],{"id":17801},"_84-konkrétní-výpočet-koláče","8.4 Konkrétní výpočet — koláče",[1030,17804,17805,17806,17830,17831,17855],{},"Pro koláče: ",[1035,17807,17809],{"className":17808},[1772],[1774,17810,17811],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,17812,17813,17827],{},[1781,17814,17815,17821,17823,17825],{},[1792,17816,17817,17819],{},[1784,17818,2364],{},[2348,17820,2374],{},[1788,17822,1863],{},[1788,17824,2371],{},[2348,17826,17633],{},[1808,17828,17829],{"encoding":1810},"E_1 = -0{,}21"," (občasní), ",[1035,17832,17834],{"className":17833},[1772],[1774,17835,17836],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,17837,17838,17852],{},[1781,17839,17840,17846,17848,17850],{},[1792,17841,17842,17844],{},[1784,17843,2364],{},[2348,17845,4593],{},[1788,17847,1863],{},[1788,17849,2371],{},[2348,17851,17652],{},[1808,17853,17854],{"encoding":1810},"E_2 = -0{,}43"," (uživatelé kuponů).",[1035,17857,17859],{"className":17858},[1772],[1774,17860,17861],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,17862,17863,17964],{},[1781,17864,17865,17879,17881,17919,17921,17941,17943,17959,17961],{},[2322,17866,17867,17873],{},[1792,17868,17869,17871],{},[1784,17870,2264],{},[2348,17872,2374],{},[1792,17874,17875,17877],{},[1784,17876,2264],{},[2348,17878,4593],{},[1788,17880,1863],{},[2322,17882,17883,17901],{},[1781,17884,17885,17887,17889,17891,17893,17895,17897,17899],{},[2348,17886,2374],{},[1788,17888,2637],{},[2348,17890,2374],{},[1784,17892,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,17894,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,17896,2371],{},[2348,17898,17652],{},[1788,17900,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1781,17902,17903,17905,17907,17909,17911,17913,17915,17917],{},[2348,17904,2374],{},[1788,17906,2637],{},[2348,17908,2374],{},[1784,17910,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,17912,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,17914,2371],{},[2348,17916,17633],{},[1788,17918,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,17920,1863],{},[2322,17922,17923,17932],{},[1781,17924,17925,17927,17929],{},[2348,17926,2374],{},[1788,17928,2371],{},[2348,17930,17931],{},"2,326",[1781,17933,17934,17936,17938],{},[2348,17935,2374],{},[1788,17937,2371],{},[2348,17939,17940],{},"4,762",[1788,17942,1863],{},[2322,17944,17945,17952],{},[1781,17946,17947,17949],{},[1788,17948,2371],{},[2348,17950,17951],{},"1,326",[1781,17953,17954,17956],{},[1788,17955,2371],{},[2348,17957,17958],{},"3,762",[1788,17960,8786],{},[2348,17962,17963],{},"0,352",[1808,17965,17966],{"encoding":1810},"\\frac{P_1}{P_2} = \\frac{1 + 1\u002F(-0{,}43)}{1 + 1\u002F(-0{,}21)} = \\frac{1 - 2{,}326}{1 - 4{,}762} = \\frac{-1{,}326}{-3{,}762} \\approx 0{,}352",[1030,17968,17969,17970,17985,17986,17989],{},"Pozn.: tento vzorec předpokládá, že obě elasticity jsou v absolutní hodnotě > 1 (jinak je ",[1035,17971,17973],{"className":17972},[1772],[1774,17974,17975],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,17976,17977,17983],{},[1781,17978,17979,17981],{},[1784,17980,1857],{},[1784,17982,1860],{},[1808,17984,13044],{"encoding":1810}," záporný a optimalizace nemá smysl). Pro koláče v této tabulce není přísně splněno — proto je správnější interpretace: ",[1047,17987,17988],{},"firma dokáže účtovat neuživatelům cenu zhruba 1{,}67× vyšší než uživatelům"," (tj. plná cena : kupónová cena ≈ 1{,}67 : 1).",[1082,17991,17992],{},[1030,17993,17994,17997,17998,18013,18014,18017,18018,18042],{},[1047,17995,17996],{},"Číselný příklad:"," Koláč prodáván za ",[1035,17999,18001],{"className":18000},[1772],[1774,18002,18003],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,18004,18005,18010],{},[1781,18006,18007],{},[2348,18008,18009],{},"1,50",[1808,18011,18012],{"encoding":1810},"1{,}50"," — pak s kuponem stojí přibližně ",[1047,18015,18016],{},"90 centů",". (",[1035,18019,18021],{"className":18020},[1772],[1774,18022,18023],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,18024,18025,18039],{},[1781,18026,18027,18029,18031,18034,18036],{},[2348,18028,18009],{},[1784,18030,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,18032,18033],{},"1,67",[1788,18035,8786],{},[2348,18037,18038],{},"0,90",[1808,18040,18041],{"encoding":1810},"1{,}50 \u002F 1{,}67 \\approx 0{,}90",".)",[1100,18044,18046],{"id":18045},"_85-praktické-dopady","8.5 Praktické dopady",[1112,18048,18049,18055,18061,18067,18073],{},[1115,18050,18051,18054],{},[1047,18052,18053],{},"Kupony v novinách \u002F mailbox"," — klasická forma, postupně mizí.",[1115,18056,18057,18060],{},[1047,18058,18059],{},"Promo kódy v e-shopu"," — moderní digitální obdoba.",[1115,18062,18063,18066],{},[1047,18064,18065],{},"Věrnostní karty"," (Lidl, Tesco, Albert) — slevy podmíněné registrací; navíc firma sbírá data.",[1115,18068,18069,18072],{},[1047,18070,18071],{},"Cashback"," (Mastercard, kreditky) — část ceny se vrací zákazníkovi, který si o to požádá.",[1115,18074,18075,18078],{},[1047,18076,18077],{},"Slevové portály"," (Slevomat) — agregují kupony pro zákazníky s elastickou poptávkou.",[4503,18080],{},[1077,18082,18084],{"id":18083},"_9-diskriminace-v-čase","9. Diskriminace v čase",[1100,18086,18088],{"id":18087},"_91-princip","9.1 Princip",[1030,18090,18091,18094],{},[1047,18092,18093],{},"„Hlavním pomocníkem je čas.\""," Během času se mění elasticita poptávky po stejném produktu:",[1112,18096,18097,18112],{},[1115,18098,18099,18100,18103,18104,18107,18108,18111],{},"Na ",[1047,18101,18102],{},"začátku životního cyklu"," produktu chtějí mít produkt ",[1047,18105,18106],{},"nadšenci a early adopters"," — jejich poptávka je ",[1047,18109,18110],{},"málo elastická"," (jsou ochotni platit hodně, aby produkt měli první).",[1115,18113,18114,18115,5985,18118,18121],{},"Po čase se trh rozšíří na ",[1047,18116,18117],{},"mainstream zákazníky",[1047,18119,18120],{},"vyšší elasticitou"," (rozhodují se podle ceny, méně podle novosti).",[1030,18123,18124,18125,18128,18129,18132],{},"Firma proto ",[1047,18126,18127],{},"začíná vysokou cenou"," (zachycuje neelastické early adopters) a ",[1047,18130,18131],{},"postupně cenu snižuje"," (otevírá produkt elastickému mainstreamu).",[1100,18134,18136],{"id":18135},"_92-geometrický-pohled","9.2 Geometrický pohled",[1030,18138,18139],{},"Existují dvě poptávky:",[1112,18141,18142,18173],{},[1115,18143,18144,18172],{},[1035,18145,18147],{"className":18146},[1772],[1774,18148,18149],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,18150,18151,18169],{},[1781,18152,18153,18159,18161,18163],{},[1792,18154,18155,18157],{},[1784,18156,3224],{},[2348,18158,2374],{},[1788,18160,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,18162,1857],{},[1792,18164,18165,18167],{},[1784,18166,1860],{},[2348,18168,2374],{},[1808,18170,18171],{"encoding":1810},"D_1, MR_1"," — neelastická poptávka early adopters (vlevo na grafu).",[1115,18174,18175,18203],{},[1035,18176,18178],{"className":18177},[1772],[1774,18179,18180],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,18181,18182,18200],{},[1781,18183,18184,18190,18192,18194],{},[1792,18185,18186,18188],{},[1784,18187,3224],{},[2348,18189,4593],{},[1788,18191,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,18193,1857],{},[1792,18195,18196,18198],{},[1784,18197,1860],{},[2348,18199,4593],{},[1808,18201,18202],{"encoding":1810},"D_2, MR_2"," — elastická poptávka mainstreamu (vpravo, položnější).",[1030,18205,18206,18207,18224,18225,18242,18243,18268,18269,1075],{},"Firma nejprve operuje na trhu 1 s vysokou cenou ",[1035,18208,18210],{"className":18209},[1772],[1774,18211,18212],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,18213,18214,18222],{},[1781,18215,18216],{},[1792,18217,18218,18220],{},[1784,18219,2264],{},[2348,18221,2374],{},[1808,18223,12389],{"encoding":1810}," a nízkým ",[1035,18226,18228],{"className":18227},[1772],[1774,18229,18230],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,18231,18232,18240],{},[1781,18233,18234],{},[1792,18235,18236,18238],{},[1784,18237,2270],{},[2348,18239,2374],{},[1808,18241,12370],{"encoding":1810},". Po čase přesune cenu na ",[1035,18244,18246],{"className":18245},[1772],[1774,18247,18248],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,18249,18250,18266],{},[1781,18251,18252,18258,18260],{},[1792,18253,18254,18256],{},[1784,18255,2264],{},[2348,18257,4593],{},[1788,18259,2537],{},[1792,18261,18262,18264],{},[1784,18263,2264],{},[2348,18265,2374],{},[1808,18267,12456],{"encoding":1810}," a získá další objem ",[1035,18270,18272],{"className":18271},[1772],[1774,18273,18274],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,18275,18276,18284],{},[1781,18277,18278],{},[1792,18279,18280,18282],{},[1784,18281,2270],{},[2348,18283,4593],{},[1808,18285,12429],{"encoding":1810},[1100,18287,18289],{"id":18288},"_93-reálné-příklady","9.3 Reálné příklady",[1153,18291,18292,18301],{},[1156,18293,18294],{},[1159,18295,18296,18298],{},[1162,18297,17353],{},[1162,18299,18300],{},"Mechanismus časové diskriminace",[1172,18302,18303,18313,18322,18332,18342,18352],{},[1159,18304,18305,18310],{},[1177,18306,18307],{},[1047,18308,18309],{},"Knihy",[1177,18311,18312],{},"Tvrdá vazba (hardcover) první rok za vysokou cenu, pak měkká (paperback) za zlomek ceny.",[1159,18314,18315,18319],{},[1177,18316,18317],{},[1047,18318,7996],{},[1177,18320,18321],{},"Premiérová cena v kině → DVD → streaming → TV → free-to-air. Každá fáze cílí na jinou (elastičtější) skupinu.",[1159,18323,18324,18329],{},[1177,18325,18326],{},[1047,18327,18328],{},"iPhone \u002F Samsung",[1177,18330,18331],{},"Nový model za premium cenu při uvedení; po roce se starý model prodává levněji.",[1159,18333,18334,18339],{},[1177,18335,18336],{},[1047,18337,18338],{},"Hry (Steam)",[1177,18340,18341],{},"Plná cena při launchi → 50 % po půl roce → 75 % po roce → 90 % v sale po dvou letech.",[1159,18343,18344,18349],{},[1177,18345,18346],{},[1047,18347,18348],{},"Móda",[1177,18350,18351],{},"Nová kolekce v září za plnou cenu → leden výprodej za 50 % → únor outlet.",[1159,18353,18354,18359],{},[1177,18355,18356],{},[1047,18357,18358],{},"Auta",[1177,18360,18361],{},"Cena nového modelu vs. ojetého auta téhož roku — efektivně časová diskriminace přes opotřebení.",[1100,18363,18365],{"id":18364},"_94-vztah-k-1-stupni","9.4 Vztah k 1. stupni",[1030,18367,18368,18369,18372,18373,18376],{},"Časová diskriminace je v podstatě ",[1047,18370,18371],{},"dynamická aproximace 1. stupně diskriminace",": místo toho, aby firma uhádla rezervační cenu zákazníka teď, ",[1047,18374,18375],{},"nechá zákazníka, aby se zařadil sám podle ochoty počkat",". Kdo nemá trpělivost (neelastický), zaplatí dnes plnou cenu; kdo má trpělivost (elastický), počká si na slevu.",[4503,18378],{},[1077,18380,18382],{"id":18381},"_10-stanovení-cen-ve-špičkách-peak-load-pricing","10. Stanovení cen ve špičkách (peak-load pricing)",[1100,18384,18386],{"id":18385},"_101-princip","10.1 Princip",[1030,18388,18389,18392],{},[1047,18390,18391],{},"Peak-load pricing"," se uplatňuje, když:",[1112,18394,18395,18401],{},[1115,18396,18397,18400],{},[1047,18398,18399],{},"Kapacita produkce je omezená"," (přenosová síť, doprava, restaurace, internetové trubky).",[1115,18402,18403,18406],{},[1047,18404,18405],{},"Poptávka je cyklicky proměnná"," (denní\u002Ftýdenní\u002Fsezónní cykly).",[1030,18408,18409,18410,18413,18414,18431,18432,18452,18453,18456,18457,18431,18475,1075],{},"Firma ve ",[1047,18411,18412],{},"špičce"," (vysoká poptávka ",[1035,18415,18417],{"className":18416},[1772],[1774,18418,18419],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,18420,18421,18429],{},[1781,18422,18423],{},[1792,18424,18425,18427],{},[1784,18426,3224],{},[2348,18428,2374],{},[1808,18430,13434],{"encoding":1810},") účtuje ",[1047,18433,18434,18435],{},"vyšší cenu ",[1035,18436,18438],{"className":18437},[1772],[1774,18439,18440],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,18441,18442,18450],{},[1781,18443,18444],{},[1792,18445,18446,18448],{},[1784,18447,2264],{},[2348,18449,2374],{},[1808,18451,12389],{"encoding":1810},"; ",[1047,18454,18455],{},"mimo špičku"," (nízká poptávka ",[1035,18458,18460],{"className":18459},[1772],[1774,18461,18462],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,18463,18464,18472],{},[1781,18465,18466],{},[1792,18467,18468,18470],{},[1784,18469,3224],{},[2348,18471,4593],{},[1808,18473,18474],{"encoding":1810},"D_2",[1047,18476,18477,18478],{},"nižší cenu ",[1035,18479,18481],{"className":18480},[1772],[1774,18482,18483],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,18484,18485,18493],{},[1781,18486,18487],{},[1792,18488,18489,18491],{},[1784,18490,2264],{},[2348,18492,4593],{},[1808,18494,17797],{"encoding":1810},[1100,18496,18498],{"id":18497},"_102-geometrický-pohled","10.2 Geometrický pohled",[1030,18500,18501,18502,18527],{},"Pro každou periodu zvlášť firma řeší ",[1035,18503,18505],{"className":18504},[1772],[1774,18506,18507],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,18508,18509,18525],{},[1781,18510,18511,18513,18519,18521,18523],{},[1784,18512,1857],{},[1792,18514,18515,18517],{},[1784,18516,1860],{},[1784,18518,1803],{},[1788,18520,1863],{},[1784,18522,1857],{},[1784,18524,1868],{},[1808,18526,13270],{"encoding":1810},". Ve špičce má vyšší poptávku, takže optimální cena je vyšší. Mimo špičku optimální cena nižší. Mezní náklady přitom mohou být v obou periodách stejné (pokud jde o stejnou výrobu) nebo různé (např. mimo špičku se používá levnější zdroj).",[1100,18529,18531],{"id":18530},"_103-rozdíl-od-3-stupně-diskriminace","10.3 Rozdíl od 3. stupně diskriminace",[1030,18533,18534,18536,18537,18540],{},[1047,18535,16674],{}," Peak-load pricing ",[1047,18538,18539],{},"není pravá 3. stupeň diskriminace"," ze dvou důvodů:",[1112,18542,18543,18564],{},[1115,18544,18545,18548,18549,2440],{},[1047,18546,18547],{},"Mezní náklad je různý"," mezi špičkou a mimošpičkou (ve špičce se přibližujeme kapacitnímu stropu → roste ",[1035,18550,18552],{"className":18551},[1772],[1774,18553,18554],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,18555,18556,18562],{},[1781,18557,18558,18560],{},[1784,18559,1857],{},[1784,18561,1868],{},[1808,18563,11135],{"encoding":1810},[1115,18565,18566,18569,18570,18573],{},[1047,18567,18568],{},"Náklady se liší"," v čase, takže ",[1047,18571,18572],{},"různé ceny mohou částečně odrážet různé náklady",", ne pouze diskriminaci.",[1030,18575,18576,18577,18580],{},"Z hlediska teorie je to ",[1047,18578,18579],{},"kombinace cenové diskriminace a efficient peak-pricing"," — část rozdílu cen je oprávněna nákladově, část je čistě diskriminační.",[1100,18582,18584],{"id":18583},"_104-reálné-příklady","10.4 Reálné příklady",[1153,18586,18587,18596],{},[1156,18588,18589],{},[1159,18590,18591,18593],{},[1162,18592,12580],{},[1162,18594,18595],{},"Peak \u002F Off-peak",[1172,18597,18598,18608,18618,18628,18638,18648,18658,18668],{},[1159,18599,18600,18605],{},[1177,18601,18602],{},[1047,18603,18604],{},"Elektřina",[1177,18606,18607],{},"Vysoký tarif (VT) přes den \u002F Nízký tarif (NT) v noci. Domácnosti s tepelným čerpadlem získávají nízkou cenu při akumulaci v noci.",[1159,18609,18610,18615],{},[1177,18611,18612],{},[1047,18613,18614],{},"Telefonie (historicky)",[1177,18616,18617],{},"Drahá denní tarifikace, levná noční (před érou paušálů).",[1159,18619,18620,18625],{},[1177,18621,18622],{},[1047,18623,18624],{},"Doprava",[1177,18626,18627],{},"Špička v MHD (peak hours) vs. mimošpička. Některé sítě (Londýn) účtují různé ceny podle času.",[1159,18629,18630,18635],{},[1177,18631,18632],{},[1047,18633,18634],{},"Restaurace",[1177,18636,18637],{},"Lunch menu (poledne) vs. dinner menu (večer) — různá cena za podobný produkt.",[1159,18639,18640,18645],{},[1177,18641,18642],{},[1047,18643,18644],{},"Letenky",[1177,18646,18647],{},"Pondělní rána vs. úterní odpoledne, prázdninová sezóna vs. mimo sezónu.",[1159,18649,18650,18655],{},[1177,18651,18652],{},[1047,18653,18654],{},"Hotely",[1177,18656,18657],{},"Víkendové sazby vs. všední dny v městských hotelech (a opačně v rekreačních).",[1159,18659,18660,18665],{},[1177,18661,18662],{},[1047,18663,18664],{},"Lyžování",[1177,18666,18667],{},"High season (vánoce, jarní prázdniny) vs. low season.",[1159,18669,18670,18675],{},[1177,18671,18672],{},[1047,18673,18674],{},"Uber surge pricing",[1177,18676,18677],{},"Real-time cena: čím vyšší poptávka v dané chvíli, tím vyšší multiplikátor.",[4503,18679],{},[1077,18681,18683],{"id":18682},"_11-aplikace-v-reálném-světě-a-moderní-rozšíření","11. Aplikace v reálném světě a moderní rozšíření",[1100,18685,18687],{"id":18686},"_111-aerolinky-mistři-diskriminace","11.1 Aerolinky — mistři diskriminace",[1030,18689,18690,18691,18694],{},"Letecké společnosti kombinují ",[1047,18692,18693],{},"všechny tři stupně"," najednou:",[1112,18696,18697,18703,18709,18715,18721],{},[1115,18698,18699,18702],{},[1047,18700,18701],{},"2. stupeň:"," Bagáž, sedadlo s extra legroom, prioritní boarding — to vše jsou bloky placené zvlášť.",[1115,18704,18705,18708],{},[1047,18706,18707],{},"3. stupeň:"," Business class × economy class na stejném letu, mileage program (status frequent flyer).",[1115,18710,18711,18714],{},[1047,18712,18713],{},"Časová diskriminace:"," Cena letenky se mění s rezervační lhůtou (early booking dražší? levnější? záleží).",[1115,18716,18717,18720],{},[1047,18718,18719],{},"Peak-load:"," Drahá sezóna × levná, ranní × večerní lety.",[1115,18722,18723,18726],{},[1047,18724,18725],{},"Algoritmické pricing:"," Yield management v reálném čase — cena se dynamicky upravuje podle aktuálního obsazení a historie poptávky.",[1030,18728,18729,18730,1075],{},"Z hlediska Mikroekonomie 2 jsou aerolinky ",[1047,18731,18732],{},"kanonický učebnicový příklad",[1100,18734,18736],{"id":18735},"_112-saas-pricing-free-pro-enterprise","11.2 SaaS pricing (Free \u002F Pro \u002F Enterprise)",[1030,18738,18739,18740,1310],{},"Moderní SaaS produkty (Slack, Notion, GitHub, Figma) mají typicky ",[1047,18741,18742],{},"3 cenové úrovně",[1112,18744,18745,18751,18757],{},[1115,18746,18747,18750],{},[1047,18748,18749],{},"Free"," — pro začátečníky a osobní použití (cíleno na elastické zákazníky, kteří by jinak nezaplatili nic).",[1115,18752,18753,18756],{},[1047,18754,18755],{},"Pro \u002F Team"," — pro malé firmy a profesionály (střední ochota platit).",[1115,18758,18759,18762],{},[1047,18760,18761],{},"Enterprise"," — pro velké firmy (vysoká ochota platit, často individuální vyjednávání).",[1030,18764,18765,18766,18769,18770,18772,18773,18775],{},"Free tier funguje jako ",[1047,18767,18768],{},"2. stupeň diskriminace"," (kdo chce víc funkcí, platí), Enterprise tier jako ",[1047,18771,7262],{}," (cena je v praxi vyjednávaná podle velikosti zákazníka). Mezitier Pro je ",[1047,18774,7274],{}," s pevnou ceníkovou cenou.",[1100,18777,18779],{"id":18778},"_113-algoritmické-dynamic-pricing","11.3 Algoritmické (dynamic) pricing",[1112,18781,18782,18788,18794,18800],{},[1115,18783,18784,18787],{},[1047,18785,18786],{},"Uber surge"," — multiplikátor podle poptávky × nabídky řidičů v lokalitě.",[1115,18789,18790,18793],{},[1047,18791,18792],{},"Amazon ML pricing"," — cena se mění tisíckrát denně podle algoritmu.",[1115,18795,18796,18799],{},[1047,18797,18798],{},"Booking.com \u002F Airbnb"," — dynamic pricing pro hotely a Airbnb hostitele.",[1115,18801,18802,18805],{},[1047,18803,18804],{},"E-commerce personalizace"," — cena na základě IP, prohlížeče, historie.",[1030,18807,18808,18809,18812],{},"Z hlediska teorie je algoritmické pricing ",[1047,18810,18811],{},"strojově řízená aproximace 1. stupně diskriminace"," — algoritmus se snaží odhadnout rezervační cenu zákazníka v reálném čase.",[1100,18814,18816],{"id":18815},"_114-psychologické-bariéry-diskriminace","11.4 Psychologické bariéry diskriminace",[1030,18818,18819,18820,18823],{},"Lidé psychologicky ",[1047,18821,18822],{},"nesnášejí"," být diskriminováni — když se dozví, že soused zaplatil za to samé méně, mají pocit nespravedlnosti. Proto firmy:",[1112,18825,18826,18832],{},[1115,18827,18828,18831],{},[1047,18829,18830],{},"Maskují diskriminaci"," jako akce, slevy, balíčky, věrnostní programy.",[1115,18833,18834,18837],{},[1047,18835,18836],{},"Vyhýbají se transparentní diskriminaci"," podle pozorovatelných znaků (rasa, gender), pokud to není legální (slevy pro studenty\u002Fseniory mají široce přijatý sociální mandát).",[4503,18839],{},[1077,18841,18843],{"id":18842},"_12-etické-a-regulační-otázky","12. Etické a regulační otázky",[1100,18845,18847],{"id":18846},"_121-kdy-je-diskriminace-přípustná","12.1 Kdy je diskriminace přípustná",[1112,18849,18850,18856,18862],{},[1115,18851,18852,18855],{},[1047,18853,18854],{},"Slevy podle ekonomické kategorie"," (studenti, senioři, držitelé průkazu ZTP) — společensky akceptované, často i pozitivně chápané jako forma sociální politiky.",[1115,18857,18858,18861],{},[1047,18859,18860],{},"Slevy podle množství"," (množstevní rabaty) — všeobecně chápané jako fair.",[1115,18863,18864,18867],{},[1047,18865,18866],{},"Sezónní a peak-load ceny"," — rozumné jako reflexe nákladů kapacity.",[1100,18869,18871],{"id":18870},"_122-kdy-je-diskriminace-nezákonná","12.2 Kdy je diskriminace nezákonná",[1030,18873,18874],{},"V mnoha jurisdikcích je zakázána diskriminace na základě:",[1112,18876,18877,18883,18889,18895],{},[1115,18878,18879,18882],{},[1047,18880,18881],{},"Rasy \u002F etnicity"," — viz Civil Rights Act 1964 v USA, antidiskriminační zákon v ČR.",[1115,18884,18885,18888],{},[1047,18886,18887],{},"Pohlaví"," — pojistné autopojištění může v EU od 2012 lišit podle pohlaví, ale jen omezeně.",[1115,18890,18891,18894],{},[1047,18892,18893],{},"Národnosti"," — v rámci EU zakázáno (Geo-blocking Regulation 2018) pro většinu zboží\u002Fslužeb.",[1115,18896,18897,18900],{},[1047,18898,18899],{},"Věku"," v některých případech — např. nelze odmítnout pronájem bytu kvůli věku.",[1100,18902,18904],{"id":18903},"_123-šedá-zóna","12.3 Šedá zóna",[1112,18906,18907,18913,18919],{},[1115,18908,18909,18912],{},[1047,18910,18911],{},"Cookies a personalizace"," — kde končí UX a začíná diskriminace?",[1115,18914,18915,18918],{},[1047,18916,18917],{},"Dynamic pricing podle prohlížeče \u002F OS"," — Mac uživatelé občas dostávali vyšší ceny než Windows; po medializaci to firmy ukončily.",[1115,18920,18921,18924],{},[1047,18922,18923],{},"Surge pricing v krizových situacích"," (přírodní katastrofa) — Uber má mechanismus capování během katastrof.",[4503,18926],{},[1077,18928,18930],{"id":18929},"_13-vzorové-předtermínové-úlohy","13. Vzorové předtermínové úlohy",[1100,18932,18934],{"id":18933},"_131-předtermín-x-diskriminace-na-2-trzích","13.1 Předtermín X — diskriminace na 2 trzích",[1030,18936,18937,18938,18941,18942,18971,18972,1299,19003,19034],{},"Tento příklad je ",[1047,18939,18940],{},"identický s příkladem v sekci 6"," této stránky: ",[1035,18943,18945],{"className":18944},[1772],[1774,18946,18947],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,18948,18949,18969],{},[1781,18950,18951,18953,18955,18957,18963,18965,18967],{},[1784,18952,2257],{},[1784,18954,1868],{},[1788,18956,1863],{},[2467,18958,18959,18961],{},[1784,18960,2270],{},[2348,18962,4593],{},[1788,18964,2637],{},[2348,18966,3116],{},[1784,18968,2270],{},[1808,18970,13679],{"encoding":1810},", dvě poptávky ",[1035,18973,18975],{"className":18974},[1772],[1774,18976,18977],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,18978,18979,19001],{},[1781,18980,18981,18987,18989,18991,18993,18995],{},[1792,18982,18983,18985],{},[1784,18984,2270],{},[2348,18986,2374],{},[1788,18988,1863],{},[2348,18990,13736],{},[1788,18992,2371],{},[2348,18994,13741],{},[1792,18996,18997,18999],{},[1784,18998,2264],{},[2348,19000,2374],{},[1808,19002,13750],{"encoding":1810},[1035,19004,19006],{"className":19005},[1772],[1774,19007,19008],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,19009,19010,19032],{},[1781,19011,19012,19018,19020,19022,19024,19026],{},[1792,19013,19014,19016],{},[1784,19015,2270],{},[2348,19017,4593],{},[1788,19019,1863],{},[2348,19021,13770],{},[1788,19023,2371],{},[2348,19025,2610],{},[1792,19027,19028,19030],{},[1784,19029,2264],{},[2348,19031,4593],{},[1808,19033,13783],{"encoding":1810},", hledejte ceny a množství.",[1030,19036,19037,1089,19040,1299,19061,1299,19083,1299,19105,1299,19127,1299,19144,1075],{},[1047,19038,19039],{},"Klíčové výsledky:",[1035,19041,19043],{"className":19042},[1772],[1774,19044,19045],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,19046,19047,19059],{},[1781,19048,19049,19055,19057],{},[1792,19050,19051,19053],{},[1784,19052,2270],{},[2348,19054,2374],{},[1788,19056,1863],{},[2348,19058,9661],{},[1808,19060,15643],{"encoding":1810},[1035,19062,19064],{"className":19063},[1772],[1774,19065,19066],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,19067,19068,19080],{},[1781,19069,19070,19076,19078],{},[1792,19071,19072,19074],{},[1784,19073,2270],{},[2348,19075,4593],{},[1788,19077,1863],{},[2348,19079,14632],{},[1808,19081,19082],{"encoding":1810},"Q_2 = 7",[1035,19084,19086],{"className":19085},[1772],[1774,19087,19088],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,19089,19090,19102],{},[1781,19091,19092,19098,19100],{},[1792,19093,19094,19096],{},[1784,19095,2264],{},[2348,19097,2374],{},[1788,19099,1863],{},[2348,19101,2709],{},[1808,19103,19104],{"encoding":1810},"P_1 = 60",[1035,19106,19108],{"className":19107},[1772],[1774,19109,19110],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,19111,19112,19124],{},[1781,19113,19114,19120,19122],{},[1792,19115,19116,19118],{},[1784,19117,2264],{},[2348,19119,4593],{},[1788,19121,1863],{},[2348,19123,14723],{},[1808,19125,19126],{"encoding":1810},"P_2 = 110",[1035,19128,19130],{"className":19129},[1772],[1774,19131,19132],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,19133,19134,19142],{},[1781,19135,19136,19138,19140],{},[1784,19137,2270],{},[1788,19139,1863],{},[2348,19141,2786],{},[1808,19143,14510],{"encoding":1810},[1035,19145,19147],{"className":19146},[1772],[1774,19148,19149],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,19150,19151,19165],{},[1781,19152,19153,19155,19161,19163],{},[1784,19154,1857],{},[2467,19156,19157,19159],{},[1784,19158,1860],{},[1788,19160,7763],{},[1788,19162,1863],{},[2348,19164,9208],{},[1808,19166,19167],{"encoding":1810},"MR^* = 40",[1030,19169,19170],{},"Plné řešení viz sekce 6 výše.",[1100,19172,19174],{"id":19173},"_132-předtermín-c-plastický-chirurg","13.2 Předtermín C — plastický chirurg",[1030,19176,19177,19178,19199],{},"Plastický chirurg s ",[1035,19179,19181],{"className":19180},[1772],[1774,19182,19183],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,19184,19185,19197],{},[1781,19186,19187,19189,19191,19193,19195],{},[1784,19188,3766],{},[1784,19190,10292],{},[1784,19192,1868],{},[1788,19194,1863],{},[2348,19196,12266],{},[1808,19198,12269],{"encoding":1810}," Kč. Dva typy klientů: bohatí (vysoká rezervační cena) a střední (nižší rezervační cena). Kapacita omezená.",[1030,19201,19202,19205],{},[1047,19203,19204],{},"Stupeň diskriminace:"," 1. stupeň (individuální cena pro každého klienta na základě vyjednávání).",[1030,19207,19208,19211,19212,19233],{},[1047,19209,19210],{},"Strategie:"," Obsloužit klienty v pořadí podle nabídnuté ceny, dokud nabídka neklesne pod ",[1035,19213,19215],{"className":19214},[1772],[1774,19216,19217],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,19218,19219,19231],{},[1781,19220,19221,19223,19225,19227,19229],{},[1784,19222,3766],{},[1784,19224,10292],{},[1784,19226,1868],{},[1788,19228,1863],{},[2348,19230,12266],{},[1808,19232,12269],{"encoding":1810},". Každému klientovi účtovat jeho individuální maximum, nikoli jednu cenu.",[1030,19235,19236,19237,1075],{},"Plný rozbor viz ",[1068,19238,4281],{"className":19239,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":4279,"href":4280},[1071],[4503,19241],{},[1077,19243,19245],{"id":19244},"_14-souhrn-klíčových-vzorců","14. Souhrn klíčových vzorců",[1153,19247,19248,19260],{},[1156,19249,19250],{},[1159,19251,19252,19254,19257],{},[1162,19253,11354],{},[1162,19255,19256],{},"Optimalizační podmínka",[1162,19258,19259],{},"Cena",[1172,19261,19262,19311,19360],{},[1159,19263,19264,19266,19287],{},[1177,19265,11577],{},[1177,19267,19268],{},[1035,19269,19271],{"className":19270},[1772],[1774,19272,19273],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,19274,19275,19285],{},[1781,19276,19277,19279,19281,19283],{},[1784,19278,3224],{},[1788,19280,1863],{},[1784,19282,1857],{},[1784,19284,1868],{},[1808,19286,11624],{"encoding":1810},[1177,19288,19289,19290],{},"Individuální = ",[1035,19291,19293],{"className":19292},[1772],[1774,19294,19295],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,19296,19297,19309],{},[1781,19298,19299,19301,19303],{},[1784,19300,3759],{},[1784,19302,2257],{},[1792,19304,19305,19307],{},[1784,19306,2264],{},[1784,19308,1803],{},[1808,19310,11531],{"encoding":1810},[1159,19312,19313,19316,19357],{},[1177,19314,19315],{},"2.",[1177,19317,19318,19343,19344],{},[1035,19319,19321],{"className":19320},[1772],[1774,19322,19323],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,19324,19325,19341],{},[1781,19326,19327,19329,19335,19337,19339],{},[1784,19328,1857],{},[1792,19330,19331,19333],{},[1784,19332,1860],{},[1784,19334,1803],{},[1788,19336,1863],{},[1784,19338,1857],{},[1784,19340,1868],{},[1808,19342,13270],{"encoding":1810}," pro každý blok ",[1035,19345,19347],{"className":19346},[1772],[1774,19348,19349],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,19350,19351,19355],{},[1781,19352,19353],{},[1784,19354,1803],{},[1808,19356,1803],{"encoding":1810},[1177,19358,19359],{},"Klesající podle bloku",[1159,19361,19362,19365,19407],{},[1177,19363,19364],{},"3.",[1177,19366,19367],{},[1035,19368,19370],{"className":19369},[1772],[1774,19371,19372],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,19373,19374,19404],{},[1781,19375,19376,19378,19384,19386,19388,19394,19396,19398,19400,19402],{},[1784,19377,1857],{},[1792,19379,19380,19382],{},[1784,19381,1860],{},[2348,19383,2374],{},[1788,19385,1863],{},[1784,19387,1857],{},[1792,19389,19390,19392],{},[1784,19391,1860],{},[2348,19393,4593],{},[1788,19395,1863],{},[1788,19397,12008],{},[1788,19399,1863],{},[1784,19401,1857],{},[1784,19403,1868],{},[1808,19405,19406],{"encoding":1810},"MR_1 = MR_2 = \\ldots = MC",[1177,19408,19409],{},[1035,19410,19412],{"className":19411},[1772],[1774,19413,19414],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,19415,19416,19472],{},[1781,19417,19418,19434,19436],{},[14390,19419,19420],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,19421,19422,19428],{},[1792,19423,19424,19426],{},[1784,19425,2264],{},[2348,19427,2374],{},[1792,19429,19430,19432],{},[1784,19431,2264],{},[2348,19433,4593],{},[1788,19435,1863],{},[14390,19437,19438],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,19439,19440,19456],{},[1781,19441,19442,19444,19446,19448,19450],{},[2348,19443,2374],{},[1788,19445,2637],{},[2348,19447,2374],{},[1784,19449,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,19451,19452,19454],{},[1784,19453,2364],{},[2348,19455,4593],{},[1781,19457,19458,19460,19462,19464,19466],{},[2348,19459,2374],{},[1788,19461,2637],{},[2348,19463,2374],{},[1784,19465,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,19467,19468,19470],{},[1784,19469,2364],{},[2348,19471,2374],{},[1808,19473,19474],{"encoding":1810},"\\dfrac{P_1}{P_2} = \\dfrac{1 + 1\u002FE_2}{1 + 1\u002FE_1}",[1153,19476,19477,19486],{},[1156,19478,19479],{},[1159,19480,19481,19483],{},[1162,19482,2983],{},[1162,19484,19485],{},"Vzorec",[1172,19487,19488,19539,19616],{},[1159,19489,19490,19493],{},[1177,19491,19492],{},"Lernerův index",[1177,19494,19495],{},[1035,19496,19498],{"className":19497},[1772],[1774,19499,19500],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,19501,19502,19536],{},[1781,19503,19504,19506,19508,19524,19526,19528],{},[1784,19505,3766],{},[1788,19507,1863],{},[14390,19509,19510],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,19511,19512,19522],{},[1781,19513,19514,19516,19518,19520],{},[1784,19515,2264],{},[1788,19517,2371],{},[1784,19519,1857],{},[1784,19521,1868],{},[1784,19523,2264],{},[1788,19525,1863],{},[1788,19527,2371],{},[14390,19529,19530],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,19531,19532,19534],{},[2348,19533,2374],{},[1784,19535,2364],{},[1808,19537,19538],{"encoding":1810},"L = \\dfrac{P - MC}{P} = -\\dfrac{1}{E}",[1159,19540,19541,19557],{},[1177,19542,19543,19544,2192],{},"Mezní příjem (lineární ",[1035,19545,19547],{"className":19546},[1772],[1774,19548,19549],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,19550,19551,19555],{},[1781,19552,19553],{},[1784,19554,3224],{},[1808,19556,3224],{"encoding":1810},[1177,19558,19559,19587,19588],{},[1035,19560,19562],{"className":19561},[1772],[1774,19563,19564],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,19565,19566,19584],{},[1781,19567,19568,19570,19572,19574,19576,19578,19580,19582],{},[1784,19569,1857],{},[1784,19571,1860],{},[1788,19573,1863],{},[1784,19575,1068],{},[1788,19577,2371],{},[2348,19579,4593],{},[1784,19581,8838],{},[1784,19583,2270],{},[1808,19585,19586],{"encoding":1810},"MR = a - 2bQ",", pokud ",[1035,19589,19591],{"className":19590},[1772],[1774,19592,19593],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,19594,19595,19613],{},[1781,19596,19597,19599,19601,19603,19605,19607,19609,19611],{},[1784,19598,3224],{},[1788,19600,1310],{},[1784,19602,2264],{},[1788,19604,1863],{},[1784,19606,1068],{},[1788,19608,2371],{},[1784,19610,8838],{},[1784,19612,2270],{},[1808,19614,19615],{"encoding":1810},"D: P = a - bQ",[1159,19617,19618,19621],{},[1177,19619,19620],{},"Horizontální součet",[1177,19622,19623,19651,19652],{},[1035,19624,19626],{"className":19625},[1772],[1774,19627,19628],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,19629,19630,19648],{},[1781,19631,19632,19638,19640,19642],{},[1792,19633,19634,19636],{},[1784,19635,2270],{},[1784,19637,2257],{},[1788,19639,1863],{},[1788,19641,12866],{},[1792,19643,19644,19646],{},[1784,19645,2270],{},[1784,19647,1803],{},[1808,19649,19650],{"encoding":1810},"Q_T = \\sum Q_i"," při společné hodnotě ",[1035,19653,19655],{"className":19654},[1772],[1774,19656,19657],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,19658,19659,19665],{},[1781,19660,19661,19663],{},[1784,19662,1857],{},[1784,19664,1860],{},[1808,19666,13044],{"encoding":1810},[1030,19668,19669,19670,1075],{},"Plný přehled s vysvětlením je v ",[1068,19671,1834],{"className":19672,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1832,"href":1833},[1071],[4503,19674],{},[1077,19676,19678],{"id":19677},"_15-vazby-na-ostatní-témata","15. Vazby na ostatní témata",[1112,19680,19681,19690,19696,19703,19709,19716,19723],{},[1115,19682,19683,19686,19687,1075],{},[1068,19684,7020],{"className":19685,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1876,"href":1877},[1071]," — nutný předpoklad, cenová diskriminace je vlastně ",[1047,19688,19689],{},"rozšíření monopolního chování",[1115,19691,19692,19695],{},[1068,19693,10762],{"className":19694,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":2388,"href":2389},[1071]," — určuje, kdo je „neelastický\" (platí víc) a kdo „elastický\" (platí míň).",[1115,19697,19698,19702],{},[1068,19699,19701],{"className":19700,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":10994,"href":10995},[1071],"Bundling a two-part tariff"," — další pokročilé cenové strategie navazující na diskriminaci.",[1115,19704,19705,19708],{},[1068,19706,7013],{"className":19707,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":4348,"href":4349},[1071]," — cenová diskriminace funguje slaběji, ale stále existuje (značky a věrnost).",[1115,19710,19711,19715],{},[1068,19712,19714],{"className":19713,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1832,"href":1833},[1071],"Přehled vzorců"," — všechny relevantní rovnice.",[1115,19717,19718,19722],{},[1068,19719,19721],{"className":19720,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":4279,"href":4280},[1071],"Vzorové zkoušky"," — řešené příklady včetně příkladu o plastickém chirurgovi.",[1115,19724,19725,19728],{},[1068,19726,14],{"className":19727,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1680,"href":1681},[1071]," — rozcestník kurzu.",[4503,19730],{},[1077,19732,19734],{"id":19733},"_16-klíčové-takeaways","16. Klíčové takeaways",[1260,19736,19737,19743,19749,19755,19800,19806,19833,19842],{},[1115,19738,19739,19742],{},[1047,19740,19741],{},"Cenová diskriminace = nestejné ceny stejného produktu",", motivované extrakcí spotřebitelského přebytku.",[1115,19744,19745,19748],{},[1047,19746,19747],{},"3 stupně:"," 1. (individuální), 2. (podle množství), 3. (podle skupin).",[1115,19750,19751,19754],{},[1047,19752,19753],{},"Nutné podmínky:"," tržní síla + segmentace + zabránění arbitráži.",[1115,19756,19757,1089,19760,19799],{},[1047,19758,19759],{},"Pravidlo 3. stupně:",[1035,19761,19763],{"className":19762},[1772],[1774,19764,19765],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,19766,19767,19797],{},[1781,19768,19769,19771,19777,19779,19781,19787,19789,19791,19793,19795],{},[1784,19770,1857],{},[1792,19772,19773,19775],{},[1784,19774,1860],{},[2348,19776,2374],{},[1788,19778,1863],{},[1784,19780,1857],{},[1792,19782,19783,19785],{},[1784,19784,1860],{},[2348,19786,4593],{},[1788,19788,1863],{},[1788,19790,12008],{},[1788,19792,1863],{},[1784,19794,1857],{},[1784,19796,1868],{},[1808,19798,19406],{"encoding":1810},". Méně elastická skupina platí víc.",[1115,19801,19802,19805],{},[1047,19803,19804],{},"Kupony, časová diskriminace a peak-load pricing"," jsou všechno aplikace 2. nebo 3. stupně.",[1115,19807,19808,19811,19812,19832],{},[1047,19809,19810],{},"Diskriminace zvyšuje zisk firmy"," (přínos lze přesně spočítat — viz příklad v sekci 7: ",[1035,19813,19815],{"className":19814},[1772],[1774,19816,19817],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,19818,19819,19829],{},[1781,19820,19821,19823,19825,19827],{},[1784,19822,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,19824,1786],{},[1788,19826,1863],{},[2348,19828,9997],{},[1808,19830,19831],{"encoding":1810},"\\Delta\\pi = 85"," Kč).",[1115,19834,19835,19838,19839,19841],{},[1047,19836,19837],{},"Diskriminace často zvyšuje i celkové vyrobené množství"," a tím snižuje deadweight loss — paradoxně může být ",[1047,19840,3173],{}," než jednotná monopolní cena.",[1115,19843,19844,19847],{},[1047,19845,19846],{},"V praxi se diskriminace maskuje"," jako slevy, akce, kupony, balíčky a věrnostní programy, protože transparentní diskriminace naráží na psychologické bariéry.",[4503,19849],{},[1077,19851,19853,19854],{"id":19852},"_17-doplňková-teorie-proč-3-stupeň-vychází-z-mr1mr2mr_1-mr_2","17. Doplňková teorie — proč 3. stupeň vychází z ",[1035,19855,19857],{"className":19856},[1772],[1774,19858,19859],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,19860,19861,19881],{},[1781,19862,19863,19865,19871,19873,19875],{},[1784,19864,1857],{},[1792,19866,19867,19869],{},[1784,19868,1860],{},[2348,19870,2374],{},[1788,19872,1863],{},[1784,19874,1857],{},[1792,19876,19877,19879],{},[1784,19878,1860],{},[2348,19880,4593],{},[1808,19882,19883],{"encoding":1810},"MR_1 = MR_2",[1030,19885,19886],{},"Krátká derivace optimality 3. stupně. Firma maximalizuje:",[1035,19888,19890],{"className":19889},[1772],[1774,19891,19892],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,19893,19894,19980],{},[1781,19895,19896,19898,19900,19906,19908,19914,19916,19918,19920,19926,19928,19934,19936,19938,19940,19946,19948,19954,19956,19958,19960,19962,19964,19970,19972,19978],{},[1784,19897,1786],{},[1788,19899,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,19901,19902,19904],{},[1784,19903,2270],{},[2348,19905,2374],{},[1788,19907,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,19909,19910,19912],{},[1784,19911,2270],{},[2348,19913,4593],{},[1788,19915,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,19917,1863],{},[1784,19919,2257],{},[1792,19921,19922,19924],{},[1784,19923,1860],{},[2348,19925,2374],{},[1788,19927,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,19929,19930,19932],{},[1784,19931,2270],{},[2348,19933,2374],{},[1788,19935,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,19937,2637],{},[1784,19939,2257],{},[1792,19941,19942,19944],{},[1784,19943,1860],{},[2348,19945,4593],{},[1788,19947,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,19949,19950,19952],{},[1784,19951,2270],{},[2348,19953,4593],{},[1788,19955,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,19957,2371],{},[1784,19959,2257],{},[1784,19961,1868],{},[1788,19963,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,19965,19966,19968],{},[1784,19967,2270],{},[2348,19969,2374],{},[1788,19971,2637],{},[1792,19973,19974,19976],{},[1784,19975,2270],{},[2348,19977,4593],{},[1788,19979,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,19981,19982],{"encoding":1810},"\\pi(Q_1, Q_2) = TR_1(Q_1) + TR_2(Q_2) - TC(Q_1 + Q_2)",[1030,19984,19985,19986,1310],{},"Parciální derivace podle ",[1035,19987,19989],{"className":19988},[1772],[1774,19990,19991],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,19992,19993,20001],{},[1781,19994,19995],{},[1792,19996,19997,19999],{},[1784,19998,2270],{},[2348,20000,2374],{},[1808,20002,12370],{"encoding":1810},[1035,20004,20006],{"className":20005},[1772],[1774,20007,20008],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,20009,20010,20114],{},[1781,20011,20012,20030,20032,20056,20058,20074,20076,20094,20096,20098,20104,20106,20108,20110,20112],{},[2322,20013,20014,20020],{},[1781,20015,20016,20018],{},[1784,20017,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,20019,1786],{},[1781,20021,20022,20024],{},[1784,20023,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,20025,20026,20028],{},[1784,20027,2270],{},[2348,20029,2374],{},[1788,20031,1863],{},[2322,20033,20034,20046],{},[1781,20035,20036,20038,20040],{},[1784,20037,2328],{},[1784,20039,2257],{},[1792,20041,20042,20044],{},[1784,20043,1860],{},[2348,20045,2374],{},[1781,20047,20048,20050],{},[1784,20049,2328],{},[1792,20051,20052,20054],{},[1784,20053,2270],{},[2348,20055,2374],{},[1788,20057,2371],{},[2322,20059,20060,20068],{},[1781,20061,20062,20064,20066],{},[1784,20063,2328],{},[1784,20065,2257],{},[1784,20067,1868],{},[1781,20069,20070,20072],{},[1784,20071,2328],{},[1784,20073,2270],{},[1788,20075,2267],{},[2322,20077,20078,20084],{},[1781,20079,20080,20082],{},[1784,20081,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,20083,2270],{},[1781,20085,20086,20088],{},[1784,20087,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,20089,20090,20092],{},[1784,20091,2270],{},[2348,20093,2374],{},[1788,20095,1863],{},[1784,20097,1857],{},[1792,20099,20100,20102],{},[1784,20101,1860],{},[2348,20103,2374],{},[1788,20105,2371],{},[1784,20107,1857],{},[1784,20109,1868],{},[1788,20111,1863],{},[2348,20113,2350],{},[1808,20115,20116],{"encoding":1810},"\\frac{\\partial \\pi}{\\partial Q_1} = \\frac{dTR_1}{dQ_1} - \\frac{dTC}{dQ}\\cdot \\frac{\\partial Q}{\\partial Q_1} = MR_1 - MC = 0",[1030,20118,20119,20120,4058,20137,20167,20168,1075],{},"Analogicky pro ",[1035,20121,20123],{"className":20122},[1772],[1774,20124,20125],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,20126,20127,20135],{},[1781,20128,20129],{},[1792,20130,20131,20133],{},[1784,20132,2270],{},[2348,20134,4593],{},[1808,20136,12429],{"encoding":1810},[1035,20138,20140],{"className":20139},[1772],[1774,20141,20142],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,20143,20144,20164],{},[1781,20145,20146,20148,20154,20156,20158,20160,20162],{},[1784,20147,1857],{},[1792,20149,20150,20152],{},[1784,20151,1860],{},[2348,20153,4593],{},[1788,20155,2371],{},[1784,20157,1857],{},[1784,20159,1868],{},[1788,20161,1863],{},[2348,20163,2350],{},[1808,20165,20166],{"encoding":1810},"MR_2 - MC = 0",". Z toho přímo ",[1035,20169,20171],{"className":20170},[1772],[1774,20172,20173],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,20174,20175,20201],{},[1781,20176,20177,20179,20185,20187,20189,20195,20197,20199],{},[1784,20178,1857],{},[1792,20180,20181,20183],{},[1784,20182,1860],{},[2348,20184,2374],{},[1788,20186,1863],{},[1784,20188,1857],{},[1792,20190,20191,20193],{},[1784,20192,1860],{},[2348,20194,4593],{},[1788,20196,1863],{},[1784,20198,1857],{},[1784,20200,1868],{},[1808,20202,20203],{"encoding":1810},"MR_1 = MR_2 = MC",[1030,20205,20206,20209,20210,20240,20241,20275],{},[1047,20207,20208],{},"Intuice:"," Kdyby ",[1035,20211,20213],{"className":20212},[1772],[1774,20214,20215],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,20216,20217,20237],{},[1781,20218,20219,20221,20227,20229,20231],{},[1784,20220,1857],{},[1792,20222,20223,20225],{},[1784,20224,1860],{},[2348,20226,2374],{},[1788,20228,2491],{},[1784,20230,1857],{},[1792,20232,20233,20235],{},[1784,20234,1860],{},[2348,20236,4593],{},[1808,20238,20239],{"encoding":1810},"MR_1 > MR_2",", firma by získala přesunutím jednotky ze trhu 2 na trh 1 dodatečný zisk ",[1035,20242,20244],{"className":20243},[1772],[1774,20245,20246],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,20247,20248,20272],{},[1781,20249,20250,20252,20258,20260,20262,20268,20270],{},[1784,20251,1857],{},[1792,20253,20254,20256],{},[1784,20255,1860],{},[2348,20257,2374],{},[1788,20259,2371],{},[1784,20261,1857],{},[1792,20263,20264,20266],{},[1784,20265,1860],{},[2348,20267,4593],{},[1788,20269,2491],{},[2348,20271,2350],{},[1808,20273,20274],{"encoding":1810},"MR_1 - MR_2 > 0"," při nezměněných nákladech. Optimum je tam, kde žádný takový přesun už není výhodný — tedy při vyrovnaných mezních příjmech.",[1100,20277,20279,20280,20295],{"id":20278},"_171-vztah-mrmr-a-elasticity","17.1 Vztah ",[1035,20281,20283],{"className":20282},[1772],[1774,20284,20285],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,20286,20287,20293],{},[1781,20288,20289,20291],{},[1784,20290,1857],{},[1784,20292,1860],{},[1808,20294,13044],{"encoding":1810}," a elasticity",[1030,20297,20298,20299,20322],{},"Z definice ",[1035,20300,20302],{"className":20301},[1772],[1774,20303,20304],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,20305,20306,20320],{},[1781,20307,20308,20310,20312,20314,20316,20318],{},[1784,20309,2257],{},[1784,20311,1860],{},[1788,20313,1863],{},[1784,20315,2264],{},[1788,20317,2267],{},[1784,20319,2270],{},[1808,20321,2273],{"encoding":1810}," a derivačního pravidla:",[1035,20324,20326],{"className":20325},[1772],[1774,20327,20328],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,20329,20330,20430],{},[1781,20331,20332,20334,20336,20338,20354,20356,20358,20360,20362,20376,20378,20380,20410,20412,20414],{},[1784,20333,1857],{},[1784,20335,1860],{},[1788,20337,1863],{},[2322,20339,20340,20348],{},[1781,20341,20342,20344,20346],{},[1784,20343,2328],{},[1784,20345,2257],{},[1784,20347,1860],{},[1781,20349,20350,20352],{},[1784,20351,2328],{},[1784,20353,2270],{},[1788,20355,1863],{},[1784,20357,2264],{},[1788,20359,2637],{},[1784,20361,2270],{},[2322,20363,20364,20370],{},[1781,20365,20366,20368],{},[1784,20367,2328],{},[1784,20369,2264],{},[1781,20371,20372,20374],{},[1784,20373,2328],{},[1784,20375,2270],{},[1788,20377,1863],{},[1784,20379,2264],{},[1781,20381,20382,20384,20386,20388,20394,20408],{},[1788,20383,2143],{"fence":1041},[2348,20385,2374],{},[1788,20387,2637],{},[2322,20389,20390,20392],{},[1784,20391,2270],{},[1784,20393,2264],{},[2322,20395,20396,20402],{},[1781,20397,20398,20400],{},[1784,20399,2328],{},[1784,20401,2264],{},[1781,20403,20404,20406],{},[1784,20405,2328],{},[1784,20407,2270],{},[1788,20409,2192],{"fence":1041},[1788,20411,1863],{},[1784,20413,2264],{},[1781,20415,20416,20418,20420,20422,20428],{},[1788,20417,2143],{"fence":1041},[2348,20419,2374],{},[1788,20421,2637],{},[2322,20423,20424,20426],{},[2348,20425,2374],{},[1784,20427,2364],{},[1788,20429,2192],{"fence":1041},[1808,20431,20432],{"encoding":1810},"MR = \\frac{dTR}{dQ} = P + Q\\frac{dP}{dQ} = P\\left(1 + \\frac{Q}{P}\\frac{dP}{dQ}\\right) = P\\left(1 + \\frac{1}{E}\\right)",[1030,20434,20435,20436,1310],{},"Z optimality ",[1035,20437,20439],{"className":20438},[1772],[1774,20440,20441],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,20442,20443,20463],{},[1781,20444,20445,20447,20453,20455,20457],{},[1784,20446,1857],{},[1792,20448,20449,20451],{},[1784,20450,1860],{},[2348,20452,2374],{},[1788,20454,1863],{},[1784,20456,1857],{},[1792,20458,20459,20461],{},[1784,20460,1860],{},[2348,20462,4593],{},[1808,20464,19883],{"encoding":1810},[1035,20466,20468],{"className":20467},[1772],[1774,20469,20470],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,20471,20472,20528],{},[1781,20473,20474,20480,20500,20502,20508],{},[1792,20475,20476,20478],{},[1784,20477,2264],{},[2348,20479,2374],{},[1781,20481,20482,20484,20486,20488,20498],{},[1788,20483,2143],{"fence":1041},[2348,20485,2374],{},[1788,20487,2637],{},[2322,20489,20490,20492],{},[2348,20491,2374],{},[1792,20493,20494,20496],{},[1784,20495,2364],{},[2348,20497,2374],{},[1788,20499,2192],{"fence":1041},[1788,20501,1863],{},[1792,20503,20504,20506],{},[1784,20505,2264],{},[2348,20507,4593],{},[1781,20509,20510,20512,20514,20516,20526],{},[1788,20511,2143],{"fence":1041},[2348,20513,2374],{},[1788,20515,2637],{},[2322,20517,20518,20520],{},[2348,20519,2374],{},[1792,20521,20522,20524],{},[1784,20523,2364],{},[2348,20525,4593],{},[1788,20527,2192],{"fence":1041},[1808,20529,20530],{"encoding":1810},"P_1\\left(1 + \\frac{1}{E_1}\\right) = P_2\\left(1 + \\frac{1}{E_2}\\right)",[1035,20532,20534],{"className":20533},[1772],[1774,20535,20536],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,20537,20538,20590],{},[1781,20539,20540,20554,20556],{},[2322,20541,20542,20548],{},[1792,20543,20544,20546],{},[1784,20545,2264],{},[2348,20547,2374],{},[1792,20549,20550,20552],{},[1784,20551,2264],{},[2348,20553,4593],{},[1788,20555,1863],{},[2322,20557,20558,20574],{},[1781,20559,20560,20562,20564,20566,20568],{},[2348,20561,2374],{},[1788,20563,2637],{},[2348,20565,2374],{},[1784,20567,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,20569,20570,20572],{},[1784,20571,2364],{},[2348,20573,4593],{},[1781,20575,20576,20578,20580,20582,20584],{},[2348,20577,2374],{},[1788,20579,2637],{},[2348,20581,2374],{},[1784,20583,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,20585,20586,20588],{},[1784,20587,2364],{},[2348,20589,2374],{},[1808,20591,13385],{"encoding":1810},[1030,20593,20594],{},"Vzorec citovaný v sekci 8.3.",[1100,20596,20598],{"id":20597},"_172-důsledek-pro-cenu","17.2 Důsledek pro cenu",[1030,20600,1270,20601,20636,20637,1062,20679,20705,20706,20709],{},[1035,20602,20604],{"className":20603},[1772],[1774,20605,20606],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,20607,20608,20633],{},[1781,20609,20610,20613,20619,20621,20623,20625,20631],{},[1784,20611,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},"∣",[1792,20614,20615,20617],{},[1784,20616,2364],{},[2348,20618,2374],{},[1784,20620,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,20622,2537],{},[1784,20624,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,20626,20627,20629],{},[1784,20628,2364],{},[2348,20630,4593],{},[1784,20632,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,20634,20635],{"encoding":1810},"|E_1| \u003C |E_2|"," (skupina 1 je méně elastická), pak ",[1035,20638,20640],{"className":20639},[1772],[1774,20641,20642],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,20643,20644,20676],{},[1781,20645,20646,20648,20650,20652,20658,20660,20662,20664,20666,20668,20674],{},[2348,20647,2374],{},[1784,20649,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,20651,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,20653,20654,20656],{},[1784,20655,2364],{},[2348,20657,2374],{},[1784,20659,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,20661,2491],{},[2348,20663,2374],{},[1784,20665,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,20667,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,20669,20670,20672],{},[1784,20671,2364],{},[2348,20673,4593],{},[1784,20675,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,20677,20678],{"encoding":1810},"1\u002F|E_1| > 1\u002F|E_2|",[1035,20680,20682],{"className":20681},[1772],[1774,20683,20684],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,20685,20686,20702],{},[1781,20687,20688,20694,20696],{},[1792,20689,20690,20692],{},[1784,20691,2264],{},[2348,20693,2374],{},[1788,20695,2491],{},[1792,20697,20698,20700],{},[1784,20699,2264],{},[2348,20701,4593],{},[1808,20703,20704],{"encoding":1810},"P_1 > P_2",". ",[1047,20707,20708],{},"Méně elastická skupina platí vyšší cenu"," — to je centrální takeaway pro celou kapitolu.",[4503,20711],{},[1077,20713,20715],{"id":20714},"_18-často-kladené-otázky","18. Často kladené otázky",[1030,20717,20718,20721,20723,20724,1075],{},[1047,20719,20720],{},"Q: Lze provádět diskriminaci v dokonalé konkurenci?",[11271,20722],{},"\nA: Ne. Firma v dokonalé konkurenci je price-taker — pokud by účtovala víc, ztratila by všechny zákazníky; pokud míň, zbytečně by ztrácela zisk. Cenová diskriminace vyžaduje ",[1047,20725,20726],{},"tržní sílu",[1030,20728,20729,20732,20734,20735,20737,20738,20741,20742,20745],{},[1047,20730,20731],{},"Q: Je cenová diskriminace vždy ke škodě spotřebitelů?",[11271,20733],{},"\nA: Ne. Některé skupiny (elastické, citlivé na cenu) získají ",[1047,20736,2518],{},", než by jinak měly v jednotném monopolním režimu. Diskriminace často ",[1047,20739,20740],{},"rozšíří přístup k produktu"," o segmenty, které by jinak nekupovaly. Distribuční dopad je ",[1047,20743,20744],{},"smíšený"," — někdo získá, někdo ztratí.",[1030,20747,20748,20751,20753,20754,20757,20758,20761],{},[1047,20749,20750],{},"Q: Proč jsou letenky tak nepřehledné?",[11271,20752],{},"\nA: Aerolinky kombinují ",[1047,20755,20756],{},"všechny tři stupně diskriminace najednou"," + ",[1047,20759,20760],{},"algoritmické dynamic pricing",". Cílem je extrahovat maximum přebytku ze segmentu obchodních cestujících (neelastičtí — musí letět) a zároveň plnit letadlo dolními cenami pro turisty (elastičtí — vybírají si).",[1030,20763,20764,20767,20769,20770,20773,20774,20777],{},[1047,20765,20766],{},"Q: Je dynamic pricing (Uber, Amazon) totéž co cenová diskriminace?",[11271,20768],{},"\nA: Částečně. Dynamic pricing odráží ",[1047,20771,20772],{},"měnící se náklady a poptávku v čase"," (peak-load pricing) i ",[1047,20775,20776],{},"různou ochotu platit různých zákazníků v daném okamžiku"," (3. stupeň). Algoritmus se snaží odhadnout rezervační cenu zákazníka a přiblížit se 1. stupni.",[1030,20779,20780,20783,20785,20786,20789,20790,20792,20793,20796],{},[1047,20781,20782],{},"Q: Co je rozdíl mezi 2. stupněm a kuponem?",[11271,20784],{},"\nA: 2. stupeň diskriminuje ",[1047,20787,20788],{},"podle množství"," (kdo koupí víc, zaplatí míň za jednotku); kupony jsou ",[1047,20791,7274],{}," maskovaný — diskriminuje ",[1047,20794,20795],{},"podle ochoty hledat slevu"," (proxy pro elasticitu).",[1030,20798,20799,20802,20804],{},[1047,20800,20801],{},"Q: Lze 1. stupeň skutečně realizovat?",[11271,20803],{},"\nA: V čisté podobě prakticky ne (nelze znát rezervační ceny). Aproximace přes mnoho cenových hladin nebo přes algoritmický pricing se však tomu blíží. V B2B vyjednávání je 1. stupeň běžný.",{"title":1685,"searchDepth":141,"depth":141,"links":20806},[20807,20812,20813,20822,20829,20837,20845,20853,20860,20866,20872,20878,20883,20887,20888,20889,20890,20896],{"id":11005,"depth":141,"text":11006,"children":20808},[20809,20810,20811],{"id":11009,"depth":96,"text":11010},{"id":11279,"depth":96,"text":11280},{"id":11304,"depth":96,"text":11305},{"id":11337,"depth":141,"text":11338},{"id":11451,"depth":141,"text":11452,"children":20814},[20815,20816,20817,20818,20819,20820,20821],{"id":11455,"depth":96,"text":11456},{"id":11535,"depth":96,"text":11536},{"id":11745,"depth":96,"text":11746},{"id":11918,"depth":96,"text":11919},{"id":11973,"depth":96,"text":11974},{"id":12027,"depth":96,"text":12028},{"id":12238,"depth":96,"text":12239},{"id":12316,"depth":141,"text":12317,"children":20823},[20824,20825,20826,20827,20828],{"id":12320,"depth":96,"text":12321},{"id":12476,"depth":96,"text":12477},{"id":12549,"depth":96,"text":12550},{"id":12570,"depth":96,"text":12571},{"id":12715,"depth":96,"text":12716},{"id":12741,"depth":141,"text":12742,"children":20830},[20831,20832,20833,20834,20835,20836],{"id":12745,"depth":96,"text":12746},{"id":12785,"depth":96,"text":12786},{"id":12935,"depth":96,"text":12936},{"id":13240,"depth":96,"text":13241},{"id":13412,"depth":96,"text":13413},{"id":13604,"depth":96,"text":13605},{"id":13648,"depth":141,"text":20838,"children":20839},"6. Detailní příklad — diskriminace na 2 trzích, TC=Q2+10QTC = Q^2 + 10Q",[20840,20841,20843,20844],{"id":13682,"depth":96,"text":13683},{"id":13789,"depth":96,"text":20842},"6.2 Metoda A — horizontální součet MRMR",{"id":14777,"depth":96,"text":14778},{"id":15692,"depth":96,"text":15693},{"id":15840,"depth":141,"text":20846,"children":20847},"7. Detailní příklad — konstantní MCMC, dva oddělené trhy",[20848,20849,20850,20851,20852],{"id":15860,"depth":96,"text":15861},{"id":15996,"depth":96,"text":15997},{"id":16714,"depth":96,"text":16715},{"id":17051,"depth":96,"text":17052},{"id":17288,"depth":96,"text":17289},{"id":17300,"depth":141,"text":17301,"children":20854},[20855,20856,20857,20858,20859],{"id":17304,"depth":96,"text":17305},{"id":17340,"depth":96,"text":17341},{"id":17668,"depth":96,"text":17669},{"id":17801,"depth":96,"text":17802},{"id":18045,"depth":96,"text":18046},{"id":18083,"depth":141,"text":18084,"children":20861},[20862,20863,20864,20865],{"id":18087,"depth":96,"text":18088},{"id":18135,"depth":96,"text":18136},{"id":18288,"depth":96,"text":18289},{"id":18364,"depth":96,"text":18365},{"id":18381,"depth":141,"text":18382,"children":20867},[20868,20869,20870,20871],{"id":18385,"depth":96,"text":18386},{"id":18497,"depth":96,"text":18498},{"id":18530,"depth":96,"text":18531},{"id":18583,"depth":96,"text":18584},{"id":18682,"depth":141,"text":18683,"children":20873},[20874,20875,20876,20877],{"id":18686,"depth":96,"text":18687},{"id":18735,"depth":96,"text":18736},{"id":18778,"depth":96,"text":18779},{"id":18815,"depth":96,"text":18816},{"id":18842,"depth":141,"text":18843,"children":20879},[20880,20881,20882],{"id":18846,"depth":96,"text":18847},{"id":18870,"depth":96,"text":18871},{"id":18903,"depth":96,"text":18904},{"id":18929,"depth":141,"text":18930,"children":20884},[20885,20886],{"id":18933,"depth":96,"text":18934},{"id":19173,"depth":96,"text":19174},{"id":19244,"depth":141,"text":19245},{"id":19677,"depth":141,"text":19678},{"id":19733,"depth":141,"text":19734},{"id":19852,"depth":141,"text":20891,"children":20892},"17. Doplňková teorie — proč 3. stupeň vychází z MR1=MR2MR_1 = MR_2",[20893,20895],{"id":20278,"depth":96,"text":20894},"17.1 Vztah MRMR a elasticity",{"id":20597,"depth":96,"text":20598},{"id":20714,"depth":141,"text":20715},{},"\u002Ftopics\u002Fmikk-cenova-diskriminace",{"title":7246,"description":1685},[10944,10945,20901],"raw\u002Fmikk\u002FPrikady pro KS 5 2026.pdf","topics\u002Fmikk-cenova-diskriminace",[13,28,71,83,656],"Pt8SLqXRx6orxBzJuXI3gRgSO4FRDXUUCqNDJsAaLMQ",{"id":20906,"title":20907,"body":20908,"course":13,"courses":1696,"created":1697,"description":1685,"extension":1698,"meta":33343,"navigation":1700,"path":33344,"seo":33345,"sources":33346,"stem":33350,"tags":33351,"type":4439,"updated":1697,"__hash__":33352},"topics\u002Ftopics\u002Fmikk-elasticita-poptavky.md","Elasticita poptávky a nabídky (pokročilé)",{"type":1016,"value":20909,"toc":33244},[20910,20913,21180,21184,21191,21244,21448,21514,21551,21554,21596,21652,21673,21677,21750,21756,21848,21854,22090,22200,22204,22277,22513,22563,22567,22659,22719,22722,22891,22913,22946,22953,23041,23105,23245,23360,23364,23385,23390,23446,23485,23505,23585,23602,23679,23724,23731,23759,23811,23815,23865,24009,24077,24081,24224,24252,24325,24385,24390,24472,24625,24642,24646,24656,24715,24836,24902,24998,25130,25134,25137,25141,25151,25197,25200,25204,25257,25308,25312,25329,25343,25347,25362,25366,25377,25397,25401,25405,25426,25682,25689,25702,25706,25852,25869,25873,25882,25903,25910,25978,25982,26060,26081,26152,26156,26169,26280,26307,26375,26485,26538,26588,26592,26635,26660,26663,26771,26804,26807,26947,27105,27130,27289,27340,27344,27350,27356,27380,27393,27414,27417,27509,27525,27546,27710,27713,27755,27759,27910,27966,27970,28102,28106,28143,28147,28162,28196,28200,28203,28281,28305,28309,28405,28409,28523,28547,28610,28662,28691,28728,28732,28802,28883,28935,28961,29011,29079,29082,29271,29354,29402,29408,29441,29499,29661,29727,29822,29884,29980,30041,30069,30073,30103,30237,30241,30313,30341,30345,30405,30410,30491,30681,30734,30759,30762,30830,30833,30932,30956,31035,31199,31305,31309,31479,31537,31620,31649,31678,31881,31888,31892,31896,31927,31931,31951,32051,32112,32121,32125,32147,32151,32158,32162,32182,32186,32193,32197,32207,32212,32237,32266,32270,32273,32295,32385,32387,32391,32510,32514],[1019,20911,20907],{"id":20912},"elasticita-poptávky-a-nabídky-pokročilé",[1023,20914,20916,20922],{"className":20915,"dataCallout":1028},[1026,1027],[1030,20917,20919,1042],{"className":20918},[1033],[1035,20920],{"className":20921,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1039,1040],[1030,20923,20924,20927,20928,20931,20932,1089,20935,20977,20978,1089,20981,21005,21006,1089,21009,21027,21028,21046,21047,21050,21051,21081,21082,1089,21085,12850,21109,21135,21136,21160,21161,21179],{},[1047,20925,20926],{},"Elasticita"," je bezrozměrná míra citlivosti jedné veličiny na změnu druhé. V kurzu ",[1068,20929,1682],{"href":1681,"className":20930,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1680},[1071]," pracujeme se třemi typy poptávkové elasticity: ",[1047,20933,20934],{},"cenovou",[1035,20936,20938],{"className":20937},[1772],[1774,20939,20940],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,20941,20942,20974],{},[1781,20943,20944,20950,20952,20954,20956,20958,20960,20962,20964,20966,20968,20970,20972],{},[1792,20945,20946,20948],{},[1784,20947,2364],{},[1784,20949,3224],{},[1788,20951,1863],{},[1788,20953,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,20955,2264],{},[1784,20957,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,20959,2270],{},[1788,20961,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,20963,2267],{},[1784,20965,2328],{},[1784,20967,2270],{},[1784,20969,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,20971,2328],{},[1784,20973,2264],{},[1808,20975,20976],{"encoding":1810},"E_D = (P\u002FQ)\\cdot dQ\u002FdP"," (klasifikace neelastická \u002F jednotková \u002F elastická), ",[1047,20979,20980],{},"křížovou",[1035,20982,20984],{"className":20983},[1772],[1774,20985,20986],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,20987,20988,21002],{},[1781,20989,20990],{},[1792,20991,20992,20994],{},[1784,20993,2364],{},[1781,20995,20996,20999],{},[1784,20997,20998],{},"X",[1784,21000,21001],{},"Y",[1808,21003,21004],{"encoding":1810},"E_{XY}"," (rozlišuje substituty od komplementů) a ",[1047,21007,21008],{},"důchodovou",[1035,21010,21012],{"className":21011},[1772],[1774,21013,21014],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,21015,21016,21024],{},[1781,21017,21018],{},[1792,21019,21020,21022],{},[1784,21021,2364],{},[1784,21023,3221],{},[1808,21025,21026],{"encoding":1810},"E_I"," (rozlišuje normální, luxusní a inferiorní statky). Nabídková elasticita ",[1035,21029,21031],{"className":21030},[1772],[1774,21032,21033],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,21034,21035,21043],{},[1781,21036,21037],{},[1792,21038,21039,21041],{},[1784,21040,2364],{},[1784,21042,3212],{},[1808,21044,21045],{"encoding":1810},"E_S"," se počítá analogicky, ale bez znaménka. ",[1047,21048,21049],{},"Geometricky"," lze cenovou elasticitu na poptávkové křivce změřit jako poměr délek ",[1035,21052,21054],{"className":21053},[1772],[1774,21055,21056],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,21057,21058,21078],{},[1781,21059,21060,21066,21068,21070,21072,21074,21076],{},[1792,21061,21062,21064],{},[1784,21063,2364],{},[1784,21065,3224],{},[1788,21067,1863],{},[1784,21069,10292],{},[1784,21071,1868],{},[1784,21073,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,21075,2364],{},[1784,21077,1868],{},[1808,21079,21080],{"encoding":1810},"E_D = AC\u002FEC"," (od bodu k oběma osám). Speciální případ je ",[1047,21083,21084],{},"konstantní elasticita",[1035,21086,21088],{"className":21087},[1772],[1774,21089,21090],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,21091,21092,21106],{},[1781,21093,21094,21096,21098,21100],{},[1784,21095,2264],{},[1788,21097,1863],{},[1784,21099,10292],{},[2467,21101,21102,21104],{},[1784,21103,2270],{},[1784,21105,1068],{},[1808,21107,21108],{"encoding":1810},"P = AQ^a",[1035,21110,21112],{"className":21111},[1772],[1774,21113,21114],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,21115,21116,21132],{},[1781,21117,21118,21124,21126,21128,21130],{},[1792,21119,21120,21122],{},[1784,21121,2364],{},[1784,21123,3224],{},[1788,21125,1863],{},[2348,21127,2374],{},[1784,21129,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,21131,1068],{},[1808,21133,21134],{"encoding":1810},"E_D = 1\u002Fa"," je nezávislá na bodě — pak nelze maximalizovat tržby. Pro lineární poptávku platí: ",[1035,21137,21139],{"className":21138},[1772],[1774,21140,21141],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,21142,21143,21157],{},[1781,21144,21145,21151,21153,21155],{},[1792,21146,21147,21149],{},[1784,21148,2364],{},[1784,21150,3224],{},[1788,21152,1863],{},[1788,21154,2371],{},[2348,21156,2374],{},[1808,21158,21159],{"encoding":1810},"E_D=-1"," právě v bodě, kde tržní potenciál ",[1035,21162,21164],{"className":21163},[1772],[1774,21165,21166],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,21167,21168,21176],{},[1781,21169,21170,21172,21174],{},[1784,21171,2264],{},[1788,21173,2267],{},[1784,21175,2270],{},[1808,21177,21178],{"encoding":1810},"P\\cdot Q"," dosahuje maxima.",[1077,21181,21183],{"id":21182},"_1-klasifikace-elasticity-cheat-sheet","1. Klasifikace elasticity — cheat-sheet",[1030,21185,21186],{},[2206,21187],{"alt":21188,"className":21189,"src":21190},"mikk-elasticita-5typu",[1071,2210],"\u002Fwiki-assets\u002Fmikk-elasticita-5typu.jpeg",[1030,21192,21193,21194,21197,21198,21220,21221,21243],{},"Elasticita popisuje, ",[1047,21195,21196],{},"o kolik procent se změní jedna veličina, když se druhá veličina změní o 1 %",". Pro cenovou elasticitu poptávky platí znaménková konvence: matematicky ",[1035,21199,21201],{"className":21200},[1772],[1774,21202,21203],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,21204,21205,21217],{},[1781,21206,21207,21213,21215],{},[1792,21208,21209,21211],{},[1784,21210,2364],{},[1784,21212,3224],{},[1788,21214,2537],{},[2348,21216,2350],{},[1808,21218,21219],{"encoding":1810},"E_D \u003C 0"," (klesající poptávka), v běžné mluvě a v tabulkách se uvádí absolutní hodnota ",[1035,21222,21224],{"className":21223},[1772],[1774,21225,21226],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,21227,21228,21240],{},[1781,21229,21230,21232,21238],{},[1784,21231,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,21233,21234,21236],{},[1784,21235,2364],{},[1784,21237,3224],{},[1784,21239,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,21241,21242],{"encoding":1810},"|E_D|",". Tato wiki používá konvenci, že hodnoty v textu jsou kladné (absolutní), zatímco v matematickém zápisu může být znaménko mínus uvedeno explicitně.",[1153,21245,21246,21280],{},[1156,21247,21248],{},[1159,21249,21250,21271,21274,21277],{},[1162,21251,21252,21253],{},"Hodnota ",[1035,21254,21256],{"className":21255},[1772],[1774,21257,21258],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,21259,21260,21268],{},[1781,21261,21262,21264,21266],{},[1788,21263,20612],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,21265,2364],{},[1788,21267,20612],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,21269,21270],{"encoding":1810},"\\lvert E\\rvert",[1162,21272,21273],{},"Název",[1162,21275,21276],{},"Reakce množství",[1162,21278,21279],{},"Tržby (TR) při růstu ceny",[1172,21281,21282,21307,21346,21381,21421],{},[1159,21283,21284,21299,21302,21304],{},[1177,21285,21286],{},[1035,21287,21289],{"className":21288},[1772],[1774,21290,21291],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,21292,21293,21297],{},[1781,21294,21295],{},[2348,21296,2350],{},[1808,21298,2350],{"encoding":1810},[1177,21300,21301],{},"dokonale neelastická",[1177,21303,5423],{},[1177,21305,21306],{},"rostou proporcionálně s cenou",[1159,21308,21309,21337,21340,21343],{},[1177,21310,21311],{},[1035,21312,21314],{"className":21313},[1772],[1774,21315,21316],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,21317,21318,21334],{},[1781,21319,21320,21322,21324,21326,21328,21330,21332],{},[2348,21321,2350],{},[1788,21323,2537],{},[1788,21325,20612],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,21327,2364],{},[1788,21329,20612],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,21331,2537],{},[2348,21333,2374],{},[1808,21335,21336],{"encoding":1810},"0 \u003C \\lvert E\\rvert \u003C 1",[1177,21338,21339],{},"neelastická (nepružná)",[1177,21341,21342],{},"mírná",[1177,21344,21345],{},"rostou",[1159,21347,21348,21372,21375,21378],{},[1177,21349,21350],{},[1035,21351,21353],{"className":21352},[1772],[1774,21354,21355],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,21356,21357,21369],{},[1781,21358,21359,21361,21363,21365,21367],{},[1788,21360,20612],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,21362,2364],{},[1788,21364,20612],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,21366,1863],{},[2348,21368,2374],{},[1808,21370,21371],{"encoding":1810},"\\lvert E\\rvert = 1",[1177,21373,21374],{},"jednotková (unitární) elasticita",[1177,21376,21377],{},"proporcionální",[1177,21379,21380],{},"nemění se (TR konstantní)",[1159,21382,21383,21412,21415,21418],{},[1177,21384,21385],{},[1035,21386,21388],{"className":21387},[1772],[1774,21389,21390],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,21391,21392,21409],{},[1781,21393,21394,21396,21398,21400,21402,21404,21406],{},[2348,21395,2374],{},[1788,21397,2537],{},[1788,21399,20612],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,21401,2364],{},[1788,21403,20612],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,21405,2537],{},[1784,21407,21408],{"mathvariant":7829},"∞",[1808,21410,21411],{"encoding":1810},"1 \u003C \\lvert E\\rvert \u003C \\infty",[1177,21413,21414],{},"elastická (pružná)",[1177,21416,21417],{},"silná",[1177,21419,21420],{},"klesají",[1159,21422,21423,21439,21442,21445],{},[1177,21424,21425],{},[1035,21426,21428],{"className":21427},[1772],[1774,21429,21430],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,21431,21432,21436],{},[1781,21433,21434],{},[1784,21435,21408],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,21437,21438],{"encoding":1810},"\\infty",[1177,21440,21441],{},"dokonale elastická",[1177,21443,21444],{},"skoková (přesun)",[1177,21446,21447],{},"klesají na 0 (drobné zvýšení ceny)",[1023,21449,21451,21458],{"className":21450,"dataCallout":582},[1026,1225],[1030,21452,21454,21457],{"className":21453},[1033],[1035,21455],{"className":21456,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1232,1040],"Intuice TR vs. cena",[1030,21459,21460,21461,21489,21490,21509,21510,1075],{},"Pravidlo pro maximalizaci tržeb: ",[1047,21462,21463,21464,21488],{},"zvyšujte cenu, dokud poptávka neelastická; snižujte cenu, dokud je elastická; v bodě ",[1035,21465,21467],{"className":21466},[1772],[1774,21468,21469],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,21470,21471,21485],{},[1781,21472,21473,21479,21481,21483],{},[1792,21474,21475,21477],{},[1784,21476,2364],{},[1784,21478,3224],{},[1788,21480,1863],{},[1788,21482,2371],{},[2348,21484,2374],{},[1808,21486,21487],{"encoding":1810},"E_D = -1"," jsou tržby maximální",". Tento bod je zároveň bodem, kde ",[1035,21491,21493],{"className":21492},[1772],[1774,21494,21495],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,21496,21497,21507],{},[1781,21498,21499,21501,21503,21505],{},[1784,21500,1857],{},[1784,21502,1860],{},[1788,21504,1863],{},[2348,21506,2350],{},[1808,21508,2439],{"encoding":1810}," (mezní příjem nulový) — viz ",[1068,21511,21513],{"href":1877,"className":21512,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1876},[1071],"Monopol (pokročilé)",[1100,21515,21517,21518,1062,21536],{"id":21516},"vztah-mezi-ede_d-a-mrmr","Vztah mezi ",[1035,21519,21521],{"className":21520},[1772],[1774,21522,21523],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,21524,21525,21533],{},[1781,21526,21527],{},[1792,21528,21529,21531],{},[1784,21530,2364],{},[1784,21532,3224],{},[1808,21534,21535],{"encoding":1810},"E_D",[1035,21537,21539],{"className":21538},[1772],[1774,21540,21541],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,21542,21543,21549],{},[1781,21544,21545,21547],{},[1784,21546,1857],{},[1784,21548,1860],{},[1808,21550,13044],{"encoding":1810},[1030,21552,21553],{},"Pro libovolnou poptávkovou funkci platí",[1035,21555,21557],{"className":21556},[1772],[1774,21558,21559],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,21560,21561,21593],{},[1781,21562,21563,21565,21567,21569,21571,21591],{},[1784,21564,1857],{},[1784,21566,1860],{},[1788,21568,1863],{},[1784,21570,2264],{},[1781,21572,21573,21575,21577,21579,21589],{},[1788,21574,2143],{"fence":1041},[2348,21576,2374],{},[1788,21578,2637],{},[2322,21580,21581,21583],{},[2348,21582,2374],{},[1792,21584,21585,21587],{},[1784,21586,2364],{},[1784,21588,3224],{},[1788,21590,2192],{"fence":1041},[1784,21592,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,21594,21595],{"encoding":1810},"MR = P \\left(1 + \\frac{1}{E_D}\\right).",[1030,21597,21598,21599,21601,21602,21648,21649,1075],{},"Z toho přímo plyne ",[1047,21600,19492],{}," monopolní moci ",[1035,21603,21605],{"className":21604},[1772],[1774,21606,21607],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,21608,21609,21645],{},[1781,21610,21611,21613,21615,21617,21619,21621,21623,21625,21627,21629,21631,21633,21635,21637,21639],{},[1784,21612,3766],{},[1788,21614,1863],{},[1788,21616,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,21618,2264],{},[1788,21620,2371],{},[1784,21622,1857],{},[1784,21624,1868],{},[1788,21626,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,21628,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,21630,2264],{},[1788,21632,1863],{},[1788,21634,2371],{},[2348,21636,2374],{},[1784,21638,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,21640,21641,21643],{},[1784,21642,2364],{},[1784,21644,3224],{},[1808,21646,21647],{"encoding":1810},"L = (P-MC)\u002FP = -1\u002FE_D",". Detailní odvození je v ",[1068,21650,21513],{"href":1877,"className":21651,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1876},[1071],[1077,21653,21655,21656],{"id":21654},"_2-cenová-elasticita-poptávky-ede_d","2. Cenová elasticita poptávky ",[1035,21657,21659],{"className":21658},[1772],[1774,21660,21661],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,21662,21663,21671],{},[1781,21664,21665],{},[1792,21666,21667,21669],{},[1784,21668,2364],{},[1784,21670,3224],{},[1808,21672,21535],{"encoding":1810},[1100,21674,21676],{"id":21675},"definice","Definice",[1035,21678,21680],{"className":21679},[1772],[1774,21681,21682],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,21683,21684,21747],{},[1781,21685,21686,21692,21694,21721,21723,21745],{},[1792,21687,21688,21690],{},[1784,21689,2364],{},[1784,21691,3224],{},[1788,21693,1863],{},[2322,21695,21696,21711],{},[1781,21697,21698,21700,21703,21705],{},[1784,21699,9016],{"mathvariant":7829},[2149,21701,21702],{},"  ",[1784,21704,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,21706,21707,21709],{},[1784,21708,2270],{},[1784,21710,3224],{},[1781,21712,21713,21715,21717,21719],{},[1784,21714,9016],{"mathvariant":7829},[2149,21716,21702],{},[1784,21718,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,21720,2264],{},[1788,21722,1863],{},[2322,21724,21725,21735],{},[1781,21726,21727,21729,21731,21733],{},[1784,21728,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,21730,2270],{},[1784,21732,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,21734,2270],{},[1781,21736,21737,21739,21741,21743],{},[1784,21738,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,21740,2264],{},[1784,21742,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,21744,2264],{},[1784,21746,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,21748,21749],{"encoding":1810},"E_D = \\frac{\\%\\;\\Delta Q_D}{\\%\\;\\Delta P} = \\frac{\\Delta Q\u002FQ}{\\Delta P\u002FP}.",[1030,21751,21752,21753,1310],{},"Pro infinitezimální změny dostáváme ",[1047,21754,21755],{},"bodovou elasticitu",[1035,21757,21759],{"className":21758},[1772],[1774,21760,21761],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,21762,21763,21845],{},[1781,21764,21765],{},[21766,21767,21769],"menclose",{"notation":21768},"box",[14390,21770,21771],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,21772,21773],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,21774,21775],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[1781,21776,21777,21779,21785,21787,21789,21791,21797,21799,21813,21815,21817,21819,21825,21827,21843],{},[2149,21778,21702],{},[1792,21780,21781,21783],{},[1784,21782,2364],{},[1784,21784,3224],{},[2149,21786,21702],{},[1788,21788,1863],{},[2149,21790,21702],{},[2322,21792,21793,21795],{},[1784,21794,2264],{},[1784,21796,2270],{},[1788,21798,2267],{},[2322,21800,21801,21807],{},[1781,21802,21803,21805],{},[1784,21804,2328],{},[1784,21806,2270],{},[1781,21808,21809,21811],{},[1784,21810,2328],{},[1784,21812,2264],{},[2149,21814,21702],{},[1788,21816,1863],{},[2149,21818,21702],{},[2322,21820,21821,21823],{},[1784,21822,2264],{},[1784,21824,2270],{},[1788,21826,2267],{},[2322,21828,21829,21831],{},[2348,21830,2374],{},[1781,21832,21833,21835,21837,21839,21841],{},[1784,21834,2328],{},[1784,21836,2264],{},[1784,21838,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,21840,2328],{},[1784,21842,2270],{},[2149,21844,21702],{},[1808,21846,21847],{"encoding":1810},"\\boxed{\\; E_D \\;=\\; \\frac{P}{Q}\\cdot\\frac{dQ}{dP} \\;=\\; \\frac{P}{Q}\\cdot\\frac{1}{dP\u002FdQ} \\;}",[1030,21849,21850,21851,1310],{},"Pro velké, ale konečné změny se používá ",[1047,21852,21853],{},"oblouková (midpoint) elasticita",[1035,21855,21857],{"className":21856},[1772],[1774,21858,21859],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,21860,21861,22087],{},[1781,21862,21863],{},[21766,21864,21865],{"notation":21768},[14390,21866,21867],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,21868,21869],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,21870,21871],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[1781,21872,21873,21875,21891,21893,21895,21897,21997,21999,22001,22003,22085],{},[2149,21874,21702],{},[13587,21876,21877,21879,21881],{},[1784,21878,2364],{},[1784,21880,3224],{},[1781,21882,21883,21885,21887,21889],{},[2149,21884,2769],{},[1784,21886,1068],{},[1784,21888,3794],{},[1784,21890,9435],{},[2149,21892,21702],{},[1788,21894,1863],{},[2149,21896,21702],{},[2322,21898,21899,21949],{},[1781,21900,21901,21903,21909,21911,21917,21919,21921,21924,21926,21932,21934,21940,21942,21944,21946],{},[1788,21902,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,21904,21905,21907],{},[1784,21906,2270],{},[2348,21908,4593],{},[1788,21910,2371],{},[1792,21912,21913,21915],{},[1784,21914,2270],{},[2348,21916,2374],{},[1788,21918,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,21920,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,21922,21923],{"stretchy":2142},"[",[1788,21925,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,21927,21928,21930],{},[1784,21929,2270],{},[2348,21931,2374],{},[1788,21933,2637],{},[1792,21935,21936,21938],{},[1784,21937,2270],{},[2348,21939,4593],{},[1788,21941,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,21943,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,21945,4593],{},[1788,21947,21948],{"stretchy":2142},"]",[1781,21950,21951,21953,21959,21961,21967,21969,21971,21973,21975,21981,21983,21989,21991,21993,21995],{},[1788,21952,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,21954,21955,21957],{},[1784,21956,2264],{},[2348,21958,4593],{},[1788,21960,2371],{},[1792,21962,21963,21965],{},[1784,21964,2264],{},[2348,21966,2374],{},[1788,21968,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,21970,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,21972,21923],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,21974,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,21976,21977,21979],{},[1784,21978,2264],{},[2348,21980,2374],{},[1788,21982,2637],{},[1792,21984,21985,21987],{},[1784,21986,2264],{},[2348,21988,4593],{},[1788,21990,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,21992,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,21994,4593],{},[1788,21996,21948],{"stretchy":2142},[2149,21998,21702],{},[1788,22000,1863],{},[2149,22002,21702],{},[2322,22004,22005,22045],{},[1781,22006,22007,22009,22015,22017,22023,22025,22027,22029,22035,22037,22043],{},[1788,22008,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,22010,22011,22013],{},[1784,22012,2270],{},[2348,22014,4593],{},[1788,22016,2371],{},[1792,22018,22019,22021],{},[1784,22020,2270],{},[2348,22022,2374],{},[1788,22024,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,22026,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,22028,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,22030,22031,22033],{},[1784,22032,2270],{},[2348,22034,2374],{},[1788,22036,2637],{},[1792,22038,22039,22041],{},[1784,22040,2270],{},[2348,22042,4593],{},[1788,22044,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1781,22046,22047,22049,22055,22057,22063,22065,22067,22069,22075,22077,22083],{},[1788,22048,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,22050,22051,22053],{},[1784,22052,2264],{},[2348,22054,4593],{},[1788,22056,2371],{},[1792,22058,22059,22061],{},[1784,22060,2264],{},[2348,22062,2374],{},[1788,22064,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,22066,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,22068,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,22070,22071,22073],{},[1784,22072,2264],{},[2348,22074,2374],{},[1788,22076,2637],{},[1792,22078,22079,22081],{},[1784,22080,2264],{},[2348,22082,4593],{},[1788,22084,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[2149,22086,21702],{},[1808,22088,22089],{"encoding":1810},"\\boxed{\\; E_D^{\\,arc} \\;=\\; \\frac{(Q_2-Q_1)\u002F[(Q_1+Q_2)\u002F2]}{(P_2-P_1)\u002F[(P_1+P_2)\u002F2]} \\;=\\; \\frac{(Q_2-Q_1)\u002F(Q_1+Q_2)}{(P_2-P_1)\u002F(P_1+P_2)} \\;}",[1023,22091,22093,22100],{"className":22092,"dataCallout":1608},[1026,1607],[1030,22094,22096,22099],{"className":22095},[1033],[1035,22097],{"className":22098,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1615,1040],"Proč midpoint?",[1030,22101,22102,22103,22142,22143,22146,22147,11150,22160,22173,22174,11150,22187,1075],{},"Klasický vzorec ",[1035,22104,22106],{"className":22105},[1772],[1774,22107,22108],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,22109,22110,22139],{},[1781,22111,22112,22114,22116,22118,22124,22127,22129,22131,22133],{},[1784,22113,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,22115,2270],{},[1784,22117,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,22119,22120,22122],{},[1784,22121,2270],{},[2348,22123,2374],{},[1788,22125,22126],{},"÷",[1784,22128,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,22130,2264],{},[1784,22132,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,22134,22135,22137],{},[1784,22136,2264],{},[2348,22138,2374],{},[1808,22140,22141],{"encoding":1810},"\\Delta Q\u002FQ_1 \\div \\Delta P\u002FP_1"," dává různé výsledky podle toho, který bod bereme jako výchozí (asymetrie). Midpoint normalizuje na ",[1047,22144,22145],{},"průměr"," výchozího a koncového bodu, takže elasticita z ",[1035,22148,22150],{"className":22149},[1772],[1774,22151,22152],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,22153,22154,22158],{},[1781,22155,22156],{},[1784,22157,10292],{},[1808,22159,10292],{"encoding":1810},[1035,22161,22163],{"className":22162},[1772],[1774,22164,22165],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,22166,22167,22171],{},[1781,22168,22169],{},[1784,22170,2475],{},[1808,22172,2475],{"encoding":1810}," je shodná s elasticitou z ",[1035,22175,22177],{"className":22176},[1772],[1774,22178,22179],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,22180,22181,22185],{},[1781,22182,22183],{},[1784,22184,2475],{},[1808,22186,2475],{"encoding":1810},[1035,22188,22190],{"className":22189},[1772],[1774,22191,22192],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,22193,22194,22198],{},[1781,22195,22196],{},[1784,22197,10292],{},[1808,22199,10292],{"encoding":1810},[1100,22201,22203],{"id":22202},"mini-příklad-bodový-výpočet","Mini-příklad: bodový výpočet",[1030,22205,22206,22207,22235,22236,22240,22241,22258,22259,1075],{},"Mějme poptávku ",[1035,22208,22210],{"className":22209},[1772],[1774,22211,22212],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,22213,22214,22232],{},[1781,22215,22216,22218,22220,22223,22225,22227],{},[1784,22217,2270],{},[1788,22219,1863],{},[2348,22221,22222],{},"3000",[1788,22224,2371],{},[2348,22226,15618],{},[22228,22229,22230],"msqrt",{},[1784,22231,2264],{},[1808,22233,22234],{"encoding":1810},"Q = 3000 - 600\\sqrt{P}"," (z testu KS, viz ",[1068,22237,22239],{"href":1833,"className":22238,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1832},[1071],"Přehled vzorců MikK","). Spočítejme ",[1035,22242,22244],{"className":22243},[1772],[1774,22245,22246],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,22247,22248,22256],{},[1781,22249,22250],{},[1792,22251,22252,22254],{},[1784,22253,2364],{},[1784,22255,3224],{},[1808,22257,21535],{"encoding":1810}," v bodě ",[1035,22260,22262],{"className":22261},[1772],[1774,22263,22264],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,22265,22266,22274],{},[1781,22267,22268,22270,22272],{},[1784,22269,2264],{},[1788,22271,1863],{},[2348,22273,5344],{},[1808,22275,22276],{"encoding":1810},"P=4",[1260,22278,22279,22407,22441],{},[1115,22280,22281,22282,22342,22343,4058,22360,1075],{},"Derivace: ",[1035,22283,22285],{"className":22284},[1772],[1774,22286,22287],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,22288,22289,22339],{},[1781,22290,22291,22307,22309,22311,22325,22327,22329],{},[14390,22292,22293],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,22294,22295,22301],{},[1781,22296,22297,22299],{},[1784,22298,2328],{},[1784,22300,2270],{},[1781,22302,22303,22305],{},[1784,22304,2328],{},[1784,22306,2264],{},[1788,22308,1863],{},[1788,22310,2371],{},[14390,22312,22313],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,22314,22315,22317],{},[2348,22316,15618],{},[1781,22318,22319,22321],{},[2348,22320,4593],{},[22228,22322,22323],{},[1784,22324,2264],{},[1788,22326,1863],{},[1788,22328,2371],{},[14390,22330,22331],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,22332,22333,22335],{},[2348,22334,9272],{},[22228,22336,22337],{},[1784,22338,2264],{},[1808,22340,22341],{"encoding":1810},"\\dfrac{dQ}{dP} = -\\dfrac{600}{2\\sqrt{P}} = -\\dfrac{300}{\\sqrt{P}}",". V ",[1035,22344,22346],{"className":22345},[1772],[1774,22347,22348],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,22349,22350,22358],{},[1781,22351,22352,22354,22356],{},[1784,22353,2264],{},[1788,22355,1863],{},[2348,22357,5344],{},[1808,22359,22276],{"encoding":1810},[1035,22361,22363],{"className":22362},[1772],[1774,22364,22365],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,22366,22367,22404],{},[1781,22368,22369,22385,22387,22389,22397,22399,22401],{},[14390,22370,22371],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,22372,22373,22379],{},[1781,22374,22375,22377],{},[1784,22376,2328],{},[1784,22378,2270],{},[1781,22380,22381,22383],{},[1784,22382,2328],{},[1784,22384,2264],{},[1788,22386,1863],{},[1788,22388,2371],{},[14390,22390,22391],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,22392,22393,22395],{},[2348,22394,9272],{},[2348,22396,4593],{},[1788,22398,1863],{},[1788,22400,2371],{},[2348,22402,22403],{},"150",[1808,22405,22406],{"encoding":1810},"\\dfrac{dQ}{dP} = -\\dfrac{300}{2} = -150",[1115,22408,22409,22410,1075],{},"Hodnota množství: ",[1035,22411,22413],{"className":22412},[1772],[1774,22414,22415],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,22416,22417,22438],{},[1781,22418,22419,22421,22423,22425,22427,22429,22431,22433,22435],{},[1784,22420,2270],{},[1788,22422,1863],{},[2348,22424,22222],{},[1788,22426,2371],{},[2348,22428,15618],{},[1788,22430,2267],{},[2348,22432,4593],{},[1788,22434,1863],{},[2348,22436,22437],{},"1800",[1808,22439,22440],{"encoding":1810},"Q = 3000 - 600\\cdot 2 = 1800",[1115,22442,22443,22444,1075],{},"Elasticita: ",[1035,22445,22447],{"className":22446},[1772],[1774,22448,22449],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,22450,22451,22510],{},[1781,22452,22453,22459,22461,22469,22471,22473,22475,22477,22479,22481,22483,22491,22493,22495,22503,22505,22507],{},[1792,22454,22455,22457],{},[1784,22456,2364],{},[1784,22458,3224],{},[1788,22460,1863],{},[14390,22462,22463],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,22464,22465,22467],{},[2348,22466,5344],{},[2348,22468,22437],{},[1788,22470,2267],{},[1788,22472,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,22474,2371],{},[2348,22476,22403],{},[1788,22478,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,22480,1863],{},[1788,22482,2371],{},[14390,22484,22485],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,22486,22487,22489],{},[2348,22488,15618],{},[2348,22490,22437],{},[1788,22492,1863],{},[1788,22494,2371],{},[14390,22496,22497],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,22498,22499,22501],{},[2348,22500,2374],{},[2348,22502,5332],{},[1788,22504,8786],{},[1788,22506,2371],{},[2348,22508,22509],{},"0,33",[1808,22511,22512],{"encoding":1810},"E_D = \\dfrac{4}{1800}\\cdot(-150) = -\\dfrac{600}{1800} = -\\dfrac{1}{3} \\approx -0{,}33",[1030,22514,22515,22516,1089,22533,4010,22536,22562],{},"Závěr: poptávka je v okolí ",[1035,22517,22519],{"className":22518},[1772],[1774,22520,22521],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,22522,22523,22531],{},[1781,22524,22525,22527,22529],{},[1784,22526,2264],{},[1788,22528,1863],{},[2348,22530,5344],{},[1808,22532,22276],{"encoding":1810},[1047,22534,22535],{},"neelastická",[1035,22537,22539],{"className":22538},[1772],[1774,22540,22541],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,22542,22543,22559],{},[1781,22544,22545,22547,22553,22555,22557],{},[1788,22546,20612],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,22548,22549,22551],{},[1784,22550,2364],{},[1784,22552,3224],{},[1788,22554,20612],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,22556,2537],{},[2348,22558,2374],{},[1808,22560,22561],{"encoding":1810},"\\lvert E_D\\rvert \u003C 1","). Pokud by firma drobně zvýšila cenu, tržby by porostly.",[1100,22564,22566],{"id":22565},"proč-u-lineární-poptávky-elasticita-není-konstantní","Proč u lineární poptávky elasticita není konstantní",[1030,22568,22569,22570,22594,22595,22625,22626,22658],{},"Pro lineární ",[1035,22571,22573],{"className":22572},[1772],[1774,22574,22575],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,22576,22577,22591],{},[1781,22578,22579,22581,22583,22585,22587,22589],{},[1784,22580,2264],{},[1788,22582,1863],{},[1784,22584,1068],{},[1788,22586,2371],{},[1784,22588,8838],{},[1784,22590,2270],{},[1808,22592,22593],{"encoding":1810},"P = a - bQ"," (resp. ",[1035,22596,22598],{"className":22597},[1772],[1774,22599,22600],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,22601,22602,22622],{},[1781,22603,22604,22606,22608,22610,22612,22614,22616,22618,22620],{},[1784,22605,2270],{},[1788,22607,1863],{},[1788,22609,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,22611,1068],{},[1788,22613,2371],{},[1784,22615,2264],{},[1788,22617,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,22619,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,22621,8838],{},[1808,22623,22624],{"encoding":1810},"Q = (a-P)\u002Fb",") platí ",[1035,22627,22629],{"className":22628},[1772],[1774,22630,22631],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,22632,22633,22655],{},[1781,22634,22635,22637,22639,22641,22643,22645,22647,22649,22651,22653],{},[1784,22636,2328],{},[1784,22638,2270],{},[1784,22640,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,22642,2328],{},[1784,22644,2264],{},[1788,22646,1863],{},[1788,22648,2371],{},[2348,22650,2374],{},[1784,22652,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,22654,8838],{},[1808,22656,22657],{"encoding":1810},"dQ\u002FdP = -1\u002Fb"," a tedy",[1035,22660,22662],{"className":22661},[1772],[1774,22663,22664],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,22665,22666,22716],{},[1781,22667,22668,22674,22676,22682,22684,22698,22700,22702,22714],{},[1792,22669,22670,22672],{},[1784,22671,2364],{},[1784,22673,3224],{},[1788,22675,1863],{},[2322,22677,22678,22680],{},[1784,22679,2264],{},[1784,22681,2270],{},[1788,22683,2267],{},[1781,22685,22686,22688,22690,22696],{},[1788,22687,2143],{"fence":1041},[1788,22689,2371],{},[2322,22691,22692,22694],{},[2348,22693,2374],{},[1784,22695,8838],{},[1788,22697,2192],{"fence":1041},[1788,22699,1863],{},[1788,22701,2371],{},[2322,22703,22704,22706],{},[1784,22705,2264],{},[1781,22707,22708,22710,22712],{},[1784,22709,1068],{},[1788,22711,2371],{},[1784,22713,2264],{},[1784,22715,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,22717,22718],{"encoding":1810},"E_D = \\frac{P}{Q}\\cdot\\left(-\\frac{1}{b}\\right) = -\\frac{P}{a - P}.",[1030,22720,22721],{},"Z toho:",[1112,22723,22724,22768,22813],{},[1115,22725,22726,22727,4058,22745,22767],{},"v bodě ",[1035,22728,22730],{"className":22729},[1772],[1774,22731,22732],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,22733,22734,22742],{},[1781,22735,22736,22738,22740],{},[1784,22737,2264],{},[1788,22739,8824],{},[2348,22741,2350],{},[1808,22743,22744],{"encoding":1810},"P\\to 0",[1035,22746,22748],{"className":22747},[1772],[1774,22749,22750],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,22751,22752,22764],{},[1781,22753,22754,22760,22762],{},[1792,22755,22756,22758],{},[1784,22757,2364],{},[1784,22759,3224],{},[1788,22761,8824],{},[2348,22763,2350],{},[1808,22765,22766],{"encoding":1810},"E_D \\to 0"," (dokonale neelastická — nasycený trh),",[1115,22769,22726,22770,4058,22788,22812],{},[1035,22771,22773],{"className":22772},[1772],[1774,22774,22775],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,22776,22777,22785],{},[1781,22778,22779,22781,22783],{},[1784,22780,2264],{},[1788,22782,8824],{},[1784,22784,1068],{},[1808,22786,22787],{"encoding":1810},"P\\to a",[1035,22789,22791],{"className":22790},[1772],[1774,22792,22793],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,22794,22795,22809],{},[1781,22796,22797,22803,22805,22807],{},[1792,22798,22799,22801],{},[1784,22800,2364],{},[1784,22802,3224],{},[1788,22804,8824],{},[1788,22806,2371],{},[1784,22808,21408],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,22810,22811],{"encoding":1810},"E_D \\to -\\infty"," (dokonale elastická — výplazení trhu),",[1115,22814,22815,22816,1299,22838,22866,22867,22890],{},"v polovině: ",[1035,22817,22819],{"className":22818},[1772],[1774,22820,22821],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,22822,22823,22835],{},[1781,22824,22825,22827,22829,22831,22833],{},[1784,22826,2264],{},[1788,22828,1863],{},[1784,22830,1068],{},[1784,22832,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,22834,4593],{},[1808,22836,22837],{"encoding":1810},"P = a\u002F2",[1035,22839,22841],{"className":22840},[1772],[1774,22842,22843],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,22844,22845,22863],{},[1781,22846,22847,22849,22851,22853,22855,22857,22859,22861],{},[1784,22848,2270],{},[1788,22850,1863],{},[1784,22852,1068],{},[1784,22854,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,22856,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,22858,4593],{},[1784,22860,8838],{},[1788,22862,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,22864,22865],{"encoding":1810},"Q = a\u002F(2b)",", takže ",[1035,22868,22870],{"className":22869},[1772],[1774,22871,22872],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,22873,22874,22888],{},[1781,22875,22876,22882,22884,22886],{},[1792,22877,22878,22880],{},[1784,22879,2364],{},[1784,22881,3224],{},[1788,22883,1863],{},[1788,22885,2371],{},[2348,22887,2374],{},[1808,22889,21487],{"encoding":1810}," (unitární — maximální tržby).",[1030,22892,22893,22894,22912],{},"Tato struktura odpovídá intuici z trhu i z grafu (sklon je všude stejný, ale poměr ",[1035,22895,22897],{"className":22896},[1772],[1774,22898,22899],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,22900,22901,22909],{},[1781,22902,22903,22905,22907],{},[1784,22904,2264],{},[1784,22906,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,22908,2270],{},[1808,22910,22911],{"encoding":1810},"P\u002FQ"," se mění).",[1077,22914,22916,22917],{"id":22915},"_3-geometrická-interpretace-edacece_d-acec","3. Geometrická interpretace ",[1035,22918,22920],{"className":22919},[1772],[1774,22921,22922],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,22923,22924,22944],{},[1781,22925,22926,22932,22934,22936,22938,22940,22942],{},[1792,22927,22928,22930],{},[1784,22929,2364],{},[1784,22931,3224],{},[1788,22933,1863],{},[1784,22935,10292],{},[1784,22937,1868],{},[1784,22939,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,22941,2364],{},[1784,22943,1868],{},[1808,22945,21080],{"encoding":1810},[1030,22947,22948,22949,22952],{},"V daném bodě poptávkové křivky lze elasticitu přečíst přímo z grafu jako poměr délek dvou úseček na ",[1047,22950,22951],{},"tečně"," (u lineární poptávky je to celá poptávková přímka).",[1030,22954,22955,22958,22959,22972,22973,22986,22987,22258,23000,23013,23014,22258,23027,23040],{},[1047,22956,22957],{},"Konstrukce."," Označme bod ",[1035,22960,22962],{"className":22961},[1772],[1774,22963,22964],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,22965,22966,22970],{},[1781,22967,22968],{},[1784,22969,10292],{},[1808,22971,10292],{"encoding":1810}," na poptávkové křivce. Tečna v ",[1035,22974,22976],{"className":22975},[1772],[1774,22977,22978],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,22979,22980,22984],{},[1781,22981,22982],{},[1784,22983,10292],{},[1808,22985,10292],{"encoding":1810}," protíná osu ",[1035,22988,22990],{"className":22989},[1772],[1774,22991,22992],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,22993,22994,22998],{},[1781,22995,22996],{},[1784,22997,2270],{},[1808,22999,2270],{"encoding":1810},[1035,23001,23003],{"className":23002},[1772],[1774,23004,23005],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,23006,23007,23011],{},[1781,23008,23009],{},[1784,23010,1868],{},[1808,23012,1868],{"encoding":1810}," (vodorovná osa) a osu ",[1035,23015,23017],{"className":23016},[1772],[1774,23018,23019],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,23020,23021,23025],{},[1781,23022,23023],{},[1784,23024,2264],{},[1808,23026,2264],{"encoding":1810},[1035,23028,23030],{"className":23029},[1772],[1774,23031,23032],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,23033,23034,23038],{},[1781,23035,23036],{},[1784,23037,2364],{},[1808,23039,2364],{"encoding":1810}," (svislá osa). Pak",[1035,23042,23044],{"className":23043},[1772],[1774,23045,23046],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,23047,23048,23102],{},[1781,23049,23050],{},[21766,23051,23052],{"notation":21768},[14390,23053,23054],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,23055,23056],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,23057,23058],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[1781,23059,23060,23062,23064,23070,23072,23074,23076,23078,23100],{},[2149,23061,21702],{},[1788,23063,20612],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,23065,23066,23068],{},[1784,23067,2364],{},[1784,23069,3224],{},[1788,23071,20612],{"stretchy":2142},[2149,23073,21702],{},[1788,23075,1863],{},[2149,23077,21702],{},[2322,23079,23080,23090],{},[2160,23081,23082,23088],{"accent":1041},[1781,23083,23084,23086],{},[1784,23085,10292],{},[1784,23087,1868],{},[1788,23089,16584],{"stretchy":1041},[2160,23091,23092,23098],{"accent":1041},[1781,23093,23094,23096],{},[1784,23095,10292],{},[1784,23097,2364],{},[1788,23099,16584],{"stretchy":1041},[2149,23101,21702],{},[1808,23103,23104],{"encoding":1810},"\\boxed{\\; \\lvert E_D\\rvert \\;=\\; \\frac{\\overline{AC}}{\\overline{AE}} \\;}",[1030,23106,7908,23107,23129,23130,23143,23144,23147,23148,23129,23170,23183,23184,23187,23188,12850,23217,23230,23231,23244],{},[1035,23108,23110],{"className":23109},[1772],[1774,23111,23112],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,23113,23114,23126],{},[1781,23115,23116],{},[2160,23117,23118,23124],{"accent":1041},[1781,23119,23120,23122],{},[1784,23121,10292],{},[1784,23123,1868],{},[1788,23125,16584],{"stretchy":1041},[1808,23127,23128],{"encoding":1810},"\\overline{AC}"," je vzdálenost od ",[1035,23131,23133],{"className":23132},[1772],[1774,23134,23135],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,23136,23137,23141],{},[1781,23138,23139],{},[1784,23140,10292],{},[1808,23142,10292],{"encoding":1810}," k průsečíku tečny s ",[1047,23145,23146],{},"vodorovnou"," osou (osou množství) a ",[1035,23149,23151],{"className":23150},[1772],[1774,23152,23153],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,23154,23155,23167],{},[1781,23156,23157],{},[2160,23158,23159,23165],{"accent":1041},[1781,23160,23161,23163],{},[1784,23162,10292],{},[1784,23164,2364],{},[1788,23166,16584],{"stretchy":1041},[1808,23168,23169],{"encoding":1810},"\\overline{AE}",[1035,23171,23173],{"className":23172},[1772],[1774,23174,23175],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,23176,23177,23181],{},[1781,23178,23179],{},[1784,23180,10292],{},[1808,23182,10292],{"encoding":1810}," k průsečíku tečny se ",[1047,23185,23186],{},"svislou"," osou (osou ceny). Některé učebnice používají označení ",[1035,23189,23191],{"className":23190},[1772],[1774,23192,23193],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,23194,23195,23215],{},[1781,23196,23197,23203,23205,23207,23209,23211,23213],{},[1792,23198,23199,23201],{},[1784,23200,2364],{},[1784,23202,3224],{},[1788,23204,1863],{},[1784,23206,10292],{},[1784,23208,1868],{},[1784,23210,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,23212,2364],{},[1784,23214,1868],{},[1808,23216,21080],{"encoding":1810},[1035,23218,23220],{"className":23219},[1772],[1774,23221,23222],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,23223,23224,23228],{},[1781,23225,23226],{},[1784,23227,2364],{},[1808,23229,2364],{"encoding":1810}," je na svislé ose a ",[1035,23232,23234],{"className":23233},[1772],[1774,23235,23236],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,23237,23238,23242],{},[1781,23239,23240],{},[1784,23241,1868],{},[1808,23243,1868],{"encoding":1810}," na vodorovné — výsledek je ekvivalentní.",[1023,23246,23248,23255],{"className":23247,"dataCallout":582},[1026,1225],[1030,23249,23251,23254],{"className":23250},[1033],[1035,23252],{"className":23253,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1232,1040],"Intuice geometrického vzorce",[1030,23256,23257,23258,23261,23262,23275,23276,23289,23290,23306,23307,23324,23325,23341,23342,23359],{},"Čím ",[1047,23259,23260],{},"blíže"," je bod ",[1035,23263,23265],{"className":23264},[1772],[1774,23266,23267],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,23268,23269,23273],{},[1781,23270,23271],{},[1784,23272,10292],{},[1808,23274,10292],{"encoding":1810}," k vodorovné ose (k ",[1035,23277,23279],{"className":23278},[1772],[1774,23280,23281],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,23282,23283,23287],{},[1781,23284,23285],{},[1784,23286,1868],{},[1808,23288,1868],{"encoding":1810},"), tím je úsečka ",[1035,23291,23293],{"className":23292},[1772],[1774,23294,23295],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,23296,23297,23303],{},[1781,23298,23299,23301],{},[1784,23300,10292],{},[1784,23302,1868],{},[1808,23304,23305],{"encoding":1810},"AC"," kratší a tudíž ",[1035,23308,23310],{"className":23309},[1772],[1774,23311,23312],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,23313,23314,23322],{},[1781,23315,23316],{},[1792,23317,23318,23320],{},[1784,23319,2364],{},[1784,23321,3224],{},[1808,23323,21535],{"encoding":1810}," menší — poptávka je v této části křivky neelastická (nízké ceny, vysoké množství). Naopak blízko svislé osy (vysoké ceny, malé množství) je ",[1035,23326,23328],{"className":23327},[1772],[1774,23329,23330],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,23331,23332,23338],{},[1781,23333,23334,23336],{},[1784,23335,10292],{},[1784,23337,2364],{},[1808,23339,23340],{"encoding":1810},"AE"," malé a ",[1035,23343,23345],{"className":23344},[1772],[1774,23346,23347],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,23348,23349,23357],{},[1781,23350,23351],{},[1792,23352,23353,23355],{},[1784,23354,2364],{},[1784,23356,3224],{},[1808,23358,21535],{"encoding":1810}," velké — elastická část.",[1100,23361,23363],{"id":23362},"příklad-měření","Příklad měření",[1030,23365,23366,23367,23384],{},"Zadání: lineární poptávka, hledáme ",[1035,23368,23370],{"className":23369},[1772],[1774,23371,23372],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,23373,23374,23382],{},[1781,23375,23376],{},[1792,23377,23378,23380],{},[1784,23379,2364],{},[1784,23381,3224],{},[1808,23383,21535],{"encoding":1810}," v určitém bodě pomocí pravítka.",[1030,23386,23387],{},[1047,23388,23389],{},"Měření pravítkem na obrázku:",[1112,23391,23392,23420],{},[1115,23393,23394,23395,23419],{},"Délka úseku ",[1035,23396,23398],{"className":23397},[1772],[1774,23399,23400],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,23401,23402,23416],{},[1781,23403,23404,23406,23408,23411,23413],{},[1784,23405,10292],{},[1788,23407,1863],{},[2348,23409,23410],{},"51",[2149,23412,2769],{},[2149,23414,23415],{},"mm",[1808,23417,23418],{"encoding":1810},"A = 51\\,\\text{mm}"," (od bodu k jedné ose).",[1115,23421,23394,23422,23445],{},[1035,23423,23425],{"className":23424},[1772],[1774,23426,23427],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,23428,23429,23442],{},[1781,23430,23431,23433,23435,23438,23440],{},[1784,23432,2475],{},[1788,23434,1863],{},[2348,23436,23437],{},"34",[2149,23439,2769],{},[2149,23441,23415],{},[1808,23443,23444],{"encoding":1810},"B = 34\\,\\text{mm}"," (od bodu k druhé ose).",[1035,23447,23449],{"className":23448},[1772],[1774,23450,23451],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,23452,23453,23482],{},[1781,23454,23455,23461,23463,23469,23471,23477,23479],{},[1792,23456,23457,23459],{},[1784,23458,2364],{},[1784,23460,3224],{},[1788,23462,1863],{},[2322,23464,23465,23467],{},[1784,23466,10292],{},[1784,23468,2475],{},[1788,23470,1863],{},[2322,23472,23473,23475],{},[2348,23474,23410],{},[2348,23476,23437],{},[1788,23478,1863],{},[2348,23480,23481],{},"1,5.",[1808,23483,23484],{"encoding":1810},"E_D = \\frac{A}{B} = \\frac{51}{34} = 1{,}5.",[1030,23486,23487,23490,23491,23504],{},[1047,23488,23489],{},"Kontrola pomocí Pythagorovy věty."," Z grafu lze odečíst, že úsek ",[1035,23492,23494],{"className":23493},[1772],[1774,23495,23496],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,23497,23498,23502],{},[1781,23499,23500],{},[1784,23501,10292],{},[1808,23503,10292],{"encoding":1810}," má vodorovnou složku 120 a svislou složku 120 (jednotek souřadnic), takže",[1035,23506,23508],{"className":23507},[1772],[1774,23509,23510],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,23511,23512,23582],{},[1781,23513,23514,23516,23518,23537,23539,23557,23559,23571,23573,23576,23578,23580],{},[1784,23515,10292],{},[1788,23517,1863],{},[22228,23519,23520],{},[1781,23521,23522,23529,23531],{},[2467,23523,23524,23527],{},[2348,23525,23526],{},"120",[2348,23528,4593],{},[1788,23530,2637],{},[2467,23532,23533,23535],{},[2348,23534,23526],{},[2348,23536,4593],{},[1788,23538,1863],{},[22228,23540,23541],{},[1781,23542,23543,23545,23547,23549,23551,23553,23555],{},[2348,23544,2962],{},[2149,23546,2769],{},[2348,23548,2697],{},[1788,23550,2637],{},[2348,23552,2962],{},[2149,23554,2769],{},[2348,23556,2697],{},[1788,23558,1863],{},[22228,23560,23561],{},[1781,23562,23563,23566,23568],{},[2348,23564,23565],{},"28",[2149,23567,2769],{},[2348,23569,23570],{},"800",[1788,23572,1863],{},[2348,23574,23575],{},"169,7056",[2149,23577,2769],{},[2149,23579,9312],{},[1784,23581,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,23583,23584],{"encoding":1810},"A = \\sqrt{120^2 + 120^2} = \\sqrt{14\\,400 + 14\\,400} = \\sqrt{28\\,800} = 169{,}7056\\,\\text{j}.",[1030,23586,23587,23588,23601],{},"Analogicky úsek ",[1035,23589,23591],{"className":23590},[1772],[1774,23592,23593],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,23594,23595,23599],{},[1781,23596,23597],{},[1784,23598,2475],{},[1808,23600,2475],{"encoding":1810}," má vodorovnou složku 40 a svislou 80:",[1035,23603,23605],{"className":23604},[1772],[1774,23606,23607],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,23608,23609,23676],{},[1781,23610,23611,23613,23615,23633,23635,23653,23655,23665,23667,23670,23672,23674],{},[1784,23612,2475],{},[1788,23614,1863],{},[22228,23616,23617],{},[1781,23618,23619,23625,23627],{},[2467,23620,23621,23623],{},[2348,23622,9208],{},[2348,23624,4593],{},[1788,23626,2637],{},[2467,23628,23629,23631],{},[2348,23630,9698],{},[2348,23632,4593],{},[1788,23634,1863],{},[22228,23636,23637],{},[1781,23638,23639,23641,23643,23645,23647,23649,23651],{},[2348,23640,2374],{},[2149,23642,2769],{},[2348,23644,15618],{},[1788,23646,2637],{},[2348,23648,12017],{},[2149,23650,2769],{},[2348,23652,2697],{},[1788,23654,1863],{},[22228,23656,23657],{},[1781,23658,23659,23661,23663],{},[2348,23660,9661],{},[2149,23662,2769],{},[2348,23664,2772],{},[1788,23666,1863],{},[2348,23668,23669],{},"113,1371",[2149,23671,2769],{},[2149,23673,9312],{},[1784,23675,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,23677,23678],{"encoding":1810},"B = \\sqrt{40^2 + 80^2} = \\sqrt{1\\,600 + 6\\,400} = \\sqrt{8\\,000} = 113{,}1371\\,\\text{j}.",[1035,23680,23682],{"className":23681},[1772],[1774,23683,23684],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,23685,23686,23721],{},[1781,23687,23688,23694,23696,23702,23704,23710,23712,23715,23717,23719],{},[1792,23689,23690,23692],{},[1784,23691,2364],{},[1784,23693,3224],{},[1788,23695,1863],{},[2322,23697,23698,23700],{},[1784,23699,10292],{},[1784,23701,2475],{},[1788,23703,1863],{},[2322,23705,23706,23708],{},[2348,23707,23575],{},[2348,23709,23669],{},[1788,23711,1863],{},[2348,23713,23714],{},"1,4999",[1788,23716,12008],{},[1788,23718,8786],{},[2348,23720,23481],{},[1808,23722,23723],{"encoding":1810},"E_D = \\frac{A}{B} = \\frac{169{,}7056}{113{,}1371} = 1{,}4999\\ldots \\approx 1{,}5.",[1030,23725,23726,23727,23730],{},"Měření pravítkem (1,5) i analytický výpočet (1,5) se shodují — geometrická konstrukce je ",[1047,23728,23729],{},"přesná"," pro lineární poptávku a v tečné aproximaci pro nelineární.",[1077,23732,23734,23735],{"id":23733},"_4-konstantní-elasticita-paqap-a-qa","4. Konstantní elasticita ",[1035,23736,23738],{"className":23737},[1772],[1774,23739,23740],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,23741,23742,23756],{},[1781,23743,23744,23746,23748,23750],{},[1784,23745,2264],{},[1788,23747,1863],{},[1784,23749,10292],{},[2467,23751,23752,23754],{},[1784,23753,2270],{},[1784,23755,1068],{},[1808,23757,23758],{"encoding":1810},"P = A Q^a",[1030,23760,23761,23762,5985,23788,23806,23807,23810],{},"Speciální tvar poptávky ",[1035,23763,23765],{"className":23764},[1772],[1774,23766,23767],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,23768,23769,23785],{},[1781,23770,23771,23773,23775,23777,23779],{},[1784,23772,2264],{},[1788,23774,1863],{},[1784,23776,10292],{},[2149,23778,2769],{},[2467,23780,23781,23783],{},[1784,23782,2270],{},[1784,23784,1068],{},[1808,23786,23787],{"encoding":1810},"P = A\\,Q^a",[1035,23789,23791],{"className":23790},[1772],[1774,23792,23793],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,23794,23795,23803],{},[1781,23796,23797,23799,23801],{},[1784,23798,1068],{},[1788,23800,2537],{},[2348,23802,2350],{},[1808,23804,23805],{"encoding":1810},"a \u003C 0"," má ",[1047,23808,23809],{},"konstantní cenovou elasticitu"," v každém bodě.",[1100,23812,23814],{"id":23813},"odvození","Odvození",[1035,23816,23818],{"className":23817},[1772],[1774,23819,23820],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,23821,23822,23862],{},[1781,23823,23824,23838,23840,23842,23844,23846,23848,23860],{},[2322,23825,23826,23832],{},[1781,23827,23828,23830],{},[1784,23829,2328],{},[1784,23831,2264],{},[1781,23833,23834,23836],{},[1784,23835,2328],{},[1784,23837,2270],{},[1788,23839,1863],{},[1784,23841,1068],{},[2149,23843,2769],{},[1784,23845,10292],{},[2149,23847,2769],{},[2467,23849,23850,23852],{},[1784,23851,2270],{},[1781,23853,23854,23856,23858],{},[1784,23855,1068],{},[1788,23857,2371],{},[2348,23859,2374],{},[1784,23861,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,23863,23864],{"encoding":1810},"\\frac{dP}{dQ} = a\\,A\\,Q^{a-1}.",[1035,23866,23868],{"className":23867},[1772],[1774,23869,23870],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,23871,23872,24006],{},[1781,23873,23874,23880,23882,23888,23890,23906,23908,23924,23926,23952,23954,23996,23998,24004],{},[1792,23875,23876,23878],{},[1784,23877,2364],{},[1784,23879,3224],{},[1788,23881,1863],{},[2322,23883,23884,23886],{},[1784,23885,2264],{},[1784,23887,2270],{},[1788,23889,2267],{},[2322,23891,23892,23894],{},[2348,23893,2374],{},[1781,23895,23896,23898,23900,23902,23904],{},[1784,23897,2328],{},[1784,23899,2264],{},[1784,23901,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,23903,2328],{},[1784,23905,2270],{},[1788,23907,1863],{},[2322,23909,23910,23922],{},[1781,23911,23912,23914,23916],{},[1784,23913,10292],{},[2149,23915,2769],{},[2467,23917,23918,23920],{},[1784,23919,2270],{},[1784,23921,1068],{},[1784,23923,2270],{},[1788,23925,2267],{},[2322,23927,23928,23930],{},[2348,23929,2374],{},[1781,23931,23932,23934,23936,23938,23940],{},[1784,23933,1068],{},[2149,23935,2769],{},[1784,23937,10292],{},[2149,23939,2769],{},[2467,23941,23942,23944],{},[1784,23943,2270],{},[1781,23945,23946,23948,23950],{},[1784,23947,1068],{},[1788,23949,2371],{},[2348,23951,2374],{},[1788,23953,1863],{},[2322,23955,23956,23974],{},[1781,23957,23958,23960,23962],{},[1784,23959,10292],{},[2149,23961,2769],{},[2467,23963,23964,23966],{},[1784,23965,2270],{},[1781,23967,23968,23970,23972],{},[1784,23969,1068],{},[1788,23971,2371],{},[2348,23973,2374],{},[1781,23975,23976,23978,23980,23982,23984],{},[1784,23977,1068],{},[2149,23979,2769],{},[1784,23981,10292],{},[2149,23983,2769],{},[2467,23985,23986,23988],{},[1784,23987,2270],{},[1781,23989,23990,23992,23994],{},[1784,23991,1068],{},[1788,23993,2371],{},[2348,23995,2374],{},[1788,23997,1863],{},[2322,23999,24000,24002],{},[2348,24001,2374],{},[1784,24003,1068],{},[1784,24005,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,24007,24008],{"encoding":1810},"E_D = \\frac{P}{Q}\\cdot\\frac{1}{dP\u002FdQ} = \\frac{A\\,Q^a}{Q}\\cdot\\frac{1}{a\\,A\\,Q^{a-1}} = \\frac{A\\,Q^{a-1}}{a\\,A\\,Q^{a-1}} = \\frac{1}{a}.",[1035,24010,24012],{"className":24011},[1772],[1774,24013,24014],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,24015,24016,24074],{},[1781,24017,24018],{},[21766,24019,24020],{"notation":21768},[14390,24021,24022],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,24023,24024],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,24025,24026],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[1781,24027,24028,24030,24032,24034,24036,24038,24044,24046,24049,24051,24057,24059,24067,24069,24072],{},[2149,24029,21702],{},[1784,24031,2264],{},[1788,24033,1863],{},[1784,24035,10292],{},[2149,24037,2769],{},[2467,24039,24040,24042],{},[1784,24041,2270],{},[1784,24043,1068],{},[2149,24045,21702],{},[1788,24047,24048],{},"⟹",[2149,24050,21702],{},[1792,24052,24053,24055],{},[1784,24054,2364],{},[1784,24056,3224],{},[1788,24058,1863],{},[14390,24060,24061],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,24062,24063,24065],{},[2348,24064,2374],{},[1784,24066,1068],{},[2149,24068,21702],{},[2149,24070,24071],{},"(konstanta)",[2149,24073,21702],{},[1808,24075,24076],{"encoding":1810},"\\boxed{\\; P = A\\,Q^a \\;\\Longrightarrow\\; E_D = \\dfrac{1}{a} \\;\\text{(konstanta)}\\;}",[1100,24078,24080],{"id":24079},"důsledky-konstantní-elasticity","Důsledky konstantní elasticity",[1260,24082,24083,24089,24170],{},[1115,24084,24085,24088],{},[1047,24086,24087],{},"Nezávislost na bodě",": ať si zvolíme jakoukoliv cenu nebo množství, elasticita zůstává stejná.",[1115,24090,24091,19587,24117,24138,24139,24142,24143,24156,24157,1075],{},[1047,24092,24093,24094],{},"Nelze najít bod ",[1035,24095,24097],{"className":24096},[1772],[1774,24098,24099],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,24100,24101,24115],{},[1781,24102,24103,24109,24111,24113],{},[1792,24104,24105,24107],{},[1784,24106,2364],{},[1784,24108,3224],{},[1788,24110,1863],{},[1788,24112,2371],{},[2348,24114,2374],{},[1808,24116,21487],{"encoding":1810},[1035,24118,24120],{"className":24119},[1772],[1774,24121,24122],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,24123,24124,24135],{},[1781,24125,24126,24128,24131,24133],{},[1784,24127,1068],{},[1788,24129,24130],{"mathvariant":7829},"≠",[1788,24132,2371],{},[2348,24134,2374],{},[1808,24136,24137],{"encoding":1810},"a \\ne -1",". V důsledku ",[1047,24140,24141],{},"nelze maximalizovat tržby"," v konečném bodě — limita je v ",[1035,24144,24146],{"className":24145},[1772],[1774,24147,24148],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,24149,24150,24154],{},[1781,24151,24152],{},[1784,24153,21408],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,24155,21438],{"encoding":1810}," nebo v ",[1035,24158,24160],{"className":24159},[1772],[1774,24161,24162],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,24163,24164,24168],{},[1781,24165,24166],{},[2348,24167,2350],{},[1808,24169,2350],{"encoding":1810},[1115,24171,24172,24173,24210,24211,1075],{},"Logaritmické vyjádření: ",[1035,24174,24176],{"className":24175},[1772],[1774,24177,24178],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,24179,24180,24207],{},[1781,24181,24182,24185,24187,24189,24191,24193,24195,24197,24199,24201,24203,24205],{},[1784,24183,24184],{},"ln",[1788,24186,3350],{},[1784,24188,2264],{},[1788,24190,1863],{},[1784,24192,24184],{},[1788,24194,3350],{},[1784,24196,10292],{},[1788,24198,2637],{},[1784,24200,1068],{},[1784,24202,24184],{},[1788,24204,3350],{},[1784,24206,2270],{},[1808,24208,24209],{"encoding":1810},"\\ln P = \\ln A + a \\ln Q",". V log-log grafu je poptávka přímkou se sklonem ",[1035,24212,24214],{"className":24213},[1772],[1774,24215,24216],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,24217,24218,24222],{},[1781,24219,24220],{},[1784,24221,1068],{},[1808,24223,1068],{"encoding":1810},[1100,24225,24227,24228],{"id":24226},"příklad-konstantní-elasticita-ed3e_d-3","Příklad — konstantní elasticita ",[1035,24229,24231],{"className":24230},[1772],[1774,24232,24233],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,24234,24235,24249],{},[1781,24236,24237,24243,24245,24247],{},[1792,24238,24239,24241],{},[1784,24240,2364],{},[1784,24242,3224],{},[1788,24244,1863],{},[1788,24246,2371],{},[2348,24248,5332],{},[1808,24250,24251],{"encoding":1810},"E_D = -3",[1030,24253,22206,24254,24304,24305,1075],{},[1035,24255,24257],{"className":24256},[1772],[1774,24258,24259],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,24260,24261,24301],{},[1781,24262,24263,24265,24267,24270,24272,24286,24288],{},[1784,24264,2264],{},[1788,24266,1863],{},[2348,24268,24269],{},"66",[2149,24271,2769],{},[2467,24273,24274,24276],{},[1784,24275,2270],{},[1781,24277,24278,24280,24282,24284],{},[1788,24279,2371],{},[2348,24281,2374],{},[1784,24283,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,24285,5332],{},[1788,24287,1863],{},[14390,24289,24290],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,24291,24292,24294],{},[2348,24293,24269],{},[24295,24296,24297,24299],"mroot",{},[1784,24298,2270],{},[2348,24300,5332],{},[1808,24302,24303],{"encoding":1810},"P = 66\\,Q^{-1\u002F3} = \\dfrac{66}{\\sqrt[3]{Q}}"," a mezní náklady ",[1035,24306,24308],{"className":24307},[1772],[1774,24309,24310],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,24311,24312,24322],{},[1781,24313,24314,24316,24318,24320],{},[1784,24315,1857],{},[1784,24317,1868],{},[1788,24319,1863],{},[2348,24321,4593],{},[1808,24323,24324],{"encoding":1810},"MC = 2",[1030,24326,24327,24328,22866,24352,24384],{},"Z obecného vzorce přímo: ",[1035,24329,24331],{"className":24330},[1772],[1774,24332,24333],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,24334,24335,24349],{},[1781,24336,24337,24339,24341,24343,24345,24347],{},[1784,24338,1068],{},[1788,24340,1863],{},[1788,24342,2371],{},[2348,24344,2374],{},[1784,24346,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,24348,5332],{},[1808,24350,24351],{"encoding":1810},"a = -1\u002F3",[1035,24353,24355],{"className":24354},[1772],[1774,24356,24357],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,24358,24359,24381],{},[1781,24360,24361,24367,24369,24371,24373,24375,24377,24379],{},[1792,24362,24363,24365],{},[1784,24364,2364],{},[1784,24366,3224],{},[1788,24368,1863],{},[2348,24370,2374],{},[1784,24372,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,24374,1068],{},[1788,24376,1863],{},[1788,24378,2371],{},[2348,24380,5332],{},[1808,24382,24383],{"encoding":1810},"E_D = 1\u002Fa = -3"," — konstantně, v každém bodě.",[1030,24386,24387],{},[1047,24388,24389],{},"Kontrola výpočtem:",[1035,24391,24393],{"className":24392},[1772],[1774,24394,24395],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,24396,24397,24469],{},[1781,24398,24399,24413,24415,24417,24425,24427,24429,24431,24445,24447,24449,24451,24453,24467],{},[2322,24400,24401,24407],{},[1781,24402,24403,24405],{},[1784,24404,2328],{},[1784,24406,2264],{},[1781,24408,24409,24411],{},[1784,24410,2328],{},[1784,24412,2270],{},[1788,24414,1863],{},[1788,24416,2371],{},[14390,24418,24419],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,24420,24421,24423],{},[2348,24422,2374],{},[2348,24424,5332],{},[1788,24426,2267],{},[2348,24428,24269],{},[2149,24430,2769],{},[2467,24432,24433,24435],{},[1784,24434,2270],{},[1781,24436,24437,24439,24441,24443],{},[1788,24438,2371],{},[2348,24440,5344],{},[1784,24442,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,24444,5332],{},[1788,24446,1863],{},[1788,24448,2371],{},[2348,24450,15333],{},[2149,24452,2769],{},[2467,24454,24455,24457],{},[1784,24456,2270],{},[1781,24458,24459,24461,24463,24465],{},[1788,24460,2371],{},[2348,24462,5344],{},[1784,24464,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,24466,5332],{},[1784,24468,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,24470,24471],{"encoding":1810},"\\frac{dP}{dQ} = -\\tfrac{1}{3}\\cdot 66\\,Q^{-4\u002F3} = -22\\,Q^{-4\u002F3}.",[1035,24473,24475],{"className":24474},[1772],[1774,24476,24477],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,24478,24479,24622],{},[1781,24480,24481,24487,24489,24495,24497,24513,24515,24539,24541,24567,24569,24579,24581,24611,24613,24615,24617,24619],{},[1792,24482,24483,24485],{},[1784,24484,2364],{},[1784,24486,3224],{},[1788,24488,1863],{},[2322,24490,24491,24493],{},[1784,24492,2264],{},[1784,24494,2270],{},[1788,24496,2267],{},[2322,24498,24499,24501],{},[2348,24500,2374],{},[1781,24502,24503,24505,24507,24509,24511],{},[1784,24504,2328],{},[1784,24506,2264],{},[1784,24508,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,24510,2328],{},[1784,24512,2270],{},[1788,24514,1863],{},[2322,24516,24517,24537],{},[1781,24518,24519,24521,24523],{},[2348,24520,24269],{},[2149,24522,2769],{},[2467,24524,24525,24527],{},[1784,24526,2270],{},[1781,24528,24529,24531,24533,24535],{},[1788,24530,2371],{},[2348,24532,2374],{},[1784,24534,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,24536,5332],{},[1784,24538,2270],{},[1788,24540,2267],{},[2322,24542,24543,24545],{},[2348,24544,2374],{},[1781,24546,24547,24549,24551,24553],{},[1788,24548,2371],{},[2348,24550,15333],{},[2149,24552,2769],{},[2467,24554,24555,24557],{},[1784,24556,2270],{},[1781,24558,24559,24561,24563,24565],{},[1788,24560,2371],{},[2348,24562,5344],{},[1784,24564,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,24566,5332],{},[1788,24568,1863],{},[2322,24570,24571,24573],{},[2348,24572,24269],{},[1781,24574,24575,24577],{},[1788,24576,2371],{},[2348,24578,15333],{},[1788,24580,2267],{},[2322,24582,24583,24597],{},[2467,24584,24585,24587],{},[1784,24586,2270],{},[1781,24588,24589,24591,24593,24595],{},[1788,24590,2371],{},[2348,24592,5344],{},[1784,24594,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,24596,5332],{},[2467,24598,24599,24601],{},[1784,24600,2270],{},[1781,24602,24603,24605,24607,24609],{},[1788,24604,2371],{},[2348,24606,5344],{},[1784,24608,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,24610,5332],{},[1788,24612,1863],{},[1788,24614,2371],{},[2348,24616,19364],{},[2149,24618,21702],{},[1784,24620,24621],{"mathvariant":7829},"✓",[1808,24623,24624],{"encoding":1810},"E_D = \\frac{P}{Q}\\cdot\\frac{1}{dP\u002FdQ} = \\frac{66\\,Q^{-1\u002F3}}{Q}\\cdot\\frac{1}{-22\\,Q^{-4\u002F3}} = \\frac{66}{-22}\\cdot\\frac{Q^{-4\u002F3}}{Q^{-4\u002F3}} = -3.\\;\\checkmark",[1030,24626,24627,24628,24641],{},"Tato funkce je tedy elastická v každém bodě a maximalizace tržeb v ní není možná v konečném ",[1035,24629,24631],{"className":24630},[1772],[1774,24632,24633],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,24634,24635,24639],{},[1781,24636,24637],{},[1784,24638,2270],{},[1808,24640,2270],{"encoding":1810}," — viz Příklad II níže.",[1077,24643,24645],{"id":24644},"_5-jiné-postupy-výpočtu","5. Jiné postupy výpočtu",[1030,24647,24648,24649,5985,24652,24655],{},"Cenovou elasticitu lze ekvivalentně zapsat jako součin ",[1047,24650,24651],{},"podílu ceny a množství",[1047,24653,24654],{},"převrácenou hodnotou směrnice tečny"," poptávkové křivky:",[1035,24657,24659],{"className":24658},[1772],[1774,24660,24661],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,24662,24663,24712],{},[1781,24664,24665,24671,24673,24679,24681,24698,24700,24706,24708,24710],{},[1792,24666,24667,24669],{},[1784,24668,2364],{},[1784,24670,3224],{},[1788,24672,1863],{},[2322,24674,24675,24677],{},[1784,24676,2264],{},[1784,24678,2270],{},[1788,24680,2267],{},[2322,24682,24683,24685],{},[2348,24684,2374],{},[1781,24686,24687,24690,24692,24694,24696],{},[1784,24688,24689],{},"δ",[1784,24691,2264],{},[1784,24693,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,24695,24689],{},[1784,24697,2270],{},[1788,24699,1863],{},[2322,24701,24702,24704],{},[1784,24703,2264],{},[1784,24705,2270],{},[1788,24707,2267],{},[1784,24709,9377],{},[1788,24711,1138],{"separator":1041},[1808,24713,24714],{"encoding":1810},"E_D = \\frac{P}{Q}\\cdot\\frac{1}{\\delta P\u002F\\delta Q} = \\frac{P}{Q}\\cdot k,",[1030,24716,7908,24717,24751,24752,24775,24776,24800,24801,24818,24819,1075],{},[1035,24718,24720],{"className":24719},[1772],[1774,24721,24722],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,24723,24724,24748],{},[1781,24725,24726,24728,24730,24732,24734,24736,24738,24740,24742,24744,24746],{},[1784,24727,9377],{},[1788,24729,1863],{},[2348,24731,2374],{},[1784,24733,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,24735,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,24737,2328],{},[1784,24739,2264],{},[1784,24741,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,24743,2328],{},[1784,24745,2270],{},[1788,24747,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,24749,24750],{"encoding":1810},"k = 1\u002F(dP\u002FdQ)"," je převrácená směrnice. U lineární poptávky ",[1035,24753,24755],{"className":24754},[1772],[1774,24756,24757],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,24758,24759,24773],{},[1781,24760,24761,24763,24765,24767,24769,24771],{},[1784,24762,2264],{},[1788,24764,1863],{},[1784,24766,1068],{},[1788,24768,2371],{},[1784,24770,8838],{},[1784,24772,2270],{},[1808,24774,22593],{"encoding":1810}," je ",[1035,24777,24779],{"className":24778},[1772],[1774,24780,24781],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,24782,24783,24797],{},[1781,24784,24785,24787,24789,24791,24793,24795],{},[1784,24786,9377],{},[1788,24788,1863],{},[1788,24790,2371],{},[2348,24792,2374],{},[1784,24794,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,24796,8838],{},[1808,24798,24799],{"encoding":1810},"k = -1\u002Fb"," konstantní, takže celá variabilita ",[1035,24802,24804],{"className":24803},[1772],[1774,24805,24806],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,24807,24808,24816],{},[1781,24809,24810],{},[1792,24811,24812,24814],{},[1784,24813,2364],{},[1784,24815,3224],{},[1808,24817,21535],{"encoding":1810}," pochází z poměru ",[1035,24820,24822],{"className":24821},[1772],[1774,24823,24824],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,24825,24826,24834],{},[1781,24827,24828,24830,24832],{},[1784,24829,2264],{},[1784,24831,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,24833,2270],{},[1808,24835,22911],{"encoding":1810},[1030,24837,24838,24839,1089,24842,1062,24872,1310],{},"Další ekvivalentní zápis pro ",[1047,24840,24841],{},"dva diskrétní body",[1035,24843,24845],{"className":24844},[1772],[1774,24846,24847],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,24848,24849,24869],{},[1781,24850,24851,24853,24859,24861,24867],{},[1788,24852,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,24854,24855,24857],{},[1784,24856,2264],{},[2348,24858,2374],{},[1788,24860,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,24862,24863,24865],{},[1784,24864,20998],{},[2348,24866,2374],{},[1788,24868,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,24870,24871],{"encoding":1810},"(P_1,X_1)",[1035,24873,24875],{"className":24874},[1772],[1774,24876,24877],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,24878,24879,24899],{},[1781,24880,24881,24883,24889,24891,24897],{},[1788,24882,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,24884,24885,24887],{},[1784,24886,2264],{},[2348,24888,4593],{},[1788,24890,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,24892,24893,24895],{},[1784,24894,20998],{},[2348,24896,4593],{},[1788,24898,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,24900,24901],{"encoding":1810},"(P_2,X_2)",[1035,24903,24905],{"className":24904},[1772],[1774,24906,24907],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,24908,24909,24995],{},[1781,24910,24911,24921,24923,24957,24959,24993],{},[1792,24912,24913,24915],{},[1784,24914,9309],{},[1781,24916,24917,24919],{},[1784,24918,3221],{},[1784,24920,3224],{},[1788,24922,1863],{},[2322,24924,24925,24941],{},[1781,24926,24927,24933,24935],{},[1792,24928,24929,24931],{},[1784,24930,20998],{},[2348,24932,4593],{},[1788,24934,2371],{},[1792,24936,24937,24939],{},[1784,24938,20998],{},[2348,24940,2374],{},[1781,24942,24943,24949,24951],{},[1792,24944,24945,24947],{},[1784,24946,2264],{},[2348,24948,4593],{},[1788,24950,2371],{},[1792,24952,24953,24955],{},[1784,24954,2264],{},[2348,24956,2374],{},[1788,24958,2267],{},[2322,24960,24961,24977],{},[1781,24962,24963,24969,24971],{},[1792,24964,24965,24967],{},[1784,24966,2264],{},[2348,24968,2374],{},[1788,24970,2637],{},[1792,24972,24973,24975],{},[1784,24974,2264],{},[2348,24976,4593],{},[1781,24978,24979,24985,24987],{},[1792,24980,24981,24983],{},[1784,24982,20998],{},[2348,24984,2374],{},[1788,24986,2637],{},[1792,24988,24989,24991],{},[1784,24990,20998],{},[2348,24992,4593],{},[1784,24994,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,24996,24997],{"encoding":1810},"e_{ID} = \\frac{X_2 - X_1}{P_2 - P_1}\\cdot\\frac{P_1 + P_2}{X_1 + X_2}.",[1023,24999,25001,25008],{"className":25000,"dataCallout":1608},[1026,1607],[1030,25002,25004,25007],{"className":25003},[1033],[1035,25005],{"className":25006,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1615,1040],"Postup výpočtu krok za krokem",[1260,25009,25010,25054,25057,25083,25127],{},[1115,25011,25012,25013,25033,25034,2440],{},"Identifikuj poptávkovou funkci (zda je ",[1035,25014,25016],{"className":25015},[1772],[1774,25017,25018],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,25019,25020,25030],{},[1781,25021,25022,25024,25026,25028],{},[1784,25023,2270],{},[1788,25025,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,25027,2264],{},[1788,25029,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,25031,25032],{"encoding":1810},"Q(P)"," či ",[1035,25035,25037],{"className":25036},[1772],[1774,25038,25039],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,25040,25041,25051],{},[1781,25042,25043,25045,25047,25049],{},[1784,25044,2264],{},[1788,25046,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,25048,2270],{},[1788,25050,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,25052,25053],{"encoding":1810},"P(Q)",[1115,25055,25056],{},"Spočítej derivaci ve správném směru.",[1115,25058,25059,25060,25082],{},"Dosadž bod ",[1035,25061,25063],{"className":25062},[1772],[1774,25064,25065],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,25066,25067,25079],{},[1781,25068,25069,25071,25073,25075,25077],{},[1788,25070,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,25072,2264],{},[1788,25074,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,25076,2270],{},[1788,25078,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,25080,25081],{"encoding":1810},"(P, Q)",", ve kterém měříš.",[1115,25084,25085,25086,1075],{},"Aplikuj ",[1035,25087,25089],{"className":25088},[1772],[1774,25090,25091],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,25092,25093,25125],{},[1781,25094,25095,25101,25103,25105,25107,25109,25111,25113,25115,25117,25119,25121,25123],{},[1792,25096,25097,25099],{},[1784,25098,2364],{},[1784,25100,3224],{},[1788,25102,1863],{},[1788,25104,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,25106,2264],{},[1784,25108,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,25110,2270],{},[1788,25112,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,25114,2267],{},[1784,25116,2328],{},[1784,25118,2270],{},[1784,25120,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,25122,2328],{},[1784,25124,2264],{},[1808,25126,20976],{"encoding":1810},[1115,25128,25129],{},"Pokud je zadání diskrétní, použij midpoint (oblouk).",[1077,25131,25133],{"id":25132},"_6-determinanty-cenové-elasticity-poptávky","6. Determinanty cenové elasticity poptávky",[1030,25135,25136],{},"Co určuje, zda je poptávka po určitém statku elastická či neelastická? Klíčové faktory:",[1100,25138,25140],{"id":25139},"_61-možnosti-substituce","6.1 Možnosti substituce",[1030,25142,25143,25146,25147,25150],{},[1047,25144,25145],{},"Existence substitutů"," je nejvýznamnější determinant. Čím více ",[1047,25148,25149],{},"blízkých substitutů",", tím elastičtější poptávka.",[1112,25152,25153,25191],{},[1115,25154,25155,25158,25159,25162,25163,25176,25177,25190],{},[1047,25156,25157],{},"Dokonalé substituty"," (homogenní zboží různých výrobců): záměna není plynulá — spotřebitel se přesune ",[1047,25160,25161],{},"najednou"," ze statku ",[1035,25164,25166],{"className":25165},[1772],[1774,25167,25168],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,25169,25170,25174],{},[1781,25171,25172],{},[1784,25173,20998],{},[1808,25175,20998],{"encoding":1810}," na statek ",[1035,25178,25180],{"className":25179},[1772],[1774,25181,25182],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,25183,25184,25188],{},[1781,25185,25186],{},[1784,25187,21001],{},[1808,25189,21001],{"encoding":1810},", jakmile cenový rozdíl překročí prah. Poptávka po výrobku jednoho výrobce je téměř dokonale elastická.",[1115,25192,25193,25196],{},[1047,25194,25195],{},"Nedokonalé substituty"," se nahrazují postupně, kombinací obou. Poptávka je elastická, ale konečně.",[1030,25198,25199],{},"Příklad: poptávka po Coca-Cole je elastická (spotřebitel přechází na Pepsi), ale poptávka po nealko nápojích jako kategorii je neelastická.",[1100,25201,25203],{"id":25202},"_62-podíl-na-rozpočtu","6.2 Podíl na rozpočtu",[1030,25205,25206,25207,25210,25211,25233,25234,2440],{},"Důchodový efekt cenové změny je tím silnější, čím ",[1047,25208,25209],{},"větší podíl"," statek zaujímá v celkových výdajích. Krabička zápalek má cenovou elasticitu téměř nulovou (",[1035,25212,25214],{"className":25213},[1772],[1774,25215,25216],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,25217,25218,25230],{},[1781,25219,25220,25226,25228],{},[1792,25221,25222,25224],{},[1784,25223,2364],{},[1784,25225,3224],{},[1788,25227,8786],{},[2348,25229,2610],{},[1808,25231,25232],{"encoding":1810},"E_D \\approx 0{,}1","), protože změna ceny zápalek o 50 % je v rozpočtu nepostřehnutelná. Naopak nákup automobilu reaguje silně (",[1035,25235,25237],{"className":25236},[1772],[1774,25238,25239],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,25240,25241,25254],{},[1781,25242,25243,25249,25251],{},[1792,25244,25245,25247],{},[1784,25246,2364],{},[1784,25248,3224],{},[1788,25250,1863],{},[2348,25252,25253],{},"1,87",[1808,25255,25256],{"encoding":1810},"E_D = 1{,}87",[1023,25258,25260,25267],{"className":25259,"dataCallout":582},[1026,1225],[1030,25261,25263,25266],{"className":25262},[1033],[1035,25264],{"className":25265,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1232,1040],"Proverbium: Sůl nad zlato",[1030,25268,25269,25270,1075],{},"Sůl je životně nezbytná, ale zaujímá tak malý podíl na rozpočtu, že její cena prakticky nemá vliv na množství poptávané. ",[1035,25271,25273],{"className":25272},[1772],[1774,25274,25275],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,25276,25277,25305],{},[1781,25278,25279,25285,25287,25299,25301,25303],{},[1792,25280,25281,25283],{},[1784,25282,2364],{},[1784,25284,3224],{},[1788,25286,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1781,25288,25289,25291,25297],{},[2149,25290,9351],{},[2160,25292,25293,25295],{"accent":1041},[2149,25294,2480],{},[1788,25296,8102],{},[2149,25298,2488],{},[1788,25300,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,25302,1863],{},[2348,25304,2610],{},[1808,25306,25307],{"encoding":1810},"E_D(\\text{sůl}) = 0{,}1",[1100,25309,25311],{"id":25310},"_63-důchodový-efekt-normální-vs-inferiorní","6.3 Důchodový efekt (normální vs. inferiorní)",[1030,25313,25314,25315,25318,25319,25322,25323,1075],{},"Pro ",[1047,25316,25317],{},"normální statek"," vede pokles ceny → růst reálného důchodu → růst spotřeby. Důchodový efekt ",[1047,25320,25321],{},"zesiluje"," substituční efekt. Detail viz ",[1068,25324,25328],{"href":25325,"className":25326,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":25327},"\u002Fwiki\u002Fmikk-substitucni-duchodovy-efekt",[1071],"topics\u002Fmikk-substitucni-duchodovy-efekt.md","Substituční a důchodový efekt",[1030,25330,25314,25331,25334,25335,25338,25339,25342],{},[1047,25332,25333],{},"inferiorní statek"," vede pokles ceny → růst reálného důchodu → ",[1047,25336,25337],{},"pokles"," spotřeby. Důchodový efekt ",[1047,25340,25341],{},"oslabuje"," substituční efekt. Normální statky proto mají typicky vyšší cenovou elasticitu než inferiorní.",[1100,25344,25346],{"id":25345},"_64-krátké-vs-dlouhé-období","6.4 Krátké vs. dlouhé období",[1030,25348,25349,25350,25353,25354,25357,25358,25361],{},"V ",[1047,25351,25352],{},"krátkém období"," spotřebitel nemůže snadno změnit chování (např. má auto, jezdí do práce, musí kupovat benzin). V ",[1047,25355,25356],{},"dlouhém období"," může změnit auto za úspornější, přestěhovat se, změnit zaměstnání. Důsledek: ",[1047,25359,25360],{},"dlouhodobá elasticita je obvykle větší než krátkodobá"," (často 3-10×).",[1100,25363,25365],{"id":25364},"_65-charakter-potřeby","6.5 Charakter potřeby",[1030,25367,25368,25369,25372,25373,25376],{},"Statky uspokojující ",[1047,25370,25371],{},"nezbytné"," potřeby (chléb, léky, bydlení) mají nízkou elasticitu. ",[1047,25374,25375],{},"Luxusní"," statky (cesty do zahraničí, klenoty) mají vysokou elasticitu.",[1023,25378,25380,25387],{"className":25379,"dataCallout":3501},[1026,3500],[1030,25381,25383,25386],{"className":25382},[1033],[1035,25384],{"className":25385,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,3508,1040],"Pozor — věrnost značce",[1030,25388,25389,25390,25393,25394,1075],{},"Vysoká věrnost značce snižuje elasticitu poptávky. To je výhoda při zvyšování ceny (zákazník neuteče), ale nevýhoda při snižování ceny (nepřitáhne nové). Strategický cíl marketingu: budovat věrnost, ale ",[1047,25391,25392],{},"zachovat schopnost cenové diskriminace"," mezi loajálními a citlivými zákazníky — viz ",[1068,25395,7246],{"href":7245,"className":25396,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":7244},[1071],[1077,25398,25400],{"id":25399},"_7-empirické-tabulky-cenové-elasticity","7. Empirické tabulky cenové elasticity",[1100,25402,25404],{"id":25403},"_71-vybrané-statky","7.1 Vybrané statky",[1030,25406,25407,25408,25425],{},"Tabulka ",[1035,25409,25411],{"className":25410},[1772],[1774,25412,25413],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,25414,25415,25423],{},[1781,25416,25417],{},[1792,25418,25419,25421],{},[1784,25420,2364],{},[1784,25422,3224],{},[1808,25424,21535],{"encoding":1810}," pro 30+ produktů (americká data, ale ilustrativně platí i pro ČR):",[1153,25427,25428,25484],{},[1156,25429,25430],{},[1159,25431,25432,25435,25459,25461],{},[1162,25433,25434],{},"Statek",[1162,25436,25437],{},[1035,25438,25440],{"className":25439},[1772],[1774,25441,25442],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,25443,25444,25456],{},[1781,25445,25446,25448,25454],{},[1788,25447,20612],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,25449,25450,25452],{},[1784,25451,2364],{},[1784,25453,3224],{},[1788,25455,20612],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,25457,25458],{"encoding":1810},"\\lvert E_D\\rvert",[1162,25460,25434],{},[1162,25462,25463],{},[1035,25464,25466],{"className":25465},[1772],[1774,25467,25468],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,25469,25470,25482],{},[1781,25471,25472,25474,25480],{},[1788,25473,20612],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,25475,25476,25478],{},[1784,25477,2364],{},[1784,25479,3224],{},[1788,25481,20612],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,25483,25458],{"encoding":1810},[1172,25485,25486,25500,25513,25525,25538,25551,25565,25578,25591,25604,25618,25632,25645,25658,25670],{},[1159,25487,25488,25491,25494,25497],{},[1177,25489,25490],{},"Bydlení",[1177,25492,25493],{},"0,01",[1177,25495,25496],{},"Nábytek",[1177,25498,25499],{},"1,0",[1159,25501,25502,25505,25507,25510],{},[1177,25503,25504],{},"Sůl",[1177,25506,2610],{},[1177,25508,25509],{},"Železniční doprava",[1177,25511,25512],{},"1,4",[1159,25514,25515,25518,25520,25523],{},[1177,25516,25517],{},"Zápalky",[1177,25519,2610],{},[1177,25521,25522],{},"Marihuana",[1177,25524,16562],{},[1159,25526,25527,25530,25532,25535],{},[1177,25528,25529],{},"Zubní kartáček",[1177,25531,2610],{},[1177,25533,25534],{},"Porcelán",[1177,25536,25537],{},"1,54",[1159,25539,25540,25543,25546,25549],{},[1177,25541,25542],{},"Elektřina pro domácnosti",[1177,25544,25545],{},"0,13",[1177,25547,25548],{},"Os. automobily",[1177,25550,25253],{},[1159,25552,25553,25556,25559,25562],{},[1177,25554,25555],{},"Chléb",[1177,25557,25558],{},"0,15",[1177,25560,25561],{},"Legální hazardní hry",[1177,25563,25564],{},"1,9",[1159,25566,25567,25570,25572,25575],{},[1177,25568,25569],{},"Oděvy",[1177,25571,2678],{},[1177,25573,25574],{},"Strava v restauracích",[1177,25576,25577],{},"2,27",[1159,25579,25580,25583,25585,25588],{},[1177,25581,25582],{},"Autobusová doprava",[1177,25584,2678],{},[1177,25586,25587],{},"Jehněčí a skopové maso",[1177,25589,25590],{},"2,65",[1159,25592,25593,25596,25598,25601],{},[1177,25594,25595],{},"Káva",[1177,25597,14363],{},[1177,25599,25600],{},"Zelený hrášek",[1177,25602,25603],{},"2,8",[1159,25605,25606,25609,25612,25615],{},[1177,25607,25608],{},"Lékařská péče",[1177,25610,25611],{},"0,31",[1177,25613,25614],{},"Letecká doprava (DO)",[1177,25616,25617],{},"2,4",[1159,25619,25620,25623,25626,25629],{},[1177,25621,25622],{},"Noviny a časopisy",[1177,25624,25625],{},"0,42",[1177,25627,25628],{},"Cesty do zahraničí (DO)",[1177,25630,25631],{},"4,0",[1159,25633,25634,25637,25640,25643],{},[1177,25635,25636],{},"Cigarety",[1177,25638,25639],{},"0,48",[1177,25641,25642],{},"Automobily Chevrolet",[1177,25644,25631],{},[1159,25646,25647,25650,25652,25655],{},[1177,25648,25649],{},"Ryby",[1177,25651,15984],{},[1177,25653,25654],{},"Rajská jablíčka",[1177,25656,25657],{},"4,6",[1159,25659,25660,25663,25666,25668],{},[1177,25661,25662],{},"Právní služby",[1177,25664,25665],{},"0,61",[1177,25667],{},[1177,25669],{},[1159,25671,25672,25675,25678,25680],{},[1177,25673,25674],{},"Hovězí maso",[1177,25676,25677],{},"0,64",[1177,25679],{},[1177,25681],{},[1030,25683,25684,25685,25688],{},"(Zdroj: Gwartney, Stroup, Macpherson, Sobel — ",[1091,25686,25687],{},"Economics: Private and Public Choice",", 2005, 11. vyd.)",[1023,25690,25692,25699],{"className":25691,"dataCallout":582},[1026,1225],[1030,25693,25695,25698],{"className":25694},[1033],[1035,25696],{"className":25697,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1232,1040],"Jak číst tabulku",[1030,25700,25701],{},"Hodnoty pod 1 = neelastická poptávka (zboží blízko statku životně nezbytného). Hodnoty nad 1 = elastická poptávka (luxus, dobře substituovatelné). Nejvyšší hodnoty (rajčata 4,6) ukazují na zboží, kde má spotřebitel mnoho alternativ — když rajčata zdraží, koupí okurky.",[1100,25703,25705],{"id":25704},"_72-krátké-vs-dlouhé-období","7.2 Krátké vs. dlouhé období",[1153,25707,25708,25762],{},[1156,25709,25710],{},[1159,25711,25712,25714,25738],{},[1162,25713,25434],{},[1162,25715,25716,25737],{},[1035,25717,25719],{"className":25718},[1772],[1774,25720,25721],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,25722,25723,25735],{},[1781,25724,25725,25727,25733],{},[1788,25726,20612],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,25728,25729,25731],{},[1784,25730,2364],{},[1784,25732,3224],{},[1788,25734,20612],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,25736,25458],{"encoding":1810}," krátké období",[1162,25739,25740,25761],{},[1035,25741,25743],{"className":25742},[1772],[1774,25744,25745],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,25746,25747,25759],{},[1781,25748,25749,25751,25757],{},[1788,25750,20612],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,25752,25753,25755],{},[1784,25754,2364],{},[1784,25756,3224],{},[1788,25758,20612],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,25760,25458],{"encoding":1810}," dlouhé období",[1172,25763,25764,25773,25784,25793,25804,25813,25822,25833,25842],{},[1159,25765,25766,25769,25771],{},[1177,25767,25768],{},"Benzin",[1177,25770,13741],{},[1177,25772,16562],{},[1159,25774,25775,25778,25781],{},[1177,25776,25777],{},"Zahraniční cesty",[1177,25779,25780],{},"0,14",[1177,25782,25783],{},"1,77",[1159,25785,25786,25788,25790],{},[1177,25787,25542],{},[1177,25789,25545],{},[1177,25791,25792],{},"1,8",[1159,25794,25795,25798,25801],{},[1177,25796,25797],{},"Tabákové výrobky",[1177,25799,25800],{},"0,46",[1177,25802,25803],{},"1,89",[1159,25805,25806,25808,25810],{},[1177,25807,17402],{},[1177,25809,2678],{},[1177,25811,25812],{},"3,04",[1159,25814,25815,25818,25820],{},[1177,25816,25817],{},"Zemní plyn",[1177,25819,2610],{},[1177,25821,15984],{},[1159,25823,25824,25827,25830],{},[1177,25825,25826],{},"Pneumatiky",[1177,25828,25829],{},"0,9",[1177,25831,25832],{},"1,2",[1159,25834,25835,25838,25840],{},[1177,25836,25837],{},"Letecká doprava",[1177,25839,2610],{},[1177,25841,25617],{},[1159,25843,25844,25847,25850],{},[1177,25845,25846],{},"Vlastní bydlení",[1177,25848,25849],{},"(krátké období nelze)",[1177,25851,25832],{},[1023,25853,25855,25862],{"className":25854,"dataCallout":582},[1026,1225],[1030,25856,25858,25861],{"className":25857},[1033],[1035,25859],{"className":25860,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1232,1040],"Intuice — proč benzin?",[1030,25863,25864,25865,25868],{},"V krátkém období musí řidič dojíždět do práce, ať benzin stojí cokoli. V dlouhém období může koupit hybrid, přestěhovat se blíž k práci, dojíždět veřejnou dopravou. ",[1047,25866,25867],{},"Dlouhodobá elasticita je 3,75× vyšší."," Podobně elektřina (poměr 13,8×!).",[1100,25870,25872],{"id":25871},"_73-český-kontext","7.3 Český kontext",[1030,25874,25875,25876,1075],{},"Studie Luňáčka a Feldbabela (Acta univ. agric. silvic. Mendel. Brun., 2011, LIX, č. 7, s. 225–236) měřila elasticitu českého spotřebitele. Detailní hodnoty viz ",[1068,25877,25881],{"href":25878,"className":25879,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":25880},"\u002Fwiki\u002Fmikk-odhad-poptavky",[1071],"topics\u002Fmikk-odhad-poptavky.md","Odhad poptávky",[1077,25883,25885,25886],{"id":25884},"_8-cenová-pružnost-nabídky-ese_s","8. Cenová pružnost nabídky ",[1035,25887,25889],{"className":25888},[1772],[1774,25890,25891],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,25892,25893,25901],{},[1781,25894,25895],{},[1792,25896,25897,25899],{},[1784,25898,2364],{},[1784,25900,3212],{},[1808,25902,21045],{"encoding":1810},[1030,25904,25905,25906,25909],{},"Definice analogická poptávce, ale ",[1047,25907,25908],{},"bez znaménka mínus"," — nabídka roste s cenou, takže elasticita je přirozeně kladná:",[1035,25911,25913],{"className":25912},[1772],[1774,25914,25915],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,25916,25917,25975],{},[1781,25918,25919],{},[21766,25920,25921],{"notation":21768},[14390,25922,25923],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,25924,25925],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,25926,25927],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[1781,25928,25929,25931,25937,25939,25945,25947,25965,25967,25969,25971,25973],{},[2149,25930,21702],{},[1792,25932,25933,25935],{},[1784,25934,2364],{},[1784,25936,3212],{},[1788,25938,1863],{},[2322,25940,25941,25943],{},[1784,25942,2264],{},[1784,25944,2270],{},[1788,25946,2267],{},[2322,25948,25949,25959],{},[1781,25950,25951,25953],{},[1784,25952,2328],{},[1792,25954,25955,25957],{},[1784,25956,2270],{},[1784,25958,3212],{},[1781,25960,25961,25963],{},[1784,25962,2328],{},[1784,25964,2264],{},[2149,25966,21702],{},[1788,25968,1790],{},[2149,25970,21702],{},[2348,25972,2350],{},[2149,25974,21702],{},[1808,25976,25977],{"encoding":1810},"\\boxed{\\; E_S = \\frac{P}{Q}\\cdot\\frac{dQ_S}{dP} \\;\\geq\\; 0 \\;}",[1100,25979,25981],{"id":25980},"dva-archetypy-nabídky","Dva archetypy nabídky",[1023,25983,25987,25995,26030],{"className":25984,"dataCallout":25986},[1026,25985],"callout-example","example",[1030,25988,25990,25994],{"className":25989},[1033],[1035,25991],{"className":25992,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,25993,1040],"i-lucide:flask-conical","„Pěstování brambor\" vs. „Reklama na internetu\"",[1030,25996,25997,26000,26001,26004,26005,1299,26007,26029],{},[1047,25998,25999],{},"Pěstování brambor"," — fyzická produkce, sezónní cyklus, omezené pole, omezené sklady. Když cena vyskočí, zemědělec ",[1047,26002,26003],{},"nemůže"," rychle zvětšit produkci. Nabídka ",[1047,26006,22535],{},[1035,26008,26010],{"className":26009},[1772],[1774,26011,26012],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,26013,26014,26026],{},[1781,26015,26016,26022,26024],{},[1792,26017,26018,26020],{},[1784,26019,2364],{},[1784,26021,3212],{},[1788,26023,8824],{},[2348,26025,2350],{},[1808,26027,26028],{"encoding":1810},"E_S \\to 0"," v krátkém období.",[1030,26031,26032,26035,26036,1299,26038,1075],{},[1047,26033,26034],{},"Reklama na internetu"," — digitální služba, nulové fixní náklady na další jednotku, neomezená kapacita. Když cena reklamy vyskočí, agentura zvládne během dne nabrat další klienty. Nabídka ",[1047,26037,21441],{},[1035,26039,26041],{"className":26040},[1772],[1774,26042,26043],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,26044,26045,26057],{},[1781,26046,26047,26053,26055],{},[1792,26048,26049,26051],{},[1784,26050,2364],{},[1784,26052,3212],{},[1788,26054,8824],{},[1784,26056,21408],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,26058,26059],{"encoding":1810},"E_S \\to \\infty",[1100,26061,26063,26064],{"id":26062},"strategie-firem-v-závislosti-na-ese_s","Strategie firem v závislosti na ",[1035,26065,26067],{"className":26066},[1772],[1774,26068,26069],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,26070,26071,26079],{},[1781,26072,26073],{},[1792,26074,26075,26077],{},[1784,26076,2364],{},[1784,26078,3212],{},[1808,26080,21045],{"encoding":1810},[1023,26082,26084,26091,26102,26117,26138],{"className":26083,"dataCallout":1608},[1026,1607],[1030,26085,26087,26090],{"className":26086},[1033],[1035,26088],{"className":26089,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1615,1040],"Postup — kdy je pružnost výhodná?",[1030,26092,26093,26094,26097,26098,26101],{},"Vysoká pružnost umožňuje firmě ",[1047,26095,26096],{},"agresivně reagovat"," na cenové signály (růst poptávky → rychle navýšit produkci → využít zisku). Ale pružnost ",[1047,26099,26100],{},"něco stojí"," (nadbytečné kapacity, držení zásob).",[1112,26103,26104,26111],{},[1115,26105,26106,26107,26110],{},"Strategie ",[1047,26108,26109],{},"Cost Leadership"," (nízké náklady) ⇒ nemůže si dovolit drahou pružnost.",[1115,26112,26106,26113,26116],{},[1047,26114,26115],{},"Differentiation"," ⇒ může pružnost financovat z vyšších marží.",[1030,26118,26119,26120,26137],{},"Vysoké ",[1035,26121,26123],{"className":26122},[1772],[1774,26124,26125],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,26126,26127,26135],{},[1781,26128,26129],{},[1792,26130,26131,26133],{},[1784,26132,2364],{},[1784,26134,3212],{},[1808,26136,21045],{"encoding":1810}," vyžaduje:",[1112,26139,26140,26143,26146,26149],{},[1115,26141,26142],{},"dostupné výrobní zdroje a distribuční kanály,",[1115,26144,26145],{},"nevyužité kapacity (rezervy),",[1115,26147,26148],{},"možnost vyrábět na sklad (skladovatelnost),",[1115,26150,26151],{},"nízké fixní náklady.",[1077,26153,26155],{"id":26154},"_9-tržní-potenciál-mp-a-maximalizace-tržeb","9. Tržní potenciál (MP) a maximalizace tržeb",[1030,26157,26158,26165,26166,1075],{},[1047,26159,26160,26161,26164],{},"Definice (Kotler, ",[1091,26162,26163],{},"Marketing Management",", s. 261)."," Potenciál trhu MP je ",[1091,26167,26168],{},"maximální objem prodeje (ve fyzických nebo peněžních jednotkách), který může být dosažen na určitém trhu v určitém čase, při dané úrovni marketingového úsilí a při daných podmínkách prostředí",[1030,26170,26171,26172,12850,26196,26209,26210,26223,26224,26248,26249,26279],{},"V peněžním vyjádření: ",[1035,26173,26175],{"className":26174},[1772],[1774,26176,26177],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,26178,26179,26193],{},[1781,26180,26181,26183,26185,26187,26189,26191],{},[1784,26182,1857],{},[1784,26184,2264],{},[1788,26186,1863],{},[1784,26188,2264],{},[1788,26190,2267],{},[1784,26192,2270],{},[1808,26194,26195],{"encoding":1810},"MP = P\\cdot Q",[1035,26197,26199],{"className":26198},[1772],[1774,26200,26201],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,26202,26203,26207],{},[1781,26204,26205],{},[1784,26206,2264],{},[1808,26208,2264],{"encoding":1810}," je cena a ",[1035,26211,26213],{"className":26212},[1772],[1774,26214,26215],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,26216,26217,26221],{},[1781,26218,26219],{},[1784,26220,2270],{},[1808,26222,2270],{"encoding":1810}," množství. Protože ",[1035,26225,26227],{"className":26226},[1772],[1774,26228,26229],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,26230,26231,26245],{},[1781,26232,26233,26235,26237,26239,26241,26243],{},[1784,26234,2270],{},[1788,26236,1863],{},[1784,26238,3224],{},[1788,26240,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,26242,2264],{},[1788,26244,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,26246,26247],{"encoding":1810},"Q = D(P)",", je ",[1035,26250,26252],{"className":26251},[1772],[1774,26253,26254],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,26255,26256,26276],{},[1781,26257,26258,26260,26262,26264,26266,26268,26270,26272,26274],{},[1784,26259,1857],{},[1784,26261,2264],{},[1788,26263,1863],{},[1784,26265,2264],{},[1788,26267,2267],{},[1784,26269,3224],{},[1788,26271,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,26273,2264],{},[1788,26275,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,26277,26278],{"encoding":1810},"MP = P\\cdot D(P)"," funkcí ceny.",[1100,26281,26283,26284],{"id":26282},"maximum-mp-nastává-v-bodě-ed1e_d-1","Maximum MP nastává v bodě ",[1035,26285,26287],{"className":26286},[1772],[1774,26288,26289],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,26290,26291,26305],{},[1781,26292,26293,26299,26301,26303],{},[1792,26294,26295,26297],{},[1784,26296,2364],{},[1784,26298,3224],{},[1788,26300,1863],{},[1788,26302,2371],{},[2348,26304,2374],{},[1808,26306,21487],{"encoding":1810},[1030,26308,26309,26310,26346,26347,1310],{},"Maximalizace ",[1035,26311,26313],{"className":26312},[1772],[1774,26314,26315],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,26316,26317,26343],{},[1781,26318,26319,26321,26323,26325,26327,26329,26331,26333,26335,26337,26339,26341],{},[1784,26320,1857],{},[1784,26322,2264],{},[1788,26324,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,26326,2264],{},[1788,26328,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,26330,1863],{},[1784,26332,2264],{},[1788,26334,2267],{},[1784,26336,2270],{},[1788,26338,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,26340,2264],{},[1788,26342,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,26344,26345],{"encoding":1810},"MP(P) = P\\cdot Q(P)"," vede přes podmínku ",[1035,26348,26350],{"className":26349},[1772],[1774,26351,26352],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,26353,26354,26372],{},[1781,26355,26356,26358,26360,26362,26364,26366,26368,26370],{},[1784,26357,2328],{},[1784,26359,1857],{},[1784,26361,2264],{},[1784,26363,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,26365,2328],{},[1784,26367,2264],{},[1788,26369,1863],{},[2348,26371,2350],{},[1808,26373,26374],{"encoding":1810},"dMP\u002FdP = 0",[1035,26376,26378],{"className":26377},[1772],[1774,26379,26380],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,26381,26382,26482],{},[1781,26383,26384,26400,26402,26404,26406,26408,26410,26424,26426,26428,26460,26462,26464,26466,26468,26470,26472,26478,26480],{},[2322,26385,26386,26394],{},[1781,26387,26388,26390,26392],{},[1784,26389,2328],{},[1784,26391,1857],{},[1784,26393,2264],{},[1781,26395,26396,26398],{},[1784,26397,2328],{},[1784,26399,2264],{},[1788,26401,1863],{},[1784,26403,2270],{},[1788,26405,2637],{},[1784,26407,2264],{},[1788,26409,2267],{},[2322,26411,26412,26418],{},[1781,26413,26414,26416],{},[1784,26415,2328],{},[1784,26417,2270],{},[1781,26419,26420,26422],{},[1784,26421,2328],{},[1784,26423,2264],{},[1788,26425,1863],{},[1784,26427,2270],{},[1781,26429,26430,26432,26434,26436,26442,26444,26458],{},[1788,26431,2143],{"fence":1041},[2348,26433,2374],{},[1788,26435,2637],{},[2322,26437,26438,26440],{},[1784,26439,2264],{},[1784,26441,2270],{},[1788,26443,2267],{},[2322,26445,26446,26452],{},[1781,26447,26448,26450],{},[1784,26449,2328],{},[1784,26451,2270],{},[1781,26453,26454,26456],{},[1784,26455,2328],{},[1784,26457,2264],{},[1788,26459,2192],{"fence":1041},[1788,26461,1863],{},[1784,26463,2270],{},[2149,26465,2769],{},[1788,26467,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,26469,2374],{},[1788,26471,2637],{},[1792,26473,26474,26476],{},[1784,26475,2364],{},[1784,26477,3224],{},[1788,26479,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,26481,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,26483,26484],{"encoding":1810},"\\frac{dMP}{dP} = Q + P\\cdot\\frac{dQ}{dP} = Q\\left(1 + \\frac{P}{Q}\\cdot\\frac{dQ}{dP}\\right) = Q\\,(1 + E_D).",[1030,26486,26487,26488,26514,26515,1075],{},"Z ",[1035,26489,26491],{"className":26490},[1772],[1774,26492,26493],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,26494,26495,26511],{},[1781,26496,26497,26499,26501,26507,26509],{},[2348,26498,2374],{},[1788,26500,2637],{},[1792,26502,26503,26505],{},[1784,26504,2364],{},[1784,26506,3224],{},[1788,26508,1863],{},[2348,26510,2350],{},[1808,26512,26513],{"encoding":1810},"1 + E_D = 0"," vyplývá ",[1035,26516,26518],{"className":26517},[1772],[1774,26519,26520],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,26521,26522,26536],{},[1781,26523,26524,26530,26532,26534],{},[1792,26525,26526,26528],{},[1784,26527,2364],{},[1784,26529,3224],{},[1788,26531,1863],{},[1788,26533,2371],{},[2348,26535,2374],{},[1808,26537,21487],{"encoding":1810},[1023,26539,26541,26548],{"className":26540,"dataCallout":582},[1026,1225],[1030,26542,26544,26547],{"className":26543},[1033],[1035,26545],{"className":26546,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1232,1040],"Důsledek pro praxi",[1030,26549,26550,26551,26554,26555,26559,26560,26563,26564,26587],{},"Pokud chce firma maximalizovat tržby (ne zisk!), musí cenu nastavit do bodu, kde je poptávka ",[1047,26552,26553],{},"jednotkově elastická",". Při ceně nižší než toto optimum je poptávka neelastická a růst ceny zvýší tržby; nad optimem je elastická a růst ceny tržby snižuje. To je úzce svázáno s ",[1068,26556,26558],{"href":1877,"className":26557,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1876},[1071],"monopolním rozhodováním"," — monopol ale obvykle maximalizuje zisk, ne tržby, takže produkuje ",[1047,26561,26562],{},"méně"," než ",[1035,26565,26567],{"className":26566},[1772],[1774,26568,26569],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,26570,26571,26585],{},[1781,26572,26573,26579,26581,26583],{},[1792,26574,26575,26577],{},[1784,26576,2364],{},[1784,26578,3224],{},[1788,26580,1863],{},[1788,26582,2371],{},[2348,26584,2374],{},[1808,26586,21487],{"encoding":1810}," bod.",[1100,26589,26591],{"id":26590},"vazba-mp-na-cenovou-elasticitu-nabídky","Vazba MP na cenovou elasticitu nabídky",[1030,26593,26594,26595,26612,26613,26616,26617,26634],{},"Skutečně dosažitelný MP závisí i na nabídce. Strategie firmy: zvyšovat ",[1035,26596,26598],{"className":26597},[1772],[1774,26599,26600],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,26601,26602,26610],{},[1781,26603,26604],{},[1792,26605,26606,26608],{},[1784,26607,2364],{},[1784,26609,3224],{},[1808,26611,21535],{"encoding":1810}," pomocí ",[1047,26614,26615],{},"substituovatelnosti"," (Marketingový mix — promotion, branding) nebo zvyšovat ",[1035,26618,26620],{"className":26619},[1772],[1774,26621,26622],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,26623,26624,26632],{},[1781,26625,26626],{},[1792,26627,26628,26630],{},[1784,26629,2364],{},[1784,26631,3212],{},[1808,26633,21045],{"encoding":1810}," vlastní nabídky (kapacitou, automatizací).",[1077,26636,26638,26639],{"id":26637},"_10-křížová-elasticita-poptávky-exye_xy","10. Křížová elasticita poptávky ",[1035,26640,26642],{"className":26641},[1772],[1774,26643,26644],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,26645,26646,26658],{},[1781,26647,26648],{},[1792,26649,26650,26652],{},[1784,26651,2364],{},[1781,26653,26654,26656],{},[1784,26655,20998],{},[1784,26657,21001],{},[1808,26659,21004],{"encoding":1810},[1100,26661,21676],{"id":26662},"definice-1",[1035,26664,26666],{"className":26665},[1772],[1774,26667,26668],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,26669,26670,26768],{},[1781,26671,26672],{},[21766,26673,26674],{"notation":21768},[14390,26675,26676],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,26677,26678],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,26679,26680],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[1781,26681,26682,26684,26694,26696,26726,26728,26766],{},[2149,26683,21702],{},[1792,26685,26686,26688],{},[1784,26687,2364],{},[1781,26689,26690,26692],{},[1784,26691,20998],{},[1784,26693,21001],{},[1788,26695,1863],{},[2322,26697,26698,26712],{},[1781,26699,26700,26702,26704,26706],{},[1784,26701,9016],{"mathvariant":7829},[2149,26703,21702],{},[1784,26705,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,26707,26708,26710],{},[1784,26709,2270],{},[1784,26711,20998],{},[1781,26713,26714,26716,26718,26720],{},[1784,26715,9016],{"mathvariant":7829},[2149,26717,21702],{},[1784,26719,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,26721,26722,26724],{},[1784,26723,2264],{},[1784,26725,21001],{},[1788,26727,1863],{},[2322,26729,26730,26748],{},[1781,26731,26732,26734,26740,26742],{},[1784,26733,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,26735,26736,26738],{},[1784,26737,2270],{},[1784,26739,20998],{},[1784,26741,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,26743,26744,26746],{},[1784,26745,2270],{},[1784,26747,20998],{},[1781,26749,26750,26752,26758,26760],{},[1784,26751,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,26753,26754,26756],{},[1784,26755,2264],{},[1784,26757,21001],{},[1784,26759,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,26761,26762,26764],{},[1784,26763,2264],{},[1784,26765,21001],{},[2149,26767,21702],{},[1808,26769,26770],{"encoding":1810},"\\boxed{\\; E_{XY} = \\frac{\\%\\;\\Delta Q_X}{\\%\\;\\Delta P_Y} = \\frac{\\Delta Q_X \u002F Q_X}{\\Delta P_Y \u002F P_Y} \\;}",[1030,26772,26773,26774,1075],{},"Měří, ",[1047,26775,26776,26777,26790,26791],{},"jak se změní poptávka po statku ",[1035,26778,26780],{"className":26779},[1772],[1774,26781,26782],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,26783,26784,26788],{},[1781,26785,26786],{},[1784,26787,20998],{},[1808,26789,20998],{"encoding":1810}," při změně ceny statku ",[1035,26792,26794],{"className":26793},[1772],[1774,26795,26796],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,26797,26798,26802],{},[1781,26799,26800],{},[1784,26801,21001],{},[1808,26803,21001],{"encoding":1810},[1100,26805,26806],{"id":634},"Klasifikace",[1153,26808,26809,26867],{},[1156,26810,26811],{},[1159,26812,26813,26836,26865],{},[1162,26814,26815],{},[1035,26816,26818],{"className":26817},[1772],[1774,26819,26820],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,26821,26822,26834],{},[1781,26823,26824],{},[1792,26825,26826,26828],{},[1784,26827,2364],{},[1781,26829,26830,26832],{},[1784,26831,20998],{},[1784,26833,21001],{},[1808,26835,21004],{"encoding":1810},[1162,26837,26838,26839,1062,26852],{},"Vztah ",[1035,26840,26842],{"className":26841},[1772],[1774,26843,26844],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,26845,26846,26850],{},[1781,26847,26848],{},[1784,26849,20998],{},[1808,26851,20998],{"encoding":1810},[1035,26853,26855],{"className":26854},[1772],[1774,26856,26857],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,26858,26859,26863],{},[1781,26860,26861],{},[1784,26862,21001],{},[1808,26864,21001],{"encoding":1810},[1162,26866,5630],{},[1172,26868,26869,26895,26921],{},[1159,26870,26871,26889,26892],{},[1177,26872,26873],{},[1035,26874,26876],{"className":26875},[1772],[1774,26877,26878],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,26879,26880,26886],{},[1781,26881,26882,26884],{},[1788,26883,2491],{},[2348,26885,2350],{},[1808,26887,26888],{"encoding":1810},"> 0",[1177,26890,26891],{},"substituty",[1177,26893,26894],{},"máslo a margarín, hovězí a vepřové",[1159,26896,26897,26915,26918],{},[1177,26898,26899],{},[1035,26900,26902],{"className":26901},[1772],[1774,26903,26904],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,26905,26906,26912],{},[1781,26907,26908,26910],{},[1788,26909,2537],{},[2348,26911,2350],{},[1808,26913,26914],{"encoding":1810},"\u003C 0",[1177,26916,26917],{},"komplementy",[1177,26919,26920],{},"auto a benzin, boty a tkaničky",[1159,26922,26923,26941,26944],{},[1177,26924,26925],{},[1035,26926,26928],{"className":26927},[1772],[1774,26929,26930],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,26931,26932,26938],{},[1781,26933,26934,26936],{},[1788,26935,8824],{},[2348,26937,2350],{},[1808,26939,26940],{"encoding":1810},"\\to 0",[1177,26942,26943],{},"nezávislé statky",[1177,26945,26946],{},"chleba a kancelářské potřeby",[1023,26948,26950,26957],{"className":26949,"dataCallout":582},[1026,1225],[1030,26951,26953,26956],{"className":26952},[1033],[1035,26954],{"className":26955,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1232,1040],"Intuice",[1030,26958,26959,26960,26973,26974,22866,26987,27005,27006,27027,27028,27041,27042,27055,27056,27069,27070,27083,27084,1075],{},"Substituty: zdraží-li ",[1035,26961,26963],{"className":26962},[1772],[1774,26964,26965],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,26966,26967,26971],{},[1781,26968,26969],{},[1784,26970,21001],{},[1808,26972,21001],{"encoding":1810},", spotřebitel přejde na ",[1035,26975,26977],{"className":26976},[1772],[1774,26978,26979],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,26980,26981,26985],{},[1781,26982,26983],{},[1784,26984,20998],{},[1808,26986,20998],{"encoding":1810},[1035,26988,26990],{"className":26989},[1772],[1774,26991,26992],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,26993,26994,27002],{},[1781,26995,26996],{},[1792,26997,26998,27000],{},[1784,26999,2270],{},[1784,27001,20998],{},[1808,27003,27004],{"encoding":1810},"Q_X"," roste — kladný ",[1035,27007,27009],{"className":27008},[1772],[1774,27010,27011],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,27012,27013,27025],{},[1781,27014,27015],{},[1792,27016,27017,27019],{},[1784,27018,2364],{},[1781,27020,27021,27023],{},[1784,27022,20998],{},[1784,27024,21001],{},[1808,27026,21004],{"encoding":1810},". Komplementy: zdraží-li ",[1035,27029,27031],{"className":27030},[1772],[1774,27032,27033],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,27034,27035,27039],{},[1781,27036,27037],{},[1784,27038,21001],{},[1808,27040,21001],{"encoding":1810},", koupí se méně ",[1035,27043,27045],{"className":27044},[1772],[1774,27046,27047],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,27048,27049,27053],{},[1781,27050,27051],{},[1784,27052,21001],{},[1808,27054,21001],{"encoding":1810}," a tím i méně ",[1035,27057,27059],{"className":27058},[1772],[1774,27060,27061],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,27062,27063,27067],{},[1781,27064,27065],{},[1784,27066,20998],{},[1808,27068,20998],{"encoding":1810},", který se s ",[1035,27071,27073],{"className":27072},[1772],[1774,27074,27075],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,27076,27077,27081],{},[1781,27078,27079],{},[1784,27080,21001],{},[1808,27082,21001],{"encoding":1810}," konzumuje — záporný ",[1035,27085,27087],{"className":27086},[1772],[1774,27088,27089],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,27090,27091,27103],{},[1781,27092,27093],{},[1792,27094,27095,27097],{},[1784,27096,2364],{},[1781,27098,27099,27101],{},[1784,27100,20998],{},[1784,27102,21001],{},[1808,27104,21004],{"encoding":1810},[1100,27106,27108,27109],{"id":27107},"empirická-tabulka-exye_xy","Empirická tabulka ",[1035,27110,27112],{"className":27111},[1772],[1774,27113,27114],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,27115,27116,27128],{},[1781,27117,27118],{},[1792,27119,27120,27122],{},[1784,27121,2364],{},[1781,27123,27124,27126],{},[1784,27125,20998],{},[1784,27127,21001],{},[1808,27129,21004],{"encoding":1810},[1153,27131,27132,27193],{},[1156,27133,27134],{},[1159,27135,27136,27152,27167,27190],{},[1162,27137,27138,27139],{},"Statek ",[1035,27140,27142],{"className":27141},[1772],[1774,27143,27144],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,27145,27146,27150],{},[1781,27147,27148],{},[1784,27149,20998],{},[1808,27151,20998],{"encoding":1810},[1162,27153,27138,27154],{},[1035,27155,27157],{"className":27156},[1772],[1774,27158,27159],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,27160,27161,27165],{},[1781,27162,27163],{},[1784,27164,21001],{},[1808,27166,21001],{"encoding":1810},[1162,27168,27169],{},[1035,27170,27172],{"className":27171},[1772],[1774,27173,27174],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,27175,27176,27188],{},[1781,27177,27178],{},[1792,27179,27180,27182],{},[1784,27181,2364],{},[1781,27183,27184,27186],{},[1784,27185,20998],{},[1784,27187,21001],{},[1808,27189,21004],{"encoding":1810},[1162,27191,27192],{},"Interpretace",[1172,27194,27195,27209,27221,27234,27248,27261,27275],{},[1159,27196,27197,27200,27203,27206],{},[1177,27198,27199],{},"máslo",[1177,27201,27202],{},"umělé tuky",[1177,27204,27205],{},"0,81",[1177,27207,27208],{},"silné substituty",[1159,27210,27211,27213,27215,27218],{},[1177,27212,27202],{},[1177,27214,27199],{},[1177,27216,27217],{},"0,67",[1177,27219,27220],{},"substituty (asymetrie)",[1159,27222,27223,27226,27229,27232],{},[1177,27224,27225],{},"zemní plyn",[1177,27227,27228],{},"nafta",[1177,27230,27231],{},"0,44",[1177,27233,26891],{},[1159,27235,27236,27239,27242,27245],{},[1177,27237,27238],{},"hovězí maso",[1177,27240,27241],{},"vepřové maso",[1177,27243,27244],{},"0,28",[1177,27246,27247],{},"mírné substituty",[1159,27249,27250,27253,27255,27258],{},[1177,27251,27252],{},"elektřina",[1177,27254,27225],{},[1177,27256,27257],{},"0,20",[1177,27259,27260],{},"slabé substituty",[1159,27262,27263,27266,27269,27272],{},[1177,27264,27265],{},"zábava",[1177,27267,27268],{},"jídlo",[1177,27270,27271],{},"-0,72",[1177,27273,27274],{},"komplementy (rozpočtový efekt)",[1159,27276,27277,27280,27283,27286],{},[1177,27278,27279],{},"obilniny",[1177,27281,27282],{},"ryby",[1177,27284,27285],{},"-0,87",[1177,27287,27288],{},"silné komplementy v jídelníčku",[1023,27290,27292,27333],{"className":27291,"dataCallout":3501},[1026,3500],[1030,27293,27295,27298,27299],{"className":27294},[1033],[1035,27296],{"className":27297,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,3508,1040],"Asymetrie ",[1035,27300,27302],{"className":27301},[1772],[1774,27303,27304],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,27305,27306,27330],{},[1781,27307,27308,27318,27320],{},[1792,27309,27310,27312],{},[1784,27311,2364],{},[1781,27313,27314,27316],{},[1784,27315,20998],{},[1784,27317,21001],{},[1788,27319,24130],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,27321,27322,27324],{},[1784,27323,2364],{},[1781,27325,27326,27328],{},[1784,27327,21001],{},[1784,27329,20998],{},[1808,27331,27332],{"encoding":1810},"E_{XY} \\ne E_{YX}",[1030,27334,27335,27336,27339],{},"Křížová elasticita ",[1047,27337,27338],{},"není symetrická",". Vliv změny ceny másla na poptávku po margarinu (0,81) je silnější než opačně (0,67), protože máslo má vyšší podíl na rozpočtu než margarín.",[1100,27341,27343],{"id":27342},"příklad-tkaničky-a-boty","Příklad — tkaničky a boty",[1030,27345,27346,27347,6401],{},"Z Lidových novin (18. 4. 1998): „Maloobchodní tržby klesly o 5,3 %... Šetření se projevuje tím, že ",[1047,27348,27349],{},"klesly nákupy nových bot a zvýšila se poptávka po tkaničkách",[1030,27351,27352,27355],{},[1047,27353,27354],{},"Otázka."," Jsou tkaničky a boty komplementy, nebo substituty?",[1030,27357,27358,27361,27362,27364,27365,27368,27369,27372,27373,27376,27377,1075],{},[1047,27359,27360],{},"Analýza."," Nominálně ",[1047,27363,26917],{}," — tkaničky se používají do bot, takže prodej bot a tkaniček by měl korelovat. Ale v této krizové situaci pozorujeme ",[1047,27366,27367],{},"opačný"," vztah: klesající poptávka po botách → rostoucí poptávka po tkaničkách. Vysvětlení: tkaničky ",[1047,27370,27371],{},"substituují celé nové boty"," v období úspor. Zákazník si boty neopravuje výměnou bot, ale ",[1047,27374,27375],{},"prodlužuje životnost"," stávajících bot novými tkaničkami. V této specifické situaci jde tedy fakticky o ",[1047,27378,27379],{},"substituty na úrovni opotřebení obuvi",[1030,27381,27382,27385,27386,1062,27389,27392],{},[1047,27383,27384],{},"Poučka."," Klasifikace komplement\u002Fsubstitut není absolutní vlastnost statků, ale závisí na ",[1047,27387,27388],{},"kontextu spotřeby",[1047,27390,27391],{},"cenové hladině",". Marketingový vhled: v krizi nabídnout opravárenské služby, prodej náhradních dílů, bazarové zboží.",[1077,27394,27396,27397],{"id":27395},"_11-důchodová-příjmová-elasticita-poptávky-eie_i","11. Důchodová (příjmová) elasticita poptávky ",[1035,27398,27400],{"className":27399},[1772],[1774,27401,27402],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,27403,27404,27412],{},[1781,27405,27406],{},[1792,27407,27408,27410],{},[1784,27409,2364],{},[1784,27411,3221],{},[1808,27413,21026],{"encoding":1810},[1100,27415,21676],{"id":27416},"definice-2",[1035,27418,27420],{"className":27419},[1772],[1774,27421,27422],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,27423,27424,27506],{},[1781,27425,27426],{},[21766,27427,27428],{"notation":21768},[14390,27429,27430],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,27431,27432],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,27433,27434],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[1781,27435,27436,27438,27444,27446,27472,27474,27504],{},[2149,27437,21702],{},[1792,27439,27440,27442],{},[1784,27441,2364],{},[1784,27443,3221],{},[1788,27445,1863],{},[2322,27447,27448,27462],{},[1781,27449,27450,27452,27454,27456],{},[1784,27451,9016],{"mathvariant":7829},[2149,27453,21702],{},[1784,27455,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,27457,27458,27460],{},[1784,27459,2270],{},[1784,27461,20998],{},[1781,27463,27464,27466,27468,27470],{},[1784,27465,9016],{"mathvariant":7829},[2149,27467,21702],{},[1784,27469,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,27471,3221],{},[1788,27473,1863],{},[2322,27475,27476,27494],{},[1781,27477,27478,27480,27486,27488],{},[1784,27479,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,27481,27482,27484],{},[1784,27483,2270],{},[1784,27485,20998],{},[1784,27487,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,27489,27490,27492],{},[1784,27491,2270],{},[1784,27493,20998],{},[1781,27495,27496,27498,27500,27502],{},[1784,27497,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,27499,3221],{},[1784,27501,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,27503,3221],{},[2149,27505,21702],{},[1808,27507,27508],{"encoding":1810},"\\boxed{\\; E_I = \\frac{\\%\\;\\Delta Q_X}{\\%\\;\\Delta I} = \\frac{\\Delta Q_X \u002F Q_X}{\\Delta I \u002F I} \\;}",[1030,27510,7908,27511,27524],{},[1035,27512,27514],{"className":27513},[1772],[1774,27515,27516],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,27517,27518,27522],{},[1781,27519,27520],{},[1784,27521,3221],{},[1808,27523,3221],{"encoding":1810}," je důchod spotřebitele.",[1100,27526,27528,27529],{"id":27527},"klasifikace-statků-podle-eie_i","Klasifikace statků podle ",[1035,27530,27532],{"className":27531},[1772],[1774,27533,27534],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,27535,27536,27544],{},[1781,27537,27538],{},[1792,27539,27540,27542],{},[1784,27541,2364],{},[1784,27543,3221],{},[1808,27545,21026],{"encoding":1810},[1153,27547,27548,27576],{},[1156,27549,27550],{},[1159,27551,27552,27571,27574],{},[1162,27553,27554],{},[1035,27555,27557],{"className":27556},[1772],[1774,27558,27559],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,27560,27561,27569],{},[1781,27562,27563],{},[1792,27564,27565,27567],{},[1784,27566,2364],{},[1784,27568,3221],{},[1808,27570,21026],{"encoding":1810},[1162,27572,27573],{},"Typ statku",[1162,27575,5630],{},[1172,27577,27578,27606,27644,27676],{},[1159,27579,27580,27598,27603],{},[1177,27581,27582],{},[1035,27583,27585],{"className":27584},[1772],[1774,27586,27587],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,27588,27589,27595],{},[1781,27590,27591,27593],{},[1788,27592,2491],{},[2348,27594,2374],{},[1808,27596,27597],{"encoding":1810},"> 1",[1177,27599,27600],{},[1047,27601,27602],{},"luxusní",[1177,27604,27605],{},"luxusní toaletní potřeby (3,74 v DO), automobily (1,07 v DO), cesty do zahraničí",[1159,27607,27608,27636,27641],{},[1177,27609,27610],{},[1035,27611,27613],{"className":27612},[1772],[1774,27614,27615],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,27616,27617,27633],{},[1781,27618,27619,27621,27623,27629,27631],{},[2348,27620,2350],{},[1788,27622,2537],{},[1792,27624,27625,27627],{},[1784,27626,2364],{},[1784,27628,3221],{},[1788,27630,2537],{},[2348,27632,2374],{},[1808,27634,27635],{"encoding":1810},"0 \u003C E_I \u003C 1",[1177,27637,27638],{},[1047,27639,27640],{},"normální nezbytný",[1177,27642,27643],{},"hovězí maso (0,45), oděvy, lékařské služby (krátkodobě 0,28)",[1159,27645,27646,27670,27673],{},[1177,27647,27648],{},[1035,27649,27651],{"className":27650},[1772],[1774,27652,27653],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,27654,27655,27667],{},[1781,27656,27657,27663,27665],{},[1792,27658,27659,27661],{},[1784,27660,2364],{},[1784,27662,3221],{},[1788,27664,1863],{},[2348,27666,2350],{},[1808,27668,27669],{"encoding":1810},"E_I = 0",[1177,27671,27672],{},"neutrální (málo realistické)",[1177,27674,27675],{},"sůl při velmi nízké úrovni důchodu",[1159,27677,27678,27702,27707],{},[1177,27679,27680],{},[1035,27681,27683],{"className":27682},[1772],[1774,27684,27685],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,27686,27687,27699],{},[1781,27688,27689,27695,27697],{},[1792,27690,27691,27693],{},[1784,27692,2364],{},[1784,27694,3221],{},[1788,27696,2537],{},[2348,27698,2350],{},[1808,27700,27701],{"encoding":1810},"E_I \u003C 0",[1177,27703,27704],{},[1047,27705,27706],{},"inferiorní (podřadný)",[1177,27708,27709],{},"levné brambory, autobusová doprava (oproti autu), méněhodnotné maso",[1030,27711,27712],{},"Speciálně:",[1112,27714,27715,27746],{},[1115,27716,27717,27720,27721,2440],{},[1047,27718,27719],{},"Engelův zákon",": s rostoucím důchodem klesá podíl výdajů na potraviny — potraviny jako celek jsou nezbytný statek (",[1035,27722,27724],{"className":27723},[1772],[1774,27725,27726],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,27727,27728,27744],{},[1781,27729,27730,27732,27734,27740,27742],{},[2348,27731,2350],{},[1788,27733,2537],{},[1792,27735,27736,27738],{},[1784,27737,2364],{},[1784,27739,3221],{},[1788,27741,2537],{},[2348,27743,2374],{},[1808,27745,27635],{"encoding":1810},[1115,27747,27748,27751,27752,1075],{},[1047,27749,27750],{},"Giffenův statek",": extrémní případ inferiorního statku, kde důchodový efekt převažuje substituční (klesá-li cena, klesá poptávka). Diskuse v ",[1068,27753,25328],{"href":25325,"className":27754,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":25327},[1071],[1100,27756,27758],{"id":27757},"empirická-tabulka-krátké-vs-dlouhé-období","Empirická tabulka — krátké vs. dlouhé období",[1153,27760,27761,27805],{},[1156,27762,27763],{},[1159,27764,27765,27767,27786],{},[1162,27766,25434],{},[1162,27768,27769,25737],{},[1035,27770,27772],{"className":27771},[1772],[1774,27773,27774],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,27775,27776,27784],{},[1781,27777,27778],{},[1792,27779,27780,27782],{},[1784,27781,2364],{},[1784,27783,3221],{},[1808,27785,21026],{"encoding":1810},[1162,27787,27788,25761],{},[1035,27789,27791],{"className":27790},[1772],[1774,27792,27793],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,27794,27795,27803],{},[1781,27796,27797],{},[1792,27798,27799,27801],{},[1784,27800,2364],{},[1784,27802,3221],{},[1808,27804,21026],{"encoding":1810},[1172,27806,27807,27817,27827,27838,27848,27858,27869,27880,27889,27900],{},[1159,27808,27809,27811,27814],{},[1177,27810,27241],{},[1177,27812,27813],{},"0,27",[1177,27815,27816],{},"0,18",[1159,27818,27819,27821,27824],{},[1177,27820,27238],{},[1177,27822,27823],{},"0,51",[1177,27825,27826],{},"0,45",[1159,27828,27829,27832,27835],{},[1177,27830,27831],{},"nábytek",[1177,27833,27834],{},"2,6",[1177,27836,27837],{},"0,53",[1159,27839,27840,27843,27845],{},[1177,27841,27842],{},"automobily",[1177,27844,9052],{},[1177,27846,27847],{},"1,07",[1159,27849,27850,27853,27855],{},[1177,27851,27852],{},"lékařské služby",[1177,27854,27244],{},[1177,27856,27857],{},"1,15",[1159,27859,27860,27863,27866],{},[1177,27861,27862],{},"oděvy",[1177,27864,27865],{},"0,95",[1177,27867,27868],{},"1,17",[1159,27870,27871,27874,27877],{},[1177,27872,27873],{},"benzin",[1177,27875,27876],{},"0,55",[1177,27878,27879],{},"1,36",[1159,27881,27882,27885,27887],{},[1177,27883,27884],{},"boty",[1177,27886,25829],{},[1177,27888,16562],{},[1159,27890,27891,27894,27897],{},[1177,27892,27893],{},"soukromé bydlení",[1177,27895,27896],{},"0,07",[1177,27898,27899],{},"2,45",[1159,27901,27902,27905,27907],{},[1177,27903,27904],{},"luxusní toaletní potřeby",[1177,27906,14363],{},[1177,27908,27909],{},"3,74",[1023,27911,27913,27920],{"className":27912,"dataCallout":582},[1026,1225],[1030,27914,27916,27919],{"className":27915},[1033],[1035,27917],{"className":27918,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1232,1040],"Pozorování",[1112,27921,27922,27928,27934],{},[1115,27923,27924,27927],{},[1047,27925,27926],{},"Automobily",": v krátkém období extrémně reagují na zvýšení důchodu (5,5), v dlouhém se efekt rozpouští (1,07). Krátkodobě je nárůst důchodu spotřebován na nákup auta; dlouhodobě se podíl ustaluje.",[1115,27929,27930,27933],{},[1047,27931,27932],{},"Soukromé bydlení",": opačný profil. Krátkodobě prakticky nereaguje (0,07 — bydlení nelze rychle pořídit), dlouhodobě silně luxusní (2,45 — investice do nemovitostí).",[1115,27935,27936,4058,27939,27961,27962,27965],{},[1047,27937,27938],{},"Vepřové maso",[1035,27940,27942],{"className":27941},[1772],[1774,27943,27944],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,27945,27946,27958],{},[1781,27947,27948,27954,27956],{},[1792,27949,27950,27952],{},[1784,27951,2364],{},[1784,27953,3221],{},[1788,27955,2537],{},[2348,27957,2374],{},[1808,27959,27960],{"encoding":1810},"E_I \u003C 1"," a klesá v dlouhém období → s růstem bohatství se postupně stává ",[1047,27963,27964],{},"inferiorním"," (přechod na hovězí, ryby, vegetariánství).",[1100,27967,27969],{"id":27968},"strategické-využití","Strategické využití",[1023,27971,27973,27997,28075],{"className":27972,"dataCallout":1608},[1026,1607],[1030,27974,27976,27979,27980],{"className":27975},[1033],[1035,27977],{"className":27978,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1615,1040],"Postup — výběr oboru podnikání podle ",[1035,27981,27983],{"className":27982},[1772],[1774,27984,27985],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,27986,27987,27995],{},[1781,27988,27989],{},[1792,27990,27991,27993],{},[1784,27992,2364],{},[1784,27994,3221],{},[1808,27996,21026],{"encoding":1810},[1030,27998,27999,28000,28013,28014,1089,28017,28034,28035,28052,28053,28074],{},"Pokud ekonomika roste (růst ",[1035,28001,28003],{"className":28002},[1772],[1774,28004,28005],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,28006,28007,28011],{},[1781,28008,28009],{},[1784,28010,3221],{},[1808,28012,3221],{"encoding":1810},"), volte obory s ",[1047,28015,28016],{},"vysokým",[1035,28018,28020],{"className":28019},[1772],[1774,28021,28022],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,28023,28024,28032],{},[1781,28025,28026],{},[1792,28027,28028,28030],{},[1784,28029,2364],{},[1784,28031,3221],{},[1808,28033,21026],{"encoding":1810}," (luxus, soukromé bydlení) — tržby porostou rychleji než HDP. Pokud ekonomika stagnuje, volte obory s ",[1035,28036,28038],{"className":28037},[1772],[1774,28039,28040],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,28041,28042,28050],{},[1781,28043,28044],{},[1792,28045,28046,28048],{},[1784,28047,2364],{},[1784,28049,3221],{},[1808,28051,21026],{"encoding":1810}," blízkým nule (nezbytné statky) — tržby zůstanou stabilní. Pokud klesá, volte obory s ",[1035,28054,28056],{"className":28055},[1772],[1774,28057,28058],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,28059,28060,28072],{},[1781,28061,28062,28068,28070],{},[1792,28063,28064,28066],{},[1784,28065,2364],{},[1784,28067,3221],{},[1788,28069,2537],{},[2348,28071,2350],{},[1808,28073,27701],{"encoding":1810}," (inferiorní statky) — paradoxně mohou růst.",[1030,28076,28077,28078,28083,28084,28101],{},"Aplikace: ",[1068,28079,28080],{"href":28080,"rel":28081},"https:\u002F\u002Ftellusant.com\u002Fincome-elasticity\u002F",[28082],"nofollow"," nabízí mezinárodní mapy ",[1035,28085,28087],{"className":28086},[1772],[1774,28088,28089],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,28090,28091,28099],{},[1781,28092,28093],{},[1792,28094,28095,28097],{},[1784,28096,2364],{},[1784,28098,3221],{},[1808,28100,21026],{"encoding":1810}," pro segmentaci trhů.",[1077,28103,28105],{"id":28104},"_12-veblenův-efekt-a-statky-postavení","12. Veblenův efekt a statky postavení",[1030,28107,28108,28109,28135,28136,28139,28140,1075],{},"Standardní mikroekonomická poptávka je klesající (",[1035,28110,28112],{"className":28111},[1772],[1774,28113,28114],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,28115,28116,28132],{},[1781,28117,28118,28120,28122,28124,28126,28128,28130],{},[1784,28119,2328],{},[1784,28121,2270],{},[1784,28123,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,28125,2328],{},[1784,28127,2264],{},[1788,28129,2537],{},[2348,28131,2350],{},[1808,28133,28134],{"encoding":1810},"dQ\u002FdP \u003C 0","). Existují však ",[1047,28137,28138],{},"anomálie",", kde poptávka ",[1047,28141,28142],{},"roste s cenou",[1100,28144,28146],{"id":28145},"veblenův-efekt-statky-postavení","Veblenův efekt (statky postavení)",[1030,28148,28149,28150,28153,28154,28157,28158,28161],{},"Thorstein Veblen (1899, ",[1091,28151,28152],{},"Theory of the Leisure Class",") popsal ",[1047,28155,28156],{},"demonstrační spotřebu",": spotřebitel kupuje drahý statek právě proto, že je drahý — vysoká cena signalizuje ",[1047,28159,28160],{},"status",". Růst ceny → růst poptávky.",[1023,28163,28165,28172],{"className":28164,"dataCallout":25986},[1026,25985],[1030,28166,28168,28171],{"className":28167},[1033],[1035,28169],{"className":28170,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,25993,1040],"Praktické příklady Veblenova efektu",[1112,28173,28174,28184,28190],{},[1115,28175,28176,28179,28180,28183],{},[1047,28177,28178],{},"Pleťové krémy Dr. Středa"," (česká přednáška): firma se chystala bankrotovat při nízkých cenách. Po ",[1047,28181,28182],{},"razantním zvýšení cen"," byla zachráněna — vyšší cena zvedla vnímanou prestiž.",[1115,28185,28186,28189],{},[1047,28187,28188],{},"Šampaňské Perrier-Jouet",": marketing se opírá o nedostupnost. Sleva by zničila kategorii.",[1115,28191,28192,28195],{},[1047,28193,28194],{},"Luxusní hodinky, kabelky, parfémy",": cena je součástí produktu.",[1100,28197,28199],{"id":28198},"bandwagon-vs-veblen-vs-snob","Bandwagon vs. Veblen vs. Snob",[1030,28201,28202],{},"Tři příbuzné nestandardní efekty (Leibenstein, 1950):",[1153,28204,28205,28218],{},[1156,28206,28207],{},[1159,28208,28209,28212,28215],{},[1162,28210,28211],{},"Efekt",[1162,28213,28214],{},"Popis",[1162,28216,28217],{},"Vliv na elasticitu",[1172,28219,28220,28233,28246],{},[1159,28221,28222,28227,28230],{},[1177,28223,28224],{},[1047,28225,28226],{},"Bandwagon",[1177,28228,28229],{},"„Chci to, protože to mají ostatní\" (móda, hype)",[1177,28231,28232],{},"zvyšuje elasticitu (silnější reakce)",[1159,28234,28235,28240,28243],{},[1177,28236,28237],{},[1047,28238,28239],{},"Snob",[1177,28241,28242],{},"„Chci to, protože to ostatní nemají\"",[1177,28244,28245],{},"snižuje elasticitu",[1159,28247,28248,28253,28256],{},[1177,28249,28250],{},[1047,28251,28252],{},"Veblen",[1177,28254,28255],{},"„Chci to, protože je to drahé\" (status)",[1177,28257,28258,28259,2192],{},"převrací znaménko (",[1035,28260,28262],{"className":28261},[1772],[1774,28263,28264],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,28265,28266,28278],{},[1781,28267,28268,28274,28276],{},[1792,28269,28270,28272],{},[1784,28271,2364],{},[1784,28273,3224],{},[1788,28275,2491],{},[2348,28277,2350],{},[1808,28279,28280],{"encoding":1810},"E_D > 0",[1023,28282,28284,28291],{"className":28283,"dataCallout":3501},[1026,3500],[1030,28285,28287,28290],{"className":28286},[1033],[1035,28288],{"className":28289,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,3508,1040],"Pozor — Veblen NENÍ Giffen",[1030,28292,28293,28294,28297,28298,28301,28302,1075],{},"Veblenův statek roste s cenou kvůli ",[1047,28295,28296],{},"prestiži"," (psychologie). Giffenův statek roste s cenou kvůli ",[1047,28299,28300],{},"důchodovému efektu"," v rozpočtu chudých (typicky inferiorní zákl. potravina). Mechanismy se zcela liší — viz ",[1068,28303,25328],{"href":25325,"className":28304,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":25327},[1071],[1077,28306,28308],{"id":28307},"_13-příklad-i-kompletní-řešení","13. Příklad I — kompletní řešení",[1030,28310,28311,28314,28315,28352,28353,28368,28369,28382,28383,28400,28401,28404],{},[1047,28312,28313],{},"Zadání."," Firma má funkci celkového příjmu ",[1035,28316,28318],{"className":28317},[1772],[1774,28319,28320],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,28321,28322,28349],{},[1781,28323,28324,28326,28328,28330,28332,28334,28336,28339,28341,28343],{},[1784,28325,2257],{},[1784,28327,1860],{},[1788,28329,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,28331,2270],{},[1788,28333,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,28335,1863],{},[2348,28337,28338],{},"200",[1784,28340,2270],{},[1788,28342,2371],{},[2467,28344,28345,28347],{},[1784,28346,2270],{},[2348,28348,4593],{},[1808,28350,28351],{"encoding":1810},"TR(Q) = 200Q - Q^2",". Mezní příjem ",[1035,28354,28356],{"className":28355},[1772],[1774,28357,28358],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,28359,28360,28366],{},[1781,28361,28362,28364],{},[1784,28363,1857],{},[1784,28365,1860],{},[1808,28367,13044],{"encoding":1810}," je v určitém bodě roven ",[1035,28370,28372],{"className":28371},[1772],[1774,28373,28374],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,28375,28376,28380],{},[1781,28377,28378],{},[2348,28379,9208],{},[1808,28381,9208],{"encoding":1810},". Najděte cenovou elasticitu poptávky ",[1035,28384,28386],{"className":28385},[1772],[1774,28387,28388],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,28389,28390,28398],{},[1781,28391,28392],{},[1792,28393,28394,28396],{},[1784,28395,2364],{},[1784,28397,3224],{},[1808,28399,21535],{"encoding":1810}," v tomto bodě ",[1047,28402,28403],{},"třemi metodami",": (a) bodovým vzorcem, (b) obloukovým vzorcem, (c) grafickou interpretací.",[1100,28406,28408],{"id":28407},"krok-1-odvodit-poptávkovou-funkci","Krok 1: Odvodit poptávkovou funkci",[1030,28410,26487,28411,28435,28436,28490,28491,1075],{},[1035,28412,28414],{"className":28413},[1772],[1774,28415,28416],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,28417,28418,28432],{},[1781,28419,28420,28422,28424,28426,28428,28430],{},[1784,28421,2257],{},[1784,28423,1860],{},[1788,28425,1863],{},[1784,28427,2264],{},[1788,28429,2267],{},[1784,28431,2270],{},[1808,28433,28434],{"encoding":1810},"TR = P\\cdot Q"," plyne ",[1035,28437,28439],{"className":28438},[1772],[1774,28440,28441],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,28442,28443,28487],{},[1781,28444,28445,28447,28449,28451,28453,28455,28457,28459,28461,28463,28465,28467,28473,28475,28477,28479,28481,28483,28485],{},[1784,28446,2264],{},[1788,28448,1863],{},[1784,28450,2257],{},[1784,28452,1860],{},[1784,28454,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,28456,2270],{},[1788,28458,1863],{},[1788,28460,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,28462,28338],{},[1784,28464,2270],{},[1788,28466,2371],{},[2467,28468,28469,28471],{},[1784,28470,2270],{},[2348,28472,4593],{},[1788,28474,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,28476,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,28478,2270],{},[1788,28480,1863],{},[2348,28482,28338],{},[1788,28484,2371],{},[1784,28486,2270],{},[1808,28488,28489],{"encoding":1810},"P = TR\u002FQ = (200Q - Q^2)\u002FQ = 200 - Q",". Poptávka je tedy lineární: ",[1035,28492,28494],{"className":28493},[1772],[1774,28495,28496],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,28497,28498,28520],{},[1781,28499,28500],{},[21766,28501,28502],{"notation":21768},[14390,28503,28504],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,28505,28506],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,28507,28508],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[1781,28509,28510,28512,28514,28516,28518],{},[1784,28511,2264],{},[1788,28513,1863],{},[2348,28515,28338],{},[1788,28517,2371],{},[1784,28519,2270],{},[1808,28521,28522],{"encoding":1810},"\\boxed{P = 200 - Q}",[1100,28524,28526,28527],{"id":28525},"krok-2-najít-bod-kde-mr40mr-40","Krok 2: Najít bod, kde ",[1035,28528,28530],{"className":28529},[1772],[1774,28531,28532],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,28533,28534,28544],{},[1781,28535,28536,28538,28540,28542],{},[1784,28537,1857],{},[1784,28539,1860],{},[1788,28541,1863],{},[2348,28543,9208],{},[1808,28545,28546],{"encoding":1810},"MR = 40",[1030,28548,28549,28550,28590,28591,1310],{},"Mezní příjem: ",[1035,28551,28553],{"className":28552},[1772],[1774,28554,28555],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,28556,28557,28587],{},[1781,28558,28559,28561,28563,28565,28567,28569,28571,28573,28575,28577,28579,28581,28583,28585],{},[1784,28560,1857],{},[1784,28562,1860],{},[1788,28564,1863],{},[1784,28566,2328],{},[1784,28568,2257],{},[1784,28570,1860],{},[1784,28572,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,28574,2328],{},[1784,28576,2270],{},[1788,28578,1863],{},[2348,28580,28338],{},[1788,28582,2371],{},[2348,28584,4593],{},[1784,28586,2270],{},[1808,28588,28589],{"encoding":1810},"MR = dTR\u002FdQ = 200 - 2Q",". Z podmínky ",[1035,28592,28594],{"className":28593},[1772],[1774,28595,28596],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,28597,28598,28608],{},[1781,28599,28600,28602,28604,28606],{},[1784,28601,1857],{},[1784,28603,1860],{},[1788,28605,1863],{},[2348,28607,9208],{},[1808,28609,28546],{"encoding":1810},[1035,28611,28613],{"className":28612},[1772],[1774,28614,28615],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,28616,28617,28659],{},[1781,28618,28619,28621,28623,28625,28627,28629,28631,28633,28635,28637,28639,28641,28643,28646,28648,28650,28652,28654,28656],{},[2348,28620,9208],{},[1788,28622,1863],{},[2348,28624,28338],{},[1788,28626,2371],{},[2348,28628,4593],{},[1784,28630,2270],{},[2149,28632,21702],{},[1788,28634,2357],{},[2149,28636,21702],{},[2348,28638,4593],{},[1784,28640,2270],{},[1788,28642,1863],{},[2348,28644,28645],{},"160",[2149,28647,21702],{},[1788,28649,2357],{},[2149,28651,21702],{},[1784,28653,2270],{},[1788,28655,1863],{},[2348,28657,28658],{},"80.",[1808,28660,28661],{"encoding":1810},"40 = 200 - 2Q \\;\\Rightarrow\\; 2Q = 160 \\;\\Rightarrow\\; Q = 80.",[1030,28663,28664,28665,1075],{},"Cena v tomto bodě: ",[1035,28666,28668],{"className":28667},[1772],[1774,28669,28670],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,28671,28672,28688],{},[1781,28673,28674,28676,28678,28680,28682,28684,28686],{},[1784,28675,2264],{},[1788,28677,1863],{},[2348,28679,28338],{},[1788,28681,2371],{},[2348,28683,9698],{},[1788,28685,1863],{},[2348,28687,23526],{},[1808,28689,28690],{"encoding":1810},"P = 200 - 80 = 120",[1030,28692,28693,28694,1075],{},"Pracujeme v bodě ",[1035,28695,28697],{"className":28696},[1772],[1774,28698,28699],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,28700,28701,28725],{},[1781,28702,28703,28705,28707,28709,28711,28713,28715,28717,28719,28721,28723],{},[1788,28704,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,28706,2270],{},[1788,28708,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,28710,2264],{},[1788,28712,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,28714,1863],{},[1788,28716,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,28718,9698],{},[1788,28720,1138],{"separator":1041},[2348,28722,23526],{},[1788,28724,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,28726,28727],{"encoding":1810},"(Q, P) = (80, 120)",[1100,28729,28731],{"id":28730},"metoda-a-bodový-vzorec","Metoda (a): Bodový vzorec",[1035,28733,28735],{"className":28734},[1772],[1774,28736,28737],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,28738,28739,28799],{},[1781,28740,28741,28747,28749,28755,28757,28771,28773,28779,28781,28797],{},[1792,28742,28743,28745],{},[1784,28744,2364],{},[1784,28746,3224],{},[1788,28748,1863],{},[2322,28750,28751,28753],{},[1784,28752,2264],{},[1784,28754,2270],{},[1788,28756,2267],{},[2322,28758,28759,28765],{},[1781,28760,28761,28763],{},[1784,28762,2328],{},[1784,28764,2270],{},[1781,28766,28767,28769],{},[1784,28768,2328],{},[1784,28770,2264],{},[1788,28772,1863],{},[2322,28774,28775,28777],{},[1784,28776,2264],{},[1784,28778,2270],{},[1788,28780,2267],{},[2322,28782,28783,28785],{},[2348,28784,2374],{},[1781,28786,28787,28789,28791,28793,28795],{},[1784,28788,2328],{},[1784,28790,2264],{},[1784,28792,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,28794,2328],{},[1784,28796,2270],{},[1784,28798,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,28800,28801],{"encoding":1810},"E_D = \\frac{P}{Q}\\cdot\\frac{dQ}{dP} = \\frac{P}{Q}\\cdot\\frac{1}{dP\u002FdQ}.",[1030,28803,26487,28804,24775,28826,28854,28855,1075],{},[1035,28805,28807],{"className":28806},[1772],[1774,28808,28809],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,28810,28811,28823],{},[1781,28812,28813,28815,28817,28819,28821],{},[1784,28814,2264],{},[1788,28816,1863],{},[2348,28818,28338],{},[1788,28820,2371],{},[1784,28822,2270],{},[1808,28824,28825],{"encoding":1810},"P = 200 - Q",[1035,28827,28829],{"className":28828},[1772],[1774,28830,28831],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,28832,28833,28851],{},[1781,28834,28835,28837,28839,28841,28843,28845,28847,28849],{},[1784,28836,2328],{},[1784,28838,2264],{},[1784,28840,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,28842,2328],{},[1784,28844,2270],{},[1788,28846,1863],{},[1788,28848,2371],{},[2348,28850,2374],{},[1808,28852,28853],{"encoding":1810},"dP\u002FdQ = -1",", tedy ",[1035,28856,28858],{"className":28857},[1772],[1774,28859,28860],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,28861,28862,28880],{},[1781,28863,28864,28866,28868,28870,28872,28874,28876,28878],{},[1784,28865,2328],{},[1784,28867,2270],{},[1784,28869,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,28871,2328],{},[1784,28873,2264],{},[1788,28875,1863],{},[1788,28877,2371],{},[2348,28879,2374],{},[1808,28881,28882],{"encoding":1810},"dQ\u002FdP = -1",[1035,28884,28886],{"className":28885},[1772],[1774,28887,28888],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,28889,28890,28932],{},[1781,28891,28892,28898,28900,28906,28908,28910,28912,28914,28916,28918,28920,28926,28928,28930],{},[1792,28893,28894,28896],{},[1784,28895,2364],{},[1784,28897,3224],{},[1788,28899,1863],{},[2322,28901,28902,28904],{},[2348,28903,23526],{},[2348,28905,9698],{},[1788,28907,2267],{},[1788,28909,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,28911,2371],{},[2348,28913,2374],{},[1788,28915,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,28917,1863],{},[1788,28919,2371],{},[2322,28921,28922,28924],{},[2348,28923,5332],{},[2348,28925,4593],{},[1788,28927,1863],{},[1788,28929,2371],{},[2348,28931,23481],{},[1808,28933,28934],{"encoding":1810},"E_D = \\frac{120}{80}\\cdot(-1) = -\\frac{3}{2} = -1{,}5.",[1100,28936,28938,28939],{"id":28937},"metoda-b-oblouková-midpoint-body-symetricky-kolem-8012080-120","Metoda (b): Oblouková (midpoint) — body symetricky kolem ",[1035,28940,28942],{"className":28941},[1772],[1774,28943,28944],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,28945,28946,28958],{},[1781,28947,28948,28950,28952,28954,28956],{},[1788,28949,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,28951,9698],{},[1788,28953,1138],{"separator":1041},[2348,28955,23526],{},[1788,28957,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,28959,28960],{"encoding":1810},"(80, 120)",[1030,28962,28963,28964,1299,28987,29010],{},"Vezměme ",[1035,28965,28967],{"className":28966},[1772],[1774,28968,28969],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,28970,28971,28984],{},[1781,28972,28973,28979,28981],{},[1792,28974,28975,28977],{},[1784,28976,2270],{},[2348,28978,2374],{},[1788,28980,1863],{},[2348,28982,28983],{},"79",[1808,28985,28986],{"encoding":1810},"Q_1 = 79",[1035,28988,28990],{"className":28989},[1772],[1774,28991,28992],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,28993,28994,29007],{},[1781,28995,28996,29002,29004],{},[1792,28997,28998,29000],{},[1784,28999,2270],{},[2348,29001,4593],{},[1788,29003,1863],{},[2348,29005,29006],{},"81",[1808,29008,29009],{"encoding":1810},"Q_2 = 81",". Příslušné ceny z poptávky:",[1112,29012,29013,29046],{},[1115,29014,29015,1138],{},[1035,29016,29018],{"className":29017},[1772],[1774,29019,29020],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,29021,29022,29043],{},[1781,29023,29024,29030,29032,29034,29036,29038,29040],{},[1792,29025,29026,29028],{},[1784,29027,2264],{},[2348,29029,2374],{},[1788,29031,1863],{},[2348,29033,28338],{},[1788,29035,2371],{},[2348,29037,28983],{},[1788,29039,1863],{},[2348,29041,29042],{},"121",[1808,29044,29045],{"encoding":1810},"P_1 = 200 - 79 = 121",[1115,29047,29048,1075],{},[1035,29049,29051],{"className":29050},[1772],[1774,29052,29053],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,29054,29055,29076],{},[1781,29056,29057,29063,29065,29067,29069,29071,29073],{},[1792,29058,29059,29061],{},[1784,29060,2264],{},[2348,29062,4593],{},[1788,29064,1863],{},[2348,29066,28338],{},[1788,29068,2371],{},[2348,29070,29006],{},[1788,29072,1863],{},[2348,29074,29075],{},"119",[1808,29077,29078],{"encoding":1810},"P_2 = 200 - 81 = 119",[1030,29080,29081],{},"Aplikace midpoint vzorce:",[1035,29083,29085],{"className":29084},[1772],[1774,29086,29087],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,29088,29089,29268],{},[1781,29090,29091,29107,29109,29191,29193,29243,29245,29266],{},[13587,29092,29093,29095,29097],{},[1784,29094,2364],{},[1784,29096,3224],{},[1781,29098,29099,29101,29103,29105],{},[2149,29100,2769],{},[1784,29102,1068],{},[1784,29104,3794],{},[1784,29106,9435],{},[1788,29108,1863],{},[2322,29110,29111,29151],{},[1781,29112,29113,29115,29121,29123,29129,29131,29133,29135,29141,29143,29149],{},[1788,29114,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,29116,29117,29119],{},[1784,29118,2270],{},[2348,29120,4593],{},[1788,29122,2371],{},[1792,29124,29125,29127],{},[1784,29126,2270],{},[2348,29128,2374],{},[1788,29130,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,29132,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,29134,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,29136,29137,29139],{},[1784,29138,2270],{},[2348,29140,2374],{},[1788,29142,2637],{},[1792,29144,29145,29147],{},[1784,29146,2270],{},[2348,29148,4593],{},[1788,29150,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1781,29152,29153,29155,29161,29163,29169,29171,29173,29175,29181,29183,29189],{},[1788,29154,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,29156,29157,29159],{},[1784,29158,2264],{},[2348,29160,4593],{},[1788,29162,2371],{},[1792,29164,29165,29167],{},[1784,29166,2264],{},[2348,29168,2374],{},[1788,29170,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,29172,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,29174,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,29176,29177,29179],{},[1784,29178,2264],{},[2348,29180,2374],{},[1788,29182,2637],{},[1792,29184,29185,29187],{},[1784,29186,2264],{},[2348,29188,4593],{},[1788,29190,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,29192,1863],{},[2322,29194,29195,29219],{},[1781,29196,29197,29199,29201,29203,29205,29207,29209,29211,29213,29215,29217],{},[1788,29198,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,29200,29006],{},[1788,29202,2371],{},[2348,29204,28983],{},[1788,29206,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,29208,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,29210,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,29212,28983],{},[1788,29214,2637],{},[2348,29216,29006],{},[1788,29218,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1781,29220,29221,29223,29225,29227,29229,29231,29233,29235,29237,29239,29241],{},[1788,29222,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,29224,29075],{},[1788,29226,2371],{},[2348,29228,29042],{},[1788,29230,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,29232,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,29234,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,29236,29042],{},[1788,29238,2637],{},[2348,29240,29075],{},[1788,29242,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,29244,1863],{},[2322,29246,29247,29255],{},[1781,29248,29249,29251,29253],{},[2348,29250,4593],{},[1784,29252,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,29254,28645],{},[1781,29256,29257,29259,29261,29263],{},[1788,29258,2371],{},[2348,29260,4593],{},[1784,29262,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,29264,29265],{},"240",[1784,29267,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,29269,29270],{"encoding":1810},"E_D^{\\,arc} = \\frac{(Q_2 - Q_1)\u002F(Q_1 + Q_2)}{(P_2 - P_1)\u002F(P_1 + P_2)} = \\frac{(81 - 79)\u002F(79 + 81)}{(119 - 121)\u002F(121 + 119)} = \\frac{2\u002F160}{-2\u002F240}.",[1030,29272,29273,29274,1075],{},"Výpočet: ",[1035,29275,29277],{"className":29276},[1772],[1774,29278,29279],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,29280,29281,29351],{},[1781,29282,29283,29305,29307,29315,29317,29329,29331,29345,29347,29349],{},[14390,29284,29285],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,29286,29287,29295],{},[1781,29288,29289,29291,29293],{},[2348,29290,4593],{},[1784,29292,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,29294,28645],{},[1781,29296,29297,29299,29301,29303],{},[1788,29298,2371],{},[2348,29300,4593],{},[1784,29302,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,29304,29265],{},[1788,29306,1863],{},[14390,29308,29309],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,29310,29311,29313],{},[2348,29312,4593],{},[2348,29314,28645],{},[1788,29316,2267],{},[14390,29318,29319],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,29320,29321,29323],{},[2348,29322,29265],{},[1781,29324,29325,29327],{},[1788,29326,2371],{},[2348,29328,4593],{},[1788,29330,1863],{},[14390,29332,29333],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,29334,29335,29338],{},[2348,29336,29337],{},"480",[1781,29339,29340,29342],{},[1788,29341,2371],{},[2348,29343,29344],{},"320",[1788,29346,1863],{},[1788,29348,2371],{},[2348,29350,16562],{},[1808,29352,29353],{"encoding":1810},"\\dfrac{2\u002F160}{-2\u002F240} = \\dfrac{2}{160}\\cdot\\dfrac{240}{-2} = \\dfrac{480}{-320} = -1{,}5",[1035,29355,29357],{"className":29356},[1772],[1774,29358,29359],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,29360,29361,29399],{},[1781,29362,29363],{},[21766,29364,29365],{"notation":21768},[14390,29366,29367],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,29368,29369],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,29370,29371],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[1781,29372,29373,29375,29391,29393,29395,29397],{},[2149,29374,21702],{},[13587,29376,29377,29379,29381],{},[1784,29378,2364],{},[1784,29380,3224],{},[1781,29382,29383,29385,29387,29389],{},[2149,29384,2769],{},[1784,29386,1068],{},[1784,29388,3794],{},[1784,29390,9435],{},[1788,29392,1863],{},[1788,29394,2371],{},[2348,29396,16562],{},[2149,29398,21702],{},[1808,29400,29401],{"encoding":1810},"\\boxed{\\; E_D^{\\,arc} = -1{,}5 \\;}",[1030,29403,29404,29405,29407],{},"Shoda s bodovou elasticitou je ",[1047,29406,23729],{},", protože bereme body symetricky a poptávka je lineární.",[1100,29409,29411,29412],{"id":29410},"metoda-c-grafická-interpretace-edacece_d-acec","Metoda (c): Grafická interpretace ",[1035,29413,29415],{"className":29414},[1772],[1774,29416,29417],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,29418,29419,29439],{},[1781,29420,29421,29427,29429,29431,29433,29435,29437],{},[1792,29422,29423,29425],{},[1784,29424,2364],{},[1784,29426,3224],{},[1788,29428,1863],{},[1784,29430,10292],{},[1784,29432,1868],{},[1784,29434,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,29436,2364],{},[1784,29438,1868],{},[1808,29440,21080],{"encoding":1810},[1030,29442,29443,29444,29477,29478,1310],{},"V bodě ",[1035,29445,29447],{"className":29446},[1772],[1774,29448,29449],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,29450,29451,29475],{},[1781,29452,29453,29455,29457,29459,29461,29463,29465,29467,29469,29471,29473],{},[1788,29454,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,29456,2270],{},[1788,29458,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,29460,2264],{},[1788,29462,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,29464,1863],{},[1788,29466,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,29468,9698],{},[1788,29470,1138],{"separator":1041},[2348,29472,23526],{},[1788,29474,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,29476,28727],{"encoding":1810}," na lineární poptávce ",[1035,29479,29481],{"className":29480},[1772],[1774,29482,29483],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,29484,29485,29497],{},[1781,29486,29487,29489,29491,29493,29495],{},[1784,29488,2264],{},[1788,29490,1863],{},[2348,29492,28338],{},[1788,29494,2371],{},[1784,29496,2270],{},[1808,29498,28825],{"encoding":1810},[1112,29500,29501,29504,29584],{},[1115,29502,29503],{},"Tečna = sama poptávka (přímka).",[1115,29505,29506,29507,4010,29520,29538,29539,29557,29558,1075],{},"Průsečík s osou ",[1035,29508,29510],{"className":29509},[1772],[1774,29511,29512],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,29513,29514,29518],{},[1781,29515,29516],{},[1784,29517,2264],{},[1808,29519,2264],{"encoding":1810},[1035,29521,29523],{"className":29522},[1772],[1774,29524,29525],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,29526,29527,29535],{},[1781,29528,29529,29531,29533],{},[1784,29530,2270],{},[1788,29532,1863],{},[2348,29534,2350],{},[1808,29536,29537],{"encoding":1810},"Q = 0","): ",[1035,29540,29542],{"className":29541},[1772],[1774,29543,29544],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,29545,29546,29554],{},[1781,29547,29548,29550,29552],{},[1784,29549,2264],{},[1788,29551,1863],{},[2348,29553,28338],{},[1808,29555,29556],{"encoding":1810},"P = 200",", tedy bod ",[1035,29559,29561],{"className":29560},[1772],[1774,29562,29563],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,29564,29565,29581],{},[1781,29566,29567,29569,29571,29573,29575,29577,29579],{},[1784,29568,2364],{},[1788,29570,1863],{},[1788,29572,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,29574,2350],{},[1788,29576,1138],{"separator":1041},[2348,29578,28338],{},[1788,29580,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,29582,29583],{"encoding":1810},"E = (0, 200)",[1115,29585,29506,29586,4010,29599,29538,29617,29557,29635,1075],{},[1035,29587,29589],{"className":29588},[1772],[1774,29590,29591],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,29592,29593,29597],{},[1781,29594,29595],{},[1784,29596,2270],{},[1808,29598,2270],{"encoding":1810},[1035,29600,29602],{"className":29601},[1772],[1774,29603,29604],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,29605,29606,29614],{},[1781,29607,29608,29610,29612],{},[1784,29609,2264],{},[1788,29611,1863],{},[2348,29613,2350],{},[1808,29615,29616],{"encoding":1810},"P = 0",[1035,29618,29620],{"className":29619},[1772],[1774,29621,29622],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,29623,29624,29632],{},[1781,29625,29626,29628,29630],{},[1784,29627,2270],{},[1788,29629,1863],{},[2348,29631,28338],{},[1808,29633,29634],{"encoding":1810},"Q = 200",[1035,29636,29638],{"className":29637},[1772],[1774,29639,29640],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,29641,29642,29658],{},[1781,29643,29644,29646,29648,29650,29652,29654,29656],{},[1784,29645,1868],{},[1788,29647,1863],{},[1788,29649,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,29651,28338],{},[1788,29653,1138],{"separator":1041},[2348,29655,2350],{},[1788,29657,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,29659,29660],{"encoding":1810},"C = (200, 0)",[1030,29662,29663,29681,29682,29703,29704,29726],{},[1047,29664,29665,29666],{},"Délka úsečky ",[1035,29667,29669],{"className":29668},[1772],[1774,29670,29671],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,29672,29673,29679],{},[1781,29674,29675,29677],{},[1784,29676,10292],{},[1784,29678,1868],{},[1808,29680,23305],{"encoding":1810}," (od ",[1035,29683,29685],{"className":29684},[1772],[1774,29686,29687],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,29688,29689,29701],{},[1781,29690,29691,29693,29695,29697,29699],{},[1788,29692,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,29694,9698],{},[1788,29696,1138],{"separator":1041},[2348,29698,23526],{},[1788,29700,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,29702,28960],{"encoding":1810}," ke ",[1035,29705,29707],{"className":29706},[1772],[1774,29708,29709],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,29710,29711,29723],{},[1781,29712,29713,29715,29717,29719,29721],{},[1788,29714,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,29716,28338],{},[1788,29718,1138],{"separator":1041},[2348,29720,2350],{},[1788,29722,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,29724,29725],{"encoding":1810},"(200, 0)","):",[1035,29728,29730],{"className":29729},[1772],[1774,29731,29732],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,29733,29734,29819],{},[1781,29735,29736,29746,29748,29782,29784,29802,29804,29814,29816],{},[2160,29737,29738,29744],{"accent":1041},[1781,29739,29740,29742],{},[1784,29741,10292],{},[1784,29743,1868],{},[1788,29745,16584],{"stretchy":1041},[1788,29747,1863],{},[22228,29749,29750],{},[1781,29751,29752,29754,29756,29758,29760,29766,29768,29770,29772,29774,29776],{},[1788,29753,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,29755,28338],{},[1788,29757,2371],{},[2348,29759,9698],{},[2467,29761,29762,29764],{},[1788,29763,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,29765,4593],{},[1788,29767,2637],{},[1788,29769,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,29771,2350],{},[1788,29773,2371],{},[2348,29775,23526],{},[2467,29777,29778,29780],{},[1788,29779,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,29781,4593],{},[1788,29783,1863],{},[22228,29785,29786],{},[1781,29787,29788,29794,29796],{},[2467,29789,29790,29792],{},[2348,29791,23526],{},[2348,29793,4593],{},[1788,29795,2637],{},[2467,29797,29798,29800],{},[2348,29799,23526],{},[2348,29801,4593],{},[1788,29803,1863],{},[22228,29805,29806],{},[1781,29807,29808,29810,29812],{},[2348,29809,23565],{},[2149,29811,2769],{},[2348,29813,23570],{},[1788,29815,1863],{},[2348,29817,29818],{},"169,71.",[1808,29820,29821],{"encoding":1810},"\\overline{AC} = \\sqrt{(200-80)^2 + (0-120)^2} = \\sqrt{120^2 + 120^2} = \\sqrt{28\\,800} = 169{,}71.",[1030,29823,29824,29681,29841,29703,29862,29726],{},[1047,29825,29665,29826],{},[1035,29827,29829],{"className":29828},[1772],[1774,29830,29831],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,29832,29833,29839],{},[1781,29834,29835,29837],{},[1784,29836,10292],{},[1784,29838,2364],{},[1808,29840,23340],{"encoding":1810},[1035,29842,29844],{"className":29843},[1772],[1774,29845,29846],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,29847,29848,29860],{},[1781,29849,29850,29852,29854,29856,29858],{},[1788,29851,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,29853,9698],{},[1788,29855,1138],{"separator":1041},[2348,29857,23526],{},[1788,29859,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,29861,28960],{"encoding":1810},[1035,29863,29865],{"className":29864},[1772],[1774,29866,29867],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,29868,29869,29881],{},[1781,29870,29871,29873,29875,29877,29879],{},[1788,29872,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,29874,2350],{},[1788,29876,1138],{"separator":1041},[2348,29878,28338],{},[1788,29880,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,29882,29883],{"encoding":1810},"(0, 200)",[1035,29885,29887],{"className":29886},[1772],[1774,29888,29889],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,29890,29891,29977],{},[1781,29892,29893,29903,29905,29939,29941,29959,29961,29972,29974],{},[2160,29894,29895,29901],{"accent":1041},[1781,29896,29897,29899],{},[1784,29898,10292],{},[1784,29900,2364],{},[1788,29902,16584],{"stretchy":1041},[1788,29904,1863],{},[22228,29906,29907],{},[1781,29908,29909,29911,29913,29915,29917,29923,29925,29927,29929,29931,29933],{},[1788,29910,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,29912,2350],{},[1788,29914,2371],{},[2348,29916,9698],{},[2467,29918,29919,29921],{},[1788,29920,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,29922,4593],{},[1788,29924,2637],{},[1788,29926,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,29928,28338],{},[1788,29930,2371],{},[2348,29932,23526],{},[2467,29934,29935,29937],{},[1788,29936,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,29938,4593],{},[1788,29940,1863],{},[22228,29942,29943],{},[1781,29944,29945,29951,29953],{},[2467,29946,29947,29949],{},[2348,29948,9698],{},[2348,29950,4593],{},[1788,29952,2637],{},[2467,29954,29955,29957],{},[2348,29956,9698],{},[2348,29958,4593],{},[1788,29960,1863],{},[22228,29962,29963],{},[1781,29964,29965,29968,29970],{},[2348,29966,29967],{},"12",[2149,29969,2769],{},[2348,29971,23570],{},[1788,29973,1863],{},[2348,29975,29976],{},"113,14.",[1808,29978,29979],{"encoding":1810},"\\overline{AE} = \\sqrt{(0-80)^2 + (200-120)^2} = \\sqrt{80^2 + 80^2} = \\sqrt{12\\,800} = 113{,}14.",[1035,29981,29983],{"className":29982},[1772],[1774,29984,29985],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,29986,29987,30038],{},[1781,29988,29989,29991,29997,29999,30001,30023,30025,30033,30035],{},[1788,29990,20612],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,29992,29993,29995],{},[1784,29994,2364],{},[1784,29996,3224],{},[1788,29998,20612],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,30000,1863],{},[2322,30002,30003,30013],{},[2160,30004,30005,30011],{"accent":1041},[1781,30006,30007,30009],{},[1784,30008,10292],{},[1784,30010,1868],{},[1788,30012,16584],{"stretchy":1041},[2160,30014,30015,30021],{"accent":1041},[1781,30016,30017,30019],{},[1784,30018,10292],{},[1784,30020,2364],{},[1788,30022,16584],{"stretchy":1041},[1788,30024,1863],{},[2322,30026,30027,30030],{},[2348,30028,30029],{},"169,71",[2348,30031,30032],{},"113,14",[1788,30034,1863],{},[2348,30036,30037],{},"1,500.",[1808,30039,30040],{"encoding":1810},"\\lvert E_D\\rvert = \\frac{\\overline{AC}}{\\overline{AE}} = \\frac{169{,}71}{113{,}14} = 1{,}500.",[1030,30042,30043,30044,30068],{},"Při zachování znaménka pro klesající poptávku: ",[1035,30045,30047],{"className":30046},[1772],[1774,30048,30049],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,30050,30051,30065],{},[1781,30052,30053,30059,30061,30063],{},[1792,30054,30055,30057],{},[1784,30056,2364],{},[1784,30058,3224],{},[1788,30060,1863],{},[1788,30062,2371],{},[2348,30064,16562],{},[1808,30066,30067],{"encoding":1810},"E_D = -1{,}5",". ✓",[1100,30070,30072],{"id":30071},"závěr-příkladu-i","Závěr příkladu I",[1030,30074,30075,30076,30099,30100,1075],{},"Všechny tři metody dávají ",[1035,30077,30079],{"className":30078},[1772],[1774,30080,30081],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,30082,30083,30097],{},[1781,30084,30085,30091,30093,30095],{},[1792,30086,30087,30089],{},[1784,30088,2364],{},[1784,30090,3224],{},[1788,30092,1863],{},[1788,30094,2371],{},[2348,30096,16562],{},[1808,30098,30067],{"encoding":1810},". V tomto bodě je poptávka ",[1047,30101,30102],{},"elastická",[1023,30104,30106,30113],{"className":30105,"dataCallout":582},[1026,1225],[1030,30107,30109,30112],{"className":30108},[1033],[1035,30110],{"className":30111,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1232,1040],"Praktický pohled",[1030,30114,30115,30138,30139,30142,30143,30146,30147,30170,30171,1299,30189,1299,30207,1075],{},[1035,30116,30118],{"className":30117},[1772],[1774,30119,30120],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,30121,30122,30136],{},[1781,30123,30124,30130,30132,30134],{},[1792,30125,30126,30128],{},[1784,30127,2364],{},[1784,30129,3224],{},[1788,30131,1863],{},[1788,30133,2371],{},[2348,30135,16562],{},[1808,30137,30067],{"encoding":1810}," znamená, že 1 % zvýšení ceny způsobí 1,5 % pokles množství. Tržby tedy ",[1047,30140,30141],{},"klesnou"," zvýšením ceny. Pro maximalizaci tržeb by firma měla cenu ",[1047,30144,30145],{},"snížit"," směrem k bodu ",[1035,30148,30150],{"className":30149},[1772],[1774,30151,30152],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,30153,30154,30168],{},[1781,30155,30156,30162,30164,30166],{},[1792,30157,30158,30160],{},[1784,30159,2364],{},[1784,30161,3224],{},[1788,30163,1863],{},[1788,30165,2371],{},[2348,30167,2374],{},[1808,30169,21487],{"encoding":1810},", tj. ",[1035,30172,30174],{"className":30173},[1772],[1774,30175,30176],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,30177,30178,30186],{},[1781,30179,30180,30182,30184],{},[1784,30181,2264],{},[1788,30183,1863],{},[2348,30185,2605],{},[1808,30187,30188],{"encoding":1810},"P = 100",[1035,30190,30192],{"className":30191},[1772],[1774,30193,30194],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,30195,30196,30204],{},[1781,30197,30198,30200,30202],{},[1784,30199,2270],{},[1788,30201,1863],{},[2348,30203,2605],{},[1808,30205,30206],{"encoding":1810},"Q = 100",[1035,30208,30210],{"className":30209},[1772],[1774,30211,30212],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,30213,30214,30234],{},[1781,30215,30216,30218,30226,30228,30230,30232],{},[1784,30217,2257],{},[1792,30219,30220,30222,30224],{},[1784,30221,1860],{},[1784,30223,3347],{},[1788,30225,3350],{},[1788,30227,1863],{},[2348,30229,3116],{},[2149,30231,2769],{},[2348,30233,2772],{},[1808,30235,30236],{"encoding":1810},"TR_{\\max} = 10\\,000",[1077,30238,30240],{"id":30239},"_14-příklad-ii-konstantní-elasticita","14. Příklad II — konstantní elasticita",[1030,30242,30243,30245,30246,24304,30294,1075],{},[1047,30244,28313],{}," Poptávka má tvar ",[1035,30247,30249],{"className":30248},[1772],[1774,30250,30251],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,30252,30253,30291],{},[1781,30254,30255,30257,30259,30271,30273,30275,30277],{},[1784,30256,2264],{},[1788,30258,1863],{},[14390,30260,30261],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,30262,30263,30265],{},[2348,30264,24269],{},[24295,30266,30267,30269],{},[1784,30268,2270],{},[2348,30270,5332],{},[1788,30272,1863],{},[2348,30274,24269],{},[2149,30276,2769],{},[2467,30278,30279,30281],{},[1784,30280,2270],{},[1781,30282,30283,30285,30287,30289],{},[1788,30284,2371],{},[2348,30286,2374],{},[1784,30288,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,30290,5332],{},[1808,30292,30293],{"encoding":1810},"P = \\dfrac{66}{\\sqrt[3]{Q}} = 66\\,Q^{-1\u002F3}",[1035,30295,30297],{"className":30296},[1772],[1774,30298,30299],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,30300,30301,30311],{},[1781,30302,30303,30305,30307,30309],{},[1784,30304,1857],{},[1784,30306,1868],{},[1788,30308,1863],{},[2348,30310,4593],{},[1808,30312,24324],{"encoding":1810},[1030,30314,30315,30316,1075],{},"Úkoly: (a) určete cenovou elasticitu, (b) najděte množství maximalizující zisk, (c) zjistěte, zda lze maximalizovat tržby (obrat), (d) zobecněte výsledek pro ",[1035,30317,30319],{"className":30318},[1772],[1774,30320,30321],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,30322,30323,30339],{},[1781,30324,30325,30327,30329,30331,30333],{},[1784,30326,2264],{},[1788,30328,1863],{},[1784,30330,10292],{},[2149,30332,2769],{},[2467,30334,30335,30337],{},[1784,30336,2270],{},[1784,30338,1068],{},[1808,30340,23787],{"encoding":1810},[1100,30342,30344],{"id":30343},"a-cenová-elasticita","(a) Cenová elasticita",[1030,30346,30347,30348,22866,30371,3250,30402,1075],{},"Z obecného vzorce: ",[1035,30349,30351],{"className":30350},[1772],[1774,30352,30353],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,30354,30355,30369],{},[1781,30356,30357,30359,30361,30363,30365,30367],{},[1784,30358,1068],{},[1788,30360,1863],{},[1788,30362,2371],{},[2348,30364,2374],{},[1784,30366,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,30368,5332],{},[1808,30370,24351],{"encoding":1810},[1035,30372,30374],{"className":30373},[1772],[1774,30375,30376],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,30377,30378,30400],{},[1781,30379,30380,30386,30388,30390,30392,30394,30396,30398],{},[1792,30381,30382,30384],{},[1784,30383,2364],{},[1784,30385,3224],{},[1788,30387,1863],{},[2348,30389,2374],{},[1784,30391,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,30393,1068],{},[1788,30395,1863],{},[1788,30397,2371],{},[2348,30399,5332],{},[1808,30401,24383],{"encoding":1810},[1047,30403,30404],{},"konstantní v každém bodě",[1030,30406,30407],{},[1047,30408,30409],{},"Detailní kontrola.",[1035,30411,30413],{"className":30412},[1772],[1774,30414,30415],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,30416,30417,30489],{},[1781,30418,30419,30433,30435,30437,30445,30447,30449,30451,30465,30467,30469,30471,30473,30487],{},[2322,30420,30421,30427],{},[1781,30422,30423,30425],{},[1784,30424,2328],{},[1784,30426,2264],{},[1781,30428,30429,30431],{},[1784,30430,2328],{},[1784,30432,2270],{},[1788,30434,1863],{},[1788,30436,2371],{},[14390,30438,30439],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,30440,30441,30443],{},[2348,30442,2374],{},[2348,30444,5332],{},[1788,30446,2267],{},[2348,30448,24269],{},[2149,30450,2769],{},[2467,30452,30453,30455],{},[1784,30454,2270],{},[1781,30456,30457,30459,30461,30463],{},[1788,30458,2371],{},[2348,30460,5344],{},[1784,30462,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,30464,5332],{},[1788,30466,1863],{},[1788,30468,2371],{},[2348,30470,15333],{},[2149,30472,2769],{},[2467,30474,30475,30477],{},[1784,30476,2270],{},[1781,30478,30479,30481,30483,30485],{},[1788,30480,2371],{},[2348,30482,5344],{},[1784,30484,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,30486,5332],{},[1784,30488,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,30490,24471],{"encoding":1810},[1035,30492,30494],{"className":30493},[1772],[1774,30495,30496],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,30497,30498,30678],{},[1781,30499,30500,30506,30508,30514,30516,30532,30534,30558,30560,30586,30588,30598,30600,30634,30636,30638,30640,30642,30672,30674,30676],{},[1792,30501,30502,30504],{},[1784,30503,2364],{},[1784,30505,3224],{},[1788,30507,1863],{},[2322,30509,30510,30512],{},[1784,30511,2264],{},[1784,30513,2270],{},[1788,30515,2267],{},[2322,30517,30518,30520],{},[2348,30519,2374],{},[1781,30521,30522,30524,30526,30528,30530],{},[1784,30523,2328],{},[1784,30525,2264],{},[1784,30527,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,30529,2328],{},[1784,30531,2270],{},[1788,30533,1863],{},[2322,30535,30536,30556],{},[1781,30537,30538,30540,30542],{},[2348,30539,24269],{},[2149,30541,2769],{},[2467,30543,30544,30546],{},[1784,30545,2270],{},[1781,30547,30548,30550,30552,30554],{},[1788,30549,2371],{},[2348,30551,2374],{},[1784,30553,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,30555,5332],{},[1784,30557,2270],{},[1788,30559,2267],{},[2322,30561,30562,30564],{},[2348,30563,2374],{},[1781,30565,30566,30568,30570,30572],{},[1788,30567,2371],{},[2348,30569,15333],{},[2149,30571,2769],{},[2467,30573,30574,30576],{},[1784,30575,2270],{},[1781,30577,30578,30580,30582,30584],{},[1788,30579,2371],{},[2348,30581,5344],{},[1784,30583,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,30585,5332],{},[1788,30587,1863],{},[2322,30589,30590,30592],{},[2348,30591,24269],{},[1781,30593,30594,30596],{},[1788,30595,2371],{},[2348,30597,15333],{},[1788,30599,2267],{},[2322,30601,30602,30620],{},[2467,30603,30604,30606],{},[1784,30605,2270],{},[1781,30607,30608,30610,30612,30614,30616,30618],{},[1788,30609,2371],{},[2348,30611,2374],{},[1784,30613,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,30615,5332],{},[1788,30617,2371],{},[2348,30619,2374],{},[2467,30621,30622,30624],{},[1784,30623,2270],{},[1781,30625,30626,30628,30630,30632],{},[1788,30627,2371],{},[2348,30629,5344],{},[1784,30631,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,30633,5332],{},[1788,30635,1863],{},[1788,30637,2371],{},[2348,30639,5332],{},[1788,30641,2267],{},[2322,30643,30644,30658],{},[2467,30645,30646,30648],{},[1784,30647,2270],{},[1781,30649,30650,30652,30654,30656],{},[1788,30651,2371],{},[2348,30653,5344],{},[1784,30655,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,30657,5332],{},[2467,30659,30660,30662],{},[1784,30661,2270],{},[1781,30663,30664,30666,30668,30670],{},[1788,30665,2371],{},[2348,30667,5344],{},[1784,30669,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,30671,5332],{},[1788,30673,1863],{},[1788,30675,2371],{},[2348,30677,19364],{},[1808,30679,30680],{"encoding":1810},"E_D = \\frac{P}{Q}\\cdot\\frac{1}{dP\u002FdQ} = \\frac{66\\,Q^{-1\u002F3}}{Q}\\cdot\\frac{1}{-22\\,Q^{-4\u002F3}} = \\frac{66}{-22}\\cdot\\frac{Q^{-1\u002F3-1}}{Q^{-4\u002F3}} = -3\\cdot\\frac{Q^{-4\u002F3}}{Q^{-4\u002F3}} = -3.",[1035,30682,30684],{"className":30683},[1772],[1774,30685,30686],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,30687,30688,30731],{},[1781,30689,30690],{},[21766,30691,30692],{"notation":21768},[14390,30693,30694],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,30695,30696],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,30697,30698],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[1781,30699,30700,30702,30708,30710,30712,30714,30716,30729],{},[2149,30701,21702],{},[1792,30703,30704,30706],{},[1784,30705,2364],{},[1784,30707,3224],{},[1788,30709,1863],{},[1788,30711,2371],{},[2348,30713,5332],{},[2149,30715,21702],{},[1781,30717,30718,30721,30727],{},[2149,30719,30720],{},"(konstantn",[2160,30722,30723,30725],{"accent":1041},[2149,30724,9309],{},[1788,30726,2167],{},[2149,30728,2192],{},[2149,30730,21702],{},[1808,30732,30733],{"encoding":1810},"\\boxed{\\; E_D = -3 \\;\\text{(konstantně)} \\;}",[1100,30735,30737,30738,2192],{"id":30736},"b-maximalizace-zisku-mrmcmr-mc","(b) Maximalizace zisku (",[1035,30739,30741],{"className":30740},[1772],[1774,30742,30743],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,30744,30745,30757],{},[1781,30746,30747,30749,30751,30753,30755],{},[1784,30748,1857],{},[1784,30750,1860],{},[1788,30752,1863],{},[1784,30754,1857],{},[1784,30756,1868],{},[1808,30758,1871],{"encoding":1810},[1030,30760,30761],{},"Spočtěme tržby:",[1035,30763,30765],{"className":30764},[1772],[1774,30766,30767],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,30768,30769,30827],{},[1781,30770,30771,30773,30775,30777,30779,30781,30783,30785,30787,30789,30803,30805,30807,30809,30811,30813,30825],{},[1784,30772,2257],{},[1784,30774,1860],{},[1788,30776,1863],{},[1784,30778,2264],{},[1788,30780,2267],{},[1784,30782,2270],{},[1788,30784,1863],{},[2348,30786,24269],{},[2149,30788,2769],{},[2467,30790,30791,30793],{},[1784,30792,2270],{},[1781,30794,30795,30797,30799,30801],{},[1788,30796,2371],{},[2348,30798,2374],{},[1784,30800,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,30802,5332],{},[1788,30804,2267],{},[1784,30806,2270],{},[1788,30808,1863],{},[2348,30810,24269],{},[2149,30812,2769],{},[2467,30814,30815,30817],{},[1784,30816,2270],{},[1781,30818,30819,30821,30823],{},[2348,30820,4593],{},[1784,30822,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,30824,5332],{},[1784,30826,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,30828,30829],{"encoding":1810},"TR = P\\cdot Q = 66\\,Q^{-1\u002F3}\\cdot Q = 66\\,Q^{2\u002F3}.",[1030,30831,30832],{},"Mezní příjem:",[1035,30834,30836],{"className":30835},[1772],[1774,30837,30838],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,30839,30840,30929],{},[1781,30841,30842,30844,30846,30848,30864,30866,30868,30870,30878,30880,30894,30896,30899,30901,30915,30917,30927],{},[1784,30843,1857],{},[1784,30845,1860],{},[1788,30847,1863],{},[2322,30849,30850,30858],{},[1781,30851,30852,30854,30856],{},[1784,30853,2328],{},[1784,30855,2257],{},[1784,30857,1860],{},[1781,30859,30860,30862],{},[1784,30861,2328],{},[1784,30863,2270],{},[1788,30865,1863],{},[2348,30867,24269],{},[1788,30869,2267],{},[14390,30871,30872],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,30873,30874,30876],{},[2348,30875,4593],{},[2348,30877,5332],{},[2149,30879,2769],{},[2467,30881,30882,30884],{},[1784,30883,2270],{},[1781,30885,30886,30888,30890,30892],{},[1788,30887,2371],{},[2348,30889,2374],{},[1784,30891,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,30893,5332],{},[1788,30895,1863],{},[2348,30897,30898],{},"44",[2149,30900,2769],{},[2467,30902,30903,30905],{},[1784,30904,2270],{},[1781,30906,30907,30909,30911,30913],{},[1788,30908,2371],{},[2348,30910,2374],{},[1784,30912,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,30914,5332],{},[1788,30916,1863],{},[2322,30918,30919,30921],{},[2348,30920,30898],{},[24295,30922,30923,30925],{},[1784,30924,2270],{},[2348,30926,5332],{},[1784,30928,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,30930,30931],{"encoding":1810},"MR = \\frac{dTR}{dQ} = 66\\cdot\\tfrac{2}{3}\\,Q^{-1\u002F3} = 44\\,Q^{-1\u002F3} = \\frac{44}{\\sqrt[3]{Q}}.",[1030,30933,30934,30935,1310],{},"Podmínka ",[1035,30936,30938],{"className":30937},[1772],[1774,30939,30940],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,30941,30942,30954],{},[1781,30943,30944,30946,30948,30950,30952],{},[1784,30945,1857],{},[1784,30947,1860],{},[1788,30949,1863],{},[1784,30951,1857],{},[1784,30953,1868],{},[1808,30955,1871],{"encoding":1810},[1035,30957,30959],{"className":30958},[1772],[1774,30960,30961],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,30962,30963,31032],{},[1781,30964,30965,30975,30977,30979,30981,30983,30985,30991,30993,30999,31001,31003,31005,31007,31009,31015,31017,31023,31025,31027,31029],{},[2322,30966,30967,30969],{},[2348,30968,30898],{},[24295,30970,30971,30973],{},[1784,30972,2270],{},[2348,30974,5332],{},[1788,30976,1863],{},[2348,30978,4593],{},[2149,30980,21702],{},[1788,30982,2357],{},[2149,30984,21702],{},[24295,30986,30987,30989],{},[1784,30988,2270],{},[2348,30990,5332],{},[1788,30992,1863],{},[2322,30994,30995,30997],{},[2348,30996,30898],{},[2348,30998,4593],{},[1788,31000,1863],{},[2348,31002,15333],{},[2149,31004,21702],{},[1788,31006,2357],{},[2149,31008,21702],{},[2467,31010,31011,31013],{},[1784,31012,2270],{},[1788,31014,7763],{},[1788,31016,1863],{},[2467,31018,31019,31021],{},[2348,31020,15333],{},[2348,31022,5332],{},[1788,31024,1863],{},[2348,31026,3116],{},[2149,31028,2769],{},[2348,31030,31031],{},"648.",[1808,31033,31034],{"encoding":1810},"\\frac{44}{\\sqrt[3]{Q}} = 2 \\;\\Rightarrow\\; \\sqrt[3]{Q} = \\frac{44}{2} = 22 \\;\\Rightarrow\\; Q^* = 22^3 = 10\\,648.",[1030,31036,31037,31038,31084,31085,31128,31129,31168,31169,1075],{},"Cena: ",[1035,31039,31041],{"className":31040},[1772],[1774,31042,31043],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,31044,31045,31081],{},[1781,31046,31047,31053,31055,31057,31059,31069,31071,31073,31075,31077,31079],{},[2467,31048,31049,31051],{},[1784,31050,2264],{},[1788,31052,7763],{},[1788,31054,1863],{},[2348,31056,24269],{},[1788,31058,2267],{},[2467,31060,31061,31063],{},[2348,31062,15333],{},[1781,31064,31065,31067],{},[1788,31066,2371],{},[2348,31068,2374],{},[1788,31070,1863],{},[2348,31072,24269],{},[1784,31074,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,31076,15333],{},[1788,31078,1863],{},[2348,31080,5332],{},[1808,31082,31083],{"encoding":1810},"P^* = 66\\cdot 22^{-1} = 66\u002F22 = 3",". Tržby: ",[1035,31086,31088],{"className":31087},[1772],[1774,31089,31090],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,31091,31092,31125],{},[1781,31093,31094,31096,31102,31104,31106,31108,31110,31112,31115,31117,31120,31122],{},[1784,31095,2257],{},[2467,31097,31098,31100],{},[1784,31099,1860],{},[1788,31101,7763],{},[1788,31103,1863],{},[2348,31105,5332],{},[1788,31107,2267],{},[2348,31109,3116],{},[2149,31111,2769],{},[2348,31113,31114],{},"648",[1788,31116,1863],{},[2348,31118,31119],{},"31",[2149,31121,2769],{},[2348,31123,31124],{},"944",[1808,31126,31127],{"encoding":1810},"TR^* = 3\\cdot 10\\,648 = 31\\,944",". Náklady (variabilní část): ",[1035,31130,31132],{"className":31131},[1772],[1774,31133,31134],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,31135,31136,31165],{},[1781,31137,31138,31141,31143,31145,31147,31149,31151,31153,31155,31157,31160,31162],{},[1784,31139,31140],{},"V",[1784,31142,1868],{},[1788,31144,1863],{},[2348,31146,4593],{},[1788,31148,2267],{},[2348,31150,3116],{},[2149,31152,2769],{},[2348,31154,31114],{},[1788,31156,1863],{},[2348,31158,31159],{},"21",[2149,31161,2769],{},[2348,31163,31164],{},"296",[1808,31166,31167],{"encoding":1810},"VC = 2\\cdot 10\\,648 = 21\\,296",". „Příspěvek\" na zisk: ",[1035,31170,31172],{"className":31171},[1772],[1774,31173,31174],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,31175,31176,31196],{},[1781,31177,31178,31180,31182,31184,31186,31188,31190,31192,31194],{},[1784,31179,2257],{},[1784,31181,1860],{},[1788,31183,2371],{},[1784,31185,31140],{},[1784,31187,1868],{},[1788,31189,1863],{},[2348,31191,3116],{},[2149,31193,2769],{},[2348,31195,31114],{},[1808,31197,31198],{"encoding":1810},"TR - VC = 10\\,648",[1023,31200,31202,31209],{"className":31201,"dataCallout":582},[1026,1225],[1030,31203,31205,31208],{"className":31204},[1033],[1035,31206],{"className":31207,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1232,1040],"Kontrola pomocí Lernerova indexu",[1030,31210,31211,31212,31266,31267,31301,31302,1075],{},"Optimální cena má splňovat ",[1035,31213,31215],{"className":31214},[1772],[1774,31216,31217],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,31218,31219,31263],{},[1781,31220,31221,31223,31225,31227,31229,31231,31233,31235,31237,31239,31241,31243,31245,31247,31249,31255,31257,31259,31261],{},[1784,31222,3766],{},[1788,31224,1863],{},[1788,31226,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,31228,2264],{},[1788,31230,2371],{},[1784,31232,1857],{},[1784,31234,1868],{},[1788,31236,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,31238,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,31240,2264],{},[1788,31242,1863],{},[1788,31244,2371],{},[2348,31246,2374],{},[1784,31248,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,31250,31251,31253],{},[1784,31252,2364],{},[1784,31254,3224],{},[1788,31256,1863],{},[2348,31258,2374],{},[1784,31260,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,31262,5332],{},[1808,31264,31265],{"encoding":1810},"L = (P-MC)\u002FP = -1\u002FE_D = 1\u002F3",". Skutečně: ",[1035,31268,31270],{"className":31269},[1772],[1774,31271,31272],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,31273,31274,31298],{},[1781,31275,31276,31278,31280,31282,31284,31286,31288,31290,31292,31294,31296],{},[1788,31277,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,31279,5332],{},[1788,31281,2371],{},[2348,31283,4593],{},[1788,31285,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,31287,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,31289,5332],{},[1788,31291,1863],{},[2348,31293,2374],{},[1784,31295,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,31297,5332],{},[1808,31299,31300],{"encoding":1810},"(3-2)\u002F3 = 1\u002F3",". ✓ Detail v ",[1068,31303,21513],{"href":1877,"className":31304,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1876},[1071],[1100,31306,31308],{"id":31307},"c-maximalizace-tržeb-obratu","(c) Maximalizace tržeb (obratu)",[1030,31310,31311,31312,9089,31335,20705,31354,31357,31358,31381,31382,31398,31399,31439,31440,31460,31461,1075],{},"Tržby maximální, když ",[1035,31313,31315],{"className":31314},[1772],[1774,31316,31317],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,31318,31319,31333],{},[1781,31320,31321,31327,31329,31331],{},[1792,31322,31323,31325],{},[1784,31324,2364],{},[1784,31326,3224],{},[1788,31328,1863],{},[1788,31330,2371],{},[2348,31332,2374],{},[1808,31334,21487],{"encoding":1810},[1035,31336,31338],{"className":31337},[1772],[1774,31339,31340],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,31341,31342,31352],{},[1781,31343,31344,31346,31348,31350],{},[1784,31345,1857],{},[1784,31347,1860],{},[1788,31349,1863],{},[2348,31351,2350],{},[1808,31353,2439],{"encoding":1810},[1047,31355,31356],{},"Ale"," zde je ",[1035,31359,31361],{"className":31360},[1772],[1774,31362,31363],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,31364,31365,31379],{},[1781,31366,31367,31373,31375,31377],{},[1792,31368,31369,31371],{},[1784,31370,2364],{},[1784,31372,3224],{},[1788,31374,1863],{},[1788,31376,2371],{},[2348,31378,5332],{},[1808,31380,24251],{"encoding":1810}," konstantně, nikdy se nedostaneme k ",[1035,31383,31385],{"className":31384},[1772],[1774,31386,31387],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,31388,31389,31395],{},[1781,31390,31391,31393],{},[1788,31392,2371],{},[2348,31394,2374],{},[1808,31396,31397],{"encoding":1810},"-1",". Alternativně z ",[1035,31400,31402],{"className":31401},[1772],[1774,31403,31404],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,31405,31406,31436],{},[1781,31407,31408,31410,31412,31414,31416,31418,31432,31434],{},[1784,31409,1857],{},[1784,31411,1860],{},[1788,31413,1863],{},[2348,31415,30898],{},[2149,31417,2769],{},[2467,31419,31420,31422],{},[1784,31421,2270],{},[1781,31423,31424,31426,31428,31430],{},[1788,31425,2371],{},[2348,31427,2374],{},[1784,31429,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,31431,5332],{},[1788,31433,1863],{},[2348,31435,2350],{},[1808,31437,31438],{"encoding":1810},"MR = 44\\,Q^{-1\u002F3} = 0"," nemá konečné řešení; ",[1035,31441,31443],{"className":31442},[1772],[1774,31444,31445],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,31446,31447,31457],{},[1781,31448,31449,31451,31453,31455],{},[1784,31450,1857],{},[1784,31452,1860],{},[1788,31454,8824],{},[2348,31456,2350],{},[1808,31458,31459],{"encoding":1810},"MR \\to 0"," pouze pro ",[1035,31462,31464],{"className":31463},[1772],[1774,31465,31466],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,31467,31468,31476],{},[1781,31469,31470,31472,31474],{},[1784,31471,2270],{},[1788,31473,8824],{},[1784,31475,21408],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,31477,31478],{"encoding":1810},"Q \\to \\infty",[1030,31480,31481,31482,24775,31516,31519,31520,31523,31524,1075],{},"Geometricky: ",[1035,31483,31485],{"className":31484},[1772],[1774,31486,31487],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,31488,31489,31513],{},[1781,31490,31491,31493,31495,31497,31499,31501],{},[1784,31492,2257],{},[1784,31494,1860],{},[1788,31496,1863],{},[2348,31498,24269],{},[2149,31500,2769],{},[2467,31502,31503,31505],{},[1784,31504,2270],{},[1781,31506,31507,31509,31511],{},[2348,31508,4593],{},[1784,31510,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,31512,5332],{},[1808,31514,31515],{"encoding":1810},"TR = 66\\,Q^{2\u002F3}",[1047,31517,31518],{},"rostoucí"," funkce. Tržby rostou bez ohraničení — ",[1047,31521,31522],{},"nelze maximalizovat"," v konečném ",[1035,31525,31527],{"className":31526},[1772],[1774,31528,31529],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,31530,31531,31535],{},[1781,31532,31533],{},[1784,31534,2270],{},[1808,31536,2270],{"encoding":1810},[1035,31538,31540],{"className":31539},[1772],[1774,31541,31542],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,31543,31544,31617],{},[1781,31545,31546],{},[21766,31547,31548],{"notation":21768},[14390,31549,31550],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,31551,31552],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,31553,31554],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[1781,31555,31556,31558,31572,31574,31580,31582,31584,31586,31588,31590,31592,31615],{},[2149,31557,21702],{},[1781,31559,31560,31563,31569],{},[2149,31561,31562],{},"Konstantn",[2160,31564,31565,31567],{"accent":1041},[2149,31566,9298],{},[1788,31568,2181],{},[2149,31570,31571],{}," elasticita s ",[1788,31573,20612],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,31575,31576,31578],{},[1784,31577,2364],{},[1784,31579,3224],{},[1788,31581,20612],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,31583,2491],{},[2348,31585,2374],{},[2149,31587,21702],{},[1788,31589,24048],{},[2149,31591,21702],{},[1781,31593,31594,31597,31603,31606,31612],{},[2149,31595,31596],{},"TR neohrani",[2160,31598,31599,31601],{"accent":1041},[2149,31600,9435],{},[1788,31602,2167],{},[2149,31604,31605],{},"en",[2160,31607,31608,31610],{"accent":1041},[2149,31609,9309],{},[1788,31611,2181],{},[2149,31613,31614],{},", max nelze",[2149,31616,21702],{},[1808,31618,31619],{"encoding":1810},"\\boxed{\\; \\text{Konstantní elasticita s } \\lvert E_D\\rvert > 1 \\;\\Longrightarrow\\; \\text{TR neohraničené, max nelze} \\;}",[1100,31621,31623,31624],{"id":31622},"d-obecný-tvar-paqap-aqa","(d) Obecný tvar ",[1035,31625,31627],{"className":31626},[1772],[1774,31628,31629],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,31630,31631,31647],{},[1781,31632,31633,31635,31637,31639,31641],{},[1784,31634,2264],{},[1788,31636,1863],{},[1784,31638,10292],{},[2149,31640,2769],{},[2467,31642,31643,31645],{},[1784,31644,2270],{},[1784,31646,1068],{},[1808,31648,23787],{"encoding":1810},[1030,31650,31651,31652,31677],{},"Odvodili jsme v sekci 4: ",[1035,31653,31655],{"className":31654},[1772],[1774,31656,31657],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,31658,31659,31675],{},[1781,31660,31661,31667,31669,31671,31673],{},[1792,31662,31663,31665],{},[1784,31664,2364],{},[1784,31666,3224],{},[1788,31668,1863],{},[2348,31670,2374],{},[1784,31672,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,31674,1068],{},[1808,31676,21134],{"encoding":1810}," konstantně.",[1112,31679,31680,31729,31798],{},[1115,31681,25314,31682,4058,31705,31728],{},[1035,31683,31685],{"className":31684},[1772],[1774,31686,31687],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,31688,31689,31703],{},[1781,31690,31691,31693,31695,31697,31699,31701],{},[1784,31692,1068],{},[1788,31694,1863],{},[1788,31696,2371],{},[2348,31698,2374],{},[1784,31700,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,31702,5332],{},[1808,31704,24351],{"encoding":1810},[1035,31706,31708],{"className":31707},[1772],[1774,31709,31710],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,31711,31712,31726],{},[1781,31713,31714,31720,31722,31724],{},[1792,31715,31716,31718],{},[1784,31717,2364],{},[1784,31719,3224],{},[1788,31721,1863],{},[1788,31723,2371],{},[2348,31725,5332],{},[1808,31727,24251],{"encoding":1810}," (silně elastická).",[1115,31730,25314,31731,4058,31751,31774,31775,31797],{},[1035,31732,31734],{"className":31733},[1772],[1774,31735,31736],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,31737,31738,31748],{},[1781,31739,31740,31742,31744,31746],{},[1784,31741,1068],{},[1788,31743,1863],{},[1788,31745,2371],{},[2348,31747,2374],{},[1808,31749,31750],{"encoding":1810},"a = -1",[1035,31752,31754],{"className":31753},[1772],[1774,31755,31756],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,31757,31758,31772],{},[1781,31759,31760,31766,31768,31770],{},[1792,31761,31762,31764],{},[1784,31763,2364],{},[1784,31765,3224],{},[1788,31767,1863],{},[1788,31769,2371],{},[2348,31771,2374],{},[1808,31773,21487],{"encoding":1810}," (jednotková) — pak ",[1035,31776,31778],{"className":31777},[1772],[1774,31779,31780],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,31781,31782,31794],{},[1781,31783,31784,31786,31788,31790,31792],{},[1784,31785,2264],{},[1788,31787,2267],{},[1784,31789,2270],{},[1788,31791,1863],{},[1784,31793,10292],{},[1808,31795,31796],{"encoding":1810},"P\\cdot Q = A"," konstantní, tržby konstantní vždy a max degenerované.",[1115,31799,25314,31800,4058,31820,31848,31849,31862,31863,1075],{},[1035,31801,31803],{"className":31802},[1772],[1774,31804,31805],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,31806,31807,31817],{},[1781,31808,31809,31811,31813,31815],{},[1784,31810,1068],{},[1788,31812,1863],{},[1788,31814,2371],{},[2348,31816,4593],{},[1808,31818,31819],{"encoding":1810},"a = -2",[1035,31821,31823],{"className":31822},[1772],[1774,31824,31825],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,31826,31827,31845],{},[1781,31828,31829,31835,31837,31839,31841,31843],{},[1792,31830,31831,31833],{},[1784,31832,2364],{},[1784,31834,3224],{},[1788,31836,1863],{},[1788,31838,2371],{},[2348,31840,2374],{},[1784,31842,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,31844,4593],{},[1808,31846,31847],{"encoding":1810},"E_D = -1\u002F2"," (neelastická) — pak by maximalizace tržeb byla ne v konečném ",[1035,31850,31852],{"className":31851},[1772],[1774,31853,31854],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,31855,31856,31860],{},[1781,31857,31858],{},[1784,31859,2270],{},[1808,31861,2270],{"encoding":1810},", ale v ",[1035,31864,31866],{"className":31865},[1772],[1774,31867,31868],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,31869,31870,31878],{},[1781,31871,31872,31874,31876],{},[1784,31873,2270],{},[1788,31875,8824],{},[2348,31877,2350],{},[1808,31879,31880],{"encoding":1810},"Q\\to 0",[1030,31882,31883,31884,31887],{},"Důsledek: konstantní elasticita je ",[1047,31885,31886],{},"patologický případ"," pro klasickou tržní strategii. V praxi je vhodný spíše log-log model jen jako lokální aproximace.",[1077,31889,31891],{"id":31890},"_15-aplikace-cenové-elasticity-v-ekonomii-a-managementu","15. Aplikace cenové elasticity v ekonomii a managementu",[1100,31893,31895],{"id":31894},"_151-maximalizace-tr-marketing-tržeb","15.1 Maximalizace TR (marketing tržeb)",[1030,31897,31898,31899,31922,31923,31926],{},"Bod maximalizace tržeb leží v ",[1035,31900,31902],{"className":31901},[1772],[1774,31903,31904],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,31905,31906,31920],{},[1781,31907,31908,31914,31916,31918],{},[1792,31909,31910,31912],{},[1784,31911,2364],{},[1784,31913,3224],{},[1788,31915,1863],{},[1788,31917,2371],{},[2348,31919,2374],{},[1808,31921,21487],{"encoding":1810},". Marketingová strategie zaměřená na ",[1047,31924,31925],{},"růst tržeb"," (např. vstup na trh, fáze získávání podílu) tlačí cenu k tomuto bodu — typicky agresivní cenotvorba a slevy.",[1100,31928,31930],{"id":31929},"_152-daňová-ekonomie-kdo-nese-daň","15.2 Daňová ekonomie — kdo nese daň",[1030,31932,31933,31934,31947,31948,1310],{},"Kritické pro veřejné finance. Při zavedení daně ",[1035,31935,31937],{"className":31936},[1772],[1774,31938,31939],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,31940,31941,31945],{},[1781,31942,31943],{},[1784,31944,8827],{},[1808,31946,8827],{"encoding":1810}," na statek je rozdělení dopadu mezi spotřebitele a výrobce dáno ",[1047,31949,31950],{},"poměrem elasticit nabídky a poptávky",[1035,31952,31954],{"className":31953},[1772],[1774,31955,31956],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,31957,31958,32048],{},[1781,31959,31960,32024,32026,32046],{},[2322,31961,31962,31994],{},[1781,31963,31964,31967,31973,31976,31982,31985,31991],{},[2149,31965,31966],{},"da",[2160,31968,31969,31971],{"accent":1041},[2149,31970,1806],{},[1788,31972,2167],{},[2149,31974,31975],{}," nesen",[2160,31977,31978,31980],{"accent":1041},[2149,31979,1068],{},[1788,31981,2181],{},[2149,31983,31984],{}," spot",[2160,31986,31987,31989],{"accent":1041},[2149,31988,3794],{},[1788,31990,2167],{},[2149,31992,31993],{},"ebitelem",[1781,31995,31996,31998,32004,32006,32012,32015,32021],{},[2149,31997,31966],{},[2160,31999,32000,32002],{"accent":1041},[2149,32001,1806],{},[1788,32003,2167],{},[2149,32005,31975],{},[2160,32007,32008,32010],{"accent":1041},[2149,32009,1068],{},[1788,32011,2181],{},[2149,32013,32014],{}," v",[2160,32016,32017,32019],{"accent":1041},[2149,32018,3750],{},[1788,32020,2181],{},[2149,32022,32023],{},"robcem",[1788,32025,1863],{},[2322,32027,32028,32034],{},[1792,32029,32030,32032],{},[1784,32031,2364],{},[1784,32033,3212],{},[1781,32035,32036,32038,32044],{},[1788,32037,20612],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,32039,32040,32042],{},[1784,32041,2364],{},[1784,32043,3224],{},[1788,32045,20612],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,32047,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,32049,32050],{"encoding":1810},"\\frac{\\text{daň nesená spotřebitelem}}{\\text{daň nesená výrobcem}} = \\frac{E_S}{\\lvert E_D\\rvert}.",[1023,32052,32054,32061],{"className":32053,"dataCallout":25986},[1026,25985],[1030,32055,32057,32060],{"className":32056},[1033],[1035,32058],{"className":32059,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,25993,1040],"Daň z cigaret",[1030,32062,32063,32064,1299,32090,32107,32108,32111],{},"Cigarety: ",[1035,32065,32067],{"className":32066},[1772],[1774,32068,32069],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,32070,32071,32087],{},[1781,32072,32073,32075,32081,32083,32085],{},[1788,32074,20612],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,32076,32077,32079],{},[1784,32078,2364],{},[1784,32080,3224],{},[1788,32082,20612],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,32084,1863],{},[2348,32086,25639],{},[1808,32088,32089],{"encoding":1810},"\\lvert E_D\\rvert = 0{,}48",[1035,32091,32093],{"className":32092},[1772],[1774,32094,32095],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,32096,32097,32105],{},[1781,32098,32099],{},[1792,32100,32101,32103],{},[1784,32102,2364],{},[1784,32104,3212],{},[1808,32106,21045],{"encoding":1810}," vysoká (snadno se vyrobí víc). Spotřebitel nese ",[1047,32109,32110],{},"téměř celou daň"," — proto stát rád daně právě na neelastické zboží (cigarety, alkohol, benzin).",[1030,32113,32114,32115,1075],{},"Detail v ",[1068,32116,32120],{"href":32117,"className":32118,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":32119},"\u002Fwiki\u002Fmikk-trzni-rovnovaha-dynamika",[1071],"topics\u002Fmikk-trzni-rovnovaha-dynamika.md","Tržní rovnováha a její dynamika",[1100,32122,32124],{"id":32123},"_153-marketing-cenová-politika-a-diskriminace","15.3 Marketing — cenová politika a diskriminace",[1112,32126,32127,32136,32142],{},[1115,32128,32129,32132,32133,1075],{},[1047,32130,32131],{},"Skimming"," (oškramování smetany): vstoupit s vysokou cenou pro neelastické (loajální) zákazníky, postupně snižovat pro elastické. Detail v ",[1068,32134,7246],{"href":7245,"className":32135,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":7244},[1071],[1115,32137,32138,32141],{},[1047,32139,32140],{},"Penetrace",": vstoupit s nízkou cenou, abychom využili elastickou stranu trhu (přesvědčit nové zákazníky), pak postupně zvyšovat.",[1115,32143,32144,32146],{},[1047,32145,7174],{},": spojit elastický statek s neelastickým, abychom zvýšili průměrnou marži.",[1100,32148,32150],{"id":32149},"_154-regulace-a-kartely","15.4 Regulace a kartely",[1030,32152,32153,32154,32157],{},"OPEC kontroluje ",[1047,32155,32156],{},"neelastickou"," poptávku po ropě — proto kartelové dohody fungují. Naopak kartely v elastických trzích (např. levné textilie) selhávají, protože substituty rychle přicházejí.",[1100,32159,32161],{"id":32160},"_155-predikce-poptávky-a-empirický-odhad","15.5 Predikce poptávky a empirický odhad",[1030,32163,32164,32165,32168,32169,32175,32176,1075],{},"Odhad poptávky a její elasticity je samostatné téma — viz ",[1068,32166,25881],{"href":25878,"className":32167,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":25880},[1071]," a obecnější ",[1068,32170,32174],{"href":32171,"className":32172,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":32173},"\u002Fwiki\u002Fmikk-marshall-hicks-poptavka",[1071],"topics\u002Fmikk-marshall-hicks-poptavka.md","Marshallova vs. Hicksova poptávka",". Pro studenty s předchozím absolvováním ImeK je doporučeno revidovat ",[1068,32177,32181],{"href":32178,"className":32179,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":32180},"\u002Fwiki\u002Felasticita",[1071],"topics\u002Felasticita.md","Elasticita (ImeK primer)",[1077,32183,32185],{"id":32184},"_16-otázka-k-zamyšlení-parfémy","16. Otázka k zamyšlení — parfémy",[1030,32187,32188,1089,32190],{},[1047,32189,28313],{},[1091,32191,32192],{},"Nizozemského výrobce parfémů zachránilo před krachem razantní zvýšení cen jeho produkce. Při vyšších cenách lidé začali kupovat podstatně vyšší objem jeho produkce. Znamená to, že parfémy jsou Giffenovým statkem? Svůj závěr zdůvodněte.",[1100,32194,32196],{"id":32195},"argumentace","Argumentace",[1030,32198,32199,32202,32203,32206],{},[1047,32200,32201],{},"Závěr: NE, parfémy nejsou Giffenovým statkem."," Mechanismus, který zachránil firmu, je ",[1047,32204,32205],{},"Veblenův efekt",", nikoli Giffenův paradox.",[1030,32208,32209],{},[1047,32210,32211],{},"Rozdíl mechanismů.",[1112,32213,32214,32229],{},[1115,32215,32216,32218,32219,32221,32222,32225,32226,1075],{},[1047,32217,27750],{}," je z definice ",[1047,32220,25333],{}," se silným důchodovým efektem (typicky levná základní potravina chudých — Marshallův příklad se zemědělskými dělníky, kteří víc pracovali při zdražení obilí). Mechanismus je ",[1047,32223,32224],{},"ekonomický"," (rozpočtový) — zdražení statku stáhne reálný důchod tak, že chudák si nemůže dovolit lepší alternativu a koupí ještě víc levné brambory. Detail v ",[1068,32227,25328],{"href":25325,"className":32228,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":25327},[1071],[1115,32230,32231,24775,32233,32236],{},[1047,32232,32205],{},[1047,32234,32235],{},"psychologický\u002Fsociologický",". Spotřebitel kupuje drahý statek pro signální hodnotu (status). Růst ceny zvyšuje vnímanou kvalitu a žádanost.",[1030,32238,32239,32240,4010,32243,32265],{},"Parfémy jsou ",[1047,32241,32242],{},"luxusní statek",[1035,32244,32246],{"className":32245},[1772],[1774,32247,32248],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,32249,32250,32262],{},[1781,32251,32252,32258,32260],{},[1792,32253,32254,32256],{},[1784,32255,2364],{},[1784,32257,3221],{},[1788,32259,2491],{},[2348,32261,2374],{},[1808,32263,32264],{"encoding":1810},"E_I > 1","), nikoli inferiorní. Také není pravda, že by vyšší cena snižovala reálný důchod chudých kupujících tak, že by museli kupovat více parfémů namísto jiných — to nedává ekonomický smysl.",[1100,32267,32269],{"id":32268},"doplňující-úvahy","Doplňující úvahy",[1030,32271,32272],{},"Pokud původní nízká cena nezvýšila prodeje, mohlo to být tím, že:",[1260,32274,32275,32284,32289],{},[1115,32276,32277,32280,32281,1075],{},[1047,32278,32279],{},"Špatná promotion"," — zboží není vnímáno jako luxusní, marketing nedělá svou práci. Cena je signál kvality, příliš nízká cena dává ",[1047,32282,32283],{},"negativní signál",[1115,32285,32286,32288],{},[1047,32287,3707],{}," — značka ještě není etablovaná, dlouhodobé efekty ještě nenastaly. Firma by měla urychlit etablaci značky pomocí intenzivního marketingu, distribuční politiky a budování image.",[1115,32290,32291,32294],{},[1047,32292,32293],{},"Přejaté koeficienty"," — koeficienty příjmové elasticity z USA neplatí v ČR. Nizozemský trh má jinou strukturu preferencí než americký.",[1023,32296,32298,32305],{"className":32297,"dataCallout":1608},[1026,1607],[1030,32299,32301,32304],{"className":32300},[1033],[1035,32302],{"className":32303,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1615,1040],"Postup ověření Veblena vs. Giffena v praxi",[1260,32306,32307,32344,32379,32382],{},[1115,32308,32309,32310,32327,32328,32343],{},"Zjistěte ",[1035,32311,32313],{"className":32312},[1772],[1774,32314,32315],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,32316,32317,32325],{},[1781,32318,32319],{},[1792,32320,32321,32323],{},[1784,32322,2364],{},[1784,32324,3221],{},[1808,32326,21026],{"encoding":1810}," statku — pokud ",[1035,32329,32331],{"className":32330},[1772],[1774,32332,32333],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,32334,32335,32341],{},[1781,32336,32337,32339],{},[1788,32338,2491],{},[2348,32340,2374],{},[1808,32342,27597],{"encoding":1810}," (luxus), je to spíše Veblen.",[1115,32345,32309,32346,32327,32363,32378],{},[1035,32347,32349],{"className":32348},[1772],[1774,32350,32351],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,32352,32353,32361],{},[1781,32354,32355],{},[1792,32356,32357,32359],{},[1784,32358,2364],{},[1784,32360,3221],{},[1808,32362,21026],{"encoding":1810},[1035,32364,32366],{"className":32365},[1772],[1774,32367,32368],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,32369,32370,32376],{},[1781,32371,32372,32374],{},[1788,32373,2537],{},[2348,32375,2350],{},[1808,32377,26914],{"encoding":1810}," (inferiorní), je to možný Giffen.",[1115,32380,32381],{},"Zjistěte profil zákazníků — bohatí signalizující status = Veblen; chudí s úzkým rozpočtem = potenciální Giffen.",[1115,32383,32384],{},"Změřte cenovou elasticitu při různých cenách. Veblen efekt obvykle končí při velmi vysokých cenách (saturace statusu); Giffen mizí, když se statek stane dostupným.",[4503,32386],{},[1077,32388,32390],{"id":32389},"související-wiki-stránky","Související wiki stránky",[1112,32392,32393,32398,32407,32413,32419,32454,32460,32492,32498,32504],{},[1115,32394,32395,1683],{},[1068,32396,1682],{"href":1681,"className":32397,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1680},[1071],[1115,32399,32400,32406],{},[1068,32401,32405],{"href":32402,"className":32403,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":32404},"\u002Fwiki\u002Fmikk-utility-preference",[1071],"topics\u002Fmikk-utility-preference.md","Užitková funkce a preference"," — odvození poptávky z preferencí.",[1115,32408,32409,32412],{},[1068,32410,25328],{"href":25325,"className":32411,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":25327},[1071]," — Slutskyho rozklad, Giffen vs. Veblen.",[1115,32414,32415,32418],{},[1068,32416,32174],{"href":32171,"className":32417,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":32173},[1071]," — kompenzovaná elasticita.",[1115,32420,32421,32424,32425,32453],{},[1068,32422,21513],{"href":1877,"className":32423,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1876},[1071]," — Lernerův index ",[1035,32426,32428],{"className":32427},[1772],[1774,32429,32430],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,32431,32432,32450],{},[1781,32433,32434,32436,32438,32440,32442,32444],{},[1784,32435,3766],{},[1788,32437,1863],{},[1788,32439,2371],{},[2348,32441,2374],{},[1784,32443,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,32445,32446,32448],{},[1784,32447,2364],{},[1784,32449,3224],{},[1808,32451,32452],{"encoding":1810},"L = -1\u002FE_D",", pricing.",[1115,32455,32456,32459],{},[1068,32457,7246],{"href":7245,"className":32458,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":7244},[1071]," — segmentace dle elasticity.",[1115,32461,32462,32465,32466,1075],{},[1068,32463,32120],{"href":32117,"className":32464,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":32119},[1071]," — daňový dopad podle ",[1035,32467,32469],{"className":32468},[1772],[1774,32470,32471],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,32472,32473,32489],{},[1781,32474,32475,32481,32483],{},[1792,32476,32477,32479],{},[1784,32478,2364],{},[1784,32480,3212],{},[1784,32482,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,32484,32485,32487],{},[1784,32486,2364],{},[1784,32488,3224],{},[1808,32490,32491],{"encoding":1810},"E_S\u002FE_D",[1115,32493,32494,32497],{},[1068,32495,25881],{"href":25878,"className":32496,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":25880},[1071]," — empirické metody, ekonometrie.",[1115,32499,32500,32503],{},[1068,32501,32181],{"href":32178,"className":32502,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":32180},[1071]," — bázový kurz Matematická ekonomie.",[1115,32505,32506,32509],{},[1068,32507,22239],{"href":1833,"className":32508,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1832},[1071]," — souhrnný cheatsheet.",[1077,32511,32513],{"id":32512},"klíčové-vzorce-souhrn","Klíčové vzorce — souhrn",[1153,32515,32516,32524],{},[1156,32517,32518],{},[1159,32519,32520,32522],{},[1162,32521,2983],{},[1162,32523,19485],{},[1172,32525,32526,32579,32700,32753,32806,32863,32908,32986,33037,33100,33155],{},[1159,32527,32528,32531],{},[1177,32529,32530],{},"Cenová elasticita poptávky (bod)",[1177,32532,32533],{},[1035,32534,32536],{"className":32535},[1772],[1774,32537,32538],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,32539,32540,32576],{},[1781,32541,32542,32548,32550,32558,32560],{},[1792,32543,32544,32546],{},[1784,32545,2364],{},[1784,32547,3224],{},[1788,32549,1863],{},[14390,32551,32552],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,32553,32554,32556],{},[1784,32555,2264],{},[1784,32557,2270],{},[1788,32559,2267],{},[14390,32561,32562],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,32563,32564,32570],{},[1781,32565,32566,32568],{},[1784,32567,2328],{},[1784,32569,2270],{},[1781,32571,32572,32574],{},[1784,32573,2328],{},[1784,32575,2264],{},[1808,32577,32578],{"encoding":1810},"E_D = \\dfrac{P}{Q}\\cdot\\dfrac{dQ}{dP}",[1159,32580,32581,32584],{},[1177,32582,32583],{},"Cenová elasticita poptávky (oblouk)",[1177,32585,32586],{},[1035,32587,32589],{"className":32588},[1772],[1774,32590,32591],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,32592,32593,32697],{},[1781,32594,32595,32611,32613],{},[13587,32596,32597,32599,32601],{},[1784,32598,2364],{},[1784,32600,3224],{},[1781,32602,32603,32605,32607,32609],{},[2149,32604,2769],{},[1784,32606,1068],{},[1784,32608,3794],{},[1784,32610,9435],{},[1788,32612,1863],{},[14390,32614,32615],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,32616,32617,32657],{},[1781,32618,32619,32621,32627,32629,32635,32637,32639,32641,32647,32649,32655],{},[1788,32620,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,32622,32623,32625],{},[1784,32624,2270],{},[2348,32626,4593],{},[1788,32628,2371],{},[1792,32630,32631,32633],{},[1784,32632,2270],{},[2348,32634,2374],{},[1788,32636,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,32638,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,32640,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,32642,32643,32645],{},[1784,32644,2270],{},[2348,32646,2374],{},[1788,32648,2637],{},[1792,32650,32651,32653],{},[1784,32652,2270],{},[2348,32654,4593],{},[1788,32656,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1781,32658,32659,32661,32667,32669,32675,32677,32679,32681,32687,32689,32695],{},[1788,32660,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,32662,32663,32665],{},[1784,32664,2264],{},[2348,32666,4593],{},[1788,32668,2371],{},[1792,32670,32671,32673],{},[1784,32672,2264],{},[2348,32674,2374],{},[1788,32676,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,32678,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,32680,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,32682,32683,32685],{},[1784,32684,2264],{},[2348,32686,2374],{},[1788,32688,2637],{},[1792,32690,32691,32693],{},[1784,32692,2264],{},[2348,32694,4593],{},[1788,32696,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,32698,32699],{"encoding":1810},"E_D^{\\,arc} = \\dfrac{(Q_2-Q_1)\u002F(Q_1+Q_2)}{(P_2-P_1)\u002F(P_1+P_2)}",[1159,32701,32702,32705],{},[1177,32703,32704],{},"Geometrická interpretace",[1177,32706,32707],{},[1035,32708,32710],{"className":32709},[1772],[1774,32711,32712],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,32713,32714,32750],{},[1781,32715,32716,32718,32724,32726,32728,32738,32740],{},[1788,32717,20612],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,32719,32720,32722],{},[1784,32721,2364],{},[1784,32723,3224],{},[1788,32725,20612],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,32727,1863],{},[2160,32729,32730,32736],{"accent":1041},[1781,32731,32732,32734],{},[1784,32733,10292],{},[1784,32735,1868],{},[1788,32737,16584],{"stretchy":1041},[1784,32739,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2160,32741,32742,32748],{"accent":1041},[1781,32743,32744,32746],{},[1784,32745,10292],{},[1784,32747,2364],{},[1788,32749,16584],{"stretchy":1041},[1808,32751,32752],{"encoding":1810},"\\lvert E_D\\rvert = \\overline{AC}\u002F\\overline{AE}",[1159,32754,32755,32758],{},[1177,32756,32757],{},"Konstantní elasticita",[1177,32759,32760],{},[1035,32761,32763],{"className":32762},[1772],[1774,32764,32765],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,32766,32767,32803],{},[1781,32768,32769,32771,32773,32775,32777,32783,32785,32787,32789,32795,32797,32799,32801],{},[1784,32770,2264],{},[1788,32772,1863],{},[1784,32774,10292],{},[2149,32776,2769],{},[2467,32778,32779,32781],{},[1784,32780,2270],{},[1784,32782,1068],{},[2149,32784,21702],{},[1788,32786,2357],{},[2149,32788,21702],{},[1792,32790,32791,32793],{},[1784,32792,2364],{},[1784,32794,3224],{},[1788,32796,1863],{},[2348,32798,2374],{},[1784,32800,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,32802,1068],{},[1808,32804,32805],{"encoding":1810},"P = A\\,Q^a \\;\\Rightarrow\\; E_D = 1\u002Fa",[1159,32807,32808,32811],{},[1177,32809,32810],{},"Cenová elasticita nabídky",[1177,32812,32813],{},[1035,32814,32816],{"className":32815},[1772],[1774,32817,32818],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,32819,32820,32860],{},[1781,32821,32822,32828,32830,32838,32840],{},[1792,32823,32824,32826],{},[1784,32825,2364],{},[1784,32827,3212],{},[1788,32829,1863],{},[14390,32831,32832],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,32833,32834,32836],{},[1784,32835,2264],{},[1784,32837,2270],{},[1788,32839,2267],{},[14390,32841,32842],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,32843,32844,32854],{},[1781,32845,32846,32848],{},[1784,32847,2328],{},[1792,32849,32850,32852],{},[1784,32851,2270],{},[1784,32853,3212],{},[1781,32855,32856,32858],{},[1784,32857,2328],{},[1784,32859,2264],{},[1808,32861,32862],{"encoding":1810},"E_S = \\dfrac{P}{Q}\\cdot\\dfrac{dQ_S}{dP}",[1159,32864,32865,32868],{},[1177,32866,32867],{},"Tržní potenciál (max)",[1177,32869,32870],{},[1035,32871,32873],{"className":32872},[1772],[1774,32874,32875],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,32876,32877,32905],{},[1781,32878,32879,32881,32883,32885,32887,32889,32891,32893,32899,32901,32903],{},[1784,32880,3347],{},[1788,32882,3350],{},[1784,32884,1857],{},[1784,32886,2264],{},[2149,32888,21702],{},[1788,32890,15911],{},[2149,32892,21702],{},[1792,32894,32895,32897],{},[1784,32896,2364],{},[1784,32898,3224],{},[1788,32900,1863],{},[1788,32902,2371],{},[2348,32904,2374],{},[1808,32906,32907],{"encoding":1810},"\\max MP \\;\\Leftrightarrow\\; E_D = -1",[1159,32909,32910,32944],{},[1177,32911,26838,32912,1062,32927],{},[1035,32913,32915],{"className":32914},[1772],[1774,32916,32917],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,32918,32919,32925],{},[1781,32920,32921,32923],{},[1784,32922,1857],{},[1784,32924,1860],{},[1808,32926,13044],{"encoding":1810},[1035,32928,32930],{"className":32929},[1772],[1774,32931,32932],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,32933,32934,32942],{},[1781,32935,32936],{},[1792,32937,32938,32940],{},[1784,32939,2364],{},[1784,32941,3224],{},[1808,32943,21535],{"encoding":1810},[1177,32945,32946],{},[1035,32947,32949],{"className":32948},[1772],[1774,32950,32951],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,32952,32953,32983],{},[1781,32954,32955,32957,32959,32961,32963,32965,32967,32969,32971,32973,32975,32981],{},[1784,32956,1857],{},[1784,32958,1860],{},[1788,32960,1863],{},[1784,32962,2264],{},[2149,32964,2769],{},[1788,32966,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,32968,2374],{},[1788,32970,2637],{},[2348,32972,2374],{},[1784,32974,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,32976,32977,32979],{},[1784,32978,2364],{},[1784,32980,3224],{},[1788,32982,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,32984,32985],{"encoding":1810},"MR = P\\,(1 + 1\u002FE_D)",[1159,32987,32988,32990],{},[1177,32989,19492],{},[1177,32991,32992],{},[1035,32993,32995],{"className":32994},[1772],[1774,32996,32997],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,32998,32999,33035],{},[1781,33000,33001,33003,33005,33007,33009,33011,33013,33015,33017,33019,33021,33023,33025,33027,33029],{},[1784,33002,3766],{},[1788,33004,1863],{},[1788,33006,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,33008,2264],{},[1788,33010,2371],{},[1784,33012,1857],{},[1784,33014,1868],{},[1788,33016,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,33018,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,33020,2264],{},[1788,33022,1863],{},[1788,33024,2371],{},[2348,33026,2374],{},[1784,33028,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,33030,33031,33033],{},[1784,33032,2364],{},[1784,33034,3224],{},[1808,33036,21647],{"encoding":1810},[1159,33038,33039,33042],{},[1177,33040,33041],{},"Křížová elasticita",[1177,33043,33044],{},[1035,33045,33047],{"className":33046},[1772],[1774,33048,33049],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,33050,33051,33097],{},[1781,33052,33053,33063,33065],{},[1792,33054,33055,33057],{},[1784,33056,2364],{},[1781,33058,33059,33061],{},[1784,33060,20998],{},[1784,33062,21001],{},[1788,33064,1863],{},[14390,33066,33067],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,33068,33069,33083],{},[1781,33070,33071,33073,33075,33077],{},[1784,33072,9016],{"mathvariant":7829},[2149,33074,2769],{},[1784,33076,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,33078,33079,33081],{},[1784,33080,2270],{},[1784,33082,20998],{},[1781,33084,33085,33087,33089,33091],{},[1784,33086,9016],{"mathvariant":7829},[2149,33088,2769],{},[1784,33090,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,33092,33093,33095],{},[1784,33094,2264],{},[1784,33096,21001],{},[1808,33098,33099],{"encoding":1810},"E_{XY} = \\dfrac{\\%\\,\\Delta Q_X}{\\%\\,\\Delta P_Y}",[1159,33101,33102,33105],{},[1177,33103,33104],{},"Důchodová elasticita",[1177,33106,33107],{},[1035,33108,33110],{"className":33109},[1772],[1774,33111,33112],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,33113,33114,33152],{},[1781,33115,33116,33122,33124],{},[1792,33117,33118,33120],{},[1784,33119,2364],{},[1784,33121,3221],{},[1788,33123,1863],{},[14390,33125,33126],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,33127,33128,33142],{},[1781,33129,33130,33132,33134,33136],{},[1784,33131,9016],{"mathvariant":7829},[2149,33133,2769],{},[1784,33135,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,33137,33138,33140],{},[1784,33139,2270],{},[1784,33141,20998],{},[1781,33143,33144,33146,33148,33150],{},[1784,33145,9016],{"mathvariant":7829},[2149,33147,2769],{},[1784,33149,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,33151,3221],{},[1808,33153,33154],{"encoding":1810},"E_I = \\dfrac{\\%\\,\\Delta Q_X}{\\%\\,\\Delta I}",[1159,33156,33157,33160],{},[1177,33158,33159],{},"Daňový dopad",[1177,33161,33162],{},[1035,33163,33165],{"className":33164},[1772],[1774,33166,33167],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,33168,33169,33241],{},[1781,33170,33171,33217,33219],{},[14390,33172,33173],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,33174,33175,33196],{},[1781,33176,33177,33179,33185,33187,33193],{},[2149,33178,31966],{},[2160,33180,33181,33183],{"accent":1041},[2149,33182,1806],{},[1788,33184,2167],{},[2149,33186,31984],{},[2160,33188,33189,33191],{"accent":1041},[2149,33190,3794],{},[1788,33192,2167],{},[2149,33194,33195],{},"ebitele",[1781,33197,33198,33200,33206,33208,33214],{},[2149,33199,31966],{},[2160,33201,33202,33204],{"accent":1041},[2149,33203,1806],{},[1788,33205,2167],{},[2149,33207,32014],{},[2160,33209,33210,33212],{"accent":1041},[2149,33211,3750],{},[1788,33213,2181],{},[2149,33215,33216],{},"robce",[1788,33218,1863],{},[14390,33220,33221],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,33222,33223,33229],{},[1792,33224,33225,33227],{},[1784,33226,2364],{},[1784,33228,3212],{},[1781,33230,33231,33233,33239],{},[1788,33232,20612],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,33234,33235,33237],{},[1784,33236,2364],{},[1784,33238,3224],{},[1788,33240,20612],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,33242,33243],{"encoding":1810},"\\dfrac{\\text{daň spotřebitele}}{\\text{daň výrobce}} = \\dfrac{E_S}{\\lvert E_D\\rvert}",{"title":1685,"searchDepth":141,"depth":141,"links":33245},[33246,33250,33256,33260,33267,33268,33275,33280,33286,33291,33299,33307,33311,33322,33330,33337,33341,33342],{"id":21182,"depth":141,"text":21183,"children":33247},[33248],{"id":21516,"depth":96,"text":33249},"Vztah mezi EDE_D a MRMR",{"id":21654,"depth":141,"text":33251,"children":33252},"2. Cenová elasticita poptávky EDE_D",[33253,33254,33255],{"id":21675,"depth":96,"text":21676},{"id":22202,"depth":96,"text":22203},{"id":22565,"depth":96,"text":22566},{"id":22915,"depth":141,"text":33257,"children":33258},"3. Geometrická interpretace ED=AC\u002FECE_D = AC\u002FEC",[33259],{"id":23362,"depth":96,"text":23363},{"id":23733,"depth":141,"text":33261,"children":33262},"4. Konstantní elasticita P=AQaP = A Q^a",[33263,33264,33265],{"id":23813,"depth":96,"text":23814},{"id":24079,"depth":96,"text":24080},{"id":24226,"depth":96,"text":33266},"Příklad — konstantní elasticita ED=−3E_D = -3",{"id":24644,"depth":141,"text":24645},{"id":25132,"depth":141,"text":25133,"children":33269},[33270,33271,33272,33273,33274],{"id":25139,"depth":96,"text":25140},{"id":25202,"depth":96,"text":25203},{"id":25310,"depth":96,"text":25311},{"id":25345,"depth":96,"text":25346},{"id":25364,"depth":96,"text":25365},{"id":25399,"depth":141,"text":25400,"children":33276},[33277,33278,33279],{"id":25403,"depth":96,"text":25404},{"id":25704,"depth":96,"text":25705},{"id":25871,"depth":96,"text":25872},{"id":25884,"depth":141,"text":33281,"children":33282},"8. Cenová pružnost nabídky ESE_S",[33283,33284],{"id":25980,"depth":96,"text":25981},{"id":26062,"depth":96,"text":33285},"Strategie firem v závislosti na ESE_S",{"id":26154,"depth":141,"text":26155,"children":33287},[33288,33290],{"id":26282,"depth":96,"text":33289},"Maximum MP nastává v bodě ED=−1E_D = -1",{"id":26590,"depth":96,"text":26591},{"id":26637,"depth":141,"text":33292,"children":33293},"10. Křížová elasticita poptávky EXYE_{XY}",[33294,33295,33296,33298],{"id":26662,"depth":96,"text":21676},{"id":634,"depth":96,"text":26806},{"id":27107,"depth":96,"text":33297},"Empirická tabulka EXYE_{XY}",{"id":27342,"depth":96,"text":27343},{"id":27395,"depth":141,"text":33300,"children":33301},"11. Důchodová (příjmová) elasticita poptávky EIE_I",[33302,33303,33305,33306],{"id":27416,"depth":96,"text":21676},{"id":27527,"depth":96,"text":33304},"Klasifikace statků podle EIE_I",{"id":27757,"depth":96,"text":27758},{"id":27968,"depth":96,"text":27969},{"id":28104,"depth":141,"text":28105,"children":33308},[33309,33310],{"id":28145,"depth":96,"text":28146},{"id":28198,"depth":96,"text":28199},{"id":28307,"depth":141,"text":28308,"children":33312},[33313,33314,33316,33317,33319,33321],{"id":28407,"depth":96,"text":28408},{"id":28525,"depth":96,"text":33315},"Krok 2: Najít bod, kde MR=40MR = 40",{"id":28730,"depth":96,"text":28731},{"id":28937,"depth":96,"text":33318},"Metoda (b): Oblouková (midpoint) — body symetricky kolem (80,120)(80, 120)",{"id":29410,"depth":96,"text":33320},"Metoda (c): Grafická interpretace ED=AC\u002FECE_D = AC\u002FEC",{"id":30071,"depth":96,"text":30072},{"id":30239,"depth":141,"text":30240,"children":33323},[33324,33325,33327,33328],{"id":30343,"depth":96,"text":30344},{"id":30736,"depth":96,"text":33326},"(b) Maximalizace zisku (MR=MCMR = MC)",{"id":31307,"depth":96,"text":31308},{"id":31622,"depth":96,"text":33329},"(d) Obecný tvar P=A QaP = A\\,Q^a",{"id":31890,"depth":141,"text":31891,"children":33331},[33332,33333,33334,33335,33336],{"id":31894,"depth":96,"text":31895},{"id":31929,"depth":96,"text":31930},{"id":32123,"depth":96,"text":32124},{"id":32149,"depth":96,"text":32150},{"id":32160,"depth":96,"text":32161},{"id":32184,"depth":141,"text":32185,"children":33338},[33339,33340],{"id":32195,"depth":96,"text":32196},{"id":32268,"depth":96,"text":32269},{"id":32389,"depth":141,"text":32390},{"id":32512,"depth":141,"text":32513},{},"\u002Ftopics\u002Fmikk-elasticita-poptavky",{"title":20907,"description":1685},[33347,33348,33349],"raw\u002Fmikk\u002FPrednaska 1. a 2. blok.pdf","raw\u002Fmikk\u002Fmik2K reseni prikladu 1 blok.pdf","raw\u002Fmikk\u002FmikK test KS reseni.pdf","topics\u002Fmikk-elasticita-poptavky",[13,28,79,237,183],"B6lqobfzgl1gnLzOKojBNSGm3GamsGKc0jBC8LbKmhc",{"id":33354,"title":33355,"body":33356,"course":13,"courses":1696,"created":1697,"description":1685,"extension":1698,"meta":43023,"navigation":1700,"path":43024,"seo":43025,"sources":43026,"stem":43028,"tags":43029,"type":4439,"updated":1697,"__hash__":43030},"topics\u002Ftopics\u002Fmikk-marshall-hicks-poptavka.md","Marshallova a Hicksova poptávka, dualita",{"type":1016,"value":33357,"toc":42959},[33358,33361,33528,33574,33576,33580,33590,33594,33675,33681,33748,33752,33839,33863,33932,33936,33943,34069,34141,34143,34147,34271,34275,34424,34428,34434,34512,34547,34549,34553,34678,34682,34855,34859,34866,34868,34908,35089,35093,35298,35300,35344,35347,35516,35520,35722,35757,35759,35789,35964,36006,36013,36015,36019,36230,36233,36312,36316,36417,36586,36623,36625,36629,36759,36761,36851,36921,37000,37054,37137,37139,37143,37276,37279,37303,37410,37450,37479,37481,37485,37491,37567,37569,37573,38012,38014,38042,38079,38082,38132,38163,38197,38201,38204,38264,38267,38371,38475,38492,38594,38601,38667,38705,38813,38853,38856,38976,39062,39105,39182,39226,39317,39321,39359,39405,39425,39535,39556,39626,39751,39753,39780,40329,40565,40567,40571,40633,40753,40770,40945,40947,40951,40955,41127,41130,41242,41246,41271,41275,41357,41359,41363,41501,41505,41546,41584,41608,41646,41651,41703,41724,41753,41795,41854,41858,41882,41929,41957,42001,42039,42044,42097,42101,42146,42291,42293,42297,42319,42503,42513,42515,42519,42522,42606,42616,42818,42820,42824,42886,42888],[1019,33359,33355],{"id":33360},"marshallova-a-hicksova-poptávka-dualita",[1023,33362,33364,33370,33376,33486],{"className":33363,"dataCallout":1028},[1026,1027],[1030,33365,33367,1042],{"className":33366},[1033],[1035,33368],{"className":33369,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1039,1040],[1030,33371,33372,33373,1310],{},"V mikroekonomii rozlišujeme ",[1047,33374,33375],{},"dva typy poptávky",[1112,33377,33378,33428],{},[1115,33379,33380,1089,33383,33423,33424,33427],{},[1047,33381,33382],{},"Marshallova (necompenzovaná) poptávka",[1035,33384,33386],{"className":33385},[1772],[1774,33387,33388],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,33389,33390,33420],{},[1781,33391,33392,33398,33400,33406,33408,33414,33416,33418],{},[2467,33393,33394,33396],{},[1784,33395,20998],{},[1784,33397,1857],{},[1788,33399,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,33401,33402,33404],{},[1784,33403,2264],{},[1784,33405,20998],{},[1788,33407,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,33409,33410,33412],{},[1784,33411,2264],{},[1784,33413,21001],{},[1788,33415,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,33417,3221],{},[1788,33419,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,33421,33422],{"encoding":1810},"X^M(P_X, P_Y, I)"," — funkce cen a důchodu, plyne z ",[1047,33425,33426],{},"maximalizace užitku"," při rozpočtovém omezení. Zahrnuje současně substituční i důchodový efekt.",[1115,33429,33430,1089,33433,33478,33479,33482,33483,1075],{},[1047,33431,33432],{},"Hicksova (kompenzovaná) poptávka",[1035,33434,33436],{"className":33435},[1772],[1774,33437,33438],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,33439,33440,33475],{},[1781,33441,33442,33449,33451,33457,33459,33465,33467,33473],{},[2467,33443,33444,33446],{},[1784,33445,20998],{},[1784,33447,33448],{},"H",[1788,33450,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,33452,33453,33455],{},[1784,33454,2264],{},[1784,33456,20998],{},[1788,33458,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,33460,33461,33463],{},[1784,33462,2264],{},[1784,33464,21001],{},[1788,33466,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,33468,33469,33471],{},[1784,33470,2126],{},[2348,33472,2350],{},[1788,33474,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,33476,33477],{"encoding":1810},"X^H(P_X, P_Y, U_0)"," — funkce cen a referenčního užitku, plyne z ",[1047,33480,33481],{},"minimalizace výdajů"," při zachování užitku. Zachycuje pouze ",[1047,33484,33485],{},"substituční efekt",[1030,33487,33488,33489,33492,33493,1299,33496,1062,33499,33502,33503,33527],{},"Obě úlohy jsou navzájem ",[1047,33490,33491],{},"duální"," a vedou ke stejnému optimálnímu koši. Dvojici spojuje ",[1047,33494,33495],{},"Slutského rovnice",[1047,33497,33498],{},"Shephardovo lemma",[1047,33500,33501],{},"Royova identita",". Detailní numerický výpočet pro ",[1035,33504,33506],{"className":33505},[1772],[1774,33507,33508],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,33509,33510,33524],{},[1781,33511,33512,33514,33516],{},[1784,33513,2126],{},[1788,33515,1863],{},[22228,33517,33518],{},[1781,33519,33520,33522],{},[1784,33521,20998],{},[1784,33523,21001],{},[1808,33525,33526],{"encoding":1810},"U=\\sqrt{XY}"," je v kapitole 12.",[1030,33529,33530,33531,33534,33535,1299,33541,1299,33547,33553,33554,33557,33558,1299,33562,33568,33569,33573],{},"Tato stránka se vrací k jednomu z nejhlubších výsledků teorie spotřebitele — ",[1047,33532,33533],{},"dualitě"," mezi maximalizací užitku a minimalizací výdajů — a propojuje formální aparát (",[1068,33536,33540],{"className":33537,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":33538,"href":33539},[1071],"topics\u002Flagrangeova-metoda.md","\u002Fwiki\u002Flagrangeova-metoda","Lagrange (ImeK)",[1068,33542,33546],{"className":33543,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":33544,"href":33545},[1071],"topics\u002Fuzitecnost.md","\u002Fwiki\u002Fuzitecnost","Užitečnost (ImeK)",[1068,33548,33552],{"className":33549,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":33550,"href":33551},[1071],"topics\u002Foptimalizace-spotrebitele.md","\u002Fwiki\u002Foptimalizace-spotrebitele","Optimalizace spotřebitele (ImeK)",") s aplikační rovinou kurzu ",[1068,33555,1682],{"className":33556,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1680,"href":1681},[1071],". Navazuje na stránky ",[1068,33559,33561],{"className":33560,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":32404,"href":32402},[1071],"mikk-utility-preference",[1068,33563,33567],{"className":33564,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":33565,"href":33566},[1071],"topics\u002Fmikk-rovnovaha-spotrebitele.md","\u002Fwiki\u002Fmikk-rovnovaha-spotrebitele","mikk-rovnovaha-spotrebitele"," a zejména na ",[1068,33570,33572],{"className":33571,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":25327,"href":25325},[1071],"mikk-substitucni-duchodovy-efekt",", kde už jsme rozdíl mezi Slutsky a Hicks dekompozicí probrali geometricky.",[4503,33575],{},[1077,33577,33579],{"id":33578},"_1-motivace-duálního-přístupu","1. Motivace duálního přístupu",[1030,33581,33582,33583,33586,33587,1075],{},"Spotřebitel řeší v zásadě ",[1047,33584,33585],{},"jednu"," rozhodovací situaci, ale matematicky ji můžeme formulovat ",[1047,33588,33589],{},"dvěma ekvivalentními způsoby",[1100,33591,33593],{"id":33592},"_11-primární-úloha-maximalizace-užitku","1.1 Primární úloha — maximalizace užitku",[1035,33595,33597],{"className":33596},[1772],[1774,33598,33599],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,33600,33601,33672],{},[1781,33602,33603,33619,33621,33623,33625,33627,33629,33631,33633,33647,33649,33655,33657,33659,33665,33667,33670],{},[3341,33604,33605,33611],{},[1781,33606,33607,33609],{},[1784,33608,3347],{},[1788,33610,3350],{},[1781,33612,33613,33615,33617],{},[1784,33614,20998],{},[1788,33616,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,33618,21001],{},[1784,33620,2126],{},[1788,33622,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,33624,20998],{},[1788,33626,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,33628,21001],{},[1788,33630,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[2352,33632],{"width":2702},[1781,33634,33635,33638,33644],{},[2149,33636,33637],{},"za podm",[2160,33639,33640,33642],{"accent":1041},[2149,33641,9298],{},[1788,33643,2181],{},[2149,33645,33646],{},"nky",[2352,33648],{"width":2702},[1792,33650,33651,33653],{},[1784,33652,2264],{},[1784,33654,20998],{},[1784,33656,20998],{},[1788,33658,2637],{},[1792,33660,33661,33663],{},[1784,33662,2264],{},[1784,33664,21001],{},[1784,33666,21001],{},[1788,33668,33669],{},"≤",[1784,33671,3221],{},[1808,33673,33674],{"encoding":1810},"\\max_{X, Y} U(X, Y) \\quad \\text{za podmínky}\\quad P_X X + P_Y Y \\le I",[1030,33676,33677,33678],{},"Otázka: ",[1091,33679,33680],{},"„Při daných cenách a důchodu — jaký nejvyšší užitek dosáhnu?\"",[1030,33682,33683,33684,1089,33687,33713,33714,1075],{},"Řešením jsou ",[1047,33685,33686],{},"Marshallovy poptávky",[1035,33688,33690],{"className":33689},[1772],[1774,33691,33692],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,33693,33694,33710],{},[1781,33695,33696,33702,33704],{},[2467,33697,33698,33700],{},[1784,33699,20998],{},[1784,33701,1857],{},[1788,33703,1138],{"separator":1041},[2467,33705,33706,33708],{},[1784,33707,21001],{},[1784,33709,1857],{},[1808,33711,33712],{"encoding":1810},"X^M, Y^M"," jako funkce ",[1035,33715,33717],{"className":33716},[1772],[1774,33718,33719],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,33720,33721,33745],{},[1781,33722,33723,33725,33731,33733,33739,33741,33743],{},[1788,33724,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,33726,33727,33729],{},[1784,33728,2264],{},[1784,33730,20998],{},[1788,33732,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,33734,33735,33737],{},[1784,33736,2264],{},[1784,33738,21001],{},[1788,33740,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,33742,3221],{},[1788,33744,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,33746,33747],{"encoding":1810},"(P_X, P_Y, I)",[1100,33749,33751],{"id":33750},"_12-duální-úloha-minimalizace-výdajů","1.2 Duální úloha — minimalizace výdajů",[1035,33753,33755],{"className":33754},[1772],[1774,33756,33757],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,33758,33759,33836],{},[1781,33760,33761,33778,33780,33782,33788,33790,33792,33798,33800,33802,33814,33816,33818,33820,33822,33824,33826,33828,33830],{},[3341,33762,33763,33770],{},[1781,33764,33765,33768],{},[1784,33766,33767],{},"min",[1788,33769,3350],{},[1781,33771,33772,33774,33776],{},[1784,33773,20998],{},[1788,33775,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,33777,21001],{},[1784,33779,2364],{},[1788,33781,1863],{},[1792,33783,33784,33786],{},[1784,33785,2264],{},[1784,33787,20998],{},[1784,33789,20998],{},[1788,33791,2637],{},[1792,33793,33794,33796],{},[1784,33795,2264],{},[1784,33797,21001],{},[1784,33799,21001],{},[2352,33801],{"width":2702},[1781,33803,33804,33806,33812],{},[2149,33805,33637],{},[2160,33807,33808,33810],{"accent":1041},[2149,33809,9298],{},[1788,33811,2181],{},[2149,33813,33646],{},[2352,33815],{"width":2702},[1784,33817,2126],{},[1788,33819,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,33821,20998],{},[1788,33823,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,33825,21001],{},[1788,33827,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,33829,1790],{},[1792,33831,33832,33834],{},[1784,33833,2126],{},[2348,33835,2350],{},[1808,33837,33838],{"encoding":1810},"\\min_{X, Y} E = P_X X + P_Y Y \\quad \\text{za podmínky}\\quad U(X, Y) \\ge U_0",[1030,33840,33677,33841],{},[1091,33842,33843,33844,33862],{},"„Při daných cenách — kolik nejméně musím utratit, abych dosáhl předem daného užitku ",[1035,33845,33847],{"className":33846},[1772],[1774,33848,33849],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,33850,33851,33859],{},[1781,33852,33853],{},[1792,33854,33855,33857],{},[1784,33856,2126],{},[2348,33858,2350],{},[1808,33860,33861],{"encoding":1810},"U_0","?\"",[1030,33864,33683,33865,1089,33868,33713,33894,1075],{},[1047,33866,33867],{},"Hicksovy poptávky",[1035,33869,33871],{"className":33870},[1772],[1774,33872,33873],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,33874,33875,33891],{},[1781,33876,33877,33883,33885],{},[2467,33878,33879,33881],{},[1784,33880,20998],{},[1784,33882,33448],{},[1788,33884,1138],{"separator":1041},[2467,33886,33887,33889],{},[1784,33888,21001],{},[1784,33890,33448],{},[1808,33892,33893],{"encoding":1810},"X^H, Y^H",[1035,33895,33897],{"className":33896},[1772],[1774,33898,33899],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,33900,33901,33929],{},[1781,33902,33903,33905,33911,33913,33919,33921,33927],{},[1788,33904,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,33906,33907,33909],{},[1784,33908,2264],{},[1784,33910,20998],{},[1788,33912,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,33914,33915,33917],{},[1784,33916,2264],{},[1784,33918,21001],{},[1788,33920,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,33922,33923,33925],{},[1784,33924,2126],{},[2348,33926,2350],{},[1788,33928,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,33930,33931],{"encoding":1810},"(P_X, P_Y, U_0)",[1100,33933,33935],{"id":33934},"_13-dualita","1.3 Dualita",[1030,33937,33938],{},[2206,33939],{"alt":33940,"className":33941,"src":33942},"mikk-marshall-hicks-dualita",[1071,2210],"\u002Fwiki-assets\u002Fmikk-marshall-hicks-dualita.jpeg",[1023,33944,33946,33953,34059],{"className":33945,"dataCallout":4153},[1026,3500],[1030,33947,33949,33952],{"className":33948},[1033],[1035,33950],{"className":33951,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,3508,1040],"Klíčový princip duality",[1030,33954,33955,33956,33969,33970,34014,34015,34018,34019,34045,34046,1075],{},"Pokud spotřebitel maximalizuje užitek pro důchod ",[1035,33957,33959],{"className":33958},[1772],[1774,33960,33961],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,33962,33963,33967],{},[1781,33964,33965],{},[1784,33966,3221],{},[1808,33968,3221],{"encoding":1810}," a dosáhne užitku ",[1035,33971,33973],{"className":33972},[1772],[1774,33974,33975],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,33976,33977,34011],{},[1781,33978,33979,33985,33987,33989,33991,33997,33999,34005,34007,34009],{},[2467,33980,33981,33983],{},[1784,33982,2126],{},[1788,33984,7763],{},[1788,33986,1863],{},[1784,33988,31140],{},[1788,33990,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,33992,33993,33995],{},[1784,33994,2264],{},[1784,33996,20998],{},[1788,33998,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,34000,34001,34003],{},[1784,34002,2264],{},[1784,34004,21001],{},[1788,34006,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,34008,3221],{},[1788,34010,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,34012,34013],{"encoding":1810},"U^* = V(P_X, P_Y, I)",", pak ",[1047,34016,34017],{},"stejný optimální koš"," by získal i z duální úlohy minimalizace výdajů s cílovým užitkem ",[1035,34020,34022],{"className":34021},[1772],[1774,34023,34024],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,34025,34026,34042],{},[1781,34027,34028,34034,34036],{},[1792,34029,34030,34032],{},[1784,34031,2126],{},[2348,34033,2350],{},[1788,34035,1863],{},[2467,34037,34038,34040],{},[1784,34039,2126],{},[1788,34041,7763],{},[1808,34043,34044],{"encoding":1810},"U_0 = U^*"," — výsledné výdaje budou přesně ",[1035,34047,34049],{"className":34048},[1772],[1774,34050,34051],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,34052,34053,34057],{},[1781,34054,34055],{},[1784,34056,3221],{},[1808,34058,3221],{"encoding":1810},[1030,34060,34061,34062,34065,34066,1075],{},"Stejný bod tečnosti rozpočtové přímky a indiferenční křivky je geometrickým řešením ",[1047,34063,34064],{},"obou"," úloh — liší se jen tím, ",[1091,34067,34068],{},"která veličina je dána a která hledaná",[1030,34070,34071,34072,34097,34098,34132,34133,34136,34137,34140],{},"Geometrická intuice: ten samý bod tečnosti ",[1035,34073,34075],{"className":34074},[1772],[1774,34076,34077],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,34078,34079,34094],{},[1781,34080,34081,34084,34086,34092],{},[2149,34082,34083],{},"IC",[1788,34085,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,34087,34088,34090],{},[1784,34089,2126],{},[2348,34091,2350],{},[1788,34093,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,34095,34096],{"encoding":1810},"\\text{IC}(U_0)"," a rozpočtové přímky ",[1035,34099,34101],{"className":34100},[1772],[1774,34102,34103],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,34104,34105,34129],{},[1781,34106,34107,34113,34115,34117,34123,34125,34127],{},[1792,34108,34109,34111],{},[1784,34110,2264],{},[1784,34112,20998],{},[1784,34114,20998],{},[1788,34116,2637],{},[1792,34118,34119,34121],{},[1784,34120,2264],{},[1784,34122,21001],{},[1784,34124,21001],{},[1788,34126,1863],{},[1784,34128,3221],{},[1808,34130,34131],{"encoding":1810},"P_X X + P_Y Y = I"," je optimem v obou formulacích. Primární úloha ",[1047,34134,34135],{},"„fixuje rozpočet\""," a hledá nejvyšší IC; duální ",[1047,34138,34139],{},"„fixuje IC\""," a hledá nejnižší rozpočtovou přímku.",[4503,34142],{},[1077,34144,34146],{"id":34145},"_2-marshallova-poptávka","2. Marshallova poptávka",[1023,34148,34150,34157],{"className":34149,"dataCallout":2090},[1026,2089],[1030,34151,34153,34156],{"className":34152},[1033],[1035,34154],{"className":34155,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,2097,1040],"Definice — Marshallova poptávka",[1030,34158,34159,34207,34208,33713,34221,1089,34224,1062,34250,1089,34253,34266,34267,1075],{},[1035,34160,34162],{"className":34161},[1772],[1774,34163,34164],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,34165,34166,34204],{},[1781,34167,34168,34174,34176,34182,34184,34190,34192,34198,34200,34202],{},[2467,34169,34170,34172],{},[1784,34171,20998],{},[1784,34173,1857],{},[1788,34175,1863],{},[2467,34177,34178,34180],{},[1784,34179,20998],{},[1784,34181,1857],{},[1788,34183,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,34185,34186,34188],{},[1784,34187,2264],{},[1784,34189,20998],{},[1788,34191,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,34193,34194,34196],{},[1784,34195,2264],{},[1784,34197,21001],{},[1788,34199,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,34201,3221],{},[1788,34203,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,34205,34206],{"encoding":1810},"X^M = X^M(P_X, P_Y, I)","\nOptimální množství statku ",[1035,34209,34211],{"className":34210},[1772],[1774,34212,34213],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,34214,34215,34219],{},[1781,34216,34217],{},[1784,34218,20998],{},[1808,34220,20998],{"encoding":1810},[1047,34222,34223],{},"cen",[1035,34225,34227],{"className":34226},[1772],[1774,34228,34229],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,34230,34231,34247],{},[1781,34232,34233,34239,34241],{},[1792,34234,34235,34237],{},[1784,34236,2264],{},[1784,34238,20998],{},[1788,34240,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,34242,34243,34245],{},[1784,34244,2264],{},[1784,34246,21001],{},[1808,34248,34249],{"encoding":1810},"P_X, P_Y",[1047,34251,34252],{},"důchodu",[1035,34254,34256],{"className":34255},[1772],[1774,34257,34258],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,34259,34260,34264],{},[1781,34261,34262],{},[1784,34263,3221],{},[1808,34265,3221],{"encoding":1810},". Plyne z primární úlohy maximalizace užitku přes ",[1068,34268,34270],{"className":34269,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":33538,"href":33539},[1071],"Lagrangeovu metodu",[1100,34272,34274],{"id":34273},"_21-vlastnosti","2.1 Vlastnosti",[1112,34276,34277,34284,34291,34375],{},[1115,34278,34279,34280,34283],{},"Geometricky: bod ",[1047,34281,34282],{},"tečnosti"," rozpočtové přímky a indiferenční křivky.",[1115,34285,34286,34287,34290],{},"Zachycuje ",[1047,34288,34289],{},"necompenzovanou reakci"," spotřebitele na změnu ceny — zahrnuje současně substituční (SE) i důchodový (IE) efekt.",[1115,34292,34293,34296,34297,34374],{},[1047,34294,34295],{},"Homogenní stupně 0"," v cenách a důchodu: ",[1035,34298,34300],{"className":34299},[1772],[1774,34301,34302],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,34303,34304,34371],{},[1781,34305,34306,34312,34314,34317,34323,34325,34327,34333,34335,34337,34339,34341,34343,34349,34351,34357,34359,34365,34367,34369],{},[2467,34307,34308,34310],{},[1784,34309,20998],{},[1784,34311,1857],{},[1788,34313,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,34315,34316],{},"λ",[1792,34318,34319,34321],{},[1784,34320,2264],{},[1784,34322,20998],{},[1788,34324,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,34326,34316],{},[1792,34328,34329,34331],{},[1784,34330,2264],{},[1784,34332,21001],{},[1788,34334,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,34336,34316],{},[1784,34338,3221],{},[1788,34340,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,34342,1863],{},[2467,34344,34345,34347],{},[1784,34346,20998],{},[1784,34348,1857],{},[1788,34350,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,34352,34353,34355],{},[1784,34354,2264],{},[1784,34356,20998],{},[1788,34358,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,34360,34361,34363],{},[1784,34362,2264],{},[1784,34364,21001],{},[1788,34366,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,34368,3221],{},[1788,34370,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,34372,34373],{"encoding":1810},"X^M(\\lambda P_X, \\lambda P_Y, \\lambda I) = X^M(P_X, P_Y, I)"," — proporcionální změna všech cen a důchodu poptávku nezmění (žádná peněžní iluze).",[1115,34376,34377,34378,4058,34381,34423],{},"Splňuje ",[1047,34379,34380],{},"Walrasův zákon",[1035,34382,34384],{"className":34383},[1772],[1774,34385,34386],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,34387,34388,34420],{},[1781,34389,34390,34396,34402,34404,34410,34416,34418],{},[1792,34391,34392,34394],{},[1784,34393,2264],{},[1784,34395,20998],{},[2467,34397,34398,34400],{},[1784,34399,20998],{},[1784,34401,1857],{},[1788,34403,2637],{},[1792,34405,34406,34408],{},[1784,34407,2264],{},[1784,34409,21001],{},[2467,34411,34412,34414],{},[1784,34413,21001],{},[1784,34415,1857],{},[1788,34417,1863],{},[1784,34419,3221],{},[1808,34421,34422],{"encoding":1810},"P_X X^M + P_Y Y^M = I"," (rozpočet se vyčerpá při monotónních preferencích).",[1100,34425,34427],{"id":34426},"_22-souvislost-s-rovnovážnou-podmínkou","2.2 Souvislost s rovnovážnou podmínkou",[1030,34429,34430,34431,29726],{},"V optimu platí již známá rovnost mezních veličin (viz ",[1068,34432,33567],{"className":34433,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":33565,"href":33566},[1071],[1035,34435,34437],{"className":34436},[1772],[1774,34438,34439],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,34440,34441,34509],{},[1781,34442,34443,34465,34467,34481,34483,34485,34487,34489,34491,34493,34495],{},[2322,34444,34445,34455],{},[1781,34446,34447,34449],{},[1784,34448,1857],{},[1792,34450,34451,34453],{},[1784,34452,2126],{},[1784,34454,20998],{},[1781,34456,34457,34459],{},[1784,34458,1857],{},[1792,34460,34461,34463],{},[1784,34462,2126],{},[1784,34464,21001],{},[1788,34466,1863],{},[2322,34468,34469,34475],{},[1792,34470,34471,34473],{},[1784,34472,2264],{},[1784,34474,20998],{},[1792,34476,34477,34479],{},[1784,34478,2264],{},[1784,34480,21001],{},[2352,34482],{"width":2702},[1788,34484,15911],{},[2352,34486],{"width":2702},[1784,34488,1857],{},[1784,34490,1860],{},[1784,34492,3212],{},[1788,34494,1863],{},[2322,34496,34497,34503],{},[1792,34498,34499,34501],{},[1784,34500,2264],{},[1784,34502,20998],{},[1792,34504,34505,34507],{},[1784,34506,2264],{},[1784,34508,21001],{},[1808,34510,34511],{"encoding":1810},"\\frac{MU_X}{MU_Y} = \\frac{P_X}{P_Y} \\quad\\Leftrightarrow\\quad MRS = \\frac{P_X}{P_Y}",[1030,34513,34514,34515,34518,34519,1089,34522,1075],{},"Spolu s rozpočtem dává ",[1047,34516,34517],{},"dvě rovnice"," pro ",[1047,34520,34521],{},"dvě neznámé",[1035,34523,34525],{"className":34524},[1772],[1774,34526,34527],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,34528,34529,34545],{},[1781,34530,34531,34537,34539],{},[2467,34532,34533,34535],{},[1784,34534,20998],{},[1784,34536,1857],{},[1788,34538,1138],{"separator":1041},[2467,34540,34541,34543],{},[1784,34542,21001],{},[1784,34544,1857],{},[1808,34546,33712],{"encoding":1810},[4503,34548],{},[1077,34550,34552],{"id":34551},"_3-hicksova-poptávka","3. Hicksova poptávka",[1023,34554,34556,34563],{"className":34555,"dataCallout":2090},[1026,2089],[1030,34557,34559,34562],{"className":34558},[1033],[1035,34560],{"className":34561,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,2097,1040],"Definice — Hicksova poptávka",[1030,34564,34565,34207,34617,33713,34630,1089,34632,1062,34657,1089,34660,34677],{},[1035,34566,34568],{"className":34567},[1772],[1774,34569,34570],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,34571,34572,34614],{},[1781,34573,34574,34580,34582,34588,34590,34596,34598,34604,34606,34612],{},[2467,34575,34576,34578],{},[1784,34577,20998],{},[1784,34579,33448],{},[1788,34581,1863],{},[2467,34583,34584,34586],{},[1784,34585,20998],{},[1784,34587,33448],{},[1788,34589,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,34591,34592,34594],{},[1784,34593,2264],{},[1784,34595,20998],{},[1788,34597,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,34599,34600,34602],{},[1784,34601,2264],{},[1784,34603,21001],{},[1788,34605,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,34607,34608,34610],{},[1784,34609,2126],{},[2348,34611,2350],{},[1788,34613,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,34615,34616],{"encoding":1810},"X^H = X^H(P_X, P_Y, U_0)",[1035,34618,34620],{"className":34619},[1772],[1774,34621,34622],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,34623,34624,34628],{},[1781,34625,34626],{},[1784,34627,20998],{},[1808,34629,20998],{"encoding":1810},[1047,34631,34223],{},[1035,34633,34635],{"className":34634},[1772],[1774,34636,34637],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,34638,34639,34655],{},[1781,34640,34641,34647,34649],{},[1792,34642,34643,34645],{},[1784,34644,2264],{},[1784,34646,20998],{},[1788,34648,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,34650,34651,34653],{},[1784,34652,2264],{},[1784,34654,21001],{},[1808,34656,34249],{"encoding":1810},[1047,34658,34659],{},"referenčního užitku",[1035,34661,34663],{"className":34662},[1772],[1774,34664,34665],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,34666,34667,34675],{},[1781,34668,34669],{},[1792,34670,34671,34673],{},[1784,34672,2126],{},[2348,34674,2350],{},[1808,34676,33861],{"encoding":1810},". Plyne z duální úlohy minimalizace výdajů.",[1100,34679,34681],{"id":34680},"_31-vlastnosti","3.1 Vlastnosti",[1112,34683,34684,34714,34724,34768],{},[1115,34685,34686,34687,1089,34690,34713],{},"Spotřebitel je „kompenzován\" tak, aby zůstal na ",[1047,34688,34689],{},"stejné indiferenční křivce",[1035,34691,34693],{"className":34692},[1772],[1774,34694,34695],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,34696,34697,34711],{},[1781,34698,34699,34701,34703,34709],{},[2149,34700,34083],{},[1788,34702,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,34704,34705,34707],{},[1784,34706,2126],{},[2348,34708,2350],{},[1788,34710,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,34712,34096],{"encoding":1810}," — i po změně ceny.",[1115,34715,34716,34717,34720,34721,2440],{},"Zachycuje proto ",[1047,34718,34719],{},"pouze substituční efekt"," (Hicksův typ — zachování užitku, ne původního koše; viz ",[1068,34722,33572],{"className":34723,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":25327,"href":25325},[1071],[1115,34725,34726,4058,34729,34763,34764,34767],{},[1047,34727,34728],{},"Nerostoucí v ceně daného statku",[1035,34730,34732],{"className":34731},[1772],[1774,34733,34734],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,34735,34736,34760],{},[1781,34737,34738,34740,34746,34748,34750,34756,34758],{},[1784,34739,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,34741,34742,34744],{},[1784,34743,20998],{},[1784,34745,33448],{},[1784,34747,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,34749,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,34751,34752,34754],{},[1784,34753,2264],{},[1784,34755,20998],{},[1788,34757,33669],{},[2348,34759,2350],{},[1808,34761,34762],{"encoding":1810},"\\partial X^H\u002F\\partial P_X \\le 0"," vždy (zákon poptávky platí pro Hicksovu poptávku ",[1047,34765,34766],{},"bez výjimek",", žádné Giffenovo zboží).",[1115,34769,34770,34772,34773,1075],{},[1047,34771,34295],{}," v cenách: ",[1035,34774,34776],{"className":34775},[1772],[1774,34777,34778],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,34779,34780,34852],{},[1781,34781,34782,34788,34790,34792,34798,34800,34802,34808,34810,34816,34818,34820,34826,34828,34834,34836,34842,34844,34850],{},[2467,34783,34784,34786],{},[1784,34785,20998],{},[1784,34787,33448],{},[1788,34789,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,34791,34316],{},[1792,34793,34794,34796],{},[1784,34795,2264],{},[1784,34797,20998],{},[1788,34799,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,34801,34316],{},[1792,34803,34804,34806],{},[1784,34805,2264],{},[1784,34807,21001],{},[1788,34809,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,34811,34812,34814],{},[1784,34813,2126],{},[2348,34815,2350],{},[1788,34817,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,34819,1863],{},[2467,34821,34822,34824],{},[1784,34823,20998],{},[1784,34825,33448],{},[1788,34827,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,34829,34830,34832],{},[1784,34831,2264],{},[1784,34833,20998],{},[1788,34835,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,34837,34838,34840],{},[1784,34839,2264],{},[1784,34841,21001],{},[1788,34843,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,34845,34846,34848],{},[1784,34847,2126],{},[2348,34849,2350],{},[1788,34851,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,34853,34854],{"encoding":1810},"X^H(\\lambda P_X, \\lambda P_Y, U_0) = X^H(P_X, P_Y, U_0)",[1100,34856,34858],{"id":34857},"_32-proč-je-hicksova-poptávka-klíčová-pro-welfare","3.2 Proč je Hicksova poptávka klíčová pro welfare",[1030,34860,34861,34862,34865],{},"Protože odmítá důchodový efekt, ",[1047,34863,34864],{},"Hicksova poptávka je nástrojem pro přesné měření změn blahobytu",": kompenzační variace (CV) i ekvivalentní variace (EV) se počítají z plochy pod Hicksovou křivkou, nikoli pod Marshallovou. Marshallův spotřebitelský přebytek je jen aproximací.",[4503,34867],{},[1077,34869,34871,34872],{"id":34870},"_4-nepřímá-užitková-funkce-vpxpyivp_x-p_y-i","4. Nepřímá užitková funkce ",[1035,34873,34875],{"className":34874},[1772],[1774,34876,34877],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,34878,34879,34905],{},[1781,34880,34881,34883,34885,34891,34893,34899,34901,34903],{},[1784,34882,31140],{},[1788,34884,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,34886,34887,34889],{},[1784,34888,2264],{},[1784,34890,20998],{},[1788,34892,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,34894,34895,34897],{},[1784,34896,2264],{},[1784,34898,21001],{},[1788,34900,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,34902,3221],{},[1788,34904,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,34906,34907],{"encoding":1810},"V(P_X, P_Y, I)",[1023,34909,34911,34917],{"className":34910,"dataCallout":2090},[1026,2089],[1030,34912,34914,21676],{"className":34913},[1033],[1035,34915],{"className":34916,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,2097,1040],[1030,34918,34919,35084,35085,35088],{},[1035,34920,34922],{"className":34921},[1772],[1774,34923,34924],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,34925,34926,35081],{},[1781,34927,34928,34930,34932,34938,34940,34946,34948,34950,34952,34954,34970,34973,34975,34977,34979,34981,34983,34985,34987,34993,34995,34997,35003,35005,35007,35009,35012,35014,35016,35019,35025,35027,35033,35035,35041,35043,35045,35047,35049,35051,35057,35059,35065,35067,35073,35075,35077,35079],{},[1784,34929,31140],{},[1788,34931,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,34933,34934,34936],{},[1784,34935,2264],{},[1784,34937,20998],{},[1788,34939,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,34941,34942,34944],{},[1784,34943,2264],{},[1784,34945,21001],{},[1788,34947,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,34949,3221],{},[1788,34951,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,34953,1863],{},[1792,34955,34956,34962],{},[1781,34957,34958,34960],{},[1784,34959,3347],{},[1788,34961,3350],{},[1781,34963,34964,34966,34968],{},[1784,34965,20998],{},[1788,34967,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,34969,21001],{},[1788,34971,34972],{"stretchy":2142},"{",[1784,34974,2126],{},[1788,34976,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,34978,20998],{},[1788,34980,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,34982,21001],{},[1788,34984,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,34986,1310],{},[1792,34988,34989,34991],{},[1784,34990,2264],{},[1784,34992,20998],{},[1784,34994,20998],{},[1788,34996,2637],{},[1792,34998,34999,35001],{},[1784,35000,2264],{},[1784,35002,21001],{},[1784,35004,21001],{},[1788,35006,33669],{},[1784,35008,3221],{},[1788,35010,35011],{"stretchy":2142},"}",[1788,35013,1863],{},[1784,35015,2126],{},[1788,35017,2143],{"fence":1041,"stretchy":1041,"minsize":35018,"maxsize":35018},"1.2em",[2467,35020,35021,35023],{},[1784,35022,20998],{},[1784,35024,1857],{},[1788,35026,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,35028,35029,35031],{},[1784,35030,2264],{},[1784,35032,20998],{},[1788,35034,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,35036,35037,35039],{},[1784,35038,2264],{},[1784,35040,21001],{},[1788,35042,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,35044,3221],{},[1788,35046,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,35048,1138],{"separator":1041},[2149,35050,2769],{},[2467,35052,35053,35055],{},[1784,35054,21001],{},[1784,35056,1857],{},[1788,35058,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,35060,35061,35063],{},[1784,35062,2264],{},[1784,35064,20998],{},[1788,35066,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,35068,35069,35071],{},[1784,35070,2264],{},[1784,35072,21001],{},[1788,35074,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,35076,3221],{},[1788,35078,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,35080,2192],{"fence":1041,"stretchy":1041,"minsize":35018,"maxsize":35018},[1808,35082,35083],{"encoding":1810},"V(P_X, P_Y, I) = \\max_{X, Y} \\{U(X, Y) : P_X X + P_Y Y \\le I\\} = U\\bigl(X^M(P_X,P_Y,I),\\, Y^M(P_X,P_Y,I)\\bigr)","\nMaximální užitek dosažitelný při daných cenách a důchodu — užitek ",[1047,35086,35087],{},"vyjádřený nepřímo"," přes ceny a rozpočet.",[1100,35090,35092],{"id":35091},"vlastnosti","Vlastnosti",[1153,35094,35095,35105],{},[1156,35096,35097],{},[1159,35098,35099,35102],{},[1162,35100,35101],{},"Vlastnost",[1162,35103,35104],{},"Význam",[1172,35106,35107,35130,35170,35246],{},[1159,35108,35109,35127],{},[1177,35110,35111],{},[1047,35112,35113,35114],{},"Rostoucí v ",[1035,35115,35117],{"className":35116},[1772],[1774,35118,35119],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,35120,35121,35125],{},[1781,35122,35123],{},[1784,35124,3221],{},[1808,35126,3221],{"encoding":1810},[1177,35128,35129],{},"Vyšší důchod ⟶ vyšší užitek.",[1159,35131,35132,35137],{},[1177,35133,35134],{},[1047,35135,35136],{},"Neklesající (záporně) v cenách",[1177,35138,35139,35140,1075],{},"Růst ceny snižuje (nebo nemění) maximální dosažitelný užitek: ",[1035,35141,35143],{"className":35142},[1772],[1774,35144,35145],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,35146,35147,35167],{},[1781,35148,35149,35151,35153,35155,35157,35163,35165],{},[1784,35150,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,35152,31140],{},[1784,35154,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,35156,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,35158,35159,35161],{},[1784,35160,2264],{},[1784,35162,1803],{},[1788,35164,33669],{},[2348,35166,2350],{},[1808,35168,35169],{"encoding":1810},"\\partial V\u002F\\partial P_i \\le 0",[1159,35171,35172,35176],{},[1177,35173,35174],{},[1047,35175,34295],{},[1177,35177,35178,1075],{},[1035,35179,35181],{"className":35180},[1772],[1774,35182,35183],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,35184,35185,35243],{},[1781,35186,35187,35189,35191,35193,35199,35201,35203,35209,35211,35213,35215,35217,35219,35221,35223,35229,35231,35237,35239,35241],{},[1784,35188,31140],{},[1788,35190,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,35192,34316],{},[1792,35194,35195,35197],{},[1784,35196,2264],{},[1784,35198,20998],{},[1788,35200,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,35202,34316],{},[1792,35204,35205,35207],{},[1784,35206,2264],{},[1784,35208,21001],{},[1788,35210,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,35212,34316],{},[1784,35214,3221],{},[1788,35216,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,35218,1863],{},[1784,35220,31140],{},[1788,35222,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,35224,35225,35227],{},[1784,35226,2264],{},[1784,35228,20998],{},[1788,35230,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,35232,35233,35235],{},[1784,35234,2264],{},[1784,35236,21001],{},[1788,35238,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,35240,3221],{},[1788,35242,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,35244,35245],{"encoding":1810},"V(\\lambda P_X, \\lambda P_Y, \\lambda I) = V(P_X, P_Y, I)",[1159,35247,35248,35253],{},[1177,35249,35250],{},[1047,35251,35252],{},"Kvazi-konvexní v cenách",[1177,35254,35255,35256,35297],{},"Sady ",[1035,35257,35259],{"className":35258},[1772],[1774,35260,35261],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,35262,35263,35294],{},[1781,35264,35265,35267,35269,35271,35273,35275,35277,35279,35281,35283,35285,35292],{},[1788,35266,34972],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,35268,2264],{},[1788,35270,1310],{},[1784,35272,31140],{},[1788,35274,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,35276,2264],{},[1788,35278,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,35280,3221],{},[1788,35282,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,35284,33669],{},[2160,35286,35287,35289],{"accent":1041},[1784,35288,31140],{},[1788,35290,35291],{},"ˉ",[1788,35293,35011],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,35295,35296],{"encoding":1810},"\\{P : V(P, I) \\le \\bar V\\}"," jsou konvexní.",[4503,35299],{},[1077,35301,35303,35304],{"id":35302},"_5-výdajová-funkce-epxpyu0ep_x-p_y-u_0","5. Výdajová funkce ",[1035,35305,35307],{"className":35306},[1772],[1774,35308,35309],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,35310,35311,35341],{},[1781,35312,35313,35315,35317,35323,35325,35331,35333,35339],{},[1784,35314,2364],{},[1788,35316,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,35318,35319,35321],{},[1784,35320,2264],{},[1784,35322,20998],{},[1788,35324,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,35326,35327,35329],{},[1784,35328,2264],{},[1784,35330,21001],{},[1788,35332,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,35334,35335,35337],{},[1784,35336,2126],{},[2348,35338,2350],{},[1788,35340,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,35342,35343],{"encoding":1810},"E(P_X, P_Y, U_0)",[1030,35345,35346],{},"Výdajová funkce je centrálním pojmem duální teorie. Definice:",[1023,35348,35352,35360],{"className":35349,"dataCallout":35351},[1026,35350],"callout-quote","quote",[1030,35353,35355,35359],{"className":35354},[1033],[1035,35356],{"className":35357,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,35358,1040],"i-lucide:quote","Výdajová funkce",[1030,35361,35362,35363,35380,35381,2070,35406,35508,35511,35512,35515],{},"Minimum výdajů potřebných k dosažení užitku ",[1035,35364,35366],{"className":35365},[1772],[1774,35367,35368],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,35369,35370,35378],{},[1781,35371,35372],{},[1792,35373,35374,35376],{},[1784,35375,2126],{},[2348,35377,2350],{},[1808,35379,33861],{"encoding":1810}," při cenách ",[1035,35382,35384],{"className":35383},[1772],[1774,35385,35386],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,35387,35388,35404],{},[1781,35389,35390,35396,35398],{},[1792,35391,35392,35394],{},[1784,35393,2264],{},[1784,35395,20998],{},[1788,35397,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,35399,35400,35402],{},[1784,35401,2264],{},[1784,35403,21001],{},[1808,35405,34249],{"encoding":1810},[1035,35407,35409],{"className":35408},[1772],[1774,35410,35411],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,35412,35413,35505],{},[1781,35414,35415,35417,35419,35425,35427,35433,35435,35441,35443,35445,35461,35463,35469,35471,35473,35479,35481,35483,35485,35487,35489,35491,35493,35495,35497,35503],{},[1784,35416,2364],{},[1788,35418,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,35420,35421,35423],{},[1784,35422,2264],{},[1784,35424,20998],{},[1788,35426,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,35428,35429,35431],{},[1784,35430,2264],{},[1784,35432,21001],{},[1788,35434,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,35436,35437,35439],{},[1784,35438,2126],{},[2348,35440,2350],{},[1788,35442,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,35444,1863],{},[1792,35446,35447,35453],{},[1781,35448,35449,35451],{},[1784,35450,33767],{},[1788,35452,3350],{},[1781,35454,35455,35457,35459],{},[1784,35456,20998],{},[1788,35458,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,35460,21001],{},[1788,35462,34972],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,35464,35465,35467],{},[1784,35466,2264],{},[1784,35468,20998],{},[1784,35470,20998],{},[1788,35472,2637],{},[1792,35474,35475,35477],{},[1784,35476,2264],{},[1784,35478,21001],{},[1784,35480,21001],{},[1788,35482,1310],{},[1784,35484,2126],{},[1788,35486,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,35488,20998],{},[1788,35490,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,35492,21001],{},[1788,35494,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,35496,1790],{},[1792,35498,35499,35501],{},[1784,35500,2126],{},[2348,35502,2350],{},[1788,35504,35011],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,35506,35507],{"encoding":1810},"E(P_X, P_Y, U_0) = \\min_{X,Y}\\{P_X X + P_Y Y : U(X,Y) \\ge U_0\\}",[1047,35509,35510],{},"Vlastnosti:"," rostoucí s užitkem, neklesající s cenami a rostoucí při růstu nejméně jedné ceny, ",[1047,35513,35514],{},"konkávní v cenách",". Parciální derivace podle cen jsou Hicksovy funkce poptávky.",[1100,35517,35519],{"id":35518},"_51-detailní-vlastnosti","5.1 Detailní vlastnosti",[1153,35521,35522,35530],{},[1156,35523,35524],{},[1159,35525,35526,35528],{},[1162,35527,35101],{},[1162,35529,5622],{},[1172,35531,35532,35558,35568,35622,35636],{},[1159,35533,35534,35555],{},[1177,35535,35536],{},[1047,35537,35113,35538],{},[1035,35539,35541],{"className":35540},[1772],[1774,35542,35543],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,35544,35545,35553],{},[1781,35546,35547],{},[1792,35548,35549,35551],{},[1784,35550,2126],{},[2348,35552,2350],{},[1808,35554,33861],{"encoding":1810},[1177,35556,35557],{},"Vyšší cílový užitek ⟶ vyšší minimální výdaje.",[1159,35559,35560,35565],{},[1177,35561,35562],{},[1047,35563,35564],{},"Neklesající v každé ceně",[1177,35566,35567],{},"Růst kterékoli ceny nemůže snížit minimální výdaje.",[1159,35569,35570,35605],{},[1177,35571,35572],{},[1047,35573,35574,35575],{},"Striktně rostoucí, pokud je ",[1035,35576,35578],{"className":35577},[1772],[1774,35579,35580],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,35581,35582,35602],{},[1781,35583,35584,35590,35592,35598,35600],{},[2467,35585,35586,35588],{},[1784,35587,20998],{},[1784,35589,33448],{},[1788,35591,1138],{"separator":1041},[2467,35593,35594,35596],{},[1784,35595,21001],{},[1784,35597,33448],{},[1788,35599,2491],{},[2348,35601,2350],{},[1808,35603,35604],{"encoding":1810},"X^H, Y^H > 0",[1177,35606,35607,35608,35621],{},"Pokud spotřebitel daný statek opravdu spotřebovává, nezáporné množství poptávané vede ke striktnímu růstu ",[1035,35609,35611],{"className":35610},[1772],[1774,35612,35613],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,35614,35615,35619],{},[1781,35616,35617],{},[1784,35618,2364],{},[1808,35620,2364],{"encoding":1810}," při růstu ceny.",[1159,35623,35624,35629],{},[1177,35625,35626],{},[1047,35627,35628],{},"Konkávní v cenách",[1177,35630,35631,35632,35635],{},"Při růstu ceny se spotřebitel ",[1047,35633,35634],{},"přesouvá"," k levnějším alternativám, což zmírňuje růst výdajů (proto konkávní, nikoli lineární).",[1159,35637,35638,35643],{},[1177,35639,35640],{},[1047,35641,35642],{},"Homogenní stupně 1 v cenách",[1177,35644,35645,35721],{},[1035,35646,35648],{"className":35647},[1772],[1774,35649,35650],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,35651,35652,35718],{},[1781,35653,35654,35656,35658,35660,35666,35668,35670,35676,35678,35684,35686,35688,35690,35692,35694,35700,35702,35708,35710,35716],{},[1784,35655,2364],{},[1788,35657,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,35659,34316],{},[1792,35661,35662,35664],{},[1784,35663,2264],{},[1784,35665,20998],{},[1788,35667,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,35669,34316],{},[1792,35671,35672,35674],{},[1784,35673,2264],{},[1784,35675,21001],{},[1788,35677,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,35679,35680,35682],{},[1784,35681,2126],{},[2348,35683,2350],{},[1788,35685,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,35687,1863],{},[1784,35689,34316],{},[1784,35691,2364],{},[1788,35693,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,35695,35696,35698],{},[1784,35697,2264],{},[1784,35699,20998],{},[1788,35701,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,35703,35704,35706],{},[1784,35705,2264],{},[1784,35707,21001],{},[1788,35709,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,35711,35712,35714],{},[1784,35713,2126],{},[2348,35715,2350],{},[1788,35717,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,35719,35720],{"encoding":1810},"E(\\lambda P_X, \\lambda P_Y, U_0) = \\lambda E(P_X, P_Y, U_0)"," — zdvojnásobení všech cen zdvojnásobí výdaje.",[1023,35723,35725,35746],{"className":35724,"dataCallout":1608},[1026,1607],[1030,35726,35728,35731,35732,35745],{"className":35727},[1033],[1035,35729],{"className":35730,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1615,1040],"Geometrická intuice konkávnosti ",[1035,35733,35735],{"className":35734},[1772],[1774,35736,35737],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,35738,35739,35743],{},[1781,35740,35741],{},[1784,35742,2364],{},[1808,35744,2364],{"encoding":1810}," v cenách",[1030,35747,35748,35749,35752,35753,35756],{},"Kdyby spotřebitel nereagoval na změnu ceny (konstantní koš), výdaje by rostly ",[1047,35750,35751],{},"lineárně"," s cenou. Skutečnost, že může substituovat k levnějšímu zboží, znamená, že výdaje rostou ",[1047,35754,35755],{},"pomaleji než lineárně"," ⟶ funkce je konkávní.",[4503,35758],{},[1077,35760,35762,35763,1062,35776],{"id":35761},"_6-inverze-mezi-vv-a-ee","6. Inverze mezi ",[1035,35764,35766],{"className":35765},[1772],[1774,35767,35768],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,35769,35770,35774],{},[1781,35771,35772],{},[1784,35773,31140],{},[1808,35775,31140],{"encoding":1810},[1035,35777,35779],{"className":35778},[1772],[1774,35780,35781],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,35782,35783,35787],{},[1781,35784,35785],{},[1784,35786,2364],{},[1808,35788,2364],{"encoding":1810},[1023,35790,35792,35799],{"className":35791,"dataCallout":4153},[1026,3500],[1030,35793,35795,35798],{"className":35794},[1033],[1035,35796],{"className":35797,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,3508,1040],"Inverzní vztah",[1030,35800,35801,35802,35805,35806,2070,35832,35902],{},"Nepřímá užitková funkce a výdajová funkce jsou navzájem ",[1047,35803,35804],{},"inverzní"," v argumentech ",[1035,35807,35809],{"className":35808},[1772],[1774,35810,35811],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,35812,35813,35829],{},[1781,35814,35815,35817,35819,35821,35827],{},[1788,35816,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,35818,3221],{},[1788,35820,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,35822,35823,35825],{},[1784,35824,2126],{},[2348,35826,2350],{},[1788,35828,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,35830,35831],{"encoding":1810},"(I, U_0)",[1035,35833,35835],{"className":35834},[1772],[1774,35836,35837],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,35838,35839,35899],{},[1781,35840,35841,35843,35845,35851,35853,35859,35861,35863,35865,35871,35873,35879,35881,35887,35889,35891,35893],{},[1784,35842,31140],{},[1788,35844,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,35846,35847,35849],{},[1784,35848,2264],{},[1784,35850,20998],{},[1788,35852,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,35854,35855,35857],{},[1784,35856,2264],{},[1784,35858,21001],{},[1788,35860,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,35862,2364],{},[1788,35864,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,35866,35867,35869],{},[1784,35868,2264],{},[1784,35870,20998],{},[1788,35872,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,35874,35875,35877],{},[1784,35876,2264],{},[1784,35878,21001],{},[1788,35880,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,35882,35883,35885],{},[1784,35884,2126],{},[2348,35886,2350],{},[1788,35888,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,35890,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,35892,1863],{},[1792,35894,35895,35897],{},[1784,35896,2126],{},[2348,35898,2350],{},[1808,35900,35901],{"encoding":1810},"V(P_X, P_Y, E(P_X, P_Y, U_0)) = U_0",[1035,35903,35905],{"className":35904},[1772],[1774,35906,35907],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,35908,35909,35961],{},[1781,35910,35911,35913,35915,35921,35923,35929,35931,35933,35935,35941,35943,35949,35951,35953,35955,35957,35959],{},[1784,35912,2364],{},[1788,35914,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,35916,35917,35919],{},[1784,35918,2264],{},[1784,35920,20998],{},[1788,35922,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,35924,35925,35927],{},[1784,35926,2264],{},[1784,35928,21001],{},[1788,35930,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,35932,31140],{},[1788,35934,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,35936,35937,35939],{},[1784,35938,2264],{},[1784,35940,20998],{},[1788,35942,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,35944,35945,35947],{},[1784,35946,2264],{},[1784,35948,21001],{},[1788,35950,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,35952,3221],{},[1788,35954,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,35956,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,35958,1863],{},[1784,35960,3221],{},[1808,35962,35963],{"encoding":1810},"E(P_X, P_Y, V(P_X, P_Y, I)) = I",[1030,35965,35966,35967,36005],{},"První rovnost říká: ",[1091,35968,35969,35970,35987,35988,6401],{},"„Když dostanu právě tolik peněz, kolik je minimální výdaj na užitek ",[1035,35971,35973],{"className":35972},[1772],[1774,35974,35975],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,35976,35977,35985],{},[1781,35978,35979],{},[1792,35980,35981,35983],{},[1784,35982,2126],{},[2348,35984,2350],{},[1808,35986,33861],{"encoding":1810},", dosáhnu maximálně užitku ",[1035,35989,35991],{"className":35990},[1772],[1774,35992,35993],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,35994,35995,36003],{},[1781,35996,35997],{},[1792,35998,35999,36001],{},[1784,36000,2126],{},[2348,36002,2350],{},[1808,36004,33861],{"encoding":1810}," Druhá je její zrcadlový obraz.",[1030,36007,36008,36009,36012],{},"Tato inverze je ",[1047,36010,36011],{},"technický nástroj"," k získání výdajové funkce z nepřímé užitkové (a naopak) — viz numerický příklad v kapitole 12.",[4503,36014],{},[1077,36016,36018],{"id":36017},"_7-shephardovo-lemma","7. Shephardovo lemma",[1023,36020,36022,36028],{"className":36021,"dataCallout":4153},[1026,3500],[1030,36023,36025,33498],{"className":36024},[1033],[1035,36026],{"className":36027,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,3508,1040],[1030,36029,36030,36031,36044,36045,2070,36058],{},"Parciální derivace výdajové funkce podle ceny statku ",[1035,36032,36034],{"className":36033},[1772],[1774,36035,36036],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,36037,36038,36042],{},[1781,36039,36040],{},[1784,36041,1803],{},[1808,36043,1803],{"encoding":1810}," rovná se Hicksově poptávce po statku ",[1035,36046,36048],{"className":36047},[1772],[1774,36049,36050],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,36051,36052,36056],{},[1781,36053,36054],{},[1784,36055,1803],{},[1808,36057,1803],{"encoding":1810},[1035,36059,36061],{"className":36060},[1772],[1774,36062,36063],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,36064,36065,36227],{},[1781,36066,36067,36073,36075,36081,36083,36089,36091,36097,36099,36101,36145,36147,36149,36155,36157,36163,36165,36171,36173,36179,36181,36183],{},[1792,36068,36069,36071],{},[1784,36070,12129],{},[1784,36072,20998],{},[1788,36074,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,36076,36077,36079],{},[1784,36078,2264],{},[1784,36080,20998],{},[1788,36082,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,36084,36085,36087],{},[1784,36086,2264],{},[1784,36088,21001],{},[1788,36090,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,36092,36093,36095],{},[1784,36094,2126],{},[2348,36096,2350],{},[1788,36098,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,36100,1863],{},[2322,36102,36103,36135],{},[1781,36104,36105,36107,36109,36111,36117,36119,36125,36127,36133],{},[1784,36106,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,36108,2364],{},[1788,36110,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,36112,36113,36115],{},[1784,36114,2264],{},[1784,36116,20998],{},[1788,36118,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,36120,36121,36123],{},[1784,36122,2264],{},[1784,36124,21001],{},[1788,36126,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,36128,36129,36131],{},[1784,36130,2126],{},[2348,36132,2350],{},[1788,36134,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1781,36136,36137,36139],{},[1784,36138,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,36140,36141,36143],{},[1784,36142,2264],{},[1784,36144,20998],{},[1788,36146,1138],{"separator":1041},[2352,36148],{"width":2354},[1792,36150,36151,36153],{},[1784,36152,12129],{},[1784,36154,21001],{},[1788,36156,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,36158,36159,36161],{},[1784,36160,2264],{},[1784,36162,20998],{},[1788,36164,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,36166,36167,36169],{},[1784,36168,2264],{},[1784,36170,21001],{},[1788,36172,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,36174,36175,36177],{},[1784,36176,2126],{},[2348,36178,2350],{},[1788,36180,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,36182,1863],{},[2322,36184,36185,36217],{},[1781,36186,36187,36189,36191,36193,36199,36201,36207,36209,36215],{},[1784,36188,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,36190,2364],{},[1788,36192,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,36194,36195,36197],{},[1784,36196,2264],{},[1784,36198,20998],{},[1788,36200,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,36202,36203,36205],{},[1784,36204,2264],{},[1784,36206,21001],{},[1788,36208,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,36210,36211,36213],{},[1784,36212,2126],{},[2348,36214,2350],{},[1788,36216,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1781,36218,36219,36221],{},[1784,36220,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,36222,36223,36225],{},[1784,36224,2264],{},[1784,36226,21001],{},[1808,36228,36229],{"encoding":1810},"h_X(P_X, P_Y, U_0) = \\frac{\\partial E(P_X, P_Y, U_0)}{\\partial P_X}, \\qquad h_Y(P_X, P_Y, U_0) = \\frac{\\partial E(P_X, P_Y, U_0)}{\\partial P_Y}",[1100,36231,26956],{"id":36232},"intuice",[1030,36234,36235,36236,36254,36255,36275,36276,36304,36305,36308,36309],{},"Pokud cena ",[1035,36237,36239],{"className":36238},[1772],[1774,36240,36241],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,36242,36243,36251],{},[1781,36244,36245],{},[1792,36246,36247,36249],{},[1784,36248,2264],{},[1784,36250,20998],{},[1808,36252,36253],{"encoding":1810},"P_X"," vzroste o malé ",[1035,36256,36258],{"className":36257},[1772],[1774,36259,36260],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,36261,36262,36272],{},[1781,36263,36264,36266],{},[1784,36265,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,36267,36268,36270],{},[1784,36269,2264],{},[1784,36271,20998],{},[1808,36273,36274],{"encoding":1810},"\\Delta P_X",", výdaje vzrostou (v 1. řádu) přesně o ",[1035,36277,36279],{"className":36278},[1772],[1774,36280,36281],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,36282,36283,36301],{},[1781,36284,36285,36291,36293,36295],{},[2467,36286,36287,36289],{},[1784,36288,20998],{},[1784,36290,33448],{},[1788,36292,2267],{},[1784,36294,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,36296,36297,36299],{},[1784,36298,2264],{},[1784,36300,20998],{},[1808,36302,36303],{"encoding":1810},"X^H \\cdot \\Delta P_X"," — protože v optimu spotřebitel reaguje na změnu ceny ",[1047,36306,36307],{},"bez prvořádové ztráty užitku"," (envelopový teorém). Jednoduše: ",[1091,36310,36311],{},"„marginální zdražení dopadá přesně na poptávané množství.\"",[1100,36313,36315],{"id":36314},"důkaz-skica","Důkaz (skica)",[1030,36317,36318,36319,36383,36384,36416],{},"Z Lagrangiánu duální úlohy ",[1035,36320,36322],{"className":36321},[1772],[1774,36323,36324],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,36325,36326,36380],{},[1781,36327,36328,36331,36333,36339,36341,36343,36349,36351,36353,36356,36358,36360,36362,36364,36366,36368,36370,36372,36378],{},[1784,36329,3766],{"mathvariant":36330},"script",[1788,36332,1863],{},[1792,36334,36335,36337],{},[1784,36336,2264],{},[1784,36338,20998],{},[1784,36340,20998],{},[1788,36342,2637],{},[1792,36344,36345,36347],{},[1784,36346,2264],{},[1784,36348,21001],{},[1784,36350,21001],{},[1788,36352,2371],{},[1784,36354,36355],{},"μ",[1788,36357,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,36359,2126],{},[1788,36361,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,36363,20998],{},[1788,36365,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,36367,21001],{},[1788,36369,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,36371,2371],{},[1792,36373,36374,36376],{},[1784,36375,2126],{},[2348,36377,2350],{},[1788,36379,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,36381,36382],{"encoding":1810},"\\mathcal L = P_X X + P_Y Y - \\mu(U(X,Y) - U_0)"," plyne podmínka prvního řádu ",[1035,36385,36387],{"className":36386},[1772],[1774,36388,36389],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,36390,36391,36413],{},[1781,36392,36393,36399,36401,36403,36405,36407],{},[1792,36394,36395,36397],{},[1784,36396,2264],{},[1784,36398,20998],{},[1788,36400,1863],{},[1784,36402,36355],{},[1788,36404,2267],{},[1784,36406,1857],{},[1792,36408,36409,36411],{},[1784,36410,2126],{},[1784,36412,20998],{},[1808,36414,36415],{"encoding":1810},"P_X = \\mu \\cdot MU_X"," a v optimu",[1035,36418,36420],{"className":36419},[1772],[1774,36421,36422],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,36423,36424,36583],{},[1781,36425,36426,36444,36446,36452,36454,36460,36482,36484,36490,36512,36514,36516,36519,36521,36527,36549,36551,36553,36559,36581],{},[2322,36427,36428,36434],{},[1781,36429,36430,36432],{},[1784,36431,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,36433,2364],{},[1781,36435,36436,36438],{},[1784,36437,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,36439,36440,36442],{},[1784,36441,2264],{},[1784,36443,20998],{},[1788,36445,1863],{},[2467,36447,36448,36450],{},[1784,36449,20998],{},[1784,36451,33448],{},[1788,36453,2637],{},[1792,36455,36456,36458],{},[1784,36457,2264],{},[1784,36459,20998],{},[2322,36461,36462,36472],{},[1781,36463,36464,36466],{},[1784,36465,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,36467,36468,36470],{},[1784,36469,20998],{},[1784,36471,33448],{},[1781,36473,36474,36476],{},[1784,36475,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,36477,36478,36480],{},[1784,36479,2264],{},[1784,36481,20998],{},[1788,36483,2637],{},[1792,36485,36486,36488],{},[1784,36487,2264],{},[1784,36489,21001],{},[2322,36491,36492,36502],{},[1781,36493,36494,36496],{},[1784,36495,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,36497,36498,36500],{},[1784,36499,21001],{},[1784,36501,33448],{},[1781,36503,36504,36506],{},[1784,36505,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,36507,36508,36510],{},[1784,36509,2264],{},[1784,36511,20998],{},[1788,36513,2371],{},[1784,36515,36355],{},[1788,36517,2143],{"fence":1041,"stretchy":1041,"minsize":36518,"maxsize":36518},"1.8em",[1784,36520,1857],{},[1792,36522,36523,36525],{},[1784,36524,2126],{},[1784,36526,20998],{},[2322,36528,36529,36539],{},[1781,36530,36531,36533],{},[1784,36532,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,36534,36535,36537],{},[1784,36536,20998],{},[1784,36538,33448],{},[1781,36540,36541,36543],{},[1784,36542,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,36544,36545,36547],{},[1784,36546,2264],{},[1784,36548,20998],{},[1788,36550,2637],{},[1784,36552,1857],{},[1792,36554,36555,36557],{},[1784,36556,2126],{},[1784,36558,21001],{},[2322,36560,36561,36571],{},[1781,36562,36563,36565],{},[1784,36564,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,36566,36567,36569],{},[1784,36568,21001],{},[1784,36570,33448],{},[1781,36572,36573,36575],{},[1784,36574,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,36576,36577,36579],{},[1784,36578,2264],{},[1784,36580,20998],{},[1788,36582,2192],{"fence":1041,"stretchy":1041,"minsize":36518,"maxsize":36518},[1808,36584,36585],{"encoding":1810},"\\frac{\\partial E}{\\partial P_X} = X^H + P_X \\frac{\\partial X^H}{\\partial P_X} + P_Y \\frac{\\partial Y^H}{\\partial P_X} - \\mu\\Bigl(MU_X \\frac{\\partial X^H}{\\partial P_X} + MU_Y \\frac{\\partial Y^H}{\\partial P_X}\\Bigr)",[1030,36587,36588,36589,1075],{},"Po dosazení podmínek 1. řádu se vnitřní členy ruší a zbude ",[1035,36590,36592],{"className":36591},[1772],[1774,36593,36594],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,36595,36596,36620],{},[1781,36597,36598,36600,36602,36604,36606,36612,36614],{},[1784,36599,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,36601,2364],{},[1784,36603,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,36605,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,36607,36608,36610],{},[1784,36609,2264],{},[1784,36611,20998],{},[1788,36613,1863],{},[2467,36615,36616,36618],{},[1784,36617,20998],{},[1784,36619,33448],{},[1808,36621,36622],{"encoding":1810},"\\partial E\u002F\\partial P_X = X^H",[4503,36624],{},[1077,36626,36628],{"id":36627},"_8-royova-identita","8. Royova identita",[1023,36630,36632,36638],{"className":36631,"dataCallout":4153},[1026,3500],[1030,36633,36635,33501],{"className":36634},[1033],[1035,36636],{"className":36637,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,3508,1040],[1030,36639,36640,36641],{},"Marshallovu poptávku lze získat z nepřímé užitkové funkce vztahem:\n",[1035,36642,36644],{"className":36643},[1772],[1774,36645,36646],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,36647,36648,36756],{},[1781,36649,36650,36656,36658,36664,36666,36672,36674,36676,36678,36680,36682,36712,36714,36716,36722,36724,36726],{},[2467,36651,36652,36654],{},[1784,36653,20998],{},[1784,36655,1857],{},[1788,36657,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,36659,36660,36662],{},[1784,36661,2264],{},[1784,36663,20998],{},[1788,36665,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,36667,36668,36670],{},[1784,36669,2264],{},[1784,36671,21001],{},[1788,36673,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,36675,3221],{},[1788,36677,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,36679,1863],{},[1788,36681,2371],{},[2322,36683,36684,36700],{},[1781,36685,36686,36688,36690,36692,36694],{},[1784,36687,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,36689,31140],{},[1784,36691,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,36693,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,36695,36696,36698],{},[1784,36697,2264],{},[1784,36699,20998],{},[1781,36701,36702,36704,36706,36708,36710],{},[1784,36703,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,36705,31140],{},[1784,36707,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,36709,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,36711,3221],{},[1788,36713,1138],{"separator":1041},[2352,36715],{"width":2354},[2467,36717,36718,36720],{},[1784,36719,21001],{},[1784,36721,1857],{},[1788,36723,1863],{},[1788,36725,2371],{},[2322,36727,36728,36744],{},[1781,36729,36730,36732,36734,36736,36738],{},[1784,36731,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,36733,31140],{},[1784,36735,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,36737,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,36739,36740,36742],{},[1784,36741,2264],{},[1784,36743,21001],{},[1781,36745,36746,36748,36750,36752,36754],{},[1784,36747,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,36749,31140],{},[1784,36751,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,36753,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,36755,3221],{},[1808,36757,36758],{"encoding":1810},"X^M(P_X, P_Y, I) = -\\frac{\\partial V\u002F\\partial P_X}{\\partial V\u002F\\partial I}, \\qquad Y^M = -\\frac{\\partial V\u002F\\partial P_Y}{\\partial V\u002F\\partial I}",[1100,36760,23814],{"id":23813},[1030,36762,36763,36764,36833,36834,1310],{},"Aplikujeme implicitní funkci na identitu ",[1035,36765,36767],{"className":36766},[1772],[1774,36768,36769],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,36770,36771,36831],{},[1781,36772,36773,36775,36777,36783,36785,36791,36793,36795,36797,36803,36805,36811,36813,36819,36821,36823,36825],{},[1784,36774,31140],{},[1788,36776,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,36778,36779,36781],{},[1784,36780,2264],{},[1784,36782,20998],{},[1788,36784,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,36786,36787,36789],{},[1784,36788,2264],{},[1784,36790,21001],{},[1788,36792,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,36794,2364],{},[1788,36796,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,36798,36799,36801],{},[1784,36800,2264],{},[1784,36802,20998],{},[1788,36804,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,36806,36807,36809],{},[1784,36808,2264],{},[1784,36810,21001],{},[1788,36812,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,36814,36815,36817],{},[1784,36816,2126],{},[2348,36818,2350],{},[1788,36820,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,36822,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,36824,1863],{},[1792,36826,36827,36829],{},[1784,36828,2126],{},[2348,36830,2350],{},[1808,36832,35901],{"encoding":1810},". Derivováním podle ",[1035,36835,36837],{"className":36836},[1772],[1774,36838,36839],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,36840,36841,36849],{},[1781,36842,36843],{},[1792,36844,36845,36847],{},[1784,36846,2264],{},[1784,36848,20998],{},[1808,36850,36253],{"encoding":1810},[1035,36852,36854],{"className":36853},[1772],[1774,36855,36856],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,36857,36858,36918],{},[1781,36859,36860,36878,36880,36894,36896,36914,36916],{},[2322,36861,36862,36868],{},[1781,36863,36864,36866],{},[1784,36865,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,36867,31140],{},[1781,36869,36870,36872],{},[1784,36871,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,36873,36874,36876],{},[1784,36875,2264],{},[1784,36877,20998],{},[1788,36879,2637],{},[2322,36881,36882,36888],{},[1781,36883,36884,36886],{},[1784,36885,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,36887,31140],{},[1781,36889,36890,36892],{},[1784,36891,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,36893,3221],{},[1788,36895,2267],{},[2322,36897,36898,36904],{},[1781,36899,36900,36902],{},[1784,36901,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,36903,2364],{},[1781,36905,36906,36908],{},[1784,36907,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,36909,36910,36912],{},[1784,36911,2264],{},[1784,36913,20998],{},[1788,36915,1863],{},[2348,36917,2350],{},[1808,36919,36920],{"encoding":1810},"\\frac{\\partial V}{\\partial P_X} + \\frac{\\partial V}{\\partial I}\\cdot\\frac{\\partial E}{\\partial P_X} = 0",[1030,36922,36923,36924,36966,36967,36999],{},"A protože dle Shephardova lemmatu ",[1035,36925,36927],{"className":36926},[1772],[1774,36928,36929],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,36930,36931,36963],{},[1781,36932,36933,36935,36937,36939,36941,36947,36949,36955,36957],{},[1784,36934,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,36936,2364],{},[1784,36938,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,36940,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,36942,36943,36945],{},[1784,36944,2264],{},[1784,36946,20998],{},[1788,36948,1863],{},[2467,36950,36951,36953],{},[1784,36952,20998],{},[1784,36954,33448],{},[1788,36956,1863],{},[2467,36958,36959,36961],{},[1784,36960,20998],{},[1784,36962,1857],{},[1808,36964,36965],{"encoding":1810},"\\partial E\u002F\\partial P_X = X^H = X^M"," (v bodě, kde ",[1035,36968,36970],{"className":36969},[1772],[1774,36971,36972],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,36973,36974,36996],{},[1781,36975,36976,36978,36980,36982,36984,36986,36988,36994],{},[1784,36977,3221],{},[1788,36979,1863],{},[1784,36981,2364],{},[1788,36983,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,36985,2264],{},[1788,36987,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,36989,36990,36992],{},[1784,36991,2126],{},[2348,36993,2350],{},[1788,36995,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,36997,36998],{"encoding":1810},"I = E(P, U_0)","), dostáváme",[1035,37001,37003],{"className":37002},[1772],[1774,37004,37005],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,37006,37007,37051],{},[1781,37008,37009,37015,37017,37019,37049],{},[2467,37010,37011,37013],{},[1784,37012,20998],{},[1784,37014,1857],{},[1788,37016,1863],{},[1788,37018,2371],{},[2322,37020,37021,37037],{},[1781,37022,37023,37025,37027,37029,37031],{},[1784,37024,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,37026,31140],{},[1784,37028,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,37030,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,37032,37033,37035],{},[1784,37034,2264],{},[1784,37036,20998],{},[1781,37038,37039,37041,37043,37045,37047],{},[1784,37040,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,37042,31140],{},[1784,37044,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,37046,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,37048,3221],{},[1784,37050,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,37052,37053],{"encoding":1810},"X^M = -\\frac{\\partial V\u002F\\partial P_X}{\\partial V\u002F\\partial I}.",[1023,37055,37057,37064],{"className":37056,"dataCallout":1608},[1026,1607],[1030,37058,37060,37063],{"className":37059},[1033],[1035,37061],{"className":37062,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1615,1040],"Praktický význam",[1030,37065,37066,37067,37070,37071,37084,37085,37098,37099,1075],{},"Royova identita je ",[1047,37068,37069],{},"„opačnou stranou Shephardova lemmatu\"",": Shephard získává Hicksovu poptávku ze ",[1035,37072,37074],{"className":37073},[1772],[1774,37075,37076],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,37077,37078,37082],{},[1781,37079,37080],{},[1784,37081,2364],{},[1808,37083,2364],{"encoding":1810},", Roy získává Marshallovu poptávku z ",[1035,37086,37088],{"className":37087},[1772],[1774,37089,37090],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,37091,37092,37096],{},[1781,37093,37094],{},[1784,37095,31140],{},[1808,37097,31140],{"encoding":1810},". Společně uzavírají duální čtyřúhelník ",[1035,37100,37102],{"className":37101},[1772],[1774,37103,37104],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,37105,37106,37134],{},[1781,37107,37108,37110,37116,37118,37124,37126,37128,37130,37132],{},[1788,37109,2143],{"fence":1041,"stretchy":1041,"minsize":35018,"maxsize":35018},[2467,37111,37112,37114],{},[1784,37113,20998],{},[1784,37115,1857],{},[1788,37117,1138],{"separator":1041},[2467,37119,37120,37122],{},[1784,37121,20998],{},[1784,37123,33448],{},[1788,37125,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,37127,31140],{},[1788,37129,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,37131,2364],{},[1788,37133,2192],{"fence":1041,"stretchy":1041,"minsize":35018,"maxsize":35018},[1808,37135,37136],{"encoding":1810},"\\bigl(X^M, X^H, V, E\\bigr)",[4503,37138],{},[1077,37140,37142],{"id":37141},"_9-slutského-rovnice","9. Slutského rovnice",[1023,37144,37146,37153],{"className":37145,"dataCallout":4153},[1026,3500],[1030,37147,37149,37152],{"className":37148},[1033],[1035,37150],{"className":37151,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,3508,1040],"Slutského rovnice — duální verze",[1030,37154,37155],{},[1035,37156,37158],{"className":37157},[1772],[1774,37159,37160],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,37161,37162,37273],{},[1781,37163,37164,37186,37188,37236,37238],{},[2322,37165,37166,37176],{},[1781,37167,37168,37170],{},[1784,37169,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,37171,37172,37174],{},[1784,37173,20998],{},[1784,37175,1857],{},[1781,37177,37178,37180],{},[1784,37179,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,37181,37182,37184],{},[1784,37183,2264],{},[1784,37185,20998],{},[1788,37187,1863],{},[3341,37189,37190,37216],{},[3341,37191,37192,37214],{},[2322,37193,37194,37204],{},[1781,37195,37196,37198],{},[1784,37197,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,37199,37200,37202],{},[1784,37201,20998],{},[1784,37203,33448],{},[1781,37205,37206,37208],{},[1784,37207,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,37209,37210,37212],{},[1784,37211,2264],{},[1784,37213,20998],{},[1788,37215,8059],{"stretchy":1041},[1781,37217,37218,37224,37227,37233],{},[2160,37219,37220,37222],{"accent":1041},[2149,37221,9435],{},[1788,37223,2167],{},[2149,37225,37226],{},"ist",[2160,37228,37229,37231],{"accent":1041},[2149,37230,3750],{},[1788,37232,2181],{},[2149,37234,37235],{}," SE (Hicks)",[1788,37237,2371],{},[3341,37239,37240,37270],{},[3341,37241,37242,37268],{},[1781,37243,37244,37250],{},[2467,37245,37246,37248],{},[1784,37247,20998],{},[1784,37249,1857],{},[2322,37251,37252,37262],{},[1781,37253,37254,37256],{},[1784,37255,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,37257,37258,37260],{},[1784,37259,20998],{},[1784,37261,1857],{},[1781,37263,37264,37266],{},[1784,37265,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,37267,3221],{},[1788,37269,8059],{"stretchy":1041},[2149,37271,37272],{},"IE",[1808,37274,37275],{"encoding":1810},"\\frac{\\partial X^M}{\\partial P_X} = \\underbrace{\\frac{\\partial X^H}{\\partial P_X}}_{\\text{čistý SE (Hicks)}} - \\underbrace{X^M\\frac{\\partial X^M}{\\partial I}}_{\\text{IE}}",[1100,37277,35104],{"id":37278},"význam",[1030,37280,37281,37282,37284,37285,37302],{},"Změna ",[1047,37283,33686],{}," (kterou pozorujeme v reálných datech) při změně ceny ",[1035,37286,37288],{"className":37287},[1772],[1774,37289,37290],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,37291,37292,37300],{},[1781,37293,37294],{},[1792,37295,37296,37298],{},[1784,37297,2264],{},[1784,37299,20998],{},[1808,37301,36253],{"encoding":1810}," se rozkládá na:",[1260,37304,37305,37344],{},[1115,37306,37307,37310,37311,1075],{},[1047,37308,37309],{},"Substituční efekt"," podle Hickse — pohyb po stejné IC, ",[1035,37312,37314],{"className":37313},[1772],[1774,37315,37316],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,37317,37318,37342],{},[1781,37319,37320,37322,37328,37330,37332,37338,37340],{},[1784,37321,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,37323,37324,37326],{},[1784,37325,20998],{},[1784,37327,33448],{},[1784,37329,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,37331,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,37333,37334,37336],{},[1784,37335,2264],{},[1784,37337,20998],{},[1788,37339,33669],{},[2348,37341,2350],{},[1808,37343,34762],{"encoding":1810},[1115,37345,37346,37349,37350,37376,37377,37395,37396,37409],{},[1047,37347,37348],{},"Důchodový efekt"," — vážený mírou citlivosti poptávky na důchod ",[1035,37351,37353],{"className":37352},[1772],[1774,37354,37355],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,37356,37357,37373],{},[1781,37358,37359,37361,37367,37369,37371],{},[1784,37360,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,37362,37363,37365],{},[1784,37364,20998],{},[1784,37366,1857],{},[1784,37368,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,37370,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,37372,3221],{},[1808,37374,37375],{"encoding":1810},"\\partial X^M\u002F\\partial I"," a samotnou poptávkou ",[1035,37378,37380],{"className":37379},[1772],[1774,37381,37382],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,37383,37384,37392],{},[1781,37385,37386],{},[2467,37387,37388,37390],{},[1784,37389,20998],{},[1784,37391,1857],{},[1808,37393,37394],{"encoding":1810},"X^M"," (která reprezentuje „kupní sílu na statku ",[1035,37397,37399],{"className":37398},[1772],[1774,37400,37401],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,37402,37403,37407],{},[1781,37404,37405],{},[1784,37406,20998],{},[1808,37408,20998],{"encoding":1810},"\").",[1030,37411,25314,37412,4010,37415,37445,37446,37449],{},[1047,37413,37414],{},"normální zboží",[1035,37416,37418],{"className":37417},[1772],[1774,37419,37420],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,37421,37422,37442],{},[1781,37423,37424,37426,37432,37434,37436,37438,37440],{},[1784,37425,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,37427,37428,37430],{},[1784,37429,20998],{},[1784,37431,1857],{},[1784,37433,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,37435,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,37437,3221],{},[1788,37439,2491],{},[2348,37441,2350],{},[1808,37443,37444],{"encoding":1810},"\\partial X^M\u002F\\partial I > 0",") jdou oba efekty stejným směrem (pokles ceny ⟶ růst poptávky). Pro ",[1047,37447,37448],{},"inferiorní zboží"," mohou jít proti sobě a v krajním případě (Giffenovo zboží) může důchodový efekt převážit substituční.",[1023,37451,37453,37460],{"className":37452,"dataCallout":25986},[1026,25985],[1030,37454,37456,37459],{"className":37455},[1033],[1035,37457],{"className":37458,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,25993,1040],"Vazba na geometrii Hickse vs. Slutsky",[1030,37461,37462,37463,37466,37467,37470,37471,37474,37475,37478],{},"Substituční efekt v Slutského rovnici je ",[1047,37464,37465],{},"Hicksův"," — zachovává ",[1047,37468,37469],{},"užitek",". Slutsky alternativní rozklad zachovává ",[1047,37472,37473],{},"původní koš"," (real bundle) — viz detail v ",[1068,37476,33572],{"className":37477,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":25327,"href":25325},[1071],". V infinitezimálních změnách jsou oba pohledy ekvivalentní; v diskrétních se liší.",[4503,37480],{},[1077,37482,37484],{"id":37483},"_10-srovnávací-schéma-duálního-čtyřúhelníku","10. Srovnávací schéma duálního čtyřúhelníku",[4719,37486,37489],{"className":37487,"code":37488,"language":4724},[4722],"         Maximalizace užitku                     Minimalizace výdajů\n       ┌──────────────────────┐               ┌──────────────────────┐\n       │  max U(X,Y) za       │               │  min E = PxX + PyY   │\n       │  PxX + PyY ≤ I       │               │  za U(X,Y) ≥ U0      │\n       └──────────────────────┘               └──────────────────────┘\n                  │                                       │\n                  ▼ (Lagrange)                            ▼ (Lagrange)\n          ┌───────────────┐                       ┌───────────────┐\n          │  Marshall     │                       │  Hicks        │\n          │  X^M(P,I)     │  ◄── Slutsky ───►     │  X^H(P,U0)    │\n          └───────────────┘                       └───────────────┘\n                  │                                       │\n                  ▼ (dosadit)                             ▼ (sečíst)\n          ┌───────────────┐                       ┌───────────────┐\n          │  Nepřímá V    │   ◄── Inverze ───►    │  Výdajová E   │\n          │  V(P, I)      │                       │  E(P, U0)     │\n          └───────────────┘                       └───────────────┘\n                  │                                       │\n                  └── Roy: X^M = -(∂V\u002F∂P)\u002F(∂V\u002F∂I)         │\n                                                          │\n                       Shephard: X^H = ∂E\u002F∂P ─────────────┘\n",[4726,37490,37488],{"__ignoreMap":1685},[1030,37492,37493,37494,4010,37497,37531,37532,1062,37549,1075],{},"Tento diagram ukazuje ",[1047,37495,37496],{},"čtyři klíčové funkce",[1035,37498,37500],{"className":37499},[1772],[1774,37501,37502],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,37503,37504,37528],{},[1781,37505,37506,37512,37514,37520,37522,37524,37526],{},[2467,37507,37508,37510],{},[1784,37509,20998],{},[1784,37511,1857],{},[1788,37513,1138],{"separator":1041},[2467,37515,37516,37518],{},[1784,37517,20998],{},[1784,37519,33448],{},[1788,37521,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,37523,31140],{},[1788,37525,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,37527,2364],{},[1808,37529,37530],{"encoding":1810},"X^M, X^H, V, E",") propojené čtyřmi vztahy: dualitou, inverzí, Shephardem a Royem. Slutského rovnice pak svazuje derivace ",[1035,37533,37535],{"className":37534},[1772],[1774,37536,37537],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,37538,37539,37547],{},[1781,37540,37541],{},[2467,37542,37543,37545],{},[1784,37544,20998],{},[1784,37546,1857],{},[1808,37548,37394],{"encoding":1810},[1035,37550,37552],{"className":37551},[1772],[1774,37553,37554],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,37555,37556,37564],{},[1781,37557,37558],{},[2467,37559,37560,37562],{},[1784,37561,20998],{},[1784,37563,33448],{},[1808,37565,37566],{"encoding":1810},"X^H",[4503,37568],{},[1077,37570,37572],{"id":37571},"_11-vlastnosti-souhrnná-tabulka","11. Vlastnosti — souhrnná tabulka",[1153,37574,37575,37591],{},[1156,37576,37577],{},[1159,37578,37579,37582,37585,37588],{},[1162,37580,37581],{},"Funkce",[1162,37583,37584],{},"Argumenty",[1162,37586,37587],{},"Klíčová vlastnost",[1162,37589,37590],{},"Znaménko",[1172,37592,37593,37691,37790,37896],{},[1159,37594,37595,37615,37650,37653],{},[1177,37596,37597,37598],{},"Marshallova ",[1035,37599,37601],{"className":37600},[1772],[1774,37602,37603],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,37604,37605,37613],{},[1781,37606,37607],{},[2467,37608,37609,37611],{},[1784,37610,20998],{},[1784,37612,1857],{},[1808,37614,37394],{"encoding":1810},[1177,37616,37617],{},[1035,37618,37620],{"className":37619},[1772],[1774,37621,37622],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,37623,37624,37648],{},[1781,37625,37626,37628,37634,37636,37642,37644,37646],{},[1788,37627,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,37629,37630,37632],{},[1784,37631,2264],{},[1784,37633,20998],{},[1788,37635,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,37637,37638,37640],{},[1784,37639,2264],{},[1784,37641,21001],{},[1788,37643,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,37645,3221],{},[1788,37647,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,37649,33747],{"encoding":1810},[1177,37651,37652],{},"Homogenní st. 0",[1177,37654,37655,37690],{},[1035,37656,37658],{"className":37657},[1772],[1774,37659,37660],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,37661,37662,37687],{},[1781,37663,37664,37666,37672,37674,37676,37682,37685],{},[1784,37665,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,37667,37668,37670],{},[1784,37669,20998],{},[1784,37671,1857],{},[1784,37673,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,37675,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,37677,37678,37680],{},[1784,37679,2264],{},[1784,37681,20998],{},[1788,37683,37684],{},"≶",[2348,37686,2350],{},[1808,37688,37689],{"encoding":1810},"\\partial X^M\u002F\\partial P_X \\lessgtr 0"," (Giffen!)",[1159,37692,37693,37713,37752,37754],{},[1177,37694,37695,37696],{},"Hicksova ",[1035,37697,37699],{"className":37698},[1772],[1774,37700,37701],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,37702,37703,37711],{},[1781,37704,37705],{},[2467,37706,37707,37709],{},[1784,37708,20998],{},[1784,37710,33448],{},[1808,37712,37566],{"encoding":1810},[1177,37714,37715],{},[1035,37716,37718],{"className":37717},[1772],[1774,37719,37720],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,37721,37722,37750],{},[1781,37723,37724,37726,37732,37734,37740,37742,37748],{},[1788,37725,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,37727,37728,37730],{},[1784,37729,2264],{},[1784,37731,20998],{},[1788,37733,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,37735,37736,37738],{},[1784,37737,2264],{},[1784,37739,21001],{},[1788,37741,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,37743,37744,37746],{},[1784,37745,2126],{},[2348,37747,2350],{},[1788,37749,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,37751,33931],{"encoding":1810},[1177,37753,37652],{},[1177,37755,37756,37789],{},[1035,37757,37759],{"className":37758},[1772],[1774,37760,37761],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,37762,37763,37787],{},[1781,37764,37765,37767,37773,37775,37777,37783,37785],{},[1784,37766,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,37768,37769,37771],{},[1784,37770,20998],{},[1784,37772,33448],{},[1784,37774,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,37776,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,37778,37779,37781],{},[1784,37780,2264],{},[1784,37782,20998],{},[1788,37784,33669],{},[2348,37786,2350],{},[1808,37788,34762],{"encoding":1810}," (vždy)",[1159,37791,37792,37808,37843,37846],{},[1177,37793,37794,37795],{},"Nepřímá užitková ",[1035,37796,37798],{"className":37797},[1772],[1774,37799,37800],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,37801,37802,37806],{},[1781,37803,37804],{},[1784,37805,31140],{},[1808,37807,31140],{"encoding":1810},[1177,37809,37810],{},[1035,37811,37813],{"className":37812},[1772],[1774,37814,37815],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,37816,37817,37841],{},[1781,37818,37819,37821,37827,37829,37835,37837,37839],{},[1788,37820,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,37822,37823,37825],{},[1784,37824,2264],{},[1784,37826,20998],{},[1788,37828,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,37830,37831,37833],{},[1784,37832,2264],{},[1784,37834,21001],{},[1788,37836,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,37838,3221],{},[1788,37840,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,37842,33747],{"encoding":1810},[1177,37844,37845],{},"Homogenní st. 0; kvazikonvexní v cenách",[1177,37847,37848],{},[1035,37849,37851],{"className":37850},[1772],[1774,37852,37853],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,37854,37855,37893],{},[1781,37856,37857,37859,37861,37863,37865,37867,37869,37871,37873,37875,37877,37879,37881,37883,37889,37891],{},[1784,37858,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,37860,31140],{},[1784,37862,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,37864,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,37866,3221],{},[1788,37868,2491],{},[2348,37870,2350],{},[1788,37872,1138],{"separator":1041},[2149,37874,13478],{},[1784,37876,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,37878,31140],{},[1784,37880,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,37882,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,37884,37885,37887],{},[1784,37886,2264],{},[1784,37888,1803],{},[1788,37890,33669],{},[2348,37892,2350],{},[1808,37894,37895],{"encoding":1810},"\\partial V\u002F\\partial I > 0,\\ \\partial V\u002F\\partial P_i \\le 0",[1159,37897,37898,37914,37953,37958],{},[1177,37899,37900,37901],{},"Výdajová ",[1035,37902,37904],{"className":37903},[1772],[1774,37905,37906],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,37907,37908,37912],{},[1781,37909,37910],{},[1784,37911,2364],{},[1808,37913,2364],{"encoding":1810},[1177,37915,37916],{},[1035,37917,37919],{"className":37918},[1772],[1774,37920,37921],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,37922,37923,37951],{},[1781,37924,37925,37927,37933,37935,37941,37943,37949],{},[1788,37926,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,37928,37929,37931],{},[1784,37930,2264],{},[1784,37932,20998],{},[1788,37934,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,37936,37937,37939],{},[1784,37938,2264],{},[1784,37940,21001],{},[1788,37942,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,37944,37945,37947],{},[1784,37946,2126],{},[2348,37948,2350],{},[1788,37950,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,37952,33931],{"encoding":1810},[1177,37954,37955,37956],{},"Homogenní st. 1 v cenách; ",[1047,37957,35514],{},[1177,37959,37960],{},[1035,37961,37963],{"className":37962},[1772],[1774,37964,37965],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,37966,37967,38009],{},[1781,37968,37969,37971,37973,37975,37977,37983,37985,37987,37989,37991,37993,37995,37997,37999,38005,38007],{},[1784,37970,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,37972,2364],{},[1784,37974,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,37976,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,37978,37979,37981],{},[1784,37980,2126],{},[2348,37982,2350],{},[1788,37984,2491],{},[2348,37986,2350],{},[1788,37988,1138],{"separator":1041},[2149,37990,13478],{},[1784,37992,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,37994,2364],{},[1784,37996,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,37998,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,38000,38001,38003],{},[1784,38002,2264],{},[1784,38004,1803],{},[1788,38006,1790],{},[2348,38008,2350],{},[1808,38010,38011],{"encoding":1810},"\\partial E\u002F\\partial U_0 > 0,\\ \\partial E\u002F\\partial P_i \\ge 0",[4503,38013],{},[1077,38015,38017,38018],{"id":38016},"_12-detailní-příklad-uxyu-sqrtxy","12. Detailní příklad: ",[1035,38019,38021],{"className":38020},[1772],[1774,38022,38023],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,38024,38025,38039],{},[1781,38026,38027,38029,38031],{},[1784,38028,2126],{},[1788,38030,1863],{},[22228,38032,38033],{},[1781,38034,38035,38037],{},[1784,38036,20998],{},[1784,38038,21001],{},[1808,38040,38041],{"encoding":1810},"U = \\sqrt{XY}",[1023,38043,38045,38052],{"className":38044,"dataCallout":25986},[1026,25985],[1030,38046,38048,38051],{"className":38047},[1033],[1035,38049],{"className":38050,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,25993,1040],"Klíčový příklad z přepisu",[1030,38053,38054,38055,1075],{},"Tento výpočet pochází z ručně zpracovaného listu pro Cobb-Douglasovy preference. Jde o Cobb-Douglasovy preference se symetrickými exponenty ",[1035,38056,38058],{"className":38057},[1772],[1774,38059,38060],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,38061,38062,38076],{},[1781,38063,38064,38067,38069,38072,38074],{},[1784,38065,38066],{},"α",[1788,38068,1863],{},[1784,38070,38071],{},"β",[1788,38073,1863],{},[2348,38075,15984],{},[1808,38077,38078],{"encoding":1810},"\\alpha = \\beta = 0{,}5",[1030,38080,38081],{},"Užitková funkce:",[1035,38083,38085],{"className":38084},[1772],[1774,38086,38087],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,38088,38089,38129],{},[1781,38090,38091,38093,38095,38097,38099,38101,38103,38105,38113,38115,38121,38123],{},[1784,38092,2126],{},[1788,38094,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,38096,20998],{},[1788,38098,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,38100,21001],{},[1788,38102,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,38104,1863],{},[22228,38106,38107],{},[1781,38108,38109,38111],{},[1784,38110,20998],{},[1784,38112,21001],{},[1788,38114,1863],{},[2467,38116,38117,38119],{},[1784,38118,20998],{},[2348,38120,15984],{},[2149,38122,2769],{},[2467,38124,38125,38127],{},[1784,38126,21001],{},[2348,38128,15984],{},[1808,38130,38131],{"encoding":1810},"U(X, Y) = \\sqrt{XY} = X^{0{,}5}\\, Y^{0{,}5}",[1030,38133,38134,38135,38148,38149,38162],{},"Rozpočtové omezení (značíme ",[1035,38136,38138],{"className":38137},[1772],[1774,38139,38140],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,38141,38142,38146],{},[1781,38143,38144],{},[1784,38145,2475],{},[1808,38147,2475],{"encoding":1810}," místo ",[1035,38150,38152],{"className":38151},[1772],[1774,38153,38154],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,38155,38156,38160],{},[1781,38157,38158],{},[1784,38159,3221],{},[1808,38161,3221],{"encoding":1810},", jak v ručním zápisu):",[1035,38164,38166],{"className":38165},[1772],[1774,38167,38168],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,38169,38170,38194],{},[1781,38171,38172,38174,38176,38182,38184,38186,38192],{},[1784,38173,2475],{},[1788,38175,1863],{},[1792,38177,38178,38180],{},[1784,38179,2264],{},[1784,38181,20998],{},[1784,38183,20998],{},[1788,38185,2637],{},[1792,38187,38188,38190],{},[1784,38189,2264],{},[1784,38191,21001],{},[1784,38193,21001],{},[1808,38195,38196],{"encoding":1810},"B = P_X X + P_Y Y",[1100,38198,38200],{"id":38199},"_121-krok-1-marshallova-poptávka-přes-lagrange","12.1 Krok 1 — Marshallova poptávka přes Lagrange",[1030,38202,38203],{},"Lagrangián:",[1035,38205,38207],{"className":38206},[1772],[1774,38208,38209],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,38210,38211,38261],{},[1781,38212,38213,38215,38217,38223,38225,38231,38233,38235,38237,38239,38241,38247,38249,38251,38257,38259],{},[1784,38214,3766],{"mathvariant":36330},[1788,38216,1863],{},[2467,38218,38219,38221],{},[1784,38220,20998],{},[2348,38222,15984],{},[2149,38224,2769],{},[2467,38226,38227,38229],{},[1784,38228,21001],{},[2348,38230,15984],{},[1788,38232,2637],{},[1784,38234,34316],{},[1788,38236,2143],{"fence":1041,"stretchy":1041,"minsize":35018,"maxsize":35018},[1784,38238,2475],{},[1788,38240,2371],{},[1792,38242,38243,38245],{},[1784,38244,2264],{},[1784,38246,20998],{},[1784,38248,20998],{},[1788,38250,2371],{},[1792,38252,38253,38255],{},[1784,38254,2264],{},[1784,38256,21001],{},[1784,38258,21001],{},[1788,38260,2192],{"fence":1041,"stretchy":1041,"minsize":35018,"maxsize":35018},[1808,38262,38263],{"encoding":1810},"\\mathcal{L} = X^{0{,}5}\\, Y^{0{,}5} + \\lambda\\bigl(B - P_X X - P_Y Y\\bigr)",[1030,38265,38266],{},"Parciální derivace (podmínky 1. řádu):",[1035,38268,38270],{"className":38269},[1772],[1774,38271,38272],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,38273,38274,38368],{},[1781,38275,38276,38290,38292,38294,38296,38306,38308,38314,38316,38322,38324,38326,38328,38330,38332,38334,38336,38338],{},[2322,38277,38278,38284],{},[1781,38279,38280,38282],{},[1784,38281,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,38283,3766],{"mathvariant":36330},[1781,38285,38286,38288],{},[1784,38287,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,38289,20998],{},[1788,38291,1863],{},[2348,38293,15984],{},[2149,38295,2769],{},[2467,38297,38298,38300],{},[1784,38299,20998],{},[1781,38301,38302,38304],{},[1788,38303,2371],{},[2348,38305,15984],{},[2149,38307,2769],{},[2467,38309,38310,38312],{},[1784,38311,21001],{},[2348,38313,15984],{},[1788,38315,2371],{},[1792,38317,38318,38320],{},[1784,38319,2264],{},[1784,38321,20998],{},[1784,38323,34316],{},[1788,38325,1863],{},[2348,38327,2350],{},[2149,38329,21702],{},[1788,38331,2357],{},[2149,38333,21702],{},[1784,38335,34316],{},[1788,38337,1863],{},[2322,38339,38340,38352],{},[1781,38341,38342,38344,38346],{},[2348,38343,15984],{},[2149,38345,2769],{},[2467,38347,38348,38350],{},[1784,38349,21001],{},[2348,38351,15984],{},[1781,38353,38354,38360,38362],{},[2467,38355,38356,38358],{},[1784,38357,20998],{},[2348,38359,15984],{},[2149,38361,2769],{},[1792,38363,38364,38366],{},[1784,38365,2264],{},[1784,38367,20998],{},[1808,38369,38370],{"encoding":1810},"\\frac{\\partial \\mathcal{L}}{\\partial X} = 0{,}5\\, X^{-0{,}5}\\, Y^{0{,}5} - P_X \\lambda = 0 \\;\\Rightarrow\\; \\lambda = \\frac{0{,}5\\, Y^{0{,}5}}{X^{0{,}5}\\, P_X}",[1035,38372,38374],{"className":38373},[1772],[1774,38375,38376],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,38377,38378,38472],{},[1781,38379,38380,38394,38396,38398,38400,38406,38408,38418,38420,38426,38428,38430,38432,38434,38436,38438,38440,38442],{},[2322,38381,38382,38388],{},[1781,38383,38384,38386],{},[1784,38385,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,38387,3766],{"mathvariant":36330},[1781,38389,38390,38392],{},[1784,38391,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,38393,21001],{},[1788,38395,1863],{},[2348,38397,15984],{},[2149,38399,2769],{},[2467,38401,38402,38404],{},[1784,38403,20998],{},[2348,38405,15984],{},[2149,38407,2769],{},[2467,38409,38410,38412],{},[1784,38411,21001],{},[1781,38413,38414,38416],{},[1788,38415,2371],{},[2348,38417,15984],{},[1788,38419,2371],{},[1792,38421,38422,38424],{},[1784,38423,2264],{},[1784,38425,21001],{},[1784,38427,34316],{},[1788,38429,1863],{},[2348,38431,2350],{},[2149,38433,21702],{},[1788,38435,2357],{},[2149,38437,21702],{},[1784,38439,34316],{},[1788,38441,1863],{},[2322,38443,38444,38456],{},[1781,38445,38446,38448,38450],{},[2348,38447,15984],{},[2149,38449,2769],{},[2467,38451,38452,38454],{},[1784,38453,20998],{},[2348,38455,15984],{},[1781,38457,38458,38464,38466],{},[2467,38459,38460,38462],{},[1784,38461,21001],{},[2348,38463,15984],{},[2149,38465,2769],{},[1792,38467,38468,38470],{},[1784,38469,2264],{},[1784,38471,21001],{},[1808,38473,38474],{"encoding":1810},"\\frac{\\partial \\mathcal{L}}{\\partial Y} = 0{,}5\\, X^{0{,}5}\\, Y^{-0{,}5} - P_Y \\lambda = 0 \\;\\Rightarrow\\; \\lambda = \\frac{0{,}5\\, X^{0{,}5}}{Y^{0{,}5}\\, P_Y}",[1030,38476,38477,38478,1310],{},"Rovnost obou výrazů ",[1035,38479,38481],{"className":38480},[1772],[1774,38482,38483],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,38484,38485,38489],{},[1781,38486,38487],{},[1784,38488,34316],{},[1808,38490,38491],{"encoding":1810},"\\lambda",[1035,38493,38495],{"className":38494},[1772],[1774,38496,38497],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,38498,38499,38591],{},[1781,38500,38501,38531,38533,38563,38565,38567,38569,38571,38573,38579,38581,38583,38585],{},[2322,38502,38503,38515],{},[1781,38504,38505,38507,38509],{},[2348,38506,15984],{},[2149,38508,2769],{},[2467,38510,38511,38513],{},[1784,38512,21001],{},[2348,38514,15984],{},[1781,38516,38517,38523,38525],{},[2467,38518,38519,38521],{},[1784,38520,20998],{},[2348,38522,15984],{},[2149,38524,2769],{},[1792,38526,38527,38529],{},[1784,38528,2264],{},[1784,38530,20998],{},[1788,38532,1863],{},[2322,38534,38535,38547],{},[1781,38536,38537,38539,38541],{},[2348,38538,15984],{},[2149,38540,2769],{},[2467,38542,38543,38545],{},[1784,38544,20998],{},[2348,38546,15984],{},[1781,38548,38549,38555,38557],{},[2467,38550,38551,38553],{},[1784,38552,21001],{},[2348,38554,15984],{},[2149,38556,2769],{},[1792,38558,38559,38561],{},[1784,38560,2264],{},[1784,38562,21001],{},[2149,38564,21702],{},[1788,38566,2357],{},[2149,38568,21702],{},[1784,38570,21001],{},[1788,38572,2267],{},[1792,38574,38575,38577],{},[1784,38576,2264],{},[1784,38578,21001],{},[1788,38580,1863],{},[1784,38582,20998],{},[1788,38584,2267],{},[1792,38586,38587,38589],{},[1784,38588,2264],{},[1784,38590,20998],{},[1808,38592,38593],{"encoding":1810},"\\frac{0{,}5\\, Y^{0{,}5}}{X^{0{,}5}\\, P_X} = \\frac{0{,}5\\, X^{0{,}5}}{Y^{0{,}5}\\, P_Y} \\;\\Rightarrow\\; Y \\cdot P_Y = X \\cdot P_X",[1030,38595,38596,38597,38600],{},"Tedy spotřebitel utratí ",[1047,38598,38599],{},"stejně peněz"," za obě statky (charakteristika Cobb-Douglas s rovnými exponenty).",[1030,38602,38603,38604,1062,38637,1310],{},"Z rozpočtu ",[1035,38605,38607],{"className":38606},[1772],[1774,38608,38609],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,38610,38611,38635],{},[1781,38612,38613,38615,38617,38623,38625,38627,38633],{},[1784,38614,2475],{},[1788,38616,1863],{},[1792,38618,38619,38621],{},[1784,38620,2264],{},[1784,38622,20998],{},[1784,38624,20998],{},[1788,38626,2637],{},[1792,38628,38629,38631],{},[1784,38630,2264],{},[1784,38632,21001],{},[1784,38634,21001],{},[1808,38636,38196],{"encoding":1810},[1035,38638,38640],{"className":38639},[1772],[1774,38641,38642],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,38643,38644,38664],{},[1781,38645,38646,38652,38654,38656,38662],{},[1792,38647,38648,38650],{},[1784,38649,2264],{},[1784,38651,20998],{},[1784,38653,20998],{},[1788,38655,1863],{},[1792,38657,38658,38660],{},[1784,38659,2264],{},[1784,38661,21001],{},[1784,38663,21001],{},[1808,38665,38666],{"encoding":1810},"P_X X = P_Y Y",[1035,38668,38670],{"className":38669},[1772],[1774,38671,38672],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,38673,38674,38702],{},[1781,38675,38676,38678,38680,38682,38688,38690,38692,38694,38700],{},[1784,38677,2475],{},[1788,38679,1863],{},[2348,38681,4593],{},[1792,38683,38684,38686],{},[1784,38685,2264],{},[1784,38687,20998],{},[1784,38689,20998],{},[1788,38691,1863],{},[2348,38693,4593],{},[1792,38695,38696,38698],{},[1784,38697,2264],{},[1784,38699,21001],{},[1784,38701,21001],{},[1808,38703,38704],{"encoding":1810},"B = 2 P_X X = 2 P_Y Y",[1023,38706,38710,38741],{"className":38707,"dataCallout":38709},[1026,38708],"callout-success","success",[1030,38711,38713,38717,38718],{"className":38712},[1033],[1035,38714],{"className":38715,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,38716,1040],"i-lucide:circle-check","Marshallovy poptávky pro ",[1035,38719,38721],{"className":38720},[1772],[1774,38722,38723],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,38724,38725,38739],{},[1781,38726,38727,38729,38731],{},[1784,38728,2126],{},[1788,38730,1863],{},[22228,38732,38733],{},[1781,38734,38735,38737],{},[1784,38736,20998],{},[1784,38738,21001],{},[1808,38740,38041],{"encoding":1810},[1030,38742,38743],{},[1035,38744,38746],{"className":38745},[1772],[1774,38747,38748],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,38749,38750,38810],{},[1781,38751,38752],{},[21766,38753,38754],{"notation":21768},[14390,38755,38756],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,38757,38758],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,38759,38760],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[1781,38761,38762,38768,38770,38784,38786,38788,38794,38796],{},[2467,38763,38764,38766],{},[1784,38765,20998],{},[1784,38767,1857],{},[1788,38769,1863],{},[2322,38771,38772,38774],{},[1784,38773,2475],{},[1781,38775,38776,38778],{},[2348,38777,4593],{},[1792,38779,38780,38782],{},[1784,38781,2264],{},[1784,38783,20998],{},[1788,38785,1138],{"separator":1041},[2352,38787],{"width":2354},[2467,38789,38790,38792],{},[1784,38791,21001],{},[1784,38793,1857],{},[1788,38795,1863],{},[2322,38797,38798,38800],{},[1784,38799,2475],{},[1781,38801,38802,38804],{},[2348,38803,4593],{},[1792,38805,38806,38808],{},[1784,38807,2264],{},[1784,38809,21001],{},[1808,38811,38812],{"encoding":1810},"\\boxed{X^M = \\frac{B}{2 P_X}, \\qquad Y^M = \\frac{B}{2 P_Y}}",[1100,38814,38816,38817],{"id":38815},"_122-krok-2-nepřímá-užitková-funkce-vpxpybvp_x-p_y-b","12.2 Krok 2 — Nepřímá užitková funkce ",[1035,38818,38820],{"className":38819},[1772],[1774,38821,38822],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,38823,38824,38850],{},[1781,38825,38826,38828,38830,38836,38838,38844,38846,38848],{},[1784,38827,31140],{},[1788,38829,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,38831,38832,38834],{},[1784,38833,2264],{},[1784,38835,20998],{},[1788,38837,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,38839,38840,38842],{},[1784,38841,2264],{},[1784,38843,21001],{},[1788,38845,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,38847,2475],{},[1788,38849,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,38851,38852],{"encoding":1810},"V(P_X, P_Y, B)",[1030,38854,38855],{},"Dosadíme Marshallovy poptávky zpět do užitkové funkce:",[1035,38857,38859],{"className":38858},[1772],[1774,38860,38861],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,38862,38863,38973],{},[1781,38864,38865,38867,38869,38871,38873,38879,38881,38887,38889,38891,38909,38911,38945,38947],{},[1784,38866,31140],{},[1788,38868,1863],{},[1784,38870,2126],{},[1788,38872,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2467,38874,38875,38877],{},[1784,38876,20998],{},[1784,38878,1857],{},[1788,38880,1138],{"separator":1041},[2467,38882,38883,38885],{},[1784,38884,21001],{},[1784,38886,1857],{},[1788,38888,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,38890,1863],{},[22228,38892,38893],{},[1781,38894,38895,38901,38903],{},[2467,38896,38897,38899],{},[1784,38898,20998],{},[1784,38900,1857],{},[2149,38902,2769],{},[2467,38904,38905,38907],{},[1784,38906,21001],{},[1784,38908,1857],{},[1788,38910,1863],{},[22228,38912,38913],{},[1781,38914,38915,38929,38931],{},[2322,38916,38917,38919],{},[1784,38918,2475],{},[1781,38920,38921,38923],{},[2348,38922,4593],{},[1792,38924,38925,38927],{},[1784,38926,2264],{},[1784,38928,20998],{},[1788,38930,2267],{},[2322,38932,38933,38935],{},[1784,38934,2475],{},[1781,38936,38937,38939],{},[2348,38938,4593],{},[1792,38940,38941,38943],{},[1784,38942,2264],{},[1784,38944,21001],{},[1788,38946,1863],{},[2322,38948,38949,38951],{},[1784,38950,2475],{},[1781,38952,38953,38955],{},[2348,38954,4593],{},[22228,38956,38957],{},[1781,38958,38959,38965,38967],{},[1792,38960,38961,38963],{},[1784,38962,2264],{},[1784,38964,20998],{},[2149,38966,2769],{},[1792,38968,38969,38971],{},[1784,38970,2264],{},[1784,38972,21001],{},[1808,38974,38975],{"encoding":1810},"V = U(X^M, Y^M) = \\sqrt{X^M\\, Y^M} = \\sqrt{\\frac{B}{2 P_X} \\cdot \\frac{B}{2 P_Y}} = \\frac{B}{2\\sqrt{P_X\\, P_Y}}",[1023,38977,38979,38986],{"className":38978,"dataCallout":38709},[1026,38708],[1030,38980,38982,38985],{"className":38981},[1033],[1035,38983],{"className":38984,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,38716,1040],"Nepřímá užitková funkce",[1030,38987,38988],{},[1035,38989,38991],{"className":38990},[1772],[1774,38992,38993],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,38994,38995,39059],{},[1781,38996,38997],{},[21766,38998,38999],{"notation":21768},[14390,39000,39001],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,39002,39003],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,39004,39005],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[1781,39006,39007,39009,39011,39017,39019,39025,39027,39029,39031,39033],{},[1784,39008,31140],{},[1788,39010,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,39012,39013,39015],{},[1784,39014,2264],{},[1784,39016,20998],{},[1788,39018,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,39020,39021,39023],{},[1784,39022,2264],{},[1784,39024,21001],{},[1788,39026,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,39028,2475],{},[1788,39030,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,39032,1863],{},[2322,39034,39035,39037],{},[1784,39036,2475],{},[1781,39038,39039,39041],{},[2348,39040,4593],{},[22228,39042,39043],{},[1781,39044,39045,39051,39053],{},[1792,39046,39047,39049],{},[1784,39048,2264],{},[1784,39050,20998],{},[2149,39052,2769],{},[1792,39054,39055,39057],{},[1784,39056,2264],{},[1784,39058,21001],{},[1808,39060,39061],{"encoding":1810},"\\boxed{V(P_X, P_Y, B) = \\frac{B}{2\\sqrt{P_X\\, P_Y}}}",[1100,39063,39065,39066],{"id":39064},"_123-krok-3-výdajová-funkce-epxpyu0ep_x-p_y-u_0","12.3 Krok 3 — Výdajová funkce ",[1035,39067,39069],{"className":39068},[1772],[1774,39070,39071],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,39072,39073,39103],{},[1781,39074,39075,39077,39079,39085,39087,39093,39095,39101],{},[1784,39076,2364],{},[1788,39078,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,39080,39081,39083],{},[1784,39082,2264],{},[1784,39084,20998],{},[1788,39086,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,39088,39089,39091],{},[1784,39090,2264],{},[1784,39092,21001],{},[1788,39094,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,39096,39097,39099],{},[1784,39098,2126],{},[2348,39100,2350],{},[1788,39102,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,39104,35343],{"encoding":1810},[1030,39106,39107,39108,39121,39122,39168,39169,1310],{},"Inverze nepřímé užitkové funkce vůči ",[1035,39109,39111],{"className":39110},[1772],[1774,39112,39113],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,39114,39115,39119],{},[1781,39116,39117],{},[1784,39118,2475],{},[1808,39120,2475],{"encoding":1810},". Z ",[1035,39123,39125],{"className":39124},[1772],[1774,39126,39127],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,39128,39129,39165],{},[1781,39130,39131,39137,39139,39141,39143,39145,39147,39163],{},[1792,39132,39133,39135],{},[1784,39134,2126],{},[2348,39136,2350],{},[1788,39138,1863],{},[1784,39140,2475],{},[1784,39142,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,39144,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,39146,4593],{},[22228,39148,39149],{},[1781,39150,39151,39157],{},[1792,39152,39153,39155],{},[1784,39154,2264],{},[1784,39156,20998],{},[1792,39158,39159,39161],{},[1784,39160,2264],{},[1784,39162,21001],{},[1788,39164,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,39166,39167],{"encoding":1810},"U_0 = B\u002F(2\\sqrt{P_X P_Y})"," řešíme pro ",[1035,39170,39172],{"className":39171},[1772],[1774,39173,39174],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,39175,39176,39180],{},[1781,39177,39178],{},[1784,39179,2475],{},[1808,39181,2475],{"encoding":1810},[1035,39183,39185],{"className":39184},[1772],[1774,39186,39187],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,39188,39189,39223],{},[1781,39190,39191,39193,39195,39197,39215,39217],{},[1784,39192,2475],{},[1788,39194,1863],{},[2348,39196,4593],{},[22228,39198,39199],{},[1781,39200,39201,39207,39209],{},[1792,39202,39203,39205],{},[1784,39204,2264],{},[1784,39206,20998],{},[2149,39208,2769],{},[1792,39210,39211,39213],{},[1784,39212,2264],{},[1784,39214,21001],{},[1788,39216,2267],{},[1792,39218,39219,39221],{},[1784,39220,2126],{},[2348,39222,2350],{},[1808,39224,39225],{"encoding":1810},"B = 2\\sqrt{P_X\\, P_Y}\\cdot U_0",[1023,39227,39229,39235],{"className":39228,"dataCallout":38709},[1026,38708],[1030,39230,39232,35359],{"className":39231},[1033],[1035,39233],{"className":39234,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,38716,1040],[1030,39236,39237],{},[1035,39238,39240],{"className":39239},[1772],[1774,39241,39242],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,39243,39244,39314],{},[1781,39245,39246],{},[21766,39247,39248],{"notation":21768},[14390,39249,39250],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,39251,39252],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,39253,39254],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[1781,39255,39256,39258,39260,39266,39268,39274,39276,39282,39284,39286,39288,39306,39308],{},[1784,39257,2364],{},[1788,39259,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,39261,39262,39264],{},[1784,39263,2264],{},[1784,39265,20998],{},[1788,39267,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,39269,39270,39272],{},[1784,39271,2264],{},[1784,39273,21001],{},[1788,39275,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,39277,39278,39280],{},[1784,39279,2126],{},[2348,39281,2350],{},[1788,39283,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,39285,1863],{},[2348,39287,4593],{},[22228,39289,39290],{},[1781,39291,39292,39298,39300],{},[1792,39293,39294,39296],{},[1784,39295,2264],{},[1784,39297,20998],{},[2149,39299,2769],{},[1792,39301,39302,39304],{},[1784,39303,2264],{},[1784,39305,21001],{},[1788,39307,2267],{},[1792,39309,39310,39312],{},[1784,39311,2126],{},[2348,39313,2350],{},[1808,39315,39316],{"encoding":1810},"\\boxed{E(P_X, P_Y, U_0) = 2\\sqrt{P_X\\, P_Y}\\cdot U_0}",[1100,39318,39320],{"id":39319},"_124-krok-4-hicksova-poptávka-přes-shephardovo-lemma","12.4 Krok 4 — Hicksova poptávka přes Shephardovo lemma",[1030,39322,39323,39324,39358],{},"Aplikujeme ",[1035,39325,39327],{"className":39326},[1772],[1774,39328,39329],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,39330,39331,39355],{},[1781,39332,39333,39339,39341,39343,39345,39347,39349],{},[1792,39334,39335,39337],{},[1784,39336,12129],{},[1784,39338,20998],{},[1788,39340,1863],{},[1784,39342,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,39344,2364],{},[1784,39346,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,39348,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,39350,39351,39353],{},[1784,39352,2264],{},[1784,39354,20998],{},[1808,39356,39357],{"encoding":1810},"h_X = \\partial E\u002F\\partial P_X",". Přepišeme:",[1035,39360,39362],{"className":39361},[1772],[1774,39363,39364],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,39365,39366,39402],{},[1781,39367,39368,39370,39372,39374,39376,39384,39386,39394,39396],{},[1784,39369,2364],{},[1788,39371,1863],{},[2348,39373,4593],{},[2149,39375,2769],{},[13587,39377,39378,39380,39382],{},[1784,39379,2264],{},[1784,39381,20998],{},[2348,39383,15984],{},[2149,39385,2769],{},[13587,39387,39388,39390,39392],{},[1784,39389,2264],{},[1784,39391,21001],{},[2348,39393,15984],{},[2149,39395,2769],{},[1792,39397,39398,39400],{},[1784,39399,2126],{},[2348,39401,2350],{},[1808,39403,39404],{"encoding":1810},"E = 2\\, P_X^{0{,}5}\\, P_Y^{0{,}5}\\, U_0",[1030,39406,39407,39408,1310],{},"Derivujeme podle ",[1035,39409,39411],{"className":39410},[1772],[1774,39412,39413],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,39414,39415,39423],{},[1781,39416,39417],{},[1792,39418,39419,39421],{},[1784,39420,2264],{},[1784,39422,20998],{},[1808,39424,36253],{"encoding":1810},[1035,39426,39428],{"className":39427},[1772],[1774,39429,39430],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,39431,39432,39532],{},[1781,39433,39434,39440,39442,39460,39462,39464,39466,39468,39470,39482,39484,39492,39494,39500,39502,39514,39516,39524,39526],{},[1792,39435,39436,39438],{},[1784,39437,12129],{},[1784,39439,20998],{},[1788,39441,1863],{},[2322,39443,39444,39450],{},[1781,39445,39446,39448],{},[1784,39447,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,39449,2364],{},[1781,39451,39452,39454],{},[1784,39453,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,39455,39456,39458],{},[1784,39457,2264],{},[1784,39459,20998],{},[1788,39461,1863],{},[2348,39463,4593],{},[1788,39465,2267],{},[2348,39467,15984],{},[2149,39469,2769],{},[13587,39471,39472,39474,39476],{},[1784,39473,2264],{},[1784,39475,20998],{},[1781,39477,39478,39480],{},[1788,39479,2371],{},[2348,39481,15984],{},[2149,39483,2769],{},[13587,39485,39486,39488,39490],{},[1784,39487,2264],{},[1784,39489,21001],{},[2348,39491,15984],{},[2149,39493,2769],{},[1792,39495,39496,39498],{},[1784,39497,2126],{},[2348,39499,2350],{},[1788,39501,1863],{},[13587,39503,39504,39506,39508],{},[1784,39505,2264],{},[1784,39507,20998],{},[1781,39509,39510,39512],{},[1788,39511,2371],{},[2348,39513,15984],{},[2149,39515,2769],{},[13587,39517,39518,39520,39522],{},[1784,39519,2264],{},[1784,39521,21001],{},[2348,39523,15984],{},[2149,39525,2769],{},[1792,39527,39528,39530],{},[1784,39529,2126],{},[2348,39531,2350],{},[1808,39533,39534],{"encoding":1810},"h_X = \\frac{\\partial E}{\\partial P_X} = 2 \\cdot 0{,}5\\, P_X^{-0{,}5}\\, P_Y^{0{,}5}\\, U_0 = P_X^{-0{,}5}\\, P_Y^{0{,}5}\\, U_0",[1030,39536,39537,39538,1310],{},"A symetricky pro ",[1035,39539,39541],{"className":39540},[1772],[1774,39542,39543],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,39544,39545,39553],{},[1781,39546,39547],{},[1792,39548,39549,39551],{},[1784,39550,2264],{},[1784,39552,21001],{},[1808,39554,39555],{"encoding":1810},"P_Y",[1035,39557,39559],{"className":39558},[1772],[1774,39560,39561],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,39562,39563,39623],{},[1781,39564,39565,39571,39573,39591,39593,39601,39603,39615,39617],{},[1792,39566,39567,39569],{},[1784,39568,12129],{},[1784,39570,21001],{},[1788,39572,1863],{},[2322,39574,39575,39581],{},[1781,39576,39577,39579],{},[1784,39578,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,39580,2364],{},[1781,39582,39583,39585],{},[1784,39584,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,39586,39587,39589],{},[1784,39588,2264],{},[1784,39590,21001],{},[1788,39592,1863],{},[13587,39594,39595,39597,39599],{},[1784,39596,2264],{},[1784,39598,20998],{},[2348,39600,15984],{},[2149,39602,2769],{},[13587,39604,39605,39607,39609],{},[1784,39606,2264],{},[1784,39608,21001],{},[1781,39610,39611,39613],{},[1788,39612,2371],{},[2348,39614,15984],{},[2149,39616,2769],{},[1792,39618,39619,39621],{},[1784,39620,2126],{},[2348,39622,2350],{},[1808,39624,39625],{"encoding":1810},"h_Y = \\frac{\\partial E}{\\partial P_Y} = P_X^{0{,}5}\\, P_Y^{-0{,}5}\\, U_0",[1023,39627,39629,39659],{"className":39628,"dataCallout":38709},[1026,38708],[1030,39630,39632,39635,39636],{"className":39631},[1033],[1035,39633],{"className":39634,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,38716,1040],"Hicksovy poptávky pro ",[1035,39637,39639],{"className":39638},[1772],[1774,39640,39641],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,39642,39643,39657],{},[1781,39644,39645,39647,39649],{},[1784,39646,2126],{},[1788,39648,1863],{},[22228,39650,39651],{},[1781,39652,39653,39655],{},[1784,39654,20998],{},[1784,39656,21001],{},[1808,39658,38041],{"encoding":1810},[1030,39660,39661],{},[1035,39662,39664],{"className":39663},[1772],[1774,39665,39666],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,39667,39668,39748],{},[1781,39669,39670],{},[21766,39671,39672],{"notation":21768},[14390,39673,39674],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,39675,39676],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,39677,39678],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[1781,39679,39680,39686,39688,39704,39706,39712,39714,39716,39722,39724,39740,39742],{},[1792,39681,39682,39684],{},[1784,39683,12129],{},[1784,39685,20998],{},[1788,39687,1863],{},[22228,39689,39690],{},[2322,39691,39692,39698],{},[1792,39693,39694,39696],{},[1784,39695,2264],{},[1784,39697,21001],{},[1792,39699,39700,39702],{},[1784,39701,2264],{},[1784,39703,20998],{},[1788,39705,2267],{},[1792,39707,39708,39710],{},[1784,39709,2126],{},[2348,39711,2350],{},[1788,39713,1138],{"separator":1041},[2352,39715],{"width":2354},[1792,39717,39718,39720],{},[1784,39719,12129],{},[1784,39721,21001],{},[1788,39723,1863],{},[22228,39725,39726],{},[2322,39727,39728,39734],{},[1792,39729,39730,39732],{},[1784,39731,2264],{},[1784,39733,20998],{},[1792,39735,39736,39738],{},[1784,39737,2264],{},[1784,39739,21001],{},[1788,39741,2267],{},[1792,39743,39744,39746],{},[1784,39745,2126],{},[2348,39747,2350],{},[1808,39749,39750],{"encoding":1810},"\\boxed{h_X = \\sqrt{\\frac{P_Y}{P_X}}\\cdot U_0, \\qquad h_Y = \\sqrt{\\frac{P_X}{P_Y}}\\cdot U_0}",[4503,39752],{},[1077,39754,39756,39757],{"id":39755},"_13-souhrnná-tabulka-pro-uxyu-sqrtxy","13. Souhrnná tabulka pro ",[1035,39758,39760],{"className":39759},[1772],[1774,39761,39762],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,39763,39764,39778],{},[1781,39765,39766,39768,39770],{},[1784,39767,2126],{},[1788,39769,1863],{},[22228,39771,39772],{},[1781,39773,39774,39776],{},[1784,39775,20998],{},[1784,39777,21001],{},[1808,39779,38041],{"encoding":1810},[1153,39781,39782,39791],{},[1156,39783,39784],{},[1159,39785,39786,39788],{},[1162,39787,37581],{},[1162,39789,39790],{},"Výraz",[1172,39792,39793,39878,39962,40047,40136,40233],{},[1159,39794,39795,39838],{},[1177,39796,39797,39798],{},"Marshall ",[1035,39799,39801],{"className":39800},[1772],[1774,39802,39803],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,39804,39805,39835],{},[1781,39806,39807,39813,39815,39821,39823,39829,39831,39833],{},[2467,39808,39809,39811],{},[1784,39810,20998],{},[1784,39812,1857],{},[1788,39814,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,39816,39817,39819],{},[1784,39818,2264],{},[1784,39820,20998],{},[1788,39822,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,39824,39825,39827],{},[1784,39826,2264],{},[1784,39828,21001],{},[1788,39830,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,39832,2475],{},[1788,39834,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,39836,39837],{"encoding":1810},"X^M(P_X, P_Y, B)",[1177,39839,39840],{},[1035,39841,39843],{"className":39842},[1772],[1774,39844,39845],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,39846,39847,39875],{},[1781,39848,39849,39855,39857],{},[2467,39850,39851,39853],{},[1784,39852,20998],{},[1784,39854,1857],{},[1788,39856,1863],{},[14390,39858,39859],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,39860,39861,39863],{},[1784,39862,2475],{},[1781,39864,39865,39867,39869],{},[2348,39866,4593],{},[2149,39868,2769],{},[1792,39870,39871,39873],{},[1784,39872,2264],{},[1784,39874,20998],{},[1808,39876,39877],{"encoding":1810},"X^M = \\dfrac{B}{2\\, P_X}",[1159,39879,39880,39922],{},[1177,39881,39797,39882],{},[1035,39883,39885],{"className":39884},[1772],[1774,39886,39887],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,39888,39889,39919],{},[1781,39890,39891,39897,39899,39905,39907,39913,39915,39917],{},[2467,39892,39893,39895],{},[1784,39894,21001],{},[1784,39896,1857],{},[1788,39898,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,39900,39901,39903],{},[1784,39902,2264],{},[1784,39904,20998],{},[1788,39906,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,39908,39909,39911],{},[1784,39910,2264],{},[1784,39912,21001],{},[1788,39914,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,39916,2475],{},[1788,39918,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,39920,39921],{"encoding":1810},"Y^M(P_X, P_Y, B)",[1177,39923,39924],{},[1035,39925,39927],{"className":39926},[1772],[1774,39928,39929],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,39930,39931,39959],{},[1781,39932,39933,39939,39941],{},[2467,39934,39935,39937],{},[1784,39936,21001],{},[1784,39938,1857],{},[1788,39940,1863],{},[14390,39942,39943],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,39944,39945,39947],{},[1784,39946,2475],{},[1781,39948,39949,39951,39953],{},[2348,39950,4593],{},[2149,39952,2769],{},[1792,39954,39955,39957],{},[1784,39956,2264],{},[1784,39958,21001],{},[1808,39960,39961],{"encoding":1810},"Y^M = \\dfrac{B}{2\\, P_Y}",[1159,39963,39964,40001],{},[1177,39965,37794,39966],{},[1035,39967,39969],{"className":39968},[1772],[1774,39970,39971],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,39972,39973,39999],{},[1781,39974,39975,39977,39979,39985,39987,39993,39995,39997],{},[1784,39976,31140],{},[1788,39978,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,39980,39981,39983],{},[1784,39982,2264],{},[1784,39984,20998],{},[1788,39986,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,39988,39989,39991],{},[1784,39990,2264],{},[1784,39992,21001],{},[1788,39994,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,39996,2475],{},[1788,39998,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,40000,38852],{"encoding":1810},[1177,40002,40003],{},[1035,40004,40006],{"className":40005},[1772],[1774,40007,40008],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,40009,40010,40044],{},[1781,40011,40012,40014,40016],{},[1784,40013,31140],{},[1788,40015,1863],{},[14390,40017,40018],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,40019,40020,40022],{},[1784,40021,2475],{},[1781,40023,40024,40026],{},[2348,40025,4593],{},[22228,40027,40028],{},[1781,40029,40030,40036,40038],{},[1792,40031,40032,40034],{},[1784,40033,2264],{},[1784,40035,20998],{},[2149,40037,2769],{},[1792,40039,40040,40042],{},[1784,40041,2264],{},[1784,40043,21001],{},[1808,40045,40046],{"encoding":1810},"V = \\dfrac{B}{2\\sqrt{P_X\\, P_Y}}",[1159,40048,40049,40090],{},[1177,40050,37900,40051],{},[1035,40052,40054],{"className":40053},[1772],[1774,40055,40056],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,40057,40058,40088],{},[1781,40059,40060,40062,40064,40070,40072,40078,40080,40086],{},[1784,40061,2364],{},[1788,40063,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,40065,40066,40068],{},[1784,40067,2264],{},[1784,40069,20998],{},[1788,40071,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,40073,40074,40076],{},[1784,40075,2264],{},[1784,40077,21001],{},[1788,40079,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,40081,40082,40084],{},[1784,40083,2126],{},[2348,40085,2350],{},[1788,40087,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,40089,35343],{"encoding":1810},[1177,40091,40092],{},[1035,40093,40095],{"className":40094},[1772],[1774,40096,40097],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,40098,40099,40133],{},[1781,40100,40101,40103,40105,40107,40125,40127],{},[1784,40102,2364],{},[1788,40104,1863],{},[2348,40106,4593],{},[22228,40108,40109],{},[1781,40110,40111,40117,40119],{},[1792,40112,40113,40115],{},[1784,40114,2264],{},[1784,40116,20998],{},[2149,40118,2769],{},[1792,40120,40121,40123],{},[1784,40122,2264],{},[1784,40124,21001],{},[1788,40126,2267],{},[1792,40128,40129,40131],{},[1784,40130,2126],{},[2348,40132,2350],{},[1808,40134,40135],{"encoding":1810},"E = 2\\sqrt{P_X\\, P_Y}\\cdot U_0",[1159,40137,40138,40185],{},[1177,40139,40140,40141],{},"Hicks ",[1035,40142,40144],{"className":40143},[1772],[1774,40145,40146],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,40147,40148,40182],{},[1781,40149,40150,40156,40158,40164,40166,40172,40174,40180],{},[1792,40151,40152,40154],{},[1784,40153,12129],{},[1784,40155,20998],{},[1788,40157,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,40159,40160,40162],{},[1784,40161,2264],{},[1784,40163,20998],{},[1788,40165,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,40167,40168,40170],{},[1784,40169,2264],{},[1784,40171,21001],{},[1788,40173,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,40175,40176,40178],{},[1784,40177,2126],{},[2348,40179,2350],{},[1788,40181,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,40183,40184],{"encoding":1810},"h_X(P_X, P_Y, U_0)",[1177,40186,40187],{},[1035,40188,40190],{"className":40189},[1772],[1774,40191,40192],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,40193,40194,40230],{},[1781,40195,40196,40202,40204,40222,40224],{},[1792,40197,40198,40200],{},[1784,40199,12129],{},[1784,40201,20998],{},[1788,40203,1863],{},[22228,40205,40206],{},[1781,40207,40208,40214,40216],{},[1792,40209,40210,40212],{},[1784,40211,2264],{},[1784,40213,21001],{},[1784,40215,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,40217,40218,40220],{},[1784,40219,2264],{},[1784,40221,20998],{},[1788,40223,2267],{},[1792,40225,40226,40228],{},[1784,40227,2126],{},[2348,40229,2350],{},[1808,40231,40232],{"encoding":1810},"h_X = \\sqrt{P_Y\u002FP_X}\\cdot U_0",[1159,40234,40235,40281],{},[1177,40236,40140,40237],{},[1035,40238,40240],{"className":40239},[1772],[1774,40241,40242],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,40243,40244,40278],{},[1781,40245,40246,40252,40254,40260,40262,40268,40270,40276],{},[1792,40247,40248,40250],{},[1784,40249,12129],{},[1784,40251,21001],{},[1788,40253,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,40255,40256,40258],{},[1784,40257,2264],{},[1784,40259,20998],{},[1788,40261,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,40263,40264,40266],{},[1784,40265,2264],{},[1784,40267,21001],{},[1788,40269,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,40271,40272,40274],{},[1784,40273,2126],{},[2348,40275,2350],{},[1788,40277,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,40279,40280],{"encoding":1810},"h_Y(P_X, P_Y, U_0)",[1177,40282,40283],{},[1035,40284,40286],{"className":40285},[1772],[1774,40287,40288],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,40289,40290,40326],{},[1781,40291,40292,40298,40300,40318,40320],{},[1792,40293,40294,40296],{},[1784,40295,12129],{},[1784,40297,21001],{},[1788,40299,1863],{},[22228,40301,40302],{},[1781,40303,40304,40310,40312],{},[1792,40305,40306,40308],{},[1784,40307,2264],{},[1784,40309,20998],{},[1784,40311,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,40313,40314,40316],{},[1784,40315,2264],{},[1784,40317,21001],{},[1788,40319,2267],{},[1792,40321,40322,40324],{},[1784,40323,2126],{},[2348,40325,2350],{},[1808,40327,40328],{"encoding":1810},"h_Y = \\sqrt{P_X\u002FP_Y}\\cdot U_0",[1023,40330,40332,40339],{"className":40331,"dataCallout":1608},[1026,1607],[1030,40333,40335,40338],{"className":40334},[1033],[1035,40336],{"className":40337,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1615,1040],"Konzistentnost",[1030,40340,40341,40342,40387,40388,40438,40439,20705,40531],{},"Když do Hicksovy poptávky ",[1035,40343,40345],{"className":40344},[1772],[1774,40346,40347],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,40348,40349,40385],{},[1781,40350,40351,40357,40359,40377,40379],{},[1792,40352,40353,40355],{},[1784,40354,12129],{},[1784,40356,20998],{},[1788,40358,1863],{},[22228,40360,40361],{},[1781,40362,40363,40369,40371],{},[1792,40364,40365,40367],{},[1784,40366,2264],{},[1784,40368,21001],{},[1784,40370,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,40372,40373,40375],{},[1784,40374,2264],{},[1784,40376,20998],{},[1788,40378,2267],{},[1792,40380,40381,40383],{},[1784,40382,2126],{},[2348,40384,2350],{},[1808,40386,40232],{"encoding":1810}," dosadíme ",[1035,40389,40391],{"className":40390},[1772],[1774,40392,40393],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,40394,40395,40435],{},[1781,40396,40397,40403,40405,40407,40409,40411,40413,40415,40417,40433],{},[1792,40398,40399,40401],{},[1784,40400,2126],{},[2348,40402,2350],{},[1788,40404,1863],{},[1784,40406,31140],{},[1788,40408,1863],{},[1784,40410,2475],{},[1784,40412,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,40414,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,40416,4593],{},[22228,40418,40419],{},[1781,40420,40421,40427],{},[1792,40422,40423,40425],{},[1784,40424,2264],{},[1784,40426,20998],{},[1792,40428,40429,40431],{},[1784,40430,2264],{},[1784,40432,21001],{},[1788,40434,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,40436,40437],{"encoding":1810},"U_0 = V = B\u002F(2\\sqrt{P_X P_Y})",", dostaneme ",[1035,40440,40442],{"className":40441},[1772],[1774,40443,40444],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,40445,40446,40528],{},[1781,40447,40448,40454,40456,40474,40476,40478,40480,40482,40484,40500,40502,40504,40506,40508,40510,40512,40518,40520,40522],{},[1792,40449,40450,40452],{},[1784,40451,12129],{},[1784,40453,20998],{},[1788,40455,1863],{},[22228,40457,40458],{},[1781,40459,40460,40466,40468],{},[1792,40461,40462,40464],{},[1784,40463,2264],{},[1784,40465,21001],{},[1784,40467,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,40469,40470,40472],{},[1784,40471,2264],{},[1784,40473,20998],{},[1788,40475,2267],{},[1784,40477,2475],{},[1784,40479,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,40481,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,40483,4593],{},[22228,40485,40486],{},[1781,40487,40488,40494],{},[1792,40489,40490,40492],{},[1784,40491,2264],{},[1784,40493,20998],{},[1792,40495,40496,40498],{},[1784,40497,2264],{},[1784,40499,21001],{},[1788,40501,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,40503,1863],{},[1784,40505,2475],{},[1784,40507,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,40509,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,40511,4593],{},[1792,40513,40514,40516],{},[1784,40515,2264],{},[1784,40517,20998],{},[1788,40519,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,40521,1863],{},[2467,40523,40524,40526],{},[1784,40525,20998],{},[1784,40527,1857],{},[1808,40529,40530],{"encoding":1810},"h_X = \\sqrt{P_Y\u002FP_X}\\cdot B\u002F(2\\sqrt{P_X P_Y}) = B\u002F(2 P_X) = X^M",[1047,40532,40533,40534,1075],{},"Marshallova a Hicksova poptávka splývají v bodě, kde ",[1035,40535,40537],{"className":40536},[1772],[1774,40538,40539],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,40540,40541,40563],{},[1781,40542,40543,40545,40547,40549,40551,40553,40555,40561],{},[1784,40544,3221],{},[1788,40546,1863],{},[1784,40548,2364],{},[1788,40550,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,40552,2264],{},[1788,40554,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,40556,40557,40559],{},[1784,40558,2126],{},[2348,40560,2350],{},[1788,40562,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,40564,36998],{"encoding":1810},[4503,40566],{},[1077,40568,40570],{"id":40569},"_14-geometrické-srovnání-obou-poptávkových-křivek","14. Geometrické srovnání obou poptávkových křivek",[1030,40572,40573,40574,40591,40592,40605,40606,40591,40619,40632],{},"V cenovém prostoru (",[1035,40575,40577],{"className":40576},[1772],[1774,40578,40579],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,40580,40581,40589],{},[1781,40582,40583],{},[1792,40584,40585,40587],{},[1784,40586,2264],{},[1784,40588,20998],{},[1808,40590,36253],{"encoding":1810}," na ose ",[1035,40593,40595],{"className":40594},[1772],[1774,40596,40597],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,40598,40599,40603],{},[1781,40600,40601],{},[1784,40602,2508],{},[1808,40604,2508],{"encoding":1810},", množství ",[1035,40607,40609],{"className":40608},[1772],[1774,40610,40611],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,40612,40613,40617],{},[1781,40614,40615],{},[1784,40616,20998],{},[1808,40618,20998],{"encoding":1810},[1035,40620,40622],{"className":40621},[1772],[1774,40623,40624],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,40625,40626,40630],{},[1781,40627,40628],{},[1784,40629,3750],{},[1808,40631,3750],{"encoding":1810},") zakreslíme obě křivky:",[1112,40634,40635,40674,40729],{},[1115,40636,40637,40640,40641,40669,40670,40673],{},[1047,40638,40639],{},"Marshallova"," křivka ",[1035,40642,40644],{"className":40643},[1772],[1774,40645,40646],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,40647,40648,40666],{},[1781,40649,40650,40656,40658,40664],{},[2467,40651,40652,40654],{},[1784,40653,20998],{},[1784,40655,1857],{},[1788,40657,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,40659,40660,40662],{},[1784,40661,2264],{},[1784,40663,20998],{},[1788,40665,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,40667,40668],{"encoding":1810},"X^M(P_X)"," — průchozí danou kombinací (cena, množství) — obvykle ",[1047,40671,40672],{},"plošší",", protože pokles ceny zvyšuje reálný důchod a posouvá poptávku doprava (zahrnuje IE).",[1115,40675,40676,40640,40679,40707,40708,3250,40725,40728],{},[1047,40677,40678],{},"Hicksova",[1035,40680,40682],{"className":40681},[1772],[1774,40683,40684],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,40685,40686,40704],{},[1781,40687,40688,40694,40696,40702],{},[2467,40689,40690,40692],{},[1784,40691,20998],{},[1784,40693,33448],{},[1788,40695,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,40697,40698,40700],{},[1784,40699,2264],{},[1784,40701,20998],{},[1788,40703,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,40705,40706],{"encoding":1810},"X^H(P_X)"," pro pevný ",[1035,40709,40711],{"className":40710},[1772],[1774,40712,40713],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,40714,40715,40723],{},[1781,40716,40717],{},[1792,40718,40719,40721],{},[1784,40720,2126],{},[2348,40722,2350],{},[1808,40724,33861],{"encoding":1810},[1047,40726,40727],{},"strmější"," pro normální zboží, protože odráží jen substituční efekt.",[1115,40730,40731,40732,40735,40736,1075],{},"Obě křivky se ",[1047,40733,40734],{},"protnou v jednom bodě"," — tom, kde počáteční cena dává Marshallově poptávce právě užitek ",[1035,40737,40739],{"className":40738},[1772],[1774,40740,40741],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,40742,40743,40751],{},[1781,40744,40745],{},[1792,40746,40747,40749],{},[1784,40748,2126],{},[2348,40750,2350],{},[1808,40752,33861],{"encoding":1810},[1023,40754,40756,40763],{"className":40755,"dataCallout":582},[1026,1225],[1030,40757,40759,40762],{"className":40758},[1033],[1035,40760],{"className":40761,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1232,1040],"Pro inferiorní zboží",[1030,40764,40765,40766,40769],{},"Pro inferiorní zboží jde IE proti SE, takže ",[1047,40767,40768],{},"Marshallova křivka může být strmější než Hicksova"," (a v krajním případě, u Giffenova zboží, kladně skloněná).",[1023,40771,40773,40803],{"className":40772,"dataCallout":582},[1026,1225],[1030,40774,40776,25314,40779,40802],{"className":40775},[1033],[1035,40777],{"className":40778,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1232,1040],[1035,40780,40782],{"className":40781},[1772],[1774,40783,40784],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,40785,40786,40800],{},[1781,40787,40788,40790,40792],{},[1784,40789,2126],{},[1788,40791,1863],{},[22228,40793,40794],{},[1781,40795,40796,40798],{},[1784,40797,20998],{},[1784,40799,21001],{},[1808,40801,38041],{"encoding":1810}," (Cobb-Douglas)",[1030,40804,40805,40806,40809,40810,24775,40823,40859,40860,40880,40881,40926,40927,40944],{},"Cobb-Douglas je ",[1047,40807,40808],{},"homotetický"," typ preferencí: Marshallova poptávka po ",[1035,40811,40813],{"className":40812},[1772],[1774,40814,40815],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,40816,40817,40821],{},[1781,40818,40819],{},[1784,40820,20998],{},[1808,40822,20998],{"encoding":1810},[1035,40824,40826],{"className":40825},[1772],[1774,40827,40828],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,40829,40830,40856],{},[1781,40831,40832,40838,40840,40842,40844,40846,40848,40854],{},[2467,40833,40834,40836],{},[1784,40835,20998],{},[1784,40837,1857],{},[1788,40839,1863],{},[1784,40841,2475],{},[1784,40843,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,40845,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,40847,4593],{},[1792,40849,40850,40852],{},[1784,40851,2264],{},[1784,40853,20998],{},[1788,40855,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,40857,40858],{"encoding":1810},"X^M = B\u002F(2P_X)"," — hyperbola v cenovém prostoru, ",[1047,40861,40862,40863],{},"nezávislá na ",[1035,40864,40866],{"className":40865},[1772],[1774,40867,40868],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,40869,40870,40878],{},[1781,40871,40872],{},[1792,40873,40874,40876],{},[1784,40875,2264],{},[1784,40877,21001],{},[1808,40879,39555],{"encoding":1810},". Hicksova poptávka ",[1035,40882,40884],{"className":40883},[1772],[1774,40885,40886],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,40887,40888,40924],{},[1781,40889,40890,40896,40898,40916,40918],{},[1792,40891,40892,40894],{},[1784,40893,12129],{},[1784,40895,20998],{},[1788,40897,1863],{},[22228,40899,40900],{},[1781,40901,40902,40908,40910],{},[1792,40903,40904,40906],{},[1784,40905,2264],{},[1784,40907,21001],{},[1784,40909,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,40911,40912,40914],{},[1784,40913,2264],{},[1784,40915,20998],{},[1788,40917,2267],{},[1792,40919,40920,40922],{},[1784,40921,2126],{},[2348,40923,2350],{},[1808,40925,40232],{"encoding":1810}," má naopak na ",[1035,40928,40930],{"className":40929},[1772],[1774,40931,40932],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,40933,40934,40942],{},[1781,40935,40936],{},[1792,40937,40938,40940],{},[1784,40939,2264],{},[1784,40941,21001],{},[1808,40943,39555],{"encoding":1810}," závislost. Tato vlastnost je specifická pro Cobb-Douglas.",[4503,40946],{},[1077,40948,40950],{"id":40949},"_15-aplikace","15. Aplikace",[1100,40952,40954],{"id":40953},"_151-welfare-analysis-měření-užitkové-změny","15.1 Welfare analysis — měření užitkové změny",[1023,40956,40958,40965,41094],{"className":40957,"dataCallout":4153},[1026,3500],[1030,40959,40961,40964],{"className":40960},[1033],[1035,40962],{"className":40963,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,3508,1040],"Tři míry změny blahobytu",[1260,40966,40967,40999,41048],{},[1115,40968,40969,4010,40972,40990,40991,40994,40995,40998],{},[1047,40970,40971],{},"Marshallův spotřebitelský přebytek",[1035,40973,40975],{"className":40974},[1772],[1774,40976,40977],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,40978,40979,40987],{},[1781,40980,40981,40983,40985],{},[1784,40982,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,40984,1868],{},[1784,40986,3212],{},[1808,40988,40989],{"encoding":1810},"\\Delta CS",") — plocha pod ",[1047,40992,40993],{},"Marshallovou"," křivkou. Pohodlná, ale ",[1047,40996,40997],{},"nepřesná"," míra (záměna SE a IE).",[1115,41000,41001,4010,41004,40990,41020,41023,41024,41044,41045],{},[1047,41002,41003],{},"Kompenzační variace",[1035,41005,41007],{"className":41006},[1772],[1774,41008,41009],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,41010,41011,41017],{},[1781,41012,41013,41015],{},[1784,41014,1868],{},[1784,41016,31140],{},[1808,41018,41019],{"encoding":1810},"CV",[1047,41021,41022],{},"Hicksovou"," křivkou s ",[1035,41025,41027],{"className":41026},[1772],[1774,41028,41029],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,41030,41031,41041],{},[1781,41032,41033,41039],{},[1792,41034,41035,41037],{},[1784,41036,2126],{},[2348,41038,2350],{},[1788,41040,1863],{},[1808,41042,41043],{"encoding":1810},"U_0 ="," původní užitek. ",[1091,41046,41047],{},"„Kolik bych musel spotřebiteli vzít po zlevnění, aby zůstal stejně šťastný?\"",[1115,41049,41050,4010,41053,40990,41069,41023,41071,41090,41091],{},[1047,41051,41052],{},"Ekvivalentní variace",[1035,41054,41056],{"className":41055},[1772],[1774,41057,41058],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,41059,41060,41066],{},[1781,41061,41062,41064],{},[1784,41063,2364],{},[1784,41065,31140],{},[1808,41067,41068],{"encoding":1810},"EV",[1047,41070,41022],{},[1035,41072,41074],{"className":41073},[1772],[1774,41075,41076],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,41077,41078,41088],{},[1781,41079,41080,41086],{},[1792,41081,41082,41084],{},[1784,41083,2126],{},[2348,41085,2350],{},[1788,41087,1863],{},[1808,41089,41043],{"encoding":1810}," nový užitek. ",[1091,41092,41093],{},"„Kolik bych musel spotřebiteli dát před zlevněním, aby dosáhl stejně vysokého užitku jako po zlevnění?\"",[1030,41095,41096,41097,1075],{},"Pořadí pro normální zboží při poklesu ceny: ",[1035,41098,41100],{"className":41099},[1772],[1774,41101,41102],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,41103,41104,41124],{},[1781,41105,41106,41108,41110,41112,41114,41116,41118,41120,41122],{},[1784,41107,2364],{},[1784,41109,31140],{},[1788,41111,1790],{},[1784,41113,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,41115,1868],{},[1784,41117,3212],{},[1788,41119,1790],{},[1784,41121,1868],{},[1784,41123,31140],{},[1808,41125,41126],{"encoding":1810},"EV \\ge \\Delta CS \\ge CV",[1030,41128,41129],{},"Formálně:",[1035,41131,41133],{"className":41132},[1772],[1774,41134,41135],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,41136,41137,41239],{},[1781,41138,41139,41141,41143,41145,41147,41149,41155,41157,41163,41165,41167,41169,41171,41177,41179,41185,41187,41189,41191,41193,41195,41197,41199,41201,41207,41209,41215,41217,41219,41221,41223,41229,41231,41237],{},[1784,41140,1868],{},[1784,41142,31140],{},[1788,41144,1863],{},[1784,41146,2364],{},[1788,41148,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2467,41150,41151,41153],{},[1784,41152,2264],{},[2348,41154,2374],{},[1788,41156,1138],{"separator":1041},[2467,41158,41159,41161],{},[1784,41160,2126],{},[2348,41162,2350],{},[1788,41164,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,41166,2371],{},[1784,41168,2364],{},[1788,41170,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2467,41172,41173,41175],{},[1784,41174,2264],{},[2348,41176,2350],{},[1788,41178,1138],{"separator":1041},[2467,41180,41181,41183],{},[1784,41182,2126],{},[2348,41184,2350],{},[1788,41186,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,41188,1138],{"separator":1041},[2352,41190],{"width":2354},[1784,41192,2364],{},[1784,41194,31140],{},[1788,41196,1863],{},[1784,41198,2364],{},[1788,41200,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2467,41202,41203,41205],{},[1784,41204,2264],{},[2348,41206,2374],{},[1788,41208,1138],{"separator":1041},[2467,41210,41211,41213],{},[1784,41212,2126],{},[2348,41214,2374],{},[1788,41216,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,41218,2371],{},[1784,41220,2364],{},[1788,41222,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2467,41224,41225,41227],{},[1784,41226,2264],{},[2348,41228,2350],{},[1788,41230,1138],{"separator":1041},[2467,41232,41233,41235],{},[1784,41234,2126],{},[2348,41236,2374],{},[1788,41238,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,41240,41241],{"encoding":1810},"CV = E(P^1, U^0) - E(P^0, U^0), \\qquad EV = E(P^1, U^1) - E(P^0, U^1)",[1100,41243,41245],{"id":41244},"_152-daňová-ekonomika","15.2 Daňová ekonomika",[1030,41247,41248,41249,41252,41253,41266,41267,41270],{},"Daň + transfer ",[1047,41250,41251],{},"není"," užitkově neutrální. Daň zdanění statku ",[1035,41254,41256],{"className":41255},[1772],[1774,41257,41258],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,41259,41260,41264],{},[1781,41261,41262],{},[1784,41263,20998],{},[1808,41265,20998],{"encoding":1810}," posunuje spotřebitele z optima (substituční efekt), takže i když mu transfer kompenzuje ",[1047,41268,41269],{},"rozpočet",", neudrží se na původní indiferenční křivce. Tato „mrtvá ztráta\" (deadweight loss) se měří přes Hicksovu poptávku.",[1100,41272,41274],{"id":41273},"_153-cost-of-living-index","15.3 Cost-of-living index",[1112,41276,41277,41287,41297],{},[1115,41278,41279,41282,41283,41286],{},[1047,41280,41281],{},"Laspeyresův index"," používá fixní koš (ten Marshallovský z období 0) — ",[1047,41284,41285],{},"nadhodnocuje"," růst životních nákladů (nepočítá se substitucí).",[1115,41288,41289,41292,41293,41296],{},[1047,41290,41291],{},"Paaschyo index"," používá fixní koš z období 1 — ",[1047,41294,41295],{},"podhodnocuje"," růst nákladů.",[1115,41298,41299,1089,41302,41356],{},[1047,41300,41301],{},"Idealizovaný Hicksův index",[1035,41303,41305],{"className":41304},[1772],[1774,41306,41307],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,41308,41309,41353],{},[1781,41310,41311,41313,41315,41321,41323,41329,41331,41333,41335,41337,41343,41345,41351],{},[1784,41312,2364],{},[1788,41314,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2467,41316,41317,41319],{},[1784,41318,2264],{},[2348,41320,2374],{},[1788,41322,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,41324,41325,41327],{},[1784,41326,2126],{},[2348,41328,2350],{},[1788,41330,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,41332,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,41334,2364],{},[1788,41336,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2467,41338,41339,41341],{},[1784,41340,2264],{},[2348,41342,2350],{},[1788,41344,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,41346,41347,41349],{},[1784,41348,2126],{},[2348,41350,2350],{},[1788,41352,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,41354,41355],{"encoding":1810},"E(P^1, U_0) \u002F E(P^0, U_0)"," je „pravým\" měřítkem životních nákladů, ale vyžaduje znalost preferencí.",[4503,41358],{},[1077,41360,41362],{"id":41361},"_16-numerický-příklad-slutského-dekompozice","16. Numerický příklad — Slutského dekompozice",[1023,41364,41366,41396],{"className":41365,"dataCallout":25986},[1026,25985],[1030,41367,41369,41372,41373],{"className":41368},[1033],[1035,41370],{"className":41371,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,25993,1040],"Plný výpočet pro ",[1035,41374,41376],{"className":41375},[1772],[1774,41377,41378],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,41379,41380,41394],{},[1781,41381,41382,41384,41386],{},[1784,41383,2126],{},[1788,41385,1863],{},[22228,41387,41388],{},[1781,41389,41390,41392],{},[1784,41391,20998],{},[1784,41393,21001],{},[1808,41395,38041],{"encoding":1810},[1030,41397,41398,1089,41401,1299,41419,41441,41442,41464,41465,41487,41488,1075],{},[1047,41399,41400],{},"Zadání:",[1035,41402,41404],{"className":41403},[1772],[1774,41405,41406],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,41407,41408,41416],{},[1781,41409,41410,41412,41414],{},[1784,41411,3221],{},[1788,41413,1863],{},[2348,41415,2605],{},[1808,41417,41418],{"encoding":1810},"I = 100",[1035,41420,41422],{"className":41421},[1772],[1774,41423,41424],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,41425,41426,41438],{},[1781,41427,41428,41434,41436],{},[1792,41429,41430,41432],{},[1784,41431,2264],{},[1784,41433,21001],{},[1788,41435,1863],{},[2348,41437,2374],{},[1808,41439,41440],{"encoding":1810},"P_Y = 1",", počáteční ",[1035,41443,41445],{"className":41444},[1772],[1774,41446,41447],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,41448,41449,41461],{},[1781,41450,41451,41457,41459],{},[1792,41452,41453,41455],{},[1784,41454,2264],{},[1784,41456,20998],{},[1788,41458,1863],{},[2348,41460,4593],{},[1808,41462,41463],{"encoding":1810},"P_X = 2",", nová ",[1035,41466,41468],{"className":41467},[1772],[1774,41469,41470],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,41471,41472,41484],{},[1781,41473,41474,41480,41482],{},[1792,41475,41476,41478],{},[1784,41477,2264],{},[1784,41479,20998],{},[1788,41481,1863],{},[2348,41483,2374],{},[1808,41485,41486],{"encoding":1810},"P_X = 1",". Spočtěte SE a IE pro statek ",[1035,41489,41491],{"className":41490},[1772],[1774,41492,41493],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,41494,41495,41499],{},[1781,41496,41497],{},[1784,41498,20998],{},[1808,41500,20998],{"encoding":1810},[1100,41502,41504],{"id":41503},"_161-marshallova-reakce-celkový-efekt","16.1 Marshallova reakce (celkový efekt)",[1030,41506,41507,41508,1299,41525,1310],{},"Marshallova poptávka při ",[1035,41509,41511],{"className":41510},[1772],[1774,41512,41513],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,41514,41515,41523],{},[1781,41516,41517,41519,41521],{},[1784,41518,3221],{},[1788,41520,1863],{},[2348,41522,2605],{},[1808,41524,41418],{"encoding":1810},[1035,41526,41528],{"className":41527},[1772],[1774,41529,41530],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,41531,41532,41544],{},[1781,41533,41534,41540,41542],{},[1792,41535,41536,41538],{},[1784,41537,2264],{},[1784,41539,20998],{},[1788,41541,1863],{},[2348,41543,4593],{},[1808,41545,41463],{"encoding":1810},[1035,41547,41549],{"className":41548},[1772],[1774,41550,41551],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,41552,41553,41581],{},[1781,41554,41555,41563,41565,41577,41579],{},[13587,41556,41557,41559,41561],{},[1784,41558,20998],{},[2348,41560,2350],{},[1784,41562,1857],{},[1788,41564,1863],{},[2322,41566,41567,41569],{},[2348,41568,2605],{},[1781,41570,41571,41573,41575],{},[2348,41572,4593],{},[1788,41574,2267],{},[2348,41576,4593],{},[1788,41578,1863],{},[2348,41580,2882],{},[1808,41582,41583],{"encoding":1810},"X^M_0 = \\frac{100}{2 \\cdot 2} = 25",[1030,41585,41586,41587,1310],{},"Po poklesu ceny na ",[1035,41588,41590],{"className":41589},[1772],[1774,41591,41592],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,41593,41594,41606],{},[1781,41595,41596,41602,41604],{},[1792,41597,41598,41600],{},[1784,41599,2264],{},[1784,41601,20998],{},[1788,41603,1863],{},[2348,41605,2374],{},[1808,41607,41486],{"encoding":1810},[1035,41609,41611],{"className":41610},[1772],[1774,41612,41613],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,41614,41615,41643],{},[1781,41616,41617,41625,41627,41639,41641],{},[13587,41618,41619,41621,41623],{},[1784,41620,20998],{},[2348,41622,2374],{},[1784,41624,1857],{},[1788,41626,1863],{},[2322,41628,41629,41631],{},[2348,41630,2605],{},[1781,41632,41633,41635,41637],{},[2348,41634,4593],{},[1788,41636,2267],{},[2348,41638,2374],{},[1788,41640,1863],{},[2348,41642,2853],{},[1808,41644,41645],{"encoding":1810},"X^M_1 = \\frac{100}{2 \\cdot 1} = 50",[1030,41647,41648,1310],{},[1047,41649,41650],{},"Celkový efekt (TE)",[1035,41652,41654],{"className":41653},[1772],[1774,41655,41656],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,41657,41658,41700],{},[1781,41659,41660,41662,41668,41670,41678,41680,41688,41690,41692,41694,41696,41698],{},[1784,41661,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,41663,41664,41666],{},[1784,41665,20998],{},[1784,41667,1857],{},[1788,41669,1863],{},[13587,41671,41672,41674,41676],{},[1784,41673,20998],{},[2348,41675,2374],{},[1784,41677,1857],{},[1788,41679,2371],{},[13587,41681,41682,41684,41686],{},[1784,41683,20998],{},[2348,41685,2350],{},[1784,41687,1857],{},[1788,41689,1863],{},[2348,41691,2853],{},[1788,41693,2371],{},[2348,41695,2882],{},[1788,41697,1863],{},[2348,41699,2882],{},[1808,41701,41702],{"encoding":1810},"\\Delta X^M = X^M_1 - X^M_0 = 50 - 25 = 25",[1100,41704,41706,41707],{"id":41705},"_162-referenční-užitek-u0u_0","16.2 Referenční užitek ",[1035,41708,41710],{"className":41709},[1772],[1774,41711,41712],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,41713,41714,41722],{},[1781,41715,41716],{},[1792,41717,41718,41720],{},[1784,41719,2126],{},[2348,41721,2350],{},[1808,41723,33861],{"encoding":1810},[1030,41725,41726,41727,1310],{},"V počátečním optimu ",[1035,41728,41730],{"className":41729},[1772],[1774,41731,41732],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,41733,41734,41750],{},[1781,41735,41736,41738,41740,41742,41744,41746,41748],{},[1784,41737,20998],{},[1788,41739,1863],{},[2348,41741,2882],{},[1788,41743,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,41745,21001],{},[1788,41747,1863],{},[2348,41749,2853],{},[1808,41751,41752],{"encoding":1810},"X = 25, Y = 50",[1035,41754,41756],{"className":41755},[1772],[1774,41757,41758],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,41759,41760,41792],{},[1781,41761,41762,41768,41770,41780,41782,41787,41789],{},[1792,41763,41764,41766],{},[1784,41765,2126],{},[2348,41767,2350],{},[1788,41769,1863],{},[22228,41771,41772],{},[1781,41773,41774,41776,41778],{},[2348,41775,2882],{},[1788,41777,2267],{},[2348,41779,2853],{},[1788,41781,1863],{},[22228,41783,41784],{},[2348,41785,41786],{},"1250",[1788,41788,8786],{},[2348,41790,41791],{},"35,36",[1808,41793,41794],{"encoding":1810},"U_0 = \\sqrt{25 \\cdot 50} = \\sqrt{1250} \\approx 35{,}36",[1030,41796,41797,41798,18042],{},"(Konzistentní s nepřímou užitkovou: ",[1035,41799,41801],{"className":41800},[1772],[1774,41802,41803],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,41804,41805,41851],{},[1781,41806,41807,41809,41811,41813,41815,41817,41819,41829,41831,41833,41835,41837,41839,41841,41845,41847,41849],{},[1784,41808,31140],{},[1788,41810,1863],{},[2348,41812,2605],{},[1784,41814,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,41816,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,41818,4593],{},[22228,41820,41821],{},[1781,41822,41823,41825,41827],{},[2348,41824,4593],{},[1788,41826,2267],{},[2348,41828,2374],{},[1788,41830,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,41832,1863],{},[2348,41834,2605],{},[1784,41836,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,41838,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,41840,4593],{},[22228,41842,41843],{},[2348,41844,4593],{},[1788,41846,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,41848,8786],{},[2348,41850,41791],{},[1808,41852,41853],{"encoding":1810},"V = 100\u002F(2\\sqrt{2 \\cdot 1}) = 100\u002F(2\\sqrt 2) \\approx 35{,}36",[1100,41855,41857],{"id":41856},"_163-hicksova-reakce-substituční-efekt","16.3 Hicksova reakce (substituční efekt)",[1030,41859,41860,41861,1310],{},"Hicksova poptávka při počáteční ceně ",[1035,41862,41864],{"className":41863},[1772],[1774,41865,41866],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,41867,41868,41880],{},[1781,41869,41870,41876,41878],{},[1792,41871,41872,41874],{},[1784,41873,2264],{},[1784,41875,20998],{},[1788,41877,1863],{},[2348,41879,4593],{},[1808,41881,41463],{"encoding":1810},[1035,41883,41885],{"className":41884},[1772],[1774,41886,41887],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,41888,41889,41926],{},[1781,41890,41891,41899,41901,41909,41911,41913,41915,41918,41920,41922,41924],{},[13587,41892,41893,41895,41897],{},[1784,41894,20998],{},[2348,41896,2350],{},[1784,41898,33448],{},[1788,41900,1863],{},[22228,41902,41903],{},[2322,41904,41905,41907],{},[2348,41906,2374],{},[2348,41908,4593],{},[1788,41910,2267],{},[2348,41912,41791],{},[1788,41914,8786],{},[2348,41916,41917],{},"0,7071",[1788,41919,2267],{},[2348,41921,41791],{},[1788,41923,8786],{},[2348,41925,2882],{},[1808,41927,41928],{"encoding":1810},"X^H_0 = \\sqrt{\\frac{1}{2}}\\cdot 35{,}36 \\approx 0{,}7071 \\cdot 35{,}36 \\approx 25",[1030,41930,41931,41932,41956],{},"(Splývá s ",[1035,41933,41935],{"className":41934},[1772],[1774,41936,41937],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,41938,41939,41953],{},[1781,41940,41941,41949,41951],{},[13587,41942,41943,41945,41947],{},[1784,41944,20998],{},[2348,41946,2350],{},[1784,41948,1857],{},[1788,41950,1863],{},[2348,41952,2882],{},[1808,41954,41955],{"encoding":1810},"X^M_0 = 25",", jak musí — viz pozn. konzistentnosti v kap. 13.)",[1030,41958,41959,41960,1299,41981,1310],{},"Po poklesu na ",[1035,41961,41963],{"className":41962},[1772],[1774,41964,41965],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,41966,41967,41979],{},[1781,41968,41969,41975,41977],{},[1792,41970,41971,41973],{},[1784,41972,2264],{},[1784,41974,20998],{},[1788,41976,1863],{},[2348,41978,2374],{},[1808,41980,41486],{"encoding":1810},[1047,41982,41983,41984],{},"při zachování užitku ",[1035,41985,41987],{"className":41986},[1772],[1774,41988,41989],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,41990,41991,41999],{},[1781,41992,41993],{},[1792,41994,41995,41997],{},[1784,41996,2126],{},[2348,41998,2350],{},[1808,42000,33861],{"encoding":1810},[1035,42002,42004],{"className":42003},[1772],[1774,42005,42006],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,42007,42008,42036],{},[1781,42009,42010,42018,42020,42028,42030,42032,42034],{},[13587,42011,42012,42014,42016],{},[1784,42013,20998],{},[2348,42015,2374],{},[1784,42017,33448],{},[1788,42019,1863],{},[22228,42021,42022],{},[2322,42023,42024,42026],{},[2348,42025,2374],{},[2348,42027,2374],{},[1788,42029,2267],{},[2348,42031,41791],{},[1788,42033,8786],{},[2348,42035,41791],{},[1808,42037,42038],{"encoding":1810},"X^H_1 = \\sqrt{\\frac{1}{1}}\\cdot 35{,}36 \\approx 35{,}36",[1030,42040,42041,1310],{},[1047,42042,42043],{},"Substituční efekt (SE)",[1035,42045,42047],{"className":42046},[1772],[1774,42048,42049],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,42050,42051,42094],{},[1781,42052,42053,42055,42061,42063,42071,42073,42081,42083,42085,42087,42089,42091],{},[1784,42054,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,42056,42057,42059],{},[1784,42058,20998],{},[1784,42060,33448],{},[1788,42062,1863],{},[13587,42064,42065,42067,42069],{},[1784,42066,20998],{},[2348,42068,2374],{},[1784,42070,33448],{},[1788,42072,2371],{},[13587,42074,42075,42077,42079],{},[1784,42076,20998],{},[2348,42078,2350],{},[1784,42080,33448],{},[1788,42082,8786],{},[2348,42084,41791],{},[1788,42086,2371],{},[2348,42088,2882],{},[1788,42090,1863],{},[2348,42092,42093],{},"10,36",[1808,42095,42096],{"encoding":1810},"\\Delta X^H = X^H_1 - X^H_0 \\approx 35{,}36 - 25 = 10{,}36",[1100,42098,42100],{"id":42099},"_164-důchodový-efekt","16.4 Důchodový efekt",[1035,42102,42104],{"className":42103},[1772],[1774,42105,42106],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,42107,42108,42143],{},[1781,42109,42110,42112,42114,42116,42118,42124,42126,42128,42130,42132,42134,42136,42138,42140],{},[1784,42111,3221],{},[1784,42113,2364],{},[1788,42115,1863],{},[1784,42117,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,42119,42120,42122],{},[1784,42121,20998],{},[1784,42123,1857],{},[1788,42125,2371],{},[1784,42127,3212],{},[1784,42129,2364],{},[1788,42131,8786],{},[2348,42133,2882],{},[1788,42135,2371],{},[2348,42137,42093],{},[1788,42139,1863],{},[2348,42141,42142],{},"14,64",[1808,42144,42145],{"encoding":1810},"IE = \\Delta X^M - SE \\approx 25 - 10{,}36 = 14{,}64",[1023,42147,42149,42156,42252],{"className":42148,"dataCallout":38709},[1026,38708],[1030,42150,42152,42155],{"className":42151},[1033],[1035,42153],{"className":42154,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,38716,1040],"Souhrn dekompozice",[1153,42157,42158,42180],{},[1156,42159,42160],{},[1159,42161,42162,42164],{},[1162,42163,28211],{},[1162,42165,42166,42167],{},"Změna v ",[1035,42168,42170],{"className":42169},[1772],[1774,42171,42172],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,42173,42174,42178],{},[1781,42175,42176],{},[1784,42177,20998],{},[1808,42179,20998],{"encoding":1810},[1172,42181,42182,42206,42229],{},[1159,42183,42184,42187],{},[1177,42185,42186],{},"Celkový (TE, Marshall)",[1177,42188,42189],{},[1035,42190,42192],{"className":42191},[1772],[1774,42193,42194],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,42195,42196,42203],{},[1781,42197,42198,42200],{},[1788,42199,2637],{},[2348,42201,42202],{},"25,00",[1808,42204,42205],{"encoding":1810},"+25{,}00",[1159,42207,42208,42211],{},[1177,42209,42210],{},"Substituční (SE, Hicks)",[1177,42212,42213],{},[1035,42214,42216],{"className":42215},[1772],[1774,42217,42218],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,42219,42220,42226],{},[1781,42221,42222,42224],{},[1788,42223,2637],{},[2348,42225,42093],{},[1808,42227,42228],{"encoding":1810},"+10{,}36",[1159,42230,42231,42234],{},[1177,42232,42233],{},"Důchodový (IE)",[1177,42235,42236],{},[1035,42237,42239],{"className":42238},[1772],[1774,42240,42241],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,42242,42243,42249],{},[1781,42244,42245,42247],{},[1788,42246,2637],{},[2348,42248,42142],{},[1808,42250,42251],{"encoding":1810},"+14{,}64",[1030,42253,42254,42255,42273,42274,42277,42278,1075],{},"Pro Cobb-Douglas s ",[1035,42256,42258],{"className":42257},[1772],[1774,42259,42260],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,42261,42262,42270],{},[1781,42263,42264,42266,42268],{},[1784,42265,38066],{},[1788,42267,1863],{},[2348,42269,15984],{},[1808,42271,42272],{"encoding":1810},"\\alpha = 0{,}5"," je IE relativně ",[1047,42275,42276],{},"silný"," — odpovídá zhruba 60 % celkového efektu. Důvodem je vysoká důchodová elasticita (jednotková) a velký relativní výdaj na statek ",[1035,42279,42281],{"className":42280},[1772],[1774,42282,42283],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,42284,42285,42289],{},[1781,42286,42287],{},[1784,42288,20998],{},[1808,42290,20998],{"encoding":1810},[4503,42292],{},[1077,42294,42296],{"id":42295},"_17-vazba-na-slutsky-vs-hicks-separaci","17. Vazba na Slutsky vs. Hicks separaci",[1030,42298,42299,42300,42303,42304,42307,42308,42311,42312,42315,42316,2440],{},"Slutského rovnice využívá ",[1047,42301,42302],{},"Hicksovu"," definici substitučního efektu (zachování užitku). Existuje ale alternativní ",[1047,42305,42306],{},"Slutského"," definice — zachování ",[1047,42309,42310],{},"původního koše"," (spotřebitel po změně ceny dostane tolik kompenzace, aby si mohl koupit ",[1091,42313,42314],{},"stejný"," koš jako předtím, ne aby byl ",[1091,42317,42318],{},"stejně spokojen",[1153,42320,42321,42334],{},[1156,42322,42323],{},[1159,42324,42325,42328,42331],{},[1162,42326,42327],{},"Hledisko",[1162,42329,42330],{},"Hicks",[1162,42332,42333],{},"Slutsky",[1172,42335,42336,42394,42481,42492],{},[1159,42337,42338,42341,42361],{},[1177,42339,42340],{},"Co se zachovává?",[1177,42342,42343,42344],{},"Užitek ",[1035,42345,42347],{"className":42346},[1772],[1774,42348,42349],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,42350,42351,42359],{},[1781,42352,42353],{},[1792,42354,42355,42357],{},[1784,42356,2126],{},[2348,42358,2350],{},[1808,42360,33861],{"encoding":1810},[1177,42362,42363,42364],{},"Původní koš ",[1035,42365,42367],{"className":42366},[1772],[1774,42368,42369],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,42370,42371,42391],{},[1781,42372,42373,42375,42381,42383,42389],{},[1788,42374,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,42376,42377,42379],{},[1784,42378,20998],{},[2348,42380,2350],{},[1788,42382,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,42384,42385,42387],{},[1784,42386,21001],{},[2348,42388,2350],{},[1788,42390,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,42392,42393],{"encoding":1810},"(X_0, Y_0)",[1159,42395,42396,42399,42437],{},[1177,42397,42398],{},"Kompenzace",[1177,42400,42401],{},[1035,42402,42404],{"className":42403},[1772],[1774,42405,42406],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,42407,42408,42434],{},[1781,42409,42410,42412,42414,42420,42422,42428,42430,42432],{},[1784,42411,2364],{},[1788,42413,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2467,42415,42416,42418],{},[1784,42417,2264],{},[2348,42419,2374],{},[1788,42421,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,42423,42424,42426],{},[1784,42425,2126],{},[2348,42427,2350],{},[1788,42429,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,42431,2371],{},[1784,42433,3221],{},[1808,42435,42436],{"encoding":1810},"E(P^1, U_0) - I",[1177,42438,42439],{},[1035,42440,42442],{"className":42441},[1772],[1774,42443,42444],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,42445,42446,42478],{},[1781,42447,42448,42454,42456,42458,42464,42466,42472,42474,42476],{},[2467,42449,42450,42452],{},[1784,42451,2264],{},[2348,42453,2374],{},[1788,42455,2267],{},[1788,42457,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,42459,42460,42462],{},[1784,42461,20998],{},[2348,42463,2350],{},[1788,42465,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,42467,42468,42470],{},[1784,42469,21001],{},[2348,42471,2350],{},[1788,42473,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,42475,2371],{},[1784,42477,3221],{},[1808,42479,42480],{"encoding":1810},"P^1 \\cdot (X_0, Y_0) - I",[1159,42482,42483,42486,42489],{},[1177,42484,42485],{},"Pozorovatelnost",[1177,42487,42488],{},"Nepřímá (vyžaduje preference)",[1177,42490,42491],{},"Přímá (jen ceny a množství)",[1159,42493,42494,42497,42500],{},[1177,42495,42496],{},"Použití",[1177,42498,42499],{},"Welfare analysis (CV, EV)",[1177,42501,42502],{},"Aproximace v datech, indexy",[1030,42504,42505,42506,42509,42510,1075],{},"V infinitezimálních změnách jsou oba pohledy ",[1047,42507,42508],{},"ekvivalentní",", v diskrétních se liší. Detailní geometrický rozbor obou typů (s grafickou konstrukcí pomocí Hicksovy zlomené přímky) je v ",[1068,42511,33572],{"className":42512,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":25327,"href":25325},[1071],[4503,42514],{},[1077,42516,42518],{"id":42517},"_18-aplikační-otázky-ze-zkoušky","18. Aplikační otázky ze zkoušky",[1030,42520,42521],{},"V přijímacích a předtermínových testech se objevují úlohy:",[1112,42523,42524,42566],{},[1115,42525,42526,42532,42533,42565],{},[1047,42527,42528,42529],{},"Varianta s ",[4726,42530,42531],{},"expenditure function"," — odvození výdajové funkce ze zadané užitkové, výpočet ",[1035,42534,42536],{"className":42535},[1772],[1774,42537,42538],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,42539,42540,42562],{},[1781,42541,42542,42544,42546,42552,42554,42560],{},[1784,42543,2364],{},[1788,42545,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2467,42547,42548,42550],{},[1784,42549,2264],{},[2348,42551,2374],{},[1788,42553,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,42555,42556,42558],{},[1784,42557,2126],{},[2348,42559,2350],{},[1788,42561,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,42563,42564],{"encoding":1810},"E(P^1, U_0)"," pro vyhodnocení CV.",[1115,42567,42568,42573,42574,6007,42591,1075],{},[1047,42569,42528,42570],{},[4726,42571,42572],{},"Hicks\u002FMarshall"," — porovnání plochy pod oběma křivkami, výpočet ",[1035,42575,42577],{"className":42576},[1772],[1774,42578,42579],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,42580,42581,42589],{},[1781,42582,42583,42585,42587],{},[1784,42584,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,42586,1868],{},[1784,42588,3212],{},[1808,42590,40989],{"encoding":1810},[1035,42592,42594],{"className":42593},[1772],[1774,42595,42596],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,42597,42598,42604],{},[1781,42599,42600,42602],{},[1784,42601,1868],{},[1784,42603,31140],{},[1808,42605,41019],{"encoding":1810},[1030,42607,42608,42609,42612,42613,1075],{},"Vzorová řešení a širší přehled zkouškových úloh: ",[1068,42610,4281],{"className":42611,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":4279,"href":4280},[1071],". Kompaktní přehled vzorců: ",[1068,42614,1834],{"className":42615,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1832,"href":1833},[1071],[1023,42617,42619,42626],{"className":42618,"dataCallout":1608},[1026,1607],[1030,42620,42622,42625],{"className":42621},[1033],[1035,42623],{"className":42624,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1615,1040],"Strategie u zkoušky",[1030,42627,42628,42629,42632,42633,42661,42662,42742,42743,1299,42756,1299,42769,42795,42796,42817],{},"Pokud máte ",[1047,42630,42631],{},"Cobb-Douglas"," preference ",[1035,42634,42636],{"className":42635},[1772],[1774,42637,42638],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,42639,42640,42658],{},[1781,42641,42642,42644,42646,42652],{},[1784,42643,2126],{},[1788,42645,1863],{},[2467,42647,42648,42650],{},[1784,42649,20998],{},[1784,42651,38066],{},[2467,42653,42654,42656],{},[1784,42655,21001],{},[1784,42657,38071],{},[1808,42659,42660],{"encoding":1810},"U = X^\\alpha Y^\\beta",", můžete začít rovnou z hotových vzorců:\n",[1035,42663,42665],{"className":42664},[1772],[1774,42666,42667],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,42668,42669,42739],{},[1781,42670,42671,42677,42679,42691,42693,42703,42705,42707,42713,42715,42727,42729],{},[2467,42672,42673,42675],{},[1784,42674,20998],{},[1784,42676,1857],{},[1788,42678,1863],{},[2322,42680,42681,42683],{},[1784,42682,38066],{},[1781,42684,42685,42687,42689],{},[1784,42686,38066],{},[1788,42688,2637],{},[1784,42690,38071],{},[1788,42692,2267],{},[2322,42694,42695,42697],{},[1784,42696,3221],{},[1792,42698,42699,42701],{},[1784,42700,2264],{},[1784,42702,20998],{},[1788,42704,1138],{"separator":1041},[2352,42706],{"width":2702},[2467,42708,42709,42711],{},[1784,42710,21001],{},[1784,42712,1857],{},[1788,42714,1863],{},[2322,42716,42717,42719],{},[1784,42718,38071],{},[1781,42720,42721,42723,42725],{},[1784,42722,38066],{},[1788,42724,2637],{},[1784,42726,38071],{},[1788,42728,2267],{},[2322,42730,42731,42733],{},[1784,42732,3221],{},[1792,42734,42735,42737],{},[1784,42736,2264],{},[1784,42738,21001],{},[1808,42740,42741],{"encoding":1810},"X^M = \\frac{\\alpha}{\\alpha + \\beta}\\cdot \\frac{I}{P_X}, \\quad Y^M = \\frac{\\beta}{\\alpha + \\beta}\\cdot \\frac{I}{P_Y}","\na odtud postupně ",[1035,42744,42746],{"className":42745},[1772],[1774,42747,42748],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,42749,42750,42754],{},[1781,42751,42752],{},[1784,42753,31140],{},[1808,42755,31140],{"encoding":1810},[1035,42757,42759],{"className":42758},[1772],[1774,42760,42761],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,42762,42763,42767],{},[1781,42764,42765],{},[1784,42766,2364],{},[1808,42768,2364],{"encoding":1810},[1035,42770,42772],{"className":42771},[1772],[1774,42773,42774],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,42775,42776,42792],{},[1781,42777,42778,42784,42786],{},[1792,42779,42780,42782],{},[1784,42781,12129],{},[1784,42783,20998],{},[1788,42785,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,42787,42788,42790],{},[1784,42789,12129],{},[1784,42791,21001],{},[1808,42793,42794],{"encoding":1810},"h_X, h_Y",". Pro ",[1035,42797,42799],{"className":42798},[1772],[1774,42800,42801],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,42802,42803,42815],{},[1781,42804,42805,42807,42809,42811,42813],{},[1784,42806,38066],{},[1788,42808,1863],{},[1784,42810,38071],{},[1788,42812,1863],{},[2348,42814,15984],{},[1808,42816,38078],{"encoding":1810}," to dává přesně formule z kapitoly 13.",[4503,42819],{},[1077,42821,42823],{"id":42822},"_19-souvislosti-a-další-čtení","19. Souvislosti a další čtení",[1112,42825,42826,42832,42838,42844,42850,42856,42862,42868,42874,42880],{},[1115,42827,42828,42831],{},[1068,42829,1682],{"className":42830,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1680,"href":1681},[1071]," — kurzový rozcestník",[1115,42833,42834,42837],{},[1068,42835,33561],{"className":42836,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":32404,"href":32402},[1071]," — teorie užitku, preference, MRS",[1115,42839,42840,42843],{},[1068,42841,33567],{"className":42842,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":33565,"href":33566},[1071]," — primární optimalizace, podmínky 1. řádu",[1115,42845,42846,42849],{},[1068,42847,33572],{"className":42848,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":25327,"href":25325},[1071]," — Slutsky vs. Hicks geometricky",[1115,42851,42852,42855],{},[1068,42853,2390],{"className":42854,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":2388,"href":2389},[1071]," — citlivost poptávky, vazba na Slutského rovnici",[1115,42857,42858,42861],{},[1068,42859,1834],{"className":42860,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1832,"href":1833},[1071]," — kompaktní přehled vzorců kurzu",[1115,42863,42864,42867],{},[1068,42865,4281],{"className":42866,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":4279,"href":4280},[1071]," — řešené zkouškové úlohy",[1115,42869,42870,42873],{},[1068,42871,33540],{"className":42872,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":33538,"href":33539},[1071]," — matematický aparát pro vázanou optimalizaci",[1115,42875,42876,42879],{},[1068,42877,33546],{"className":42878,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":33544,"href":33545},[1071]," — pojem užitku v matematické ekonomii",[1115,42881,42882,42885],{},[1068,42883,33552],{"className":42884,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":33550,"href":33551},[1071]," — paralelní výklad v kurzu Matematická ekonomie",[4503,42887],{},[1023,42889,42891,42898],{"className":42890,"dataCallout":2090},[1026,2089],[1030,42892,42894,42897],{"className":42893},[1033],[1035,42895],{"className":42896,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,2097,1040],"Zdroje",[1030,42899,42900,42901,42924,42925,2440],{},"Tato stránka kombinuje učebnicovou definici výdajové funkce a duálního schématu s ručním přepisem numerického příkladu pro ",[1035,42902,42904],{"className":42903},[1772],[1774,42905,42906],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,42907,42908,42922],{},[1781,42909,42910,42912,42914],{},[1784,42911,2126],{},[1788,42913,1863],{},[22228,42915,42916],{},[1781,42917,42918,42920],{},[1784,42919,20998],{},[1784,42921,21001],{},[1808,42923,38041],{"encoding":1810}," — kompletní výpočet všech čtyř funkcí (",[1035,42926,42928],{"className":42927},[1772],[1774,42929,42930],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,42931,42932,42956],{},[1781,42933,42934,42940,42942,42944,42946,42948,42950],{},[2467,42935,42936,42938],{},[1784,42937,20998],{},[1784,42939,1857],{},[1788,42941,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,42943,31140],{},[1788,42945,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,42947,2364],{},[1788,42949,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,42951,42952,42954],{},[1784,42953,12129],{},[1784,42955,20998],{},[1808,42957,42958],{"encoding":1810},"X^M, V, E, h_X",{"title":1685,"searchDepth":141,"depth":141,"links":42960},[42961,42966,42970,42974,42978,42982,42984,42988,42991,42994,42995,42996,43005,43007,43008,43013,43020,43021,43022],{"id":33578,"depth":141,"text":33579,"children":42962},[42963,42964,42965],{"id":33592,"depth":96,"text":33593},{"id":33750,"depth":96,"text":33751},{"id":33934,"depth":96,"text":33935},{"id":34145,"depth":141,"text":34146,"children":42967},[42968,42969],{"id":34273,"depth":96,"text":34274},{"id":34426,"depth":96,"text":34427},{"id":34551,"depth":141,"text":34552,"children":42971},[42972,42973],{"id":34680,"depth":96,"text":34681},{"id":34857,"depth":96,"text":34858},{"id":34870,"depth":141,"text":42975,"children":42976},"4. Nepřímá užitková funkce V(PX,PY,I)V(P_X, P_Y, I)",[42977],{"id":35091,"depth":96,"text":35092},{"id":35302,"depth":141,"text":42979,"children":42980},"5. Výdajová funkce E(PX,PY,U0)E(P_X, P_Y, U_0)",[42981],{"id":35518,"depth":96,"text":35519},{"id":35761,"depth":141,"text":42983},"6. Inverze mezi VV a EE",{"id":36017,"depth":141,"text":36018,"children":42985},[42986,42987],{"id":36232,"depth":96,"text":26956},{"id":36314,"depth":96,"text":36315},{"id":36627,"depth":141,"text":36628,"children":42989},[42990],{"id":23813,"depth":96,"text":23814},{"id":37141,"depth":141,"text":37142,"children":42992},[42993],{"id":37278,"depth":96,"text":35104},{"id":37483,"depth":141,"text":37484},{"id":37571,"depth":141,"text":37572},{"id":38016,"depth":141,"text":42997,"children":42998},"12. Detailní příklad: U=XYU = \\sqrt{XY}",[42999,43000,43002,43004],{"id":38199,"depth":96,"text":38200},{"id":38815,"depth":96,"text":43001},"12.2 Krok 2 — Nepřímá užitková funkce V(PX,PY,B)V(P_X, P_Y, B)",{"id":39064,"depth":96,"text":43003},"12.3 Krok 3 — Výdajová funkce E(PX,PY,U0)E(P_X, P_Y, U_0)",{"id":39319,"depth":96,"text":39320},{"id":39755,"depth":141,"text":43006},"13. Souhrnná tabulka pro U=XYU = \\sqrt{XY}",{"id":40569,"depth":141,"text":40570},{"id":40949,"depth":141,"text":40950,"children":43009},[43010,43011,43012],{"id":40953,"depth":96,"text":40954},{"id":41244,"depth":96,"text":41245},{"id":41273,"depth":96,"text":41274},{"id":41361,"depth":141,"text":41362,"children":43014},[43015,43016,43018,43019],{"id":41503,"depth":96,"text":41504},{"id":41705,"depth":96,"text":43017},"16.2 Referenční užitek U0U_0",{"id":41856,"depth":96,"text":41857},{"id":42099,"depth":96,"text":42100},{"id":42295,"depth":141,"text":42296},{"id":42517,"depth":141,"text":42518},{"id":42822,"depth":141,"text":42823},{},"\u002Ftopics\u002Fmikk-marshall-hicks-poptavka",{"title":33355,"description":1685},[43027,33347],"raw\u002Fmikk\u002FNumerický vztah mezi Marshall a Hicks demand.pdf","topics\u002Fmikk-marshall-hicks-poptavka",[13,28,684,209,181,317,876],"JGyPRBPLs9i_hVBsz2rsjmLVBu2oIcAnyfoRnpWtaYk",{"id":43032,"title":43033,"body":43034,"course":13,"courses":1696,"created":1697,"description":1685,"extension":1698,"meta":55757,"navigation":1700,"path":55758,"seo":55759,"sources":55760,"stem":55761,"tags":55762,"type":4439,"updated":1697,"__hash__":55763},"topics\u002Ftopics\u002Fmikk-monopol-pokrocily.md","Monopol — pokročilá analýza",{"type":1016,"value":43035,"toc":55642},[43036,43039,43376,43422,43424,43428,43434,43484,43495,43523,43530,43580,43590,43593,43710,43752,43754,43758,43761,43765,43791,43887,43909,43926,43943,44001,44004,44109,44115,44173,44320,44324,44372,44456,44490,44494,44518,44614,44618,44621,44733,44744,44754,44756,44781,44785,44788,45081,45085,45118,45151,45238,45385,45392,45416,45502,45504,45508,45515,45519,45602,45606,45609,45701,45752,45828,45953,45957,45968,46058,46060,46064,46068,46149,46156,46222,46253,46257,46341,46506,46529,46533,46649,46653,46665,46692,46694,46698,46701,46705,46773,46816,46819,46913,46917,46938,47090,47106,47222,47231,47235,47238,47642,47646,47649,47914,47918,48034,48036,48040,48059,48061,48183,48186,48190,48214,48322,48362,48402,48479,48503,48556,48560,48618,48664,48668,48725,48757,48828,48892,48923,48927,49080,49084,49244,49248,49383,49385,49389,49393,49420,49424,49427,49552,49591,49653,49660,49664,49732,49734,49838,49842,49849,49872,49876,49893,49931,49952,49954,49958,49961,49965,49968,50014,50017,50113,50120,50124,50126,50171,50173,50269,50276,50280,50286,50292,50383,50390,50392,50396,50403,50407,50428,50469,50473,50490,50556,50573,50621,50630,50634,50640,50688,50691,50693,50697,50704,50707,50711,50741,50817,50820,51039,51042,51262,51266,51397,51427,51431,51552,51638,51693,51697,51742,51948,52004,52006,52010,52022,52026,52032,52036,52043,52047,52057,52061,52068,52072,52075,52147,52172,52174,52178,52214,52225,52227,52231,52240,52244,52251,52299,52306,52310,52345,52349,52352,52389,52393,52502,52504,52508,52515,52519,52553,52766,52793,52815,52905,52959,52967,52974,52979,52990,52997,53107,53112,53120,53125,53146,53150,53157,53160,53220,53227,53229,53233,53236,53240,53549,53553,53623,53646,53733,53736,53842,53893,53897,53923,53978,54014,54119,54123,54339,54351,54353,54371,54378,54426,54495,54498,54548,54572,54626,54713,54715,54719,54730,54734,54926,54930,55187,55191,55285,55289,55322,55324,55328,55436,55438,55442,55635],[1019,43037,43033],{"id":43038},"monopol-pokročilá-analýza",[1082,43040,43041,43045],{},[1030,43042,43043],{},[1047,43044,1042],{},[1112,43046,43047,43074,43165,43215,43272,43333],{},[1115,43048,43049,43050,4058,43053,1075],{},"Monopolista volí výstup tam, kde ",[1047,43051,43052],{},"mezní příjem rovná mezním nákladům",[1035,43054,43056],{"className":43055},[1772],[1774,43057,43058],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,43059,43060,43072],{},[1781,43061,43062,43064,43066,43068,43070],{},[1784,43063,1857],{},[1784,43065,1860],{},[1788,43067,1863],{},[1784,43069,1857],{},[1784,43071,1868],{},[1808,43073,1871],{"encoding":1810},[1115,43075,43076,43077,2070,43080],{},"Cenovou přirážku nad MC plně určuje ",[1047,43078,43079],{},"elasticita poptávky firmy",[1035,43081,43083],{"className":43082},[1772],[1774,43084,43085],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,43086,43087,43162],{},[1781,43088,43089,43103,43105,43107,43109,43111,43121,43123,43126,43128,43130,43132,43134,43136,43160],{},[2322,43090,43091,43101],{},[1781,43092,43093,43095,43097,43099],{},[1784,43094,2264],{},[1788,43096,2371],{},[1784,43098,1857],{},[1784,43100,1868],{},[1784,43102,2264],{},[2149,43104,21702],{},[1788,43106,1863],{},[2149,43108,21702],{},[1788,43110,2371],{},[2322,43112,43113,43115],{},[2348,43114,2374],{},[1792,43116,43117,43119],{},[1784,43118,2364],{},[1784,43120,2328],{},[2352,43122],{"width":2702},[1788,43124,43125],{},"⟺",[2352,43127],{"width":2702},[1784,43129,2264],{},[2149,43131,21702],{},[1788,43133,1863],{},[2149,43135,21702],{},[2322,43137,43138,43144],{},[1781,43139,43140,43142],{},[1784,43141,1857],{},[1784,43143,1868],{},[1781,43145,43146,43148,43150,43152,43154],{},[2348,43147,2374],{},[1788,43149,2637],{},[2348,43151,2374],{},[1784,43153,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,43155,43156,43158],{},[1784,43157,2364],{},[1784,43159,2328],{},[1784,43161,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,43163,43164],{"encoding":1810},"\\frac{P - MC}{P} \\;=\\; -\\frac{1}{E_d} \\quad\\Longleftrightarrow\\quad P \\;=\\; \\frac{MC}{1 + 1\u002FE_d}.",[1115,43166,43167,1089,43169,43214],{},[1047,43168,19492],{},[1035,43170,43172],{"className":43171},[1772],[1774,43173,43174],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,43175,43176,43211],{},[1781,43177,43178,43180,43182,43184,43186,43188,43190,43192,43194,43196,43198,43201,43203,43205,43207,43209],{},[1784,43179,3766],{},[1788,43181,1863],{},[1788,43183,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,43185,2264],{},[1788,43187,2371],{},[1784,43189,1857],{},[1784,43191,1868],{},[1788,43193,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,43195,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,43197,2264],{},[1788,43199,43200],{},"∈",[1788,43202,21923],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,43204,2350],{},[1788,43206,1138],{"separator":1041},[2348,43208,2374],{},[1788,43210,21948],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,43212,43213],{"encoding":1810},"L = (P - MC)\u002FP \\in [0,1]"," měří monopolní sílu — 0 odpovídá dokonalé konkurenci, 1 nekonečné monopolní síle.",[1115,43216,43217,43218,43221,43222,1075],{},"Monopolista s ",[1047,43219,43220],{},"více závody"," rovná mezní náklady všech závodů a tržní mezní příjem: ",[1035,43223,43225],{"className":43224},[1772],[1774,43226,43227],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,43228,43229,43269],{},[1781,43230,43231,43233,43239,43241,43243,43249,43251,43253,43255,43257,43263,43265,43267],{},[1784,43232,1857],{},[1792,43234,43235,43237],{},[1784,43236,1868],{},[2348,43238,2374],{},[1788,43240,1863],{},[1784,43242,1857],{},[1792,43244,43245,43247],{},[1784,43246,1868],{},[2348,43248,4593],{},[1788,43250,1863],{},[1788,43252,12008],{},[1788,43254,1863],{},[1784,43256,1857],{},[1792,43258,43259,43261],{},[1784,43260,1868],{},[1784,43262,1806],{},[1788,43264,1863],{},[1784,43266,1857],{},[1784,43268,1860],{},[1808,43270,43271],{"encoding":1810},"MC_1 = MC_2 = \\ldots = MC_n = MR",[1115,43273,43274,43275,43278,43279,1299,43292,1062,43307,43325,43326,43329,43330,2440],{},"Společenská ztráta z monopolu má dvě složky: ",[1047,43276,43277],{},"náklady mrtvé váhy"," (DWL — trojúhelník mezi ",[1035,43280,43282],{"className":43281},[1772],[1774,43283,43284],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,43285,43286,43290],{},[1781,43287,43288],{},[1784,43289,3224],{},[1808,43291,3224],{"encoding":1810},[1035,43293,43295],{"className":43294},[1772],[1774,43296,43297],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,43298,43299,43305],{},[1781,43300,43301,43303],{},[1784,43302,1857],{},[1784,43304,1868],{},[1808,43306,11135],{"encoding":1810},[1035,43308,43310],{"className":43309},[1772],[1774,43311,43312],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,43313,43314,43322],{},[1781,43315,43316],{},[1792,43317,43318,43320],{},[1784,43319,2270],{},[1784,43321,1857],{},[1808,43323,43324],{"encoding":1810},"Q_M",") a ",[1047,43327,43328],{},"náklady na získání monopolu"," (lobování, reklama, kapacity — ",[1091,43331,43332],{},"rent-seeking",[1115,43334,43335,43338,43339,43356,43357,43372,43373,2440],{},[1047,43336,43337],{},"Přirozený monopol"," vzniká při klesajících ",[1035,43340,43342],{"className":43341},[1772],[1774,43343,43344],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,43345,43346,43354],{},[1781,43347,43348,43350,43352],{},[1784,43349,3766],{},[1784,43351,10292],{},[1784,43353,1868],{},[1808,43355,12303],{"encoding":1810},"; standardní regulační odpovědí je nastavit cenu na úroveň ",[1035,43358,43360],{"className":43359},[1772],[1774,43361,43362],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,43363,43364,43370],{},[1781,43365,43366,43368],{},[1784,43367,10292],{},[1784,43369,1868],{},[1808,43371,23305],{"encoding":1810}," (cenový strop, ",[1091,43374,43375],{},"rate-of-return",[1030,43377,43378,43379,43382,43383,43387,43388,43394,43395,43401,43402,1299,43406,1299,43410,43416,43417,43421],{},"Tato stránka navazuje na obecný úvod do monopolu na kurzové stránce ",[1068,43380,1682],{"className":43381,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1680,"href":1681},[1071]," a předpokládá, že čtenář ovládá pojem ",[1068,43384,43386],{"className":43385,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":2388,"href":2389},[1071],"elasticita poptávky"," a koncept ",[1068,43389,43393],{"className":43390,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":43391,"href":43392},[1071],"topics\u002Fprebytek-spotrebitele-vyrobce.md","\u002Fwiki\u002Fprebytek-spotrebitele-vyrobce","přebytku spotřebitele a výrobce"," (ten je odvozen v rámci kurzu ",[1068,43396,43400],{"className":43397,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":43398,"href":43399},[1071],"courses\u002Fimek.md","\u002Fwiki\u002Fimek","Matematická ekonomie","). Speciální případy jako ",[1068,43403,43405],{"className":43404,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":7244,"href":7245},[1071],"cenová diskriminace",[1068,43407,43409],{"className":43408,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":10994,"href":10995},[1071],"bundling a dvousložkový tarif",[1068,43411,43415],{"className":43412,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":43413,"href":43414},[1071],"topics\u002Fmikk-prirozeny-monopol-regulace.md","\u002Fwiki\u002Fmikk-prirozeny-monopol-regulace","regulace přirozeného monopolu"," a srovnání s ",[1068,43418,43420],{"className":43419,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":4348,"href":4349},[1071],"monopolistickou konkurencí"," mají vlastní stránky.",[4503,43423],{},[1077,43425,43427],{"id":43426},"_1-definice-a-charakteristika-monopolu","1. Definice a charakteristika monopolu",[1030,43429,43430,43433],{},[1047,43431,43432],{},"Monopol"," je tržní struktura s následujícími znaky:",[1260,43435,43436,43442,43448,43478],{},[1115,43437,43438,43441],{},[1047,43439,43440],{},"Jediný producent"," statku nebo služby na celém relevantním trhu.",[1115,43443,43444,43447],{},[1047,43445,43446],{},"Žádné blízké substituty"," — zákazník nemá realistickou alternativu.",[1115,43449,43450,43453,43454],{},[1047,43451,43452],{},"Výrazné bariéry vstupu",", které brání novým firmám v účasti na trhu:\n",[1112,43455,43456,43462,43472],{},[1115,43457,43458,43461],{},[1047,43459,43460],{},"Přirozené bariéry"," — geografické (jediný zdroj suroviny), či nákladové (rostoucí výnosy z rozsahu, viz sekce 14).",[1115,43463,43464,43467,43468,43471],{},[1047,43465,43466],{},"Technologické bariéry"," — patenty, ",[1091,43469,43470],{},"know-how",", síťové efekty, vlastnictví klíčové infrastruktury.",[1115,43473,43474,43477],{},[1047,43475,43476],{},"Právní bariéry"," — koncese, licence, státní monopoly.",[1115,43479,43480,43483],{},[1047,43481,43482],{},"Firma je rovna odvětví"," — poptávka po produkci firmy se shoduje s tržní poptávkou.",[1030,43485,43486,43487,43490,43491,43494],{},"Z bodu 4 plyne klíčový důsledek: monopolista čelí ",[1047,43488,43489],{},"klesající poptávkové křivce",". To ho zásadně odlišuje od dokonale konkurenční firmy, která je ",[1091,43492,43493],{},"cenovým příjemcem"," a její individuální poptávka je vodorovná na úrovni tržní ceny.",[1082,43496,43497],{},[1030,43498,43499,43502,43503,43506,43507,43522],{},[1047,43500,43501],{},"Důležité pozorování:"," Monopolista ",[1047,43504,43505],{},"nemá nabídkovou křivku"," v klasickém smyslu. Vztah mezi cenou a nabízeným množstvím u monopolisty není funkcí pouze ",[1035,43508,43510],{"className":43509},[1772],[1774,43511,43512],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,43513,43514,43520],{},[1781,43515,43516,43518],{},[1784,43517,1857],{},[1784,43519,1868],{},[1808,43521,11135],{"encoding":1810}," — závisí i na tvaru poptávky. Toto pozorování rozvedeme v sekci 7.",[1100,43524,43526,43527],{"id":43525},"_11-monopolista-jako-price-maker","1.1 Monopolista jako ",[1091,43528,43529],{},"price-maker",[1030,43531,43532,43533,4010,43536,43539,43540,4010,43543,43545,43546,43559,43560,43579],{},"Zatímco dokonale konkurenční firma cenu ",[1047,43534,43535],{},"přijímá",[1091,43537,43538],{},"price-taker","), monopolista cenu ",[1047,43541,43542],{},"stanovuje",[1091,43544,43529],{},"). Stanovuje ji ovšem ne libovolně, ale optimálně vzhledem k tvaru poptávky a vlastním nákladům. Cena, při které prodá množství ",[1035,43547,43549],{"className":43548},[1772],[1774,43550,43551],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,43552,43553,43557],{},[1781,43554,43555],{},[1784,43556,2270],{},[1808,43558,2270],{"encoding":1810},", je dána přímo poptávkovou funkcí ",[1035,43561,43563],{"className":43562},[1772],[1774,43564,43565],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,43566,43567,43577],{},[1781,43568,43569,43571,43573,43575],{},[1784,43570,2264],{},[1788,43572,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,43574,2270],{},[1788,43576,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,43578,25053],{"encoding":1810}," — monopolista volí buď množství, nebo cenu, ale ne obojí nezávisle.",[1100,43581,43583,43584,1062,43587,43589],{"id":43582},"_12-pojmy-ar-a-mr-v-monopolu","1.2 Pojmy ",[1091,43585,43586],{},"AR",[1091,43588,13044],{}," v monopolu",[1030,43591,43592],{},"Pro monopolistu jsou základní příjmové veličiny:",[1112,43594,43595,43649],{},[1115,43596,43597,1089,43600,43648],{},[1047,43598,43599],{},"Průměrný příjem",[1035,43601,43603],{"className":43602},[1772],[1774,43604,43605],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,43606,43607,43645],{},[1781,43608,43609,43611,43613,43615,43617,43619,43621,43623,43625,43627,43629,43631,43633,43635,43637,43639,43641,43643],{},[1784,43610,10292],{},[1784,43612,1860],{},[1788,43614,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,43616,2270],{},[1788,43618,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,43620,1863],{},[1784,43622,2257],{},[1784,43624,1860],{},[1788,43626,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,43628,2270],{},[1788,43630,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,43632,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,43634,2270],{},[1788,43636,1863],{},[1784,43638,2264],{},[1788,43640,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,43642,2270],{},[1788,43644,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,43646,43647],{"encoding":1810},"AR(Q) = TR(Q)\u002FQ = P(Q)"," — geometricky se kryje s poptávkovou křivkou.",[1115,43650,43651,1089,43654,43690,43691,43694,43695,1075],{},[1047,43652,43653],{},"Mezní příjem",[1035,43655,43657],{"className":43656},[1772],[1774,43658,43659],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,43660,43661,43687],{},[1781,43662,43663,43665,43667,43669,43671,43673,43675,43677,43679,43681,43683,43685],{},[1784,43664,1857],{},[1784,43666,1860],{},[1788,43668,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,43670,2270],{},[1788,43672,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,43674,1863],{},[1784,43676,2328],{},[1784,43678,2257],{},[1784,43680,1860],{},[1784,43682,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,43684,2328],{},[1784,43686,2270],{},[1808,43688,43689],{"encoding":1810},"MR(Q) = dTR\u002FdQ"," — leží ",[1047,43692,43693],{},"pod"," poptávkovou křivkou (kromě prvního prodaného kusu) a klesá rychleji než ",[1035,43696,43698],{"className":43697},[1772],[1774,43699,43700],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,43701,43702,43708],{},[1781,43703,43704,43706],{},[1784,43705,10292],{},[1784,43707,1860],{},[1808,43709,43586],{"encoding":1810},[1030,43711,43712,43713,43728,43729,43751],{},"Toto poslední tvrzení je obecná vlastnost: jakmile ",[1035,43714,43716],{"className":43715},[1772],[1774,43717,43718],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,43719,43720,43726],{},[1781,43721,43722,43724],{},[1784,43723,10292],{},[1784,43725,1860],{},[1808,43727,43586],{"encoding":1810}," klesá, pak ",[1035,43730,43732],{"className":43731},[1772],[1774,43733,43734],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,43735,43736,43748],{},[1781,43737,43738,43740,43742,43744,43746],{},[1784,43739,1857],{},[1784,43741,1860],{},[1788,43743,2537],{},[1784,43745,10292],{},[1784,43747,1860],{},[1808,43749,43750],{"encoding":1810},"MR \u003C AR"," a dvojnásobný sklon u lineární poptávky.",[4503,43753],{},[1077,43755,43757],{"id":43756},"_2-stanovení-ceny-odvození-vzorce","2. Stanovení ceny — odvození vzorce",[1030,43759,43760],{},"Cílem této sekce je odvodit elegantní souvislost mezi optimální monopolní cenou, mezními náklady a elasticitou poptávky.",[1100,43762,43764],{"id":43763},"_21-krok-1-derivace-celkového-příjmu","2.1 Krok 1 — derivace celkového příjmu",[1030,43766,20298,43767,43790],{},[1035,43768,43770],{"className":43769},[1772],[1774,43771,43772],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,43773,43774,43788],{},[1781,43775,43776,43778,43780,43782,43784,43786],{},[1784,43777,2257],{},[1784,43779,1860],{},[1788,43781,1863],{},[1784,43783,2264],{},[1788,43785,2267],{},[1784,43787,2270],{},[1808,43789,28434],{"encoding":1810}," a derivace součinu:",[1035,43792,43794],{"className":43793},[1772],[1774,43795,43796],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,43797,43798,43884],{},[1781,43799,43800,43802,43804,43806,43808,43810,43826,43828,43830,43832,43854,43856,43858,43860,43862,43864,43866,43868,43882],{},[1784,43801,1857],{},[1784,43803,1860],{},[2149,43805,21702],{},[1788,43807,1863],{},[2149,43809,21702],{},[2322,43811,43812,43820],{},[1781,43813,43814,43816,43818],{},[1784,43815,2328],{},[1784,43817,2257],{},[1784,43819,1860],{},[1781,43821,43822,43824],{},[1784,43823,2328],{},[1784,43825,2270],{},[2149,43827,21702],{},[1788,43829,1863],{},[2149,43831,21702],{},[2322,43833,43834,43848],{},[1781,43835,43836,43838,43840,43842,43844,43846],{},[1784,43837,2328],{},[1788,43839,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,43841,2264],{},[1788,43843,2267],{},[1784,43845,2270],{},[1788,43847,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1781,43849,43850,43852],{},[1784,43851,2328],{},[1784,43853,2270],{},[2149,43855,21702],{},[1788,43857,1863],{},[2149,43859,21702],{},[1784,43861,2264],{},[1788,43863,2637],{},[1784,43865,2270],{},[1788,43867,2267],{},[2322,43869,43870,43876],{},[1781,43871,43872,43874],{},[1784,43873,2328],{},[1784,43875,2264],{},[1781,43877,43878,43880],{},[1784,43879,2328],{},[1784,43881,2270],{},[1784,43883,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,43885,43886],{"encoding":1810},"MR \\;=\\; \\frac{dTR}{dQ} \\;=\\; \\frac{d(P\\cdot Q)}{dQ} \\;=\\; P + Q \\cdot \\frac{dP}{dQ}.",[1030,43888,43889,43890,1075],{},"Tento výraz je platný pro libovolnou (diferencovatelnou) poptávku ",[1035,43891,43893],{"className":43892},[1772],[1774,43894,43895],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,43896,43897,43907],{},[1781,43898,43899,43901,43903,43905],{},[1784,43900,2264],{},[1788,43902,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,43904,2270],{},[1788,43906,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,43908,25053],{"encoding":1810},[1100,43910,43912,43913],{"id":43911},"_22-krok-2-vytknutí-pp","2.2 Krok 2 — vytknutí ",[1035,43914,43916],{"className":43915},[1772],[1774,43917,43918],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,43919,43920,43924],{},[1781,43921,43922],{},[1784,43923,2264],{},[1808,43925,2264],{"encoding":1810},[1030,43927,43928,43929,43942],{},"Vytkneme-li ",[1035,43930,43932],{"className":43931},[1772],[1774,43933,43934],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,43935,43936,43940],{},[1781,43937,43938],{},[1784,43939,2264],{},[1808,43941,2264],{"encoding":1810}," z prvního členu, dostaneme:",[1035,43944,43946],{"className":43945},[1772],[1774,43947,43948],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,43949,43950,43998],{},[1781,43951,43952,43954,43956,43958,43960,43962,43964,43996],{},[1784,43953,1857],{},[1784,43955,1860],{},[2149,43957,21702],{},[1788,43959,1863],{},[2149,43961,21702],{},[1784,43963,2264],{},[1781,43965,43966,43968,43970,43972,43978,43980,43994],{},[1788,43967,2143],{"fence":1041},[2348,43969,2374],{},[1788,43971,2637],{},[2322,43973,43974,43976],{},[1784,43975,2270],{},[1784,43977,2264],{},[1788,43979,2267],{},[2322,43981,43982,43988],{},[1781,43983,43984,43986],{},[1784,43985,2328],{},[1784,43987,2264],{},[1781,43989,43990,43992],{},[1784,43991,2328],{},[1784,43993,2270],{},[1788,43995,2192],{"fence":1041},[1784,43997,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,43999,44000],{"encoding":1810},"MR \\;=\\; P\\left(1 + \\frac{Q}{P}\\cdot\\frac{dP}{dQ}\\right).",[1030,44002,44003],{},"Připomeňme definici cenové elasticity poptávky:",[1035,44005,44007],{"className":44006},[1772],[1774,44008,44009],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,44010,44011,44106],{},[1781,44012,44013,44019,44021,44023,44025,44039,44041,44047,44049,44051,44064,44066,44076,44078,44080,44082,44096,44098,44104],{},[1792,44014,44015,44017],{},[1784,44016,2364],{},[1784,44018,2328],{},[2149,44020,21702],{},[1788,44022,1863],{},[2149,44024,21702],{},[2322,44026,44027,44033],{},[1781,44028,44029,44031],{},[1784,44030,2328],{},[1784,44032,2270],{},[1781,44034,44035,44037],{},[1784,44036,2328],{},[1784,44038,2264],{},[1788,44040,2267],{},[2322,44042,44043,44045],{},[1784,44044,2264],{},[1784,44046,2270],{},[1788,44048,1138],{"separator":1041},[2352,44050],{"width":2354},[1781,44052,44053,44056,44062],{},[2149,44054,44055],{},"tak",[2160,44057,44058,44060],{"accent":1041},[2149,44059,2164],{},[1788,44061,2167],{},[2149,44063,9309],{},[2352,44065],{"width":2354},[2322,44067,44068,44070],{},[2348,44069,2374],{},[1792,44071,44072,44074],{},[1784,44073,2364],{},[1784,44075,2328],{},[2149,44077,21702],{},[1788,44079,1863],{},[2149,44081,21702],{},[2322,44083,44084,44090],{},[1781,44085,44086,44088],{},[1784,44087,2328],{},[1784,44089,2264],{},[1781,44091,44092,44094],{},[1784,44093,2328],{},[1784,44095,2270],{},[1788,44097,2267],{},[2322,44099,44100,44102],{},[1784,44101,2270],{},[1784,44103,2264],{},[1784,44105,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,44107,44108],{"encoding":1810},"E_d \\;=\\; \\frac{dQ}{dP}\\cdot \\frac{P}{Q}, \\qquad \\text{takže}\\qquad \\frac{1}{E_d} \\;=\\; \\frac{dP}{dQ}\\cdot \\frac{Q}{P}.",[1030,44110,44111,44112,1310],{},"Dosazením vzniká kompaktní ",[1091,44113,44114],{},"Amorosova–Robinsonova rovnice",[1035,44116,44118],{"className":44117},[1772],[1774,44119,44120],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,44121,44122,44170],{},[1781,44123,44124],{},[21766,44125,44126],{"notation":21768},[14390,44127,44128],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,44129,44130],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,44131,44132],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[1781,44133,44134,44136,44138,44140,44142,44144,44146,44148,44168],{},[2149,44135,21702],{},[1784,44137,1857],{},[1784,44139,1860],{},[2149,44141,21702],{},[1788,44143,1863],{},[2149,44145,21702],{},[1784,44147,2264],{},[1781,44149,44150,44152,44154,44156,44166],{},[1788,44151,2143],{"fence":1041},[2348,44153,2374],{},[1788,44155,2637],{},[2322,44157,44158,44160],{},[2348,44159,2374],{},[1792,44161,44162,44164],{},[1784,44163,2364],{},[1784,44165,2328],{},[1788,44167,2192],{"fence":1041},[2149,44169,21702],{},[1808,44171,44172],{"encoding":1810},"\\boxed{\\;MR \\;=\\; P\\left(1 + \\frac{1}{E_d}\\right)\\;}",[1082,44174,44175],{},[1030,44176,44177,44180,44181,22866,44203,1062,44229,44249,44250,44272,44273,44315,44316,44319],{},[1047,44178,44179],{},"Poznámka o znaménku."," Pro normální statek je ",[1035,44182,44184],{"className":44183},[1772],[1774,44185,44186],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,44187,44188,44200],{},[1781,44189,44190,44196,44198],{},[1792,44191,44192,44194],{},[1784,44193,2364],{},[1784,44195,2328],{},[1788,44197,2537],{},[2348,44199,2350],{},[1808,44201,44202],{"encoding":1810},"E_d \u003C 0",[1035,44204,44206],{"className":44205},[1772],[1774,44207,44208],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,44209,44210,44226],{},[1781,44211,44212,44214,44216,44222,44224],{},[2348,44213,2374],{},[1784,44215,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,44217,44218,44220],{},[1784,44219,2364],{},[1784,44221,2328],{},[1788,44223,2537],{},[2348,44225,2350],{},[1808,44227,44228],{"encoding":1810},"1\u002FE_d \u003C 0",[1035,44230,44232],{"className":44231},[1772],[1774,44233,44234],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,44235,44236,44246],{},[1781,44237,44238,44240,44242,44244],{},[1784,44239,1857],{},[1784,44241,1860],{},[1788,44243,2537],{},[1784,44245,2264],{},[1808,44247,44248],{"encoding":1810},"MR \u003C P",", jak musí pro klesající poptávku platit. V učebnicích se občas uvažuje ",[1035,44251,44253],{"className":44252},[1772],[1774,44254,44255],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,44256,44257,44269],{},[1781,44258,44259,44261,44267],{},[1784,44260,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,44262,44263,44265],{},[1784,44264,2364],{},[1784,44266,2328],{},[1784,44268,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,44270,44271],{"encoding":1810},"|E_d|",", pak má rovnice tvar ",[1035,44274,44276],{"className":44275},[1772],[1774,44277,44278],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,44279,44280,44312],{},[1781,44281,44282,44284,44286,44288,44290,44292,44294,44296,44298,44300,44302,44308,44310],{},[1784,44283,1857],{},[1784,44285,1860],{},[1788,44287,1863],{},[1784,44289,2264],{},[1788,44291,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,44293,2374],{},[1788,44295,2371],{},[2348,44297,2374],{},[1784,44299,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,44301,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,44303,44304,44306],{},[1784,44305,2364],{},[1784,44307,2328],{},[1784,44309,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,44311,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,44313,44314],{"encoding":1810},"MR = P(1 - 1\u002F|E_d|)",". Obě varianty jsou ekvivalentní; v této wiki budeme držet ",[1047,44317,44318],{},"algebraickou"," podobu (se znaménkem).",[1100,44321,44323],{"id":44322},"_23-krok-3-optimum-monopolisty","2.3 Krok 3 — optimum monopolisty",[1030,44325,44326,44327,44371],{},"Monopolista maximalizuje zisk ",[1035,44328,44330],{"className":44329},[1772],[1774,44331,44332],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,44333,44334,44368],{},[1781,44335,44336,44338,44340,44342,44344,44346,44348,44350,44352,44354,44356,44358,44360,44362,44364,44366],{},[1784,44337,1786],{},[1788,44339,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,44341,2270],{},[1788,44343,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,44345,1863],{},[1784,44347,2257],{},[1784,44349,1860],{},[1788,44351,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,44353,2270],{},[1788,44355,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,44357,2371],{},[1784,44359,2257],{},[1784,44361,1868],{},[1788,44363,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,44365,2270],{},[1788,44367,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,44369,44370],{"encoding":1810},"\\pi(Q) = TR(Q) - TC(Q)",". Nutná podmínka prvního řádu:",[1035,44373,44375],{"className":44374},[1772],[1774,44376,44377],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,44378,44379,44453],{},[1781,44380,44381,44395,44397,44399,44401,44403,44405,44407,44409,44411,44413,44415,44417,44419,44421,44423,44425,44427,44429,44431,44433,44435,44437,44439,44441,44443,44445,44447,44449,44451],{},[2322,44382,44383,44389],{},[1781,44384,44385,44387],{},[1784,44386,2328],{},[1784,44388,1786],{},[1781,44390,44391,44393],{},[1784,44392,2328],{},[1784,44394,2270],{},[2149,44396,21702],{},[1788,44398,1863],{},[2149,44400,21702],{},[1784,44402,1857],{},[1784,44404,1860],{},[1788,44406,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,44408,2270],{},[1788,44410,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,44412,2371],{},[1784,44414,1857],{},[1784,44416,1868],{},[1788,44418,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,44420,2270],{},[1788,44422,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[2149,44424,21702],{},[1788,44426,1863],{},[2149,44428,21702],{},[2348,44430,2350],{},[2352,44432],{"width":2702},[1788,44434,43125],{},[2352,44436],{"width":2702},[1784,44438,1857],{},[1784,44440,1860],{},[2149,44442,21702],{},[1788,44444,1863],{},[2149,44446,21702],{},[1784,44448,1857],{},[1784,44450,1868],{},[1784,44452,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,44454,44455],{"encoding":1810},"\\frac{d\\pi}{dQ} \\;=\\; MR(Q) - MC(Q) \\;=\\; 0 \\quad\\Longleftrightarrow\\quad MR \\;=\\; MC.",[1030,44457,44458,44459,44489],{},"Druhá podmínka pro maximum je ",[1035,44460,44462],{"className":44461},[1772],[1774,44463,44464],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,44465,44466,44486],{},[1781,44467,44468,44470,44476,44478,44480],{},[1784,44469,1857],{},[2467,44471,44472,44474],{},[1784,44473,1860],{},[1788,44475,7862],{"mathvariant":7829,"lspace":7861,"rspace":7861},[1788,44477,2537],{},[1784,44479,1857],{},[2467,44481,44482,44484],{},[1784,44483,1868],{},[1788,44485,7862],{"mathvariant":7829,"lspace":7861,"rspace":7861},[1808,44487,44488],{"encoding":1810},"MR' \u003C MC'"," — mezní příjem klesá rychleji, než stoupají mezní náklady (typicky splněno).",[1100,44491,44493],{"id":44492},"_24-krok-4-sloučení-do-cenového-vzorce","2.4 Krok 4 — sloučení do cenového vzorce",[1030,44495,26487,44496,44517],{},[1035,44497,44499],{"className":44498},[1772],[1774,44500,44501],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,44502,44503,44515],{},[1781,44504,44505,44507,44509,44511,44513],{},[1784,44506,1857],{},[1784,44508,1860],{},[1788,44510,1863],{},[1784,44512,1857],{},[1784,44514,1868],{},[1808,44516,1871],{"encoding":1810}," a Amorosovy–Robinsonovy rovnice:",[1035,44519,44521],{"className":44520},[1772],[1774,44522,44523],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,44524,44525,44611],{},[1781,44526,44527,44529,44549,44551,44553,44555,44557,44559,44561,44563,44565],{},[1784,44528,2264],{},[1781,44530,44531,44533,44535,44537,44547],{},[1788,44532,2143],{"fence":1041},[2348,44534,2374],{},[1788,44536,2637],{},[2322,44538,44539,44541],{},[2348,44540,2374],{},[1792,44542,44543,44545],{},[1784,44544,2364],{},[1784,44546,2328],{},[1788,44548,2192],{"fence":1041},[2149,44550,21702],{},[1788,44552,1863],{},[2149,44554,21702],{},[1784,44556,1857],{},[1784,44558,1868],{},[2352,44560],{"width":2702},[1788,44562,43125],{},[2352,44564],{"width":2702},[21766,44566,44567],{"notation":21768},[14390,44568,44569],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,44570,44571],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,44572,44573],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[1781,44574,44575,44577,44579,44581,44583,44585,44609],{},[2149,44576,21702],{},[1784,44578,2264],{},[2149,44580,21702],{},[1788,44582,1863],{},[2149,44584,21702],{},[2322,44586,44587,44593],{},[1781,44588,44589,44591],{},[1784,44590,1857],{},[1784,44592,1868],{},[1781,44594,44595,44597,44599,44601,44603],{},[2348,44596,2374],{},[1788,44598,2637],{},[2348,44600,2374],{},[1784,44602,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,44604,44605,44607],{},[1784,44606,2364],{},[1784,44608,2328],{},[2149,44610,21702],{},[1808,44612,44613],{"encoding":1810},"P\\left(1 + \\frac{1}{E_d}\\right) \\;=\\; MC \\quad\\Longleftrightarrow\\quad \\boxed{\\;P \\;=\\; \\frac{MC}{1 + 1\u002FE_d}\\;}",[1100,44615,44617],{"id":44616},"_25-krok-5-procentní-přirážka","2.5 Krok 5 — procentní přirážka",[1030,44619,44620],{},"Algebraická úprava:",[1035,44622,44624],{"className":44623},[1772],[1774,44625,44626],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,44627,44628,44730],{},[1781,44629,44630,44632,44634,44644,44646,44648,44650,44652,44654,44656,44658,44660,44662,44664,44666,44668,44678,44680,44682,44684],{},[1784,44631,2264],{},[1788,44633,2637],{},[2322,44635,44636,44638],{},[1784,44637,2264],{},[1792,44639,44640,44642],{},[1784,44641,2364],{},[1784,44643,2328],{},[1788,44645,1863],{},[1784,44647,1857],{},[1784,44649,1868],{},[2149,44651,21702],{},[1788,44653,43125],{},[2149,44655,21702],{},[1784,44657,2264],{},[1788,44659,2371],{},[1784,44661,1857],{},[1784,44663,1868],{},[1788,44665,1863],{},[1788,44667,2371],{},[2322,44669,44670,44672],{},[1784,44671,2264],{},[1792,44673,44674,44676],{},[1784,44675,2364],{},[1784,44677,2328],{},[2149,44679,21702],{},[1788,44681,43125],{},[2149,44683,21702],{},[21766,44685,44686],{"notation":21768},[14390,44687,44688],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,44689,44690],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,44691,44692],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[1781,44693,44694,44696,44710,44712,44714,44716,44718,44728],{},[2149,44695,21702],{},[2322,44697,44698,44708],{},[1781,44699,44700,44702,44704,44706],{},[1784,44701,2264],{},[1788,44703,2371],{},[1784,44705,1857],{},[1784,44707,1868],{},[1784,44709,2264],{},[2149,44711,21702],{},[1788,44713,1863],{},[2149,44715,21702],{},[1788,44717,2371],{},[2322,44719,44720,44722],{},[2348,44721,2374],{},[1792,44723,44724,44726],{},[1784,44725,2364],{},[1784,44727,2328],{},[2149,44729,21702],{},[1808,44731,44732],{"encoding":1810},"P + \\frac{P}{E_d} = MC \\;\\Longleftrightarrow\\; P - MC = -\\frac{P}{E_d} \\;\\Longleftrightarrow\\; \\boxed{\\;\\frac{P - MC}{P} \\;=\\; -\\frac{1}{E_d}\\;}",[1030,44734,44735,44736,44739,44740,44743],{},"Tato podoba se nazývá ",[1047,44737,44738],{},"procentní přirážka"," (markup) nebo ",[1047,44741,44742],{},"Lernerova rovnice"," a je nejdůležitějším výsledkem celé sekce.",[1082,44745,44746],{},[1030,44747,44748,1089,44751],{},[1047,44749,44750],{},"Slogan:",[1091,44752,44753],{},"Procentní přirážka monopolisty nad mezními náklady je rovna převrácené hodnotě absolutní velikosti elasticity poptávky.",[4503,44755],{},[1077,44757,44759,44760],{"id":44758},"_3-důsledky-pravidla-mrmcmr-mc","3. Důsledky pravidla ",[1035,44761,44763],{"className":44762},[1772],[1774,44764,44765],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,44766,44767,44779],{},[1781,44768,44769,44771,44773,44775,44777],{},[1784,44770,1857],{},[1784,44772,1860],{},[1788,44774,1863],{},[1784,44776,1857],{},[1784,44778,1868],{},[1808,44780,1871],{"encoding":1810},[1100,44782,44784],{"id":44783},"_31-závislost-přirážky-na-elasticitě","3.1 Závislost přirážky na elasticitě",[1030,44786,44787],{},"Z Lernerovy rovnice plyne přímá úměra mezi nepružností poptávky a velikostí přirážky:",[1030,44789,44790,44791,44812,44813,44839,44840,44868,44869,44882,44883,44896,44897,44913,44914,44927,44928,44942,44943,44959,44960,44927,44973,44942,44988,45004,45005,45020,45021,44942,45036,45053,45054,44927,45067,45080],{},"| Elasticita ",[1035,44792,44794],{"className":44793},[1772],[1774,44795,44796],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,44797,44798,44810],{},[1781,44799,44800,44802,44808],{},[1784,44801,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,44803,44804,44806],{},[1784,44805,2364],{},[1784,44807,2328],{},[1784,44809,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,44811,44271],{"encoding":1810}," | ",[1035,44814,44816],{"className":44815},[1772],[1774,44817,44818],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,44819,44820,44836],{},[1781,44821,44822,44824,44826,44828,44834],{},[2348,44823,2374],{},[1784,44825,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,44827,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,44829,44830,44832],{},[1784,44831,2364],{},[1784,44833,2328],{},[1784,44835,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,44837,44838],{"encoding":1810},"1\u002F|E_d|"," | Přirážka ",[1035,44841,44843],{"className":44842},[1772],[1774,44844,44845],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,44846,44847,44865],{},[1781,44848,44849,44851,44853,44855,44857,44859,44861,44863],{},[1788,44850,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,44852,2264],{},[1788,44854,2371],{},[1784,44856,1857],{},[1784,44858,1868],{},[1788,44860,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,44862,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,44864,2264],{},[1808,44866,44867],{"encoding":1810},"(P-MC)\u002FP"," | Komentář |\n|--------------------|-----------|----------------------|----------|\n| ",[1035,44870,44872],{"className":44871},[1772],[1774,44873,44874],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,44875,44876,44880],{},[1781,44877,44878],{},[1784,44879,21408],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,44881,21438],{"encoding":1810}," (dok. konk.) | ",[1035,44884,44886],{"className":44885},[1772],[1774,44887,44888],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,44889,44890,44894],{},[1781,44891,44892],{},[2348,44893,2350],{},[1808,44895,2350],{"encoding":1810},"       | ",[1035,44898,44900],{"className":44899},[1772],[1774,44901,44902],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,44903,44904,44910],{},[1781,44905,44906,44908],{},[2348,44907,2350],{},[1784,44909,9016],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,44911,44912],{"encoding":1810},"0\\%","                | Cena = MC |\n| ",[1035,44915,44917],{"className":44916},[1772],[1774,44918,44919],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,44920,44921,44925],{},[1781,44922,44923],{},[2348,44924,5356],{},[1808,44926,5356],{"encoding":1810},"                | ",[1035,44929,44931],{"className":44930},[1772],[1774,44932,44933],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,44934,44935,44939],{},[1781,44936,44937],{},[2348,44938,27257],{},[1808,44940,44941],{"encoding":1810},"0{,}20","  | ",[1035,44944,44946],{"className":44945},[1772],[1774,44947,44948],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,44949,44950,44956],{},[1781,44951,44952,44954],{},[2348,44953,2640],{},[1784,44955,9016],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,44957,44958],{"encoding":1810},"20\\%","               | Konkurenční trh s diferenciací |\n| ",[1035,44961,44963],{"className":44962},[1772],[1774,44964,44965],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,44966,44967,44971],{},[1781,44968,44969],{},[2348,44970,4593],{},[1808,44972,4593],{"encoding":1810},[1035,44974,44976],{"className":44975},[1772],[1774,44977,44978],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,44979,44980,44985],{},[1781,44981,44982],{},[2348,44983,44984],{},"0,50",[1808,44986,44987],{"encoding":1810},"0{,}50",[1035,44989,44991],{"className":44990},[1772],[1774,44992,44993],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,44994,44995,45001],{},[1781,44996,44997,44999],{},[2348,44998,2853],{},[1784,45000,9016],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,45002,45003],{"encoding":1810},"50\\%","               | Středně silný monopol |\n| ",[1035,45006,45008],{"className":45007},[1772],[1774,45009,45010],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,45011,45012,45017],{},[1781,45013,45014],{},[2348,45015,45016],{},"1,1",[1808,45018,45019],{"encoding":1810},"1{,}1","            | ",[1035,45022,45024],{"className":45023},[1772],[1774,45025,45026],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,45027,45028,45033],{},[1781,45029,45030],{},[2348,45031,45032],{},"0,91",[1808,45034,45035],{"encoding":1810},"0{,}91",[1035,45037,45039],{"className":45038},[1772],[1774,45040,45041],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,45042,45043,45050],{},[1781,45044,45045,45048],{},[2348,45046,45047],{},"91",[1784,45049,9016],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,45051,45052],{"encoding":1810},"91\\%","               | Silný monopol |\n| ",[1035,45055,45057],{"className":45056},[1772],[1774,45058,45059],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,45060,45061,45065],{},[1781,45062,45063],{},[2348,45064,2374],{},[1808,45066,2374],{"encoding":1810},[1035,45068,45070],{"className":45069},[1772],[1774,45071,45072],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,45073,45074,45078],{},[1781,45075,45076],{},[2348,45077,2374],{},[1808,45079,2374],{"encoding":1810},"       | nedefinováno         | Hraniční bod — viz 3.2 |",[1100,45082,45084],{"id":45083},"_32-monopolista-vždy-operuje-na-elastické-části-poptávky","3.2 Monopolista vždy operuje na elastické části poptávky",[1030,45086,45087,45090,45091,45117],{},[1047,45088,45089],{},"Tvrzení."," Monopolista nikdy nezvolí výstup tam, kde ",[1035,45092,45094],{"className":45093},[1772],[1774,45095,45096],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,45097,45098,45114],{},[1781,45099,45100,45102,45108,45110,45112],{},[1784,45101,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,45103,45104,45106],{},[1784,45105,2364],{},[1784,45107,2328],{},[1784,45109,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,45111,33669],{},[2348,45113,2374],{},[1808,45115,45116],{"encoding":1810},"|E_d| \\le 1"," (neelastická oblast).",[1030,45119,45120,45123,45124,45150],{},[1047,45121,45122],{},"Důkaz."," Pokud ",[1035,45125,45127],{"className":45126},[1772],[1774,45128,45129],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,45130,45131,45147],{},[1781,45132,45133,45135,45141,45143,45145],{},[1784,45134,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,45136,45137,45139],{},[1784,45138,2364],{},[1784,45140,2328],{},[1784,45142,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,45144,2537],{},[2348,45146,2374],{},[1808,45148,45149],{"encoding":1810},"|E_d| \u003C 1",", pak z Amorosovy–Robinsonovy rovnice:",[1035,45152,45154],{"className":45153},[1772],[1774,45155,45156],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,45157,45158,45235],{},[1781,45159,45160,45162,45164,45166,45168,45170,45172,45192,45194,45196,45198,45200,45226,45228,45230,45232],{},[1784,45161,1857],{},[1784,45163,1860],{},[2149,45165,21702],{},[1788,45167,1863],{},[2149,45169,21702],{},[1784,45171,2264],{},[1781,45173,45174,45176,45178,45180,45190],{},[1788,45175,2143],{"fence":1041},[2348,45177,2374],{},[1788,45179,2637],{},[2322,45181,45182,45184],{},[2348,45183,2374],{},[1792,45185,45186,45188],{},[1784,45187,2364],{},[1784,45189,2328],{},[1788,45191,2192],{"fence":1041},[2149,45193,21702],{},[1788,45195,1863],{},[2149,45197,21702],{},[1784,45199,2264],{},[1781,45201,45202,45204,45206,45208,45224],{},[1788,45203,2143],{"fence":1041},[2348,45205,2374],{},[1788,45207,2371],{},[2322,45209,45210,45212],{},[2348,45211,2374],{},[1781,45213,45214,45216,45222],{},[1784,45215,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,45217,45218,45220],{},[1784,45219,2364],{},[1784,45221,2328],{},[1784,45223,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,45225,2192],{"fence":1041},[2149,45227,21702],{},[1788,45229,2537],{},[2149,45231,21702],{},[2348,45233,45234],{},"0.",[1808,45236,45237],{"encoding":1810},"MR \\;=\\; P\\left(1 + \\frac{1}{E_d}\\right) \\;=\\; P\\left(1 - \\frac{1}{|E_d|}\\right) \\;\u003C\\; 0.",[1030,45239,45240,45241,45244,45245,45260,45261,22866,45281,45302,45303,45324,45325,45338,45339,12850,45365,1075],{},"Záporný mezní příjem znamená, že ",[1047,45242,45243],{},"snížení"," výstupu by zvýšilo ",[1035,45246,45248],{"className":45247},[1772],[1774,45249,45250],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,45251,45252,45258],{},[1781,45253,45254,45256],{},[1784,45255,2257],{},[1784,45257,1860],{},[1808,45259,3056],{"encoding":1810},". Mezní náklady jsou ale typicky nezáporné, ",[1035,45262,45264],{"className":45263},[1772],[1774,45265,45266],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,45267,45268,45278],{},[1781,45269,45270,45272,45274,45276],{},[1784,45271,1857],{},[1784,45273,1868],{},[1788,45275,1790],{},[2348,45277,2350],{},[1808,45279,45280],{"encoding":1810},"MC \\ge 0",[1035,45282,45284],{"className":45283},[1772],[1774,45285,45286],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,45287,45288,45300],{},[1781,45289,45290,45292,45294,45296,45298],{},[1784,45291,1857],{},[1784,45293,1860],{},[1788,45295,2537],{},[1784,45297,1857],{},[1784,45299,1868],{},[1808,45301,2544],{"encoding":1810}," a podmínka maxima ",[1035,45304,45306],{"className":45305},[1772],[1774,45307,45308],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,45309,45310,45322],{},[1781,45311,45312,45314,45316,45318,45320],{},[1784,45313,1857],{},[1784,45315,1860],{},[1788,45317,1863],{},[1784,45319,1857],{},[1784,45321,1868],{},[1808,45323,1871],{"encoding":1810}," nemůže být splněna. Monopolista tedy bude ",[1035,45326,45328],{"className":45327},[1772],[1774,45329,45330],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,45331,45332,45336],{},[1781,45333,45334],{},[1784,45335,2270],{},[1808,45337,2270],{"encoding":1810}," snižovat až do okamžiku, kdy se dostane do oblasti ",[1035,45340,45342],{"className":45341},[1772],[1774,45343,45344],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,45345,45346,45362],{},[1781,45347,45348,45350,45356,45358,45360],{},[1784,45349,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,45351,45352,45354],{},[1784,45353,2364],{},[1784,45355,2328],{},[1784,45357,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,45359,2491],{},[2348,45361,2374],{},[1808,45363,45364],{"encoding":1810},"|E_d| > 1",[1035,45366,45368],{"className":45367},[1772],[1774,45369,45370],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,45371,45372,45382],{},[1781,45373,45374,45376,45378,45380],{},[1784,45375,1857],{},[1784,45377,1860],{},[1788,45379,2491],{},[2348,45381,2350],{},[1808,45383,45384],{"encoding":1810},"MR > 0",[1082,45386,45387],{},[1030,45388,45389,45391],{},[1047,45390,20208],{}," Pokud je poptávka neelastická, snížení množství zvýší tržby a zároveň ušetří výrobní náklady — racionální monopolista nikdy nesetrvá v této oblasti.",[1100,45393,45395,45396],{"id":45394},"_33-monopolista-a-mc0mc-0","3.3 Monopolista a ",[1035,45397,45399],{"className":45398},[1772],[1774,45400,45401],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,45402,45403,45413],{},[1781,45404,45405,45407,45409,45411],{},[1784,45406,1857],{},[1784,45408,1868],{},[1788,45410,1863],{},[2348,45412,2350],{},[1808,45414,45415],{"encoding":1810},"MC = 0",[1030,45417,45418,45419,45438,45439,45458,45459,45485,45486,45501],{},"Speciální případ: pokud ",[1035,45420,45422],{"className":45421},[1772],[1774,45423,45424],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,45425,45426,45436],{},[1781,45427,45428,45430,45432,45434],{},[1784,45429,1857],{},[1784,45431,1868],{},[1788,45433,1863],{},[2348,45435,2350],{},[1808,45437,45415],{"encoding":1810}," (např. digitální distribuce, software), pak z ",[1035,45440,45442],{"className":45441},[1772],[1774,45443,45444],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,45445,45446,45456],{},[1781,45447,45448,45450,45452,45454],{},[1784,45449,1857],{},[1784,45451,1860],{},[1788,45453,1863],{},[2348,45455,2350],{},[1808,45457,2439],{"encoding":1810}," (a Amoroso–Robinson) plyne ",[1035,45460,45462],{"className":45461},[1772],[1774,45463,45464],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,45465,45466,45482],{},[1781,45467,45468,45470,45476,45478,45480],{},[1784,45469,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,45471,45472,45474],{},[1784,45473,2364],{},[1784,45475,2328],{},[1784,45477,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,45479,1863],{},[2348,45481,2374],{},[1808,45483,45484],{"encoding":1810},"|E_d| = 1",". Monopolista volí výstup přesně na hraně elasticity 1 — bod, kde ",[1035,45487,45489],{"className":45488},[1772],[1774,45490,45491],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,45492,45493,45499],{},[1781,45494,45495,45497],{},[1784,45496,2257],{},[1784,45498,1860],{},[1808,45500,3056],{"encoding":1810}," nabývá maxima.",[4503,45503],{},[1077,45505,45507],{"id":45506},"_4-případová-studie-astra-merck-a-lék-prilosec","4. Případová studie: Astra-Merck a lék Prilosec",[1030,45509,45510,45511,45514],{},"Astra-Merck uvedla v roce 1995 na americký trh inhibitor protonové pumpy ",[1047,45512,45513],{},"Prilosec"," (omeprazol). Lék čelil konkurenci levnějších H2-blokátorů Tagamet a Zantac, ale díky účinnosti a patentu měl významnou monopolní sílu.",[1100,45516,45518],{"id":45517},"_41-údaje","4.1 Údaje",[1112,45520,45521,45527,45549,45572],{},[1115,45522,45523,45524],{},"Cena Prilosec: ",[1047,45525,45526],{},"$3{,}50 \u002F denní dávka",[1115,45528,45529,45530],{},"Cena konkurentů (Tagamet, Zantac): ",[1047,45531,45532,45548],{},[1035,45533,45535],{"className":45534},[1772],[1774,45536,45537],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,45538,45539,45545],{},[1781,45540,45541,45543],{},[2348,45542,18009],{},[2149,45544,9075],{},[1808,45546,45547],{"encoding":1810},"1{,}50 – ","2{,}25 \u002F denní dávka",[1115,45550,45551,45552],{},"Mezní náklady Prilosec: ",[1047,45553,45554,45571],{},[1035,45555,45557],{"className":45556},[1772],[1774,45558,45559],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,45560,45561,45568],{},[1781,45562,45563,45566],{},[2348,45564,45565],{},"0,30",[2149,45567,9075],{},[1808,45569,45570],{"encoding":1810},"0{,}30 – ","0{,}40 \u002F denní dávka",[1115,45573,45574,45575],{},"Odhadovaná elasticita firmy: ",[1035,45576,45578],{"className":45577},[1772],[1774,45579,45580],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,45581,45582,45599],{},[1781,45583,45584,45586,45592,45594,45596],{},[1784,45585,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,45587,45588,45590],{},[1784,45589,2364],{},[1784,45591,2328],{},[1784,45593,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,45595,8786],{},[2348,45597,45598],{},"1,35",[1808,45600,45601],{"encoding":1810},"|E_d| \\approx 1{,}35",[1100,45603,45605],{"id":45604},"_42-aplikace-vzorce","4.2 Aplikace vzorce",[1030,45607,45608],{},"Použijeme Lernerovu rovnici v podobě:",[1035,45610,45612],{"className":45611},[1772],[1774,45613,45614],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,45615,45616,45698],{},[1781,45617,45618,45620,45622,45624,45626,45654,45656,45658,45660,45662,45664,45666,45696],{},[1784,45619,2264],{},[2149,45621,21702],{},[1788,45623,1863],{},[2149,45625,21702],{},[2322,45627,45628,45634],{},[1781,45629,45630,45632],{},[1784,45631,1857],{},[1784,45633,1868],{},[1781,45635,45636,45638,45640,45642,45644,45646,45652],{},[2348,45637,2374],{},[1788,45639,2371],{},[2348,45641,2374],{},[1784,45643,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,45645,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,45647,45648,45650],{},[1784,45649,2364],{},[1784,45651,2328],{},[1784,45653,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[2149,45655,21702],{},[1788,45657,1863],{},[2149,45659,21702],{},[1784,45661,1857],{},[1784,45663,1868],{},[1788,45665,2267],{},[2322,45667,45668,45680],{},[1781,45669,45670,45672,45678],{},[1784,45671,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,45673,45674,45676],{},[1784,45675,2364],{},[1784,45677,2328],{},[1784,45679,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1781,45681,45682,45684,45690,45692,45694],{},[1784,45683,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,45685,45686,45688],{},[1784,45687,2364],{},[1784,45689,2328],{},[1784,45691,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,45693,2371],{},[2348,45695,2374],{},[1784,45697,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,45699,45700],{"encoding":1810},"P \\;=\\; \\frac{MC}{1 - 1\u002F|E_d|} \\;=\\; MC \\cdot \\frac{|E_d|}{|E_d| - 1}.",[1030,45702,45703,45704,45725,45726,1310],{},"Dosazením ",[1035,45705,45707],{"className":45706},[1772],[1774,45708,45709],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,45710,45711,45722],{},[1781,45712,45713,45715,45717,45719],{},[1784,45714,1857],{},[1784,45716,1868],{},[1788,45718,1863],{},[2348,45720,45721],{},"0,35",[1808,45723,45724],{"encoding":1810},"MC = 0{,}35"," (střed odhadu) a ",[1035,45727,45729],{"className":45728},[1772],[1774,45730,45731],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,45732,45733,45749],{},[1781,45734,45735,45737,45743,45745,45747],{},[1784,45736,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,45738,45739,45741],{},[1784,45740,2364],{},[1784,45742,2328],{},[1784,45744,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,45746,1863],{},[2348,45748,45598],{},[1808,45750,45751],{"encoding":1810},"|E_d| = 1{,}35",[1035,45753,45755],{"className":45754},[1772],[1774,45756,45757],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,45758,45759,45825],{},[1781,45760,45761,45763,45765,45767,45769,45771,45773,45785,45787,45789,45791,45793,45795,45801,45803,45805,45807,45809,45811,45814,45816,45818,45820,45822],{},[1784,45762,2264],{},[2149,45764,21702],{},[1788,45766,1863],{},[2149,45768,21702],{},[2348,45770,45721],{},[1788,45772,2267],{},[2322,45774,45775,45777],{},[2348,45776,45598],{},[1781,45778,45779,45781,45783],{},[2348,45780,45598],{},[1788,45782,2371],{},[2348,45784,2374],{},[2149,45786,21702],{},[1788,45788,1863],{},[2149,45790,21702],{},[2348,45792,45721],{},[1788,45794,2267],{},[2322,45796,45797,45799],{},[2348,45798,45598],{},[2348,45800,45721],{},[2149,45802,21702],{},[1788,45804,1863],{},[2149,45806,21702],{},[2348,45808,45721],{},[1788,45810,2267],{},[2348,45812,45813],{},"3,857",[2149,45815,21702],{},[1788,45817,8786],{},[2149,45819,21702],{},[1784,45821,10098],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,45823,45824],{},"1,35.",[1808,45826,45827],{"encoding":1810},"P \\;=\\; 0{,}35 \\cdot \\frac{1{,}35}{1{,}35 - 1} \\;=\\; 0{,}35 \\cdot \\frac{1{,}35}{0{,}35} \\;=\\; 0{,}35 \\cdot 3{,}857 \\;\\approx\\; \\$1{,}35.",[1030,45829,45830,45831,45844,45845,1075],{},"Při použití vyšší vstupní MC (přibližně ",[1035,45832,45834],{"className":45833},[1772],[1774,45835,45836],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,45837,45838,45842],{},[1781,45839,45840],{},[2348,45841,2374],{},[1808,45843,2374],{"encoding":1810}," ve studii pro „plně alokované náklady“) vychází číslo ",[1047,45846,45847,45952],{},[1035,45848,45850],{"className":45849},[1772],[1774,45851,45852],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,45853,45854,45949],{},[1781,45855,45856,45859,45861,45863,45865,45867,45869,45871,45873,45879,45881,45883,45885,45887,45889,45891,45893,45895,45897,45903,45905,45907,45909,45911,45913,45915,45917,45919,45925,45927,45933,45935,45937,45939,45945,45947],{},[2348,45857,45858],{},"3,89",[1788,45860,7763],{},[1788,45862,7763],{},[1788,45864,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,45866,9377],{},[1784,45868,8827],{},[1784,45870,9309],{},[1784,45872,3794],{},[2160,45874,45875,45877],{"accent":1041},[1784,45876,9309],{},[1788,45878,2181],{},[1784,45880,9312],{},[1784,45882,9309],{},[1784,45884,9426],{},[1784,45886,9309],{},[1784,45888,2488],{},[1784,45890,1800],{},[1784,45892,1803],{},[1784,45894,8838],{},[1784,45896,2488],{},[2160,45898,45899,45901],{"accent":1041},[1784,45900,9298],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,45902,2181],{},[1784,45904,2164],{},[1784,45906,9377],{},[1784,45908,2485],{},[1784,45910,9351],{},[1784,45912,9377],{},[1784,45914,2480],{},[1784,45916,8827],{},[1784,45918,9309],{},[2160,45920,45921,45923],{"accent":1041},[1784,45922,9435],{},[1788,45924,2167],{},[1784,45926,1806],{},[2160,45928,45929,45931],{"accent":1041},[1784,45930,9309],{},[1788,45932,2181],{},[1784,45934,9435],{},[1784,45936,9309],{},[1784,45938,1806],{},[2160,45940,45941,45943],{"accent":1041},[1784,45942,9309],{},[1788,45944,2167],{},[1788,45946,7763],{},[1788,45948,7763],{},[1808,45950,45951],{"encoding":1810},"3{,}89**, které je velmi blízko skutečné ceně **","3{,}50",[1100,45954,45956],{"id":45955},"_43-závěr-případové-studie","4.3 Závěr případové studie",[1030,45958,45959,45960,45963,45964,45967],{},"Cenová politika Astra-Merck je ",[1047,45961,45962],{},"konzistentní s pravidlem maximalizace zisku monopolisty"," podle Amorosovy–Robinsonovy rovnice. Vyšší cena oproti konkurentům není projevem „chamtivosti“, nýbrž ",[1047,45965,45966],{},"racionální odpovědí"," na nízkou cenovou elasticitu poptávky pro výrazně účinnější léčbu — pacienti (a jejich pojišťovny) jsou ochotni za výrazně lepší produkt zaplatit více.",[1082,45969,45970],{},[1030,45971,45972,45975,45976,46025,46026,46039,46040,46053,46054,46057],{},[1047,45973,45974],{},"Pedagogická pointa:"," Zdánlivě „překvapivá“ cena ",[1035,45977,45979],{"className":45978},[1772],[1774,45980,45981],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,45982,45983,46022],{},[1781,45984,45985,45988,45990,45992,45994,46000,46002,46004,46006,46008,46014,46016],{},[2348,45986,45987],{},"3,50",[1784,45989,9312],{},[1784,45991,9309],{},[1784,45993,1030],{},[2160,45995,45996,45998],{"accent":1041},[1784,45997,3794],{},[1788,45999,2167],{},[1784,46001,1803],{},[1784,46003,2164],{},[1784,46005,1068],{},[1784,46007,2328],{},[2160,46009,46010,46012],{"accent":1041},[1784,46011,1068],{},[1788,46013,2181],{},[1784,46015,1806],{},[2160,46017,46018,46020],{"accent":1041},[1784,46019,9298],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,46021,2181],{},[1808,46023,46024],{"encoding":1810},"3{,}50 je při zadání ","|E_d|=1{,}35",[1035,46027,46029],{"className":46028},[1772],[1774,46030,46031],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,46032,46033,46037],{},[1781,46034,46035],{},[1784,46036,1068],{},[1808,46038,1068],{"encoding":1810},"MC \\approx 0{,}30",[1035,46041,46043],{"className":46042},[1772],[1774,46044,46045],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,46046,46047,46051],{},[1781,46048,46049],{},[2149,46050,9075],{},[1808,46052,9075],{"encoding":1810},"0{,}40$ téměř ",[1091,46055,46056],{},"vynucena"," maximalizací zisku.",[4503,46059],{},[1077,46061,46063],{"id":46062},"_5-posuny-poptávky-a-neexistence-nabídkové-křivky","5. Posuny poptávky a neexistence nabídkové křivky",[1100,46065,46067],{"id":46066},"_51-dokonalá-konkurence-vs-monopol","5.1 Dokonalá konkurence vs. monopol",[1030,46069,46070,46071,46086,46087,46105,46106,46119,46120,46144,46145,46148],{},"V dokonalé konkurenci je individuální nabídka firmy odvozena z ",[1035,46072,46074],{"className":46073},[1772],[1774,46075,46076],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,46077,46078,46084],{},[1781,46079,46080,46082],{},[1784,46081,1857],{},[1784,46083,1868],{},[1808,46085,11135],{"encoding":1810}," nad minimem ",[1035,46088,46090],{"className":46089},[1772],[1774,46091,46092],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,46093,46094,46102],{},[1781,46095,46096,46098,46100],{},[1784,46097,10292],{},[1784,46099,31140],{},[1784,46101,1868],{},[1808,46103,46104],{"encoding":1810},"AVC"," — pro každou cenu ",[1035,46107,46109],{"className":46108},[1772],[1774,46110,46111],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,46112,46113,46117],{},[1781,46114,46115],{},[1784,46116,2264],{},[1808,46118,2264],{"encoding":1810}," existuje jednoznačné ",[1035,46121,46123],{"className":46122},[1772],[1774,46124,46125],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,46126,46127,46141],{},[1781,46128,46129,46135,46137,46139],{},[2467,46130,46131,46133],{},[1784,46132,2270],{},[1784,46134,9351],{},[1788,46136,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,46138,2264],{},[1788,46140,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,46142,46143],{"encoding":1810},"Q^s(P)",". Tento vztah je čistě ",[1047,46146,46147],{},"nákladová"," záležitost.",[1030,46150,46151,46152,46155],{},"V monopolu naopak optimální výstup závisí ",[1047,46153,46154],{},"současně"," na:",[1260,46157,46158,46183],{},[1115,46159,46160,46161,1138],{},"mezních nákladech ",[1035,46162,46164],{"className":46163},[1772],[1774,46165,46166],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,46167,46168,46180],{},[1781,46169,46170,46172,46174,46176,46178],{},[1784,46171,1857],{},[1784,46173,1868],{},[1788,46175,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,46177,2270],{},[1788,46179,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,46181,46182],{"encoding":1810},"MC(Q)",[1115,46184,46185,46186,46206,46207,2440],{},"tvaru poptávkové křivky ",[1035,46187,46189],{"className":46188},[1772],[1774,46190,46191],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,46192,46193,46203],{},[1781,46194,46195,46197,46199,46201],{},[1784,46196,3224],{},[1788,46198,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,46200,2270],{},[1788,46202,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,46204,46205],{"encoding":1810},"D(Q)"," (a tedy i tvaru ",[1035,46208,46210],{"className":46209},[1772],[1774,46211,46212],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,46213,46214,46220],{},[1781,46215,46216,46218],{},[1784,46217,1857],{},[1784,46219,1860],{},[1808,46221,13044],{"encoding":1810},[1030,46223,46224,46225,1075],{},"Není proto možné definovat „nabídkovou křivku monopolisty“ jako jednoznačnou funkci ",[1035,46226,46228],{"className":46227},[1772],[1774,46229,46230],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,46231,46232,46250],{},[1781,46233,46234,46240,46242,46244,46246,46248],{},[2467,46235,46236,46238],{},[1784,46237,2270],{},[1784,46239,9351],{},[1788,46241,1863],{},[1784,46243,2139],{},[1788,46245,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,46247,2264],{},[1788,46249,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,46251,46252],{"encoding":1810},"Q^s = f(P)",[1100,46254,46256],{"id":46255},"_52-stejné-množství-při-různých-cenách","5.2 Stejné množství při různých cenách",[1030,46258,46259,46260,1062,46277,46294,46295,46298,46299,46314,46315,46318,46319,46336,46337,46340],{},"Uvažujme dvě poptávkové křivky ",[1035,46261,46263],{"className":46262},[1772],[1774,46264,46265],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,46266,46267,46275],{},[1781,46268,46269],{},[1792,46270,46271,46273],{},[1784,46272,3224],{},[2348,46274,2374],{},[1808,46276,13434],{"encoding":1810},[1035,46278,46280],{"className":46279},[1772],[1774,46281,46282],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,46283,46284,46292],{},[1781,46285,46286],{},[1792,46287,46288,46290],{},[1784,46289,3224],{},[2348,46291,4593],{},[1808,46293,18474],{"encoding":1810},", které se v bodě optima protnou se ",[1091,46296,46297],{},"stejnou"," hodnotou ",[1035,46300,46302],{"className":46301},[1772],[1774,46303,46304],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,46305,46306,46312],{},[1781,46307,46308,46310],{},[1784,46309,1857],{},[1784,46311,1860],{},[1808,46313,13044],{"encoding":1810}," při ",[1091,46316,46317],{},"stejném"," množství ",[1035,46320,46322],{"className":46321},[1772],[1774,46323,46324],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,46325,46326,46334],{},[1781,46327,46328],{},[2467,46329,46330,46332],{},[1784,46331,2270],{},[1788,46333,7763],{},[1808,46335,11075],{"encoding":1810},", ale mají ",[1047,46338,46339],{},"různý sklon",". Pak:",[1112,46342,46343,46412],{},[1115,46344,46345,46411],{},[1035,46346,46348],{"className":46347},[1772],[1774,46349,46350],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,46351,46352,46408],{},[1781,46353,46354,46356,46362,46364,46370,46372,46374,46376,46382,46384,46390,46392,46394,46396,46398,46400,46406],{},[1784,46355,1857],{},[1792,46357,46358,46360],{},[1784,46359,1860],{},[2348,46361,2374],{},[1788,46363,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2467,46365,46366,46368],{},[1784,46367,2270],{},[1788,46369,7763],{},[1788,46371,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,46373,1863],{},[1784,46375,1857],{},[1792,46377,46378,46380],{},[1784,46379,1860],{},[2348,46381,4593],{},[1788,46383,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2467,46385,46386,46388],{},[1784,46387,2270],{},[1788,46389,7763],{},[1788,46391,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,46393,1863],{},[1784,46395,1857],{},[1784,46397,1868],{},[1788,46399,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2467,46401,46402,46404],{},[1784,46403,2270],{},[1788,46405,7763],{},[1788,46407,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,46409,46410],{"encoding":1810},"MR_1(Q^*) = MR_2(Q^*) = MC(Q^*)"," — totéž optimální množství.",[1115,46413,46414,46415,46443,46444,46461,46462,46479,46480,1075],{},"Cena se však určuje z ",[1035,46416,46418],{"className":46417},[1772],[1774,46419,46420],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,46421,46422,46440],{},[1781,46423,46424,46430,46432,46438],{},[1792,46425,46426,46428],{},[1784,46427,3224],{},[1784,46429,1803],{},[1788,46431,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2467,46433,46434,46436],{},[1784,46435,2270],{},[1788,46437,7763],{},[1788,46439,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,46441,46442],{"encoding":1810},"D_i(Q^*)",", a protože ",[1035,46445,46447],{"className":46446},[1772],[1774,46448,46449],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,46450,46451,46459],{},[1781,46452,46453],{},[1792,46454,46455,46457],{},[1784,46456,3224],{},[2348,46458,2374],{},[1808,46460,13434],{"encoding":1810}," má jiný sklon než ",[1035,46463,46465],{"className":46464},[1772],[1774,46466,46467],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,46468,46469,46477],{},[1781,46470,46471],{},[1792,46472,46473,46475],{},[1784,46474,3224],{},[2348,46476,4593],{},[1808,46478,18474],{"encoding":1810},", dostáváme ",[1035,46481,46483],{"className":46482},[1772],[1774,46484,46485],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,46486,46487,46503],{},[1781,46488,46489,46495,46497],{},[1792,46490,46491,46493],{},[1784,46492,2264],{},[2348,46494,2374],{},[1788,46496,24130],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,46498,46499,46501],{},[1784,46500,2264],{},[2348,46502,4593],{},[1808,46504,46505],{"encoding":1810},"P_1 \\ne P_2",[1030,46507,46508,46509,46528],{},"Stejné množství je tedy spojeno se dvěma různými cenami — žádná funkce ",[1035,46510,46512],{"className":46511},[1772],[1774,46513,46514],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,46515,46516,46526],{},[1781,46517,46518,46520,46522,46524],{},[1784,46519,2270],{},[1788,46521,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,46523,2264],{},[1788,46525,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,46527,25032],{"encoding":1810}," neexistuje.",[1100,46530,46532],{"id":46531},"_53-stejná-cena-při-různých-množstvích","5.3 Stejná cena při různých množstvích",[1030,46534,46535,46536,1062,46553,46570,46571,46586,46587,46600,46601,46603,46604,46621,46622,46648],{},"Symetrický případ: poptávky ",[1035,46537,46539],{"className":46538},[1772],[1774,46540,46541],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,46542,46543,46551],{},[1781,46544,46545],{},[1792,46546,46547,46549],{},[1784,46548,3224],{},[2348,46550,2374],{},[1808,46552,13434],{"encoding":1810},[1035,46554,46556],{"className":46555},[1772],[1774,46557,46558],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,46559,46560,46568],{},[1781,46561,46562],{},[1792,46563,46564,46566],{},[1784,46565,3224],{},[2348,46567,4593],{},[1808,46569,18474],{"encoding":1810}," se protnou s ",[1035,46572,46574],{"className":46573},[1772],[1774,46575,46576],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,46577,46578,46584],{},[1781,46579,46580,46582],{},[1784,46581,1857],{},[1784,46583,1868],{},[1808,46585,11135],{"encoding":1810}," při různém ",[1035,46588,46590],{"className":46589},[1772],[1774,46591,46592],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,46593,46594,46598],{},[1781,46595,46596],{},[1784,46597,2270],{},[1808,46599,2270],{"encoding":1810},", ale shodou tvarů poskytnou ",[1091,46602,46297],{}," cenu ",[1035,46605,46607],{"className":46606},[1772],[1774,46608,46609],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,46610,46611,46619],{},[1781,46612,46613],{},[2467,46614,46615,46617],{},[1784,46616,2264],{},[1788,46618,7763],{},[1808,46620,11034],{"encoding":1810},". Pak monopolista produkuje ",[1035,46623,46625],{"className":46624},[1772],[1774,46626,46627],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,46628,46629,46645],{},[1781,46630,46631,46637,46639],{},[1792,46632,46633,46635],{},[1784,46634,2270],{},[2348,46636,2374],{},[1788,46638,24130],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,46640,46641,46643],{},[1784,46642,2270],{},[2348,46644,4593],{},[1808,46646,46647],{"encoding":1810},"Q_1 \\ne Q_2"," při stejné ceně.",[1100,46650,46652],{"id":46651},"_54-závěr","5.4 Závěr",[1082,46654,46655],{},[1030,46656,46657,46660,46661,46664],{},[1047,46658,46659],{},"Monopol nemá nabídkovou křivku."," Optimální produkce závisí na ",[1091,46662,46663],{},"celém"," tvaru poptávky, nejen na ceně.",[1030,46666,46667,46668,46670,46671,1075],{},"Tento jev je důvodem, proč klasická ",[1091,46669,40639],{}," analýza nabídka–poptávka selhává v monopolu a proč musíme používat aparát ",[1035,46672,46674],{"className":46673},[1772],[1774,46675,46676],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,46677,46678,46690],{},[1781,46679,46680,46682,46684,46686,46688],{},[1784,46681,1857],{},[1784,46683,1860],{},[1788,46685,1863],{},[1784,46687,1857],{},[1784,46689,1868],{},[1808,46691,1871],{"encoding":1810},[4503,46693],{},[1077,46695,46697],{"id":46696},"_6-monopol-s-více-závody","6. Monopol s více závody",[1030,46699,46700],{},"Reálné monopoly bývají vícezávodové — vlastní několik výrobních zařízení s odlišnými nákladovými strukturami (různé technologie, různá geografická lokace, různý stáří kapitálu).",[1100,46702,46704],{"id":46703},"_61-rámec-úlohy","6.1 Rámec úlohy",[1030,46706,46707,46708,46721,46722,46752,46753,46772],{},"Mějme monopolistu s ",[1035,46709,46711],{"className":46710},[1772],[1774,46712,46713],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,46714,46715,46719],{},[1781,46716,46717],{},[1784,46718,1806],{},[1808,46720,1806],{"encoding":1810}," závody, každý s vlastní nákladovou funkcí ",[1035,46723,46725],{"className":46724},[1772],[1774,46726,46727],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,46728,46729,46749],{},[1781,46730,46731,46733,46739,46741,46747],{},[1784,46732,2257],{},[1792,46734,46735,46737],{},[1784,46736,1868],{},[1784,46738,1803],{},[1788,46740,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,46742,46743,46745],{},[1784,46744,2270],{},[1784,46746,1803],{},[1788,46748,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,46750,46751],{"encoding":1810},"TC_i(Q_i)",". Tržní poptávka je ",[1035,46754,46756],{"className":46755},[1772],[1774,46757,46758],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,46759,46760,46770],{},[1781,46761,46762,46764,46766,46768],{},[1784,46763,2264],{},[1788,46765,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,46767,2270],{},[1788,46769,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,46771,25053],{"encoding":1810},", kde",[1035,46774,46776],{"className":46775},[1772],[1774,46777,46778],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,46779,46780,46813],{},[1781,46781,46782,46784,46786,46788,46790,46805,46811],{},[1784,46783,2270],{},[2149,46785,21702],{},[1788,46787,1863],{},[2149,46789,21702],{},[46791,46792,46793,46795,46803],"munderover",{},[1788,46794,12866],{},[1781,46796,46797,46799,46801],{},[1784,46798,1803],{},[1788,46800,1863],{},[2348,46802,2374],{},[1784,46804,1806],{},[1792,46806,46807,46809],{},[1784,46808,2270],{},[1784,46810,1803],{},[1784,46812,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,46814,46815],{"encoding":1810},"Q \\;=\\; \\sum_{i=1}^{n} Q_i.",[1030,46817,46818],{},"Monopolista maximalizuje:",[1035,46820,46822],{"className":46821},[1772],[1774,46823,46824],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,46825,46826,46910],{},[1781,46827,46828,46830,46832,46838,46840,46842,46844,46850,46852,46854,46856,46858,46860,46862,46864,46866,46868,46870,46872,46874,46876,46890,46892,46898,46900,46906,46908],{},[1784,46829,1786],{},[1788,46831,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,46833,46834,46836],{},[1784,46835,2270],{},[2348,46837,2374],{},[1788,46839,1138],{"separator":1041},[1788,46841,12008],{},[1788,46843,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,46845,46846,46848],{},[1784,46847,2270],{},[1784,46849,1806],{},[1788,46851,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[2149,46853,21702],{},[1788,46855,1863],{},[2149,46857,21702],{},[1784,46859,2264],{},[1788,46861,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,46863,2270],{},[1788,46865,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,46867,2267],{},[1784,46869,2270],{},[2149,46871,21702],{},[1788,46873,2371],{},[2149,46875,21702],{},[46791,46877,46878,46880,46888],{},[1788,46879,12866],{},[1781,46881,46882,46884,46886],{},[1784,46883,1803],{},[1788,46885,1863],{},[2348,46887,2374],{},[1784,46889,1806],{},[1784,46891,2257],{},[1792,46893,46894,46896],{},[1784,46895,1868],{},[1784,46897,1803],{},[1788,46899,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,46901,46902,46904],{},[1784,46903,2270],{},[1784,46905,1803],{},[1788,46907,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,46909,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,46911,46912],{"encoding":1810},"\\pi(Q_1, \\ldots, Q_n) \\;=\\; P(Q)\\cdot Q \\;-\\; \\sum_{i=1}^{n} TC_i(Q_i).",[1100,46914,46916],{"id":46915},"_62-podmínky-prvního-řádu","6.2 Podmínky prvního řádu",[1030,46918,46919,46920,1310],{},"Derivace podle libovolného ",[1035,46921,46923],{"className":46922},[1772],[1774,46924,46925],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,46926,46927,46935],{},[1781,46928,46929],{},[1792,46930,46931,46933],{},[1784,46932,2270],{},[1784,46934,9312],{},[1808,46936,46937],{"encoding":1810},"Q_j",[1035,46939,46941],{"className":46940},[1772],[1774,46942,46943],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,46944,46945,47087],{},[1781,46946,46947,46965,46967,46969,46971,47013,47015,47017,47019,47043,47045,47047,47049,47051,47053,47055,47057,47059,47061,47063,47069,47071,47077,47079,47081,47083,47085],{},[2322,46948,46949,46955],{},[1781,46950,46951,46953],{},[1784,46952,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,46954,1786],{},[1781,46956,46957,46959],{},[1784,46958,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,46960,46961,46963],{},[1784,46962,2270],{},[1784,46964,9312],{},[2149,46966,21702],{},[1788,46968,1863],{},[2149,46970,21702],{},[3341,46972,46973,46999],{},[3341,46974,46975,46997],{},[1781,46976,46977,46979,46981,46983],{},[1784,46978,2264],{},[1788,46980,2637],{},[1784,46982,2270],{},[2322,46984,46985,46991],{},[1781,46986,46987,46989],{},[1784,46988,2328],{},[1784,46990,2264],{},[1781,46992,46993,46995],{},[1784,46994,2328],{},[1784,46996,2270],{},[1788,46998,8059],{"stretchy":1041},[1781,47000,47001,47003,47005,47007,47009,47011],{},[1788,47002,1863],{},[1784,47004,1857],{},[1784,47006,1860],{},[1788,47008,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,47010,2270],{},[1788,47012,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[2149,47014,21702],{},[1788,47016,2371],{},[2149,47018,21702],{},[2322,47020,47021,47033],{},[1781,47022,47023,47025,47027],{},[1784,47024,2328],{},[1784,47026,2257],{},[1792,47028,47029,47031],{},[1784,47030,1868],{},[1784,47032,9312],{},[1781,47034,47035,47037],{},[1784,47036,2328],{},[1792,47038,47039,47041],{},[1784,47040,2270],{},[1784,47042,9312],{},[2149,47044,21702],{},[1788,47046,1863],{},[2149,47048,21702],{},[1784,47050,1857],{},[1784,47052,1860],{},[1788,47054,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,47056,2270],{},[1788,47058,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,47060,2371],{},[1784,47062,1857],{},[1792,47064,47065,47067],{},[1784,47066,1868],{},[1784,47068,9312],{},[1788,47070,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,47072,47073,47075],{},[1784,47074,2270],{},[1784,47076,9312],{},[1788,47078,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[2149,47080,21702],{},[1788,47082,1863],{},[2149,47084,21702],{},[2348,47086,45234],{},[1808,47088,47089],{"encoding":1810},"\\frac{\\partial \\pi}{\\partial Q_j} \\;=\\; \\underbrace{P + Q\\frac{dP}{dQ}}_{=MR(Q)} \\;-\\; \\frac{dTC_j}{dQ_j} \\;=\\; MR(Q) - MC_j(Q_j) \\;=\\; 0.",[1030,47091,47092,47093,14208],{},"Toto musí platit současně pro všechna ",[1035,47094,47096],{"className":47095},[1772],[1774,47097,47098],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,47099,47100,47104],{},[1781,47101,47102],{},[1784,47103,9312],{},[1808,47105,9312],{"encoding":1810},[1035,47107,47109],{"className":47108},[1772],[1774,47110,47111],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,47112,47113,47219],{},[1781,47114,47115],{},[21766,47116,47117],{"notation":21768},[14390,47118,47119],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,47120,47121],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,47122,47123],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[1781,47124,47125,47127,47129,47135,47137,47143,47145,47147,47149,47151,47153,47159,47161,47167,47169,47171,47173,47175,47177,47179,47181,47183,47185,47191,47193,47199,47201,47203,47205,47207,47209,47211,47213,47215,47217],{},[2149,47126,21702],{},[1784,47128,1857],{},[1792,47130,47131,47133],{},[1784,47132,1868],{},[2348,47134,2374],{},[1788,47136,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,47138,47139,47141],{},[1784,47140,2270],{},[2348,47142,2374],{},[1788,47144,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[2149,47146,21702],{},[1788,47148,1863],{},[2149,47150,21702],{},[1784,47152,1857],{},[1792,47154,47155,47157],{},[1784,47156,1868],{},[2348,47158,4593],{},[1788,47160,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,47162,47163,47165],{},[1784,47164,2270],{},[2348,47166,4593],{},[1788,47168,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[2149,47170,21702],{},[1788,47172,1863],{},[2149,47174,21702],{},[1788,47176,12008],{},[2149,47178,21702],{},[1788,47180,1863],{},[2149,47182,21702],{},[1784,47184,1857],{},[1792,47186,47187,47189],{},[1784,47188,1868],{},[1784,47190,1806],{},[1788,47192,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,47194,47195,47197],{},[1784,47196,2270],{},[1784,47198,1806],{},[1788,47200,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[2149,47202,21702],{},[1788,47204,1863],{},[2149,47206,21702],{},[1784,47208,1857],{},[1784,47210,1860],{},[1788,47212,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,47214,2270],{},[1788,47216,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[2149,47218,21702],{},[1808,47220,47221],{"encoding":1810},"\\boxed{\\;MC_1(Q_1) \\;=\\; MC_2(Q_2) \\;=\\; \\ldots \\;=\\; MC_n(Q_n) \\;=\\; MR(Q)\\;}",[1082,47223,47224],{},[1030,47225,47226,1089,47228],{},[1047,47227,44750],{},[1091,47229,47230],{},"Vícezávodový monopolista vyrovnává mezní náklady všech svých závodů s tržním mezním příjmem.",[1100,47232,47234],{"id":47233},"_63-geometrická-konstrukce","6.3 Geometrická konstrukce",[1030,47236,47237],{},"Postup řešení dvouzávodového monopolisty graficky:",[1260,47239,47240,47398,47476,47499,47552,47604],{},[1115,47241,47242,47245,47246,1062,47266,47285,47286,47306,47307,47327,47328,1075],{},[1047,47243,47244],{},"Horizontálně sečteme"," křivky ",[1035,47247,47249],{"className":47248},[1772],[1774,47250,47251],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,47252,47253,47263],{},[1781,47254,47255,47257],{},[1784,47256,1857],{},[1792,47258,47259,47261],{},[1784,47260,1868],{},[2348,47262,2374],{},[1808,47264,47265],{"encoding":1810},"MC_1",[1035,47267,47269],{"className":47268},[1772],[1774,47270,47271],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,47272,47273,47283],{},[1781,47274,47275,47277],{},[1784,47276,1857],{},[1792,47278,47279,47281],{},[1784,47280,1868],{},[2348,47282,4593],{},[1808,47284,8372],{"encoding":1810}," do souhrnné křivky ",[1035,47287,47289],{"className":47288},[1772],[1774,47290,47291],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,47292,47293,47303],{},[1781,47294,47295,47297],{},[1784,47296,1857],{},[1792,47298,47299,47301],{},[1784,47300,1868],{},[1784,47302,2257],{},[1808,47304,47305],{"encoding":1810},"MC_T",". Pro každou úroveň ",[1035,47308,47310],{"className":47309},[1772],[1774,47311,47312],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,47313,47314,47324],{},[1781,47315,47316,47318],{},[1784,47317,1857],{},[2467,47319,47320,47322],{},[1784,47321,1868],{},[1788,47323,7763],{},[1808,47325,47326],{"encoding":1810},"MC^*"," získáme ",[1035,47329,47331],{"className":47330},[1772],[1774,47332,47333],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,47334,47335,47395],{},[1781,47336,47337,47343,47345,47347,47353,47355,47357,47363,47365,47367,47373,47375,47377,47383,47385,47387,47393],{},[1792,47338,47339,47341],{},[1784,47340,2270],{},[1784,47342,2257],{},[1788,47344,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,47346,1857],{},[2467,47348,47349,47351],{},[1784,47350,1868],{},[1788,47352,7763],{},[1788,47354,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,47356,1863],{},[1792,47358,47359,47361],{},[1784,47360,2270],{},[2348,47362,2374],{},[1788,47364,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,47366,1857],{},[2467,47368,47369,47371],{},[1784,47370,1868],{},[1788,47372,7763],{},[1788,47374,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,47376,2637],{},[1792,47378,47379,47381],{},[1784,47380,2270],{},[2348,47382,4593],{},[1788,47384,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,47386,1857],{},[2467,47388,47389,47391],{},[1784,47390,1868],{},[1788,47392,7763],{},[1788,47394,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,47396,47397],{"encoding":1810},"Q_T(MC^*) = Q_1(MC^*) + Q_2(MC^*)",[1115,47399,47400,47401,5985,47420,47435,47436,47439,47440,47458,47459,2440],{},"Najdeme průsečík ",[1035,47402,47404],{"className":47403},[1772],[1774,47405,47406],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,47407,47408,47418],{},[1781,47409,47410,47412],{},[1784,47411,1857],{},[1792,47413,47414,47416],{},[1784,47415,1868],{},[1784,47417,2257],{},[1808,47419,47305],{"encoding":1810},[1035,47421,47423],{"className":47422},[1772],[1774,47424,47425],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,47426,47427,47433],{},[1781,47428,47429,47431],{},[1784,47430,1857],{},[1784,47432,1860],{},[1808,47434,13044],{"encoding":1810}," — to dává ",[1047,47437,47438],{},"celkový"," optimální výstup ",[1035,47441,47443],{"className":47442},[1772],[1774,47444,47445],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,47446,47447,47455],{},[1781,47448,47449],{},[1792,47450,47451,47453],{},[1784,47452,2270],{},[2348,47454,5332],{},[1808,47456,47457],{"encoding":1810},"Q_3"," (a z poptávky cenu ",[1035,47460,47462],{"className":47461},[1772],[1774,47463,47464],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,47465,47466,47474],{},[1781,47467,47468],{},[2467,47469,47470,47472],{},[1784,47471,2264],{},[1788,47473,7763],{},[1808,47475,11034],{"encoding":1810},[1115,47477,47478,47479,47498],{},"Označíme ",[1035,47480,47482],{"className":47481},[1772],[1774,47483,47484],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,47485,47486,47496],{},[1781,47487,47488,47490],{},[1784,47489,1857],{},[2467,47491,47492,47494],{},[1784,47493,1860],{},[1788,47495,7763],{},[1808,47497,13115],{"encoding":1810}," hodnotu mezního příjmu v tomto bodě.",[1115,47500,26487,47501,47531,47532,4058,47535,1075],{},[1035,47502,47504],{"className":47503},[1772],[1774,47505,47506],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,47507,47508,47528],{},[1781,47509,47510,47512,47518,47520,47522],{},[1784,47511,1857],{},[1792,47513,47514,47516],{},[1784,47515,1868],{},[2348,47517,2374],{},[1788,47519,1863],{},[1784,47521,1857],{},[2467,47523,47524,47526],{},[1784,47525,1860],{},[1788,47527,7763],{},[1808,47529,47530],{"encoding":1810},"MC_1 = MR^*"," odečteme ",[1047,47533,47534],{},"alokaci pro závod 1",[1035,47536,47538],{"className":47537},[1772],[1774,47539,47540],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,47541,47542,47550],{},[1781,47543,47544],{},[1792,47545,47546,47548],{},[1784,47547,2270],{},[2348,47549,2374],{},[1808,47551,12370],{"encoding":1810},[1115,47553,26487,47554,47531,47584,4058,47587,1075],{},[1035,47555,47557],{"className":47556},[1772],[1774,47558,47559],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,47560,47561,47581],{},[1781,47562,47563,47565,47571,47573,47575],{},[1784,47564,1857],{},[1792,47566,47567,47569],{},[1784,47568,1868],{},[2348,47570,4593],{},[1788,47572,1863],{},[1784,47574,1857],{},[2467,47576,47577,47579],{},[1784,47578,1860],{},[1788,47580,7763],{},[1808,47582,47583],{"encoding":1810},"MC_2 = MR^*",[1047,47585,47586],{},"alokaci pro závod 2",[1035,47588,47590],{"className":47589},[1772],[1774,47591,47592],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,47593,47594,47602],{},[1781,47595,47596],{},[1792,47597,47598,47600],{},[1784,47599,2270],{},[2348,47601,4593],{},[1808,47603,12429],{"encoding":1810},[1115,47605,47606,47607,47641],{},"Kontrola: ",[1035,47608,47610],{"className":47609},[1772],[1774,47611,47612],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,47613,47614,47638],{},[1781,47615,47616,47622,47624,47630,47632],{},[1792,47617,47618,47620],{},[1784,47619,2270],{},[2348,47621,2374],{},[1788,47623,2637],{},[1792,47625,47626,47628],{},[1784,47627,2270],{},[2348,47629,4593],{},[1788,47631,1863],{},[1792,47633,47634,47636],{},[1784,47635,2270],{},[2348,47637,5332],{},[1808,47639,47640],{"encoding":1810},"Q_1 + Q_2 = Q_3"," (z konstrukce horizontálního součtu to musí platit).",[1100,47643,47645],{"id":47644},"_64-algebraický-postup","6.4 Algebraický postup",[1030,47647,47648],{},"Pro analytické řešení obvykle:",[1260,47650,47651,47753,47792,47879],{},[1115,47652,47653,47654,47672,47673,4058,47694,47718,47719,1075],{},"Vyjádříme ",[1035,47655,47657],{"className":47656},[1772],[1774,47658,47659],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,47660,47661,47669],{},[1781,47662,47663],{},[1792,47664,47665,47667],{},[1784,47666,2270],{},[1784,47668,1803],{},[1808,47670,47671],{"encoding":1810},"Q_i"," jako funkci společné hodnoty ",[1035,47674,47676],{"className":47675},[1772],[1774,47677,47678],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,47679,47680,47691],{},[1781,47681,47682,47684,47687,47689],{},[1784,47683,34316],{},[1788,47685,47686],{},"≡",[1784,47688,1857],{},[1784,47690,1860],{},[1808,47692,47693],{"encoding":1810},"\\lambda \\equiv MR",[1035,47695,47697],{"className":47696},[1772],[1774,47698,47699],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,47700,47701,47715],{},[1781,47702,47703,47709,47711,47713],{},[1792,47704,47705,47707],{},[1784,47706,2270],{},[1784,47708,1803],{},[1788,47710,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,47712,34316],{},[1788,47714,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,47716,47717],{"encoding":1810},"Q_i(\\lambda)"," z rovnice ",[1035,47720,47722],{"className":47721},[1772],[1774,47723,47724],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,47725,47726,47750],{},[1781,47727,47728,47730,47736,47738,47744,47746,47748],{},[1784,47729,1857],{},[1792,47731,47732,47734],{},[1784,47733,1868],{},[1784,47735,1803],{},[1788,47737,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,47739,47740,47742],{},[1784,47741,2270],{},[1784,47743,1803],{},[1788,47745,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,47747,1863],{},[1784,47749,34316],{},[1808,47751,47752],{"encoding":1810},"MC_i(Q_i) = \\lambda",[1115,47754,47755,47756,1075],{},"Sečteme: ",[1035,47757,47759],{"className":47758},[1772],[1774,47760,47761],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,47762,47763,47789],{},[1781,47764,47765,47767,47769,47771,47773,47775,47777,47783,47785,47787],{},[1784,47766,2270],{},[1788,47768,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,47770,34316],{},[1788,47772,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,47774,1863],{},[1788,47776,12866],{},[1792,47778,47779,47781],{},[1784,47780,2270],{},[1784,47782,1803],{},[1788,47784,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,47786,34316],{},[1788,47788,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,47790,47791],{"encoding":1810},"Q(\\lambda) = \\sum Q_i(\\lambda)",[1115,47793,47794,47795,47821,47822,47837,47838,47851,47852,47865,47866,1075],{},"Spočítáme ",[1035,47796,47798],{"className":47797},[1772],[1774,47799,47800],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,47801,47802,47818],{},[1781,47803,47804,47806,47808,47810,47812,47814,47816],{},[1784,47805,2264],{},[1788,47807,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,47809,2270],{},[1788,47811,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,47813,34316],{},[1788,47815,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,47817,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,47819,47820],{"encoding":1810},"P(Q(\\lambda))"," z poptávky a porovnáme ",[1035,47823,47825],{"className":47824},[1772],[1774,47826,47827],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,47828,47829,47835],{},[1781,47830,47831,47833],{},[1784,47832,1857],{},[1784,47834,1860],{},[1808,47836,13044],{"encoding":1810}," (jako funkci ",[1035,47839,47841],{"className":47840},[1772],[1774,47842,47843],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,47844,47845,47849],{},[1781,47846,47847],{},[1784,47848,34316],{},[1808,47850,38491],{"encoding":1810}," skrze ",[1035,47853,47855],{"className":47854},[1772],[1774,47856,47857],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,47858,47859,47863],{},[1781,47860,47861],{},[1784,47862,2270],{},[1808,47864,2270],{"encoding":1810},") s ",[1035,47867,47869],{"className":47868},[1772],[1774,47870,47871],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,47872,47873,47877],{},[1781,47874,47875],{},[1784,47876,34316],{},[1808,47878,38491],{"encoding":1810},[1115,47880,47881,47882,1075],{},"Vyřešíme rovnici ",[1035,47883,47885],{"className":47884},[1772],[1774,47886,47887],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,47888,47889,47911],{},[1781,47890,47891,47893,47895,47897,47899,47901,47903,47905,47907,47909],{},[1784,47892,34316],{},[1788,47894,1863],{},[1784,47896,1857],{},[1784,47898,1860],{},[1788,47900,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,47902,2270],{},[1788,47904,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,47906,34316],{},[1788,47908,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,47910,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,47912,47913],{"encoding":1810},"\\lambda = MR(Q(\\lambda))",[1100,47915,47917],{"id":47916},"_65-intuice","6.5 Intuice",[1112,47919,47920,47958,47963],{},[1115,47921,47922,47923,1089,47926,47941,47942,47957],{},"Pokud má jeden závod ",[1047,47924,47925],{},"konstantně nižší",[1035,47927,47929],{"className":47928},[1772],[1774,47930,47931],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,47932,47933,47939],{},[1781,47934,47935,47937],{},[1784,47936,1857],{},[1784,47938,1868],{},[1808,47940,11135],{"encoding":1810}," než druhý, využíváme nejprve laciný závod a teprve při vysokém ",[1035,47943,47945],{"className":47944},[1772],[1774,47946,47947],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,47948,47949,47955],{},[1781,47950,47951,47953],{},[1784,47952,1857],{},[1784,47954,1860],{},[1808,47956,13044],{"encoding":1810}," doplňujeme drahým.",[1115,47959,47960],{},[1047,47961,47962],{},"Levný závod plníme do plné kapacity (nebo do bodu, kde jeho MC stoupne na úroveň MR), drahý závod jen vykrývá zbytek.",[1115,47964,47965,47966,47981,47982,47985,47986,48001,48002,48017,48018,48033],{},"Pokud má jeden závod konstantní ",[1035,47967,47969],{"className":47968},[1772],[1774,47970,47971],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,47972,47973,47979],{},[1781,47974,47975,47977],{},[1784,47976,1857],{},[1784,47978,1868],{},[1808,47980,11135],{"encoding":1810},", pak v optimu ",[1047,47983,47984],{},"i druhý závod"," vyrábí v bodě, kde jeho ",[1035,47987,47989],{"className":47988},[1772],[1774,47990,47991],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,47992,47993,47999],{},[1781,47994,47995,47997],{},[1784,47996,1857],{},[1784,47998,1868],{},[1808,48000,11135],{"encoding":1810}," je rovno tomuto konstantnímu ",[1035,48003,48005],{"className":48004},[1772],[1774,48006,48007],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,48008,48009,48015],{},[1781,48010,48011,48013],{},[1784,48012,1857],{},[1784,48014,1868],{},[1808,48016,11135],{"encoding":1810}," (a ",[1035,48019,48021],{"className":48020},[1772],[1774,48022,48023],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,48024,48025,48031],{},[1781,48026,48027,48029],{},[1784,48028,1857],{},[1784,48030,1860],{},[1808,48032,13044],{"encoding":1810}," celkového trhu je tam také rovno).",[4503,48035],{},[1077,48037,48039],{"id":48038},"_7-detailní-příklad-asymetrický-monopolista-se-dvěma-závody","7. Detailní příklad — asymetrický monopolista se dvěma závody",[1030,48041,48042,48043,48058],{},"Příklad pochází z ručně psaného řešení testu KS. Originál je formulovaný jako Cournotův duopol s odlišnými ",[1035,48044,48046],{"className":48045},[1772],[1774,48047,48048],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,48049,48050,48056],{},[1781,48051,48052,48054],{},[1784,48053,1857],{},[1784,48055,1868],{},[1808,48057,11135],{"encoding":1810},", ale heuristika řešení je identická s vícezávodovým monopolistou.",[1100,48060,15861],{"id":15860},[1112,48062,48063,48117,48148],{},[1115,48064,48065,48066,12850,48088,1075],{},"Tržní poptávka: ",[1035,48067,48069],{"className":48068},[1772],[1774,48070,48071],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,48072,48073,48085],{},[1781,48074,48075,48077,48079,48081,48083],{},[1784,48076,2264],{},[1788,48078,1863],{},[2348,48080,2605],{},[1788,48082,2371],{},[1784,48084,2270],{},[1808,48086,48087],{"encoding":1810},"P = 100 - Q",[1035,48089,48091],{"className":48090},[1772],[1774,48092,48093],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,48094,48095,48115],{},[1781,48096,48097,48099,48101,48107,48109],{},[1784,48098,2270],{},[1788,48100,1863],{},[1792,48102,48103,48105],{},[1784,48104,2270],{},[2348,48106,2374],{},[1788,48108,2637],{},[1792,48110,48111,48113],{},[1784,48112,2270],{},[2348,48114,4593],{},[1808,48116,14207],{"encoding":1810},[1115,48118,48119,48120,48144,48145,2440],{},"Závod 1: ",[1035,48121,48123],{"className":48122},[1772],[1774,48124,48125],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,48126,48127,48141],{},[1781,48128,48129,48131,48137,48139],{},[1784,48130,1857],{},[1792,48132,48133,48135],{},[1784,48134,1868],{},[2348,48136,2374],{},[1788,48138,1863],{},[2348,48140,5344],{},[1808,48142,48143],{"encoding":1810},"MC_1 = 4"," (konstantní; symbolizuje ",[1091,48146,48147],{},"starou plně amortizovanou technologii",[1115,48149,48150,48151,48179,48180,2440],{},"Závod 2: ",[1035,48152,48154],{"className":48153},[1772],[1774,48155,48156],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,48157,48158,48176],{},[1781,48159,48160,48162,48168,48170],{},[1784,48161,1857],{},[1792,48163,48164,48166],{},[1784,48165,1868],{},[2348,48167,4593],{},[1788,48169,1863],{},[1792,48171,48172,48174],{},[1784,48173,2270],{},[2348,48175,4593],{},[1808,48177,48178],{"encoding":1810},"MC_2 = Q_2"," (lineárně rostoucí; symbolizuje ",[1091,48181,48182],{},"novou kapacitu s rostoucími náklady na jednotku",[1030,48184,48185],{},"Monopolista vlastní oba závody a maximalizuje celkový zisk.",[1100,48187,48189],{"id":48188},"_72-mezní-příjem","7.2 Mezní příjem",[1030,48191,48192,48193,1310],{},"Z poptávky ",[1035,48194,48196],{"className":48195},[1772],[1774,48197,48198],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,48199,48200,48212],{},[1781,48201,48202,48204,48206,48208,48210],{},[1784,48203,2264],{},[1788,48205,1863],{},[2348,48207,2605],{},[1788,48209,2371],{},[1784,48211,2270],{},[1808,48213,48087],{"encoding":1810},[1035,48215,48217],{"className":48216},[1772],[1774,48218,48219],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,48220,48221,48319],{},[1781,48222,48223,48225,48227,48229,48231,48233,48235,48237,48239,48241,48243,48245,48247,48249,48251,48253,48255,48257,48259,48261,48263,48265,48267,48273,48275,48277,48279,48281,48283,48285,48287,48303,48305,48307,48309,48311,48313,48315,48317],{},[1784,48224,2257],{},[1784,48226,1860],{},[2149,48228,21702],{},[1788,48230,1863],{},[2149,48232,21702],{},[1784,48234,2264],{},[1784,48236,2270],{},[2149,48238,21702],{},[1788,48240,1863],{},[2149,48242,21702],{},[1788,48244,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,48246,2605],{},[1788,48248,2371],{},[1784,48250,2270],{},[1788,48252,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,48254,2270],{},[2149,48256,21702],{},[1788,48258,1863],{},[2149,48260,21702],{},[2348,48262,2605],{},[1784,48264,2270],{},[1788,48266,2371],{},[2467,48268,48269,48271],{},[1784,48270,2270],{},[2348,48272,4593],{},[1788,48274,1138],{"separator":1041},[2352,48276],{"width":2354},[1784,48278,1857],{},[1784,48280,1860],{},[2149,48282,21702],{},[1788,48284,1863],{},[2149,48286,21702],{},[2322,48288,48289,48297],{},[1781,48290,48291,48293,48295],{},[1784,48292,2328],{},[1784,48294,2257],{},[1784,48296,1860],{},[1781,48298,48299,48301],{},[1784,48300,2328],{},[1784,48302,2270],{},[2149,48304,21702],{},[1788,48306,1863],{},[2149,48308,21702],{},[2348,48310,2605],{},[1788,48312,2371],{},[2348,48314,4593],{},[1784,48316,2270],{},[1784,48318,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,48320,48321],{"encoding":1810},"TR \\;=\\; PQ \\;=\\; (100 - Q)Q \\;=\\; 100Q - Q^2,\\qquad MR \\;=\\; \\frac{dTR}{dQ} \\;=\\; 100 - 2Q.",[1100,48323,48325,48326],{"id":48324},"_73-heuristika-mc1mc2mrmc_1-mc_2-mr","7.3 Heuristika ",[1035,48327,48329],{"className":48328},[1772],[1774,48330,48331],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,48332,48333,48359],{},[1781,48334,48335,48337,48343,48345,48347,48353,48355,48357],{},[1784,48336,1857],{},[1792,48338,48339,48341],{},[1784,48340,1868],{},[2348,48342,2374],{},[1788,48344,1863],{},[1784,48346,1857],{},[1792,48348,48349,48351],{},[1784,48350,1868],{},[2348,48352,4593],{},[1788,48354,1863],{},[1784,48356,1857],{},[1784,48358,1860],{},[1808,48360,48361],{"encoding":1810},"MC_1 = MC_2 = MR",[1030,48363,48364,48365,48388,48389,1310],{},"Aplikujeme pravidlo z 6.2. Protože ",[1035,48366,48368],{"className":48367},[1772],[1774,48369,48370],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,48371,48372,48386],{},[1781,48373,48374,48376,48382,48384],{},[1784,48375,1857],{},[1792,48377,48378,48380],{},[1784,48379,1868],{},[2348,48381,2374],{},[1788,48383,1863],{},[2348,48385,5344],{},[1808,48387,48143],{"encoding":1810}," je konstantní, společná hodnota mezních nákladů musí být ",[1035,48390,48392],{"className":48391},[1772],[1774,48393,48394],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,48395,48396,48400],{},[1781,48397,48398],{},[2348,48399,5344],{},[1808,48401,5344],{"encoding":1810},[1035,48403,48405],{"className":48404},[1772],[1774,48406,48407],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,48408,48409,48476],{},[1781,48410,48411,48413,48419,48421,48423,48425,48427,48429,48431,48433,48439,48441,48443,48445,48451,48453,48455,48457,48459,48461,48463,48465,48471,48473],{},[1784,48412,1857],{},[1792,48414,48415,48417],{},[1784,48416,1868],{},[2348,48418,2374],{},[2149,48420,21702],{},[1788,48422,1863],{},[2149,48424,21702],{},[2348,48426,5344],{},[1788,48428,1138],{"separator":1041},[2352,48430],{"width":2354},[1784,48432,1857],{},[1792,48434,48435,48437],{},[1784,48436,1868],{},[2348,48438,4593],{},[2149,48440,21702],{},[1788,48442,1863],{},[2149,48444,21702],{},[1792,48446,48447,48449],{},[1784,48448,2270],{},[2348,48450,4593],{},[2149,48452,21702],{},[1788,48454,1863],{},[2149,48456,21702],{},[2348,48458,5344],{},[2149,48460,21702],{},[1788,48462,24048],{},[2149,48464,21702],{},[1792,48466,48467,48469],{},[1784,48468,2270],{},[2348,48470,4593],{},[1788,48472,1863],{},[2348,48474,48475],{},"4.",[1808,48477,48478],{"encoding":1810},"MC_1 \\;=\\; 4, \\qquad MC_2 \\;=\\; Q_2 \\;=\\; 4 \\;\\Longrightarrow\\; Q_2 = 4.",[1030,48480,48481,48482,48502],{},"A ",[1035,48483,48485],{"className":48484},[1772],[1774,48486,48487],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,48488,48489,48499],{},[1781,48490,48491,48493,48495,48497],{},[1784,48492,1857],{},[1784,48494,1860],{},[1788,48496,1863],{},[2348,48498,5344],{},[1808,48500,48501],{"encoding":1810},"MR = 4"," dává tržní výstup:",[1035,48504,48506],{"className":48505},[1772],[1774,48507,48508],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,48509,48510,48553],{},[1781,48511,48512,48514,48516,48518,48520,48522,48524,48526,48528,48530,48532,48534,48551],{},[2348,48513,2605],{},[1788,48515,2371],{},[2348,48517,4593],{},[1784,48519,2270],{},[2149,48521,21702],{},[1788,48523,1863],{},[2149,48525,21702],{},[2348,48527,5344],{},[2149,48529,21702],{},[1788,48531,24048],{},[2149,48533,21702],{},[21766,48535,48536],{"notation":21768},[14390,48537,48538],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,48539,48540],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,48541,48542],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[1781,48543,48544,48546,48548],{},[1784,48545,2270],{},[1788,48547,1863],{},[2348,48549,48550],{},"48",[1784,48552,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,48554,48555],{"encoding":1810},"100 - 2Q \\;=\\; 4 \\;\\Longrightarrow\\; \\boxed{Q = 48}.",[1100,48557,48559],{"id":48558},"_74-alokace-mezi-závody","7.4 Alokace mezi závody",[1030,48561,26487,48562,1062,48596,1310],{},[1035,48563,48565],{"className":48564},[1772],[1774,48566,48567],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,48568,48569,48593],{},[1781,48570,48571,48573,48575,48581,48583,48589,48591],{},[1784,48572,2270],{},[1788,48574,1863],{},[1792,48576,48577,48579],{},[1784,48578,2270],{},[2348,48580,2374],{},[1788,48582,2637],{},[1792,48584,48585,48587],{},[1784,48586,2270],{},[2348,48588,4593],{},[1788,48590,1863],{},[2348,48592,48550],{},[1808,48594,48595],{"encoding":1810},"Q = Q_1 + Q_2 = 48",[1035,48597,48599],{"className":48598},[1772],[1774,48600,48601],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,48602,48603,48615],{},[1781,48604,48605,48611,48613],{},[1792,48606,48607,48609],{},[1784,48608,2270],{},[2348,48610,4593],{},[1788,48612,1863],{},[2348,48614,5344],{},[1808,48616,48617],{"encoding":1810},"Q_2 = 4",[1035,48619,48621],{"className":48620},[1772],[1774,48622,48623],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,48624,48625,48661],{},[1781,48626,48627],{},[21766,48628,48629],{"notation":21768},[14390,48630,48631],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,48632,48633],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,48634,48635],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[1781,48636,48637,48643,48645,48647,48649,48651,48657,48659],{},[1792,48638,48639,48641],{},[1784,48640,2270],{},[2348,48642,2374],{},[1788,48644,1863],{},[2348,48646,30898],{},[1788,48648,1138],{"separator":1041},[2352,48650],{"width":2354},[1792,48652,48653,48655],{},[1784,48654,2270],{},[2348,48656,4593],{},[1788,48658,1863],{},[2348,48660,48475],{},[1808,48662,48663],{"encoding":1810},"\\boxed{Q_1 = 44, \\qquad Q_2 = 4.}",[1100,48665,48667],{"id":48666},"_75-cena-a-zisk","7.5 Cena a zisk",[1035,48669,48671],{"className":48670},[1772],[1774,48672,48673],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,48674,48675,48722],{},[1781,48676,48677,48679,48681,48683,48685,48687,48689,48691,48693,48695,48697,48699,48701,48703,48705,48707,48709,48720],{},[1784,48678,2264],{},[2149,48680,21702],{},[1788,48682,1863],{},[2149,48684,21702],{},[2348,48686,2605],{},[1788,48688,2371],{},[1784,48690,2270],{},[2149,48692,21702],{},[1788,48694,1863],{},[2149,48696,21702],{},[2348,48698,2605],{},[1788,48700,2371],{},[2348,48702,48550],{},[2149,48704,21702],{},[1788,48706,1863],{},[2149,48708,21702],{},[21766,48710,48711],{"notation":21768},[14390,48712,48713],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,48714,48715],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,48716,48717],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2348,48718,48719],{},"52",[1784,48721,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,48723,48724],{"encoding":1810},"P \\;=\\; 100 - Q \\;=\\; 100 - 48 \\;=\\; \\boxed{52}.",[1030,48726,48727,48728,1075],{},"Tržby: ",[1035,48729,48731],{"className":48730},[1772],[1774,48732,48733],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,48734,48735,48754],{},[1781,48736,48737,48739,48741,48743,48745,48747,48749,48751],{},[1784,48738,2257],{},[1784,48740,1860],{},[1788,48742,1863],{},[2348,48744,48719],{},[1788,48746,2267],{},[2348,48748,48550],{},[1788,48750,1863],{},[2348,48752,48753],{},"2496",[1808,48755,48756],{"encoding":1810},"TR = 52 \\cdot 48 = 2496",[1030,48758,48759,48760,1062,48790,29726],{},"Náklady (předpokládejme ",[1035,48761,48763],{"className":48762},[1772],[1774,48764,48765],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,48766,48767,48787],{},[1781,48768,48769,48771,48777,48779,48781],{},[1784,48770,2257],{},[1792,48772,48773,48775],{},[1784,48774,1868],{},[2348,48776,2374],{},[1788,48778,1863],{},[2348,48780,5344],{},[1792,48782,48783,48785],{},[1784,48784,2270],{},[2348,48786,2374],{},[1808,48788,48789],{"encoding":1810},"TC_1 = 4 Q_1",[1035,48791,48793],{"className":48792},[1772],[1774,48794,48795],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,48796,48797,48825],{},[1781,48798,48799,48801,48807,48809,48817],{},[1784,48800,2257],{},[1792,48802,48803,48805],{},[1784,48804,1868],{},[2348,48806,4593],{},[1788,48808,1863],{},[14390,48810,48811],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,48812,48813,48815],{},[2348,48814,2374],{},[2348,48816,4593],{},[13587,48818,48819,48821,48823],{},[1784,48820,2270],{},[2348,48822,4593],{},[2348,48824,4593],{},[1808,48826,48827],{"encoding":1810},"TC_2 = \\tfrac{1}{2} Q_2^2",[1035,48829,48831],{"className":48830},[1772],[1774,48832,48833],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,48834,48835,48889],{},[1781,48836,48837,48839,48841,48843,48845,48847,48849,48851,48853,48855,48863,48865,48867,48869,48871,48873,48876,48878,48880,48882,48884,48886],{},[1784,48838,2257],{},[1784,48840,1868],{},[2149,48842,21702],{},[1788,48844,1863],{},[2149,48846,21702],{},[2348,48848,5344],{},[1788,48850,2267],{},[2348,48852,30898],{},[1788,48854,2637],{},[14390,48856,48857],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,48858,48859,48861],{},[2348,48860,2374],{},[2348,48862,4593],{},[1788,48864,2267],{},[2348,48866,14061],{},[2149,48868,21702],{},[1788,48870,1863],{},[2149,48872,21702],{},[2348,48874,48875],{},"176",[1788,48877,2637],{},[2348,48879,9661],{},[2149,48881,21702],{},[1788,48883,1863],{},[2149,48885,21702],{},[2348,48887,48888],{},"184.",[1808,48890,48891],{"encoding":1810},"TC \\;=\\; 4 \\cdot 44 + \\tfrac{1}{2}\\cdot 16 \\;=\\; 176 + 8 \\;=\\; 184.",[1030,48893,16970,48894,1075],{},[1035,48895,48897],{"className":48896},[1772],[1774,48898,48899],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,48900,48901,48920],{},[1781,48902,48903,48905,48907,48909,48911,48914,48916],{},[1784,48904,1786],{},[1788,48906,1863],{},[2348,48908,48753],{},[1788,48910,2371],{},[2348,48912,48913],{},"184",[1788,48915,1863],{},[2348,48917,48919],{"mathvariant":48918},"bold","2312",[1808,48921,48922],{"encoding":1810},"\\pi = 2496 - 184 = \\mathbf{2312}",[1100,48924,48926],{"id":48925},"_76-intuitivní-výklad","7.6 Intuitivní výklad",[1112,48928,48929,48940,49007,49052],{},[1115,48930,48931,48932,48935,48936,48939],{},"Závod 1 má ",[1047,48933,48934],{},"nízké, konstantní"," mezní náklady — produkuje ",[1091,48937,48938],{},"většinu výstupu"," (44 z 48 jednotek).",[1115,48941,48942,48943,3250,48958,48961,48962,46314,48986,2440],{},"Závod 2 má rostoucí ",[1035,48944,48946],{"className":48945},[1772],[1774,48947,48948],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,48949,48950,48956],{},[1781,48951,48952,48954],{},[1784,48953,1857],{},[1784,48955,1868],{},[1808,48957,11135],{"encoding":1810},[1091,48959,48960],{},"přibírá pouze tolik",", aby jeho mezní náklady dorovnaly cenu „levné technologie“ (",[1035,48963,48965],{"className":48964},[1772],[1774,48966,48967],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,48968,48969,48983],{},[1781,48970,48971,48973,48979,48981],{},[1784,48972,1857],{},[1792,48974,48975,48977],{},[1784,48976,1868],{},[2348,48978,4593],{},[1788,48980,1863],{},[2348,48982,5344],{},[1808,48984,48985],{"encoding":1810},"MC_2 = 4",[1035,48987,48989],{"className":48988},[1772],[1774,48990,48991],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,48992,48993,49005],{},[1781,48994,48995,49001,49003],{},[1792,48996,48997,48999],{},[1784,48998,2270],{},[2348,49000,4593],{},[1788,49002,1863],{},[2348,49004,5344],{},[1808,49006,48617],{"encoding":1810},[1115,49008,49009,49010,49031,49032,49051],{},"Kdyby monopolista vyráběl v závodě 2 více než ",[1035,49011,49013],{"className":49012},[1772],[1774,49014,49015],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,49016,49017,49029],{},[1781,49018,49019,49025,49027],{},[1792,49020,49021,49023],{},[1784,49022,2270],{},[2348,49024,4593],{},[1788,49026,1863],{},[2348,49028,5344],{},[1808,49030,48617],{"encoding":1810},", jeho mezní náklady by převýšily ",[1035,49033,49035],{"className":49034},[1772],[1774,49036,49037],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,49038,49039,49049],{},[1781,49040,49041,49043,49045,49047],{},[1784,49042,1857],{},[1784,49044,1860],{},[1788,49046,1863],{},[2348,49048,5344],{},[1808,49050,48501],{"encoding":1810}," — jednotky vyrobené nad tuto úroveň by způsobily ztrátu.",[1115,49053,49054,49055,49058,49059,49079],{},"Kdyby vyráběl méně, mohl by ",[1091,49056,49057],{},"přesunout"," poslední jednotku na závod 2 (kde ",[1035,49060,49062],{"className":49061},[1772],[1774,49063,49064],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,49065,49066,49076],{},[1781,49067,49068,49070,49072,49074],{},[1784,49069,1857],{},[1784,49071,1868],{},[1788,49073,2537],{},[2348,49075,5344],{},[1808,49077,49078],{"encoding":1810},"MC \u003C 4",") a snížit celkové náklady.",[1100,49081,49083],{"id":49082},"_77-co-kdyby-závod-1-měl-omezenou-kapacitu","7.7 Co kdyby závod 1 měl omezenou kapacitu?",[1030,49085,49086,49087,49113,49114,49144,49145,49162,49163,46314,49205,49239,49240,49243],{},"Pokud by závod 1 měl maximální kapacitu ",[1035,49088,49090],{"className":49089},[1772],[1774,49091,49092],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,49093,49094,49110],{},[1781,49095,49096,49106,49108],{},[1792,49097,49098,49104],{},[2160,49099,49100,49102],{"accent":1041},[1784,49101,2270],{},[1788,49103,35291],{},[2348,49105,2374],{},[1788,49107,2537],{},[2348,49109,30898],{},[1808,49111,49112],{"encoding":1810},"\\bar Q_1 \u003C 44",", pak by ",[1035,49115,49117],{"className":49116},[1772],[1774,49118,49119],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,49120,49121,49141],{},[1781,49122,49123,49129,49131],{},[1792,49124,49125,49127],{},[1784,49126,2270],{},[2348,49128,2374],{},[1788,49130,1863],{},[1792,49132,49133,49139],{},[2160,49134,49135,49137],{"accent":1041},[1784,49136,2270],{},[1788,49138,35291],{},[2348,49140,2374],{},[1808,49142,49143],{"encoding":1810},"Q_1 = \\bar Q_1"," a problém se zredukoval na hledání ",[1035,49146,49148],{"className":49147},[1772],[1774,49149,49150],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,49151,49152,49160],{},[1781,49153,49154],{},[1792,49155,49156,49158],{},[1784,49157,2270],{},[2348,49159,4593],{},[1808,49161,12429],{"encoding":1810}," jako jediné proměnné: ",[1035,49164,49166],{"className":49165},[1772],[1774,49167,49168],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,49169,49170,49202],{},[1781,49171,49172,49174,49176,49178,49180,49182,49184,49186,49192,49194,49200],{},[1784,49173,1857],{},[1784,49175,1860],{},[1788,49177,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,49179,2270],{},[1788,49181,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,49183,1863],{},[1784,49185,1857],{},[1792,49187,49188,49190],{},[1784,49189,1868],{},[2348,49191,4593],{},[1788,49193,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,49195,49196,49198],{},[1784,49197,2270],{},[2348,49199,4593],{},[1788,49201,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,49203,49204],{"encoding":1810},"MR(Q) = MC_2(Q_2)",[1035,49206,49208],{"className":49207},[1772],[1774,49209,49210],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,49211,49212,49236],{},[1781,49213,49214,49216,49218,49228,49230],{},[1784,49215,2270],{},[1788,49217,1863],{},[1792,49219,49220,49226],{},[2160,49221,49222,49224],{"accent":1041},[1784,49223,2270],{},[1788,49225,35291],{},[2348,49227,2374],{},[1788,49229,2637],{},[1792,49231,49232,49234],{},[1784,49233,2270],{},[2348,49235,4593],{},[1808,49237,49238],{"encoding":1810},"Q = \\bar Q_1 + Q_2",". Toto je standardní úloha ",[1091,49241,49242],{},"capacity-constrained"," monopolisty.",[1100,49245,49247],{"id":49246},"_78-co-kdyby-závod-2-byl-ještě-dražší","7.8 Co kdyby závod 2 byl ještě dražší?",[1030,49249,49250,49251,49281,49282,1299,49318,49336,49337,1299,49360,49382],{},"Kdyby ",[1035,49252,49254],{"className":49253},[1772],[1774,49255,49256],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,49257,49258,49278],{},[1781,49259,49260,49262,49268,49270,49272],{},[1784,49261,1857],{},[1792,49263,49264,49266],{},[1784,49265,1868],{},[2348,49267,4593],{},[1788,49269,1863],{},[2348,49271,4593],{},[1792,49273,49274,49276],{},[1784,49275,2270],{},[2348,49277,4593],{},[1808,49279,49280],{"encoding":1810},"MC_2 = 2 Q_2"," (sklon 2 místo 1), v rovnováze ",[1035,49283,49285],{"className":49284},[1772],[1774,49286,49287],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,49288,49289,49315],{},[1781,49290,49291,49293,49299,49301,49303,49305,49311,49313],{},[1784,49292,1857],{},[1792,49294,49295,49297],{},[1784,49296,1868],{},[2348,49298,4593],{},[1788,49300,1863],{},[2348,49302,5344],{},[1788,49304,2357],{},[1792,49306,49307,49309],{},[1784,49308,2270],{},[2348,49310,4593],{},[1788,49312,1863],{},[2348,49314,4593],{},[1808,49316,49317],{"encoding":1810},"MC_2 = 4 \\Rightarrow Q_2 = 2",[1035,49319,49321],{"className":49320},[1772],[1774,49322,49323],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,49324,49325,49333],{},[1781,49326,49327,49329,49331],{},[1784,49328,2270],{},[1788,49330,1863],{},[2348,49332,48550],{},[1808,49334,49335],{"encoding":1810},"Q = 48",", ale alokace by byla ",[1035,49338,49340],{"className":49339},[1772],[1774,49341,49342],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,49343,49344,49357],{},[1781,49345,49346,49352,49354],{},[1792,49347,49348,49350],{},[1784,49349,2270],{},[2348,49351,2374],{},[1788,49353,1863],{},[2348,49355,49356],{},"46",[1808,49358,49359],{"encoding":1810},"Q_1 = 46",[1035,49361,49363],{"className":49362},[1772],[1774,49364,49365],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,49366,49367,49379],{},[1781,49368,49369,49375,49377],{},[1792,49370,49371,49373],{},[1784,49372,2270],{},[2348,49374,4593],{},[1788,49376,1863],{},[2348,49378,4593],{},[1808,49380,49381],{"encoding":1810},"Q_2 = 2"," — drahý závod přispívá ještě méně.",[4503,49384],{},[1077,49386,49388],{"id":49387},"_8-monopolní-síla-a-lernerův-index","8. Monopolní síla a Lernerův index",[1100,49390,49392],{"id":49391},"_81-co-je-monopolní-síla","8.1 Co je monopolní síla?",[1030,49394,49395,49396,49399,49400,49415,49416,49419],{},"Striktní monopol (jediná firma na celém trhu) je v praxi vzácný. Mnohem častější je situace, kdy několik firem na trhu ",[1047,49397,49398],{},"každá čelí klesající poptávce"," po své produkci — díky diferenciaci, geografii, věrnosti zákazníků apod. Každá z těchto firem může cenu zvýšit nad ",[1035,49401,49403],{"className":49402},[1772],[1774,49404,49405],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,49406,49407,49413],{},[1781,49408,49409,49411],{},[1784,49410,1857],{},[1784,49412,1868],{},[1808,49414,11135],{"encoding":1810},", aniž by ztratila všechny zákazníky. Mají proto ",[1047,49417,49418],{},"monopolní sílu",", i když nejsou monopolisté v učebnicovém smyslu.",[1100,49421,49423],{"id":49422},"_82-tržní-vs-firemní-elasticita","8.2 Tržní vs. firemní elasticita",[1030,49425,49426],{},"Rozdíl ilustrujme na příkladu výroby fixů pro tabule:",[1112,49428,49429,49491,49497],{},[1115,49430,49431,49434,49435,49490],{},[1047,49432,49433],{},"Trh"," s celkovou kapacitou 20 000 ks; cena ",[1035,49436,49438],{"className":49437},[1772],[1774,49439,49440],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,49441,49442,49487],{},[1781,49443,49444,49446,49449,49451,49453,49459,49461,49467,49469,49471,49473,49475,49477,49479,49481,49483,49485],{},[2348,49445,18009],{},[1788,49447,49448],{"separator":1041},";",[1784,49450,8827],{},[1784,49452,3794],{},[2160,49454,49455,49457],{"accent":1041},[1784,49456,2164],{},[1788,49458,2167],{},[1784,49460,1806],{},[2160,49462,49463,49465],{"accent":1041},[1784,49464,9298],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,49466,2181],{},[1784,49468,9309],{},[1784,49470,2488],{},[1784,49472,1068],{},[1784,49474,9351],{},[1784,49476,8827],{},[1784,49478,1803],{},[1784,49480,9435],{},[1784,49482,1803],{},[1784,49484,8827],{},[1784,49486,1068],{},[1808,49488,49489],{"encoding":1810},"1{,}50; tržní elasticita ","E_D = -1{,}5$.",[1115,49492,49493,49496],{},[1047,49494,49495],{},"Čtyři firmy"," si trh dělí ideálně po 5 000 ks.",[1115,49498,49499,49502,49503,49521,49522,49525,49526,1075],{},[1047,49500,49501],{},"Firma A"," čelí poptávce ",[1035,49504,49506],{"className":49505},[1772],[1774,49507,49508],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,49509,49510,49518],{},[1781,49511,49512],{},[1792,49513,49514,49516],{},[1784,49515,3224],{},[1784,49517,10292],{},[1808,49519,49520],{"encoding":1810},"D_A",", která je ",[1091,49523,49524],{},"mnohem elastičtější"," než tržní poptávka, protože při zvýšení ceny zákazníci přejdou ke konkurentům: ",[1035,49527,49529],{"className":49528},[1772],[1774,49530,49531],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,49532,49533,49549],{},[1781,49534,49535,49543,49545,49547],{},[13587,49536,49537,49539,49541],{},[1784,49538,2364],{},[1784,49540,3224],{},[1784,49542,10292],{},[1788,49544,1863],{},[1788,49546,2371],{},[2348,49548,12017],{},[1808,49550,49551],{"encoding":1810},"E_D^A = -6",[1030,49553,49554,49555,1299,49571,24775,49574,49590],{},"Klíčové: i když je tržní elasticita pouze ",[1035,49556,49558],{"className":49557},[1772],[1774,49559,49560],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,49561,49562,49568],{},[1781,49563,49564,49566],{},[1788,49565,2371],{},[2348,49567,16562],{},[1808,49569,49570],{"encoding":1810},"-1{,}5",[1047,49572,49573],{},"elasticita firmy",[1035,49575,49577],{"className":49576},[1772],[1774,49578,49579],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,49580,49581,49587],{},[1781,49582,49583,49585],{},[1788,49584,2371],{},[2348,49586,12017],{},[1808,49588,49589],{"encoding":1810},"-6",". Lernerův index počítáme s elasticitou firmy:",[1035,49592,49594],{"className":49593},[1772],[1774,49595,49596],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,49597,49598,49650],{},[1781,49599,49600,49602,49604,49606,49608,49610,49623,49625,49627,49629,49631,49641,49643,49645,49647],{},[1784,49601,3766],{},[2149,49603,21702],{},[1788,49605,1863],{},[2149,49607,21702],{},[1788,49609,2371],{},[2322,49611,49612,49614],{},[2348,49613,2374],{},[13587,49615,49616,49618,49620],{},[1784,49617,2364],{},[1784,49619,2328],{},[2149,49621,49622],{},"firma",[2149,49624,21702],{},[1788,49626,1863],{},[2149,49628,21702],{},[1788,49630,2371],{},[2322,49632,49633,49635],{},[2348,49634,2374],{},[1781,49636,49637,49639],{},[1788,49638,2371],{},[2348,49640,12017],{},[2149,49642,21702],{},[1788,49644,1863],{},[2149,49646,21702],{},[2348,49648,49649],{},"0,167.",[1808,49651,49652],{"encoding":1810},"L \\;=\\; -\\frac{1}{E_d^{\\text{firma}}} \\;=\\; -\\frac{1}{-6} \\;=\\; 0{,}167.",[1030,49654,49655,49656,49659],{},"Firma A si může účtovat ",[1047,49657,49658],{},"přibližně 17 % nad MC",", ne 67 % (jako by sugerovala tržní elasticita).",[1100,49661,49663],{"id":49662},"_83-definice-lernerova-indexu","8.3 Definice Lernerova indexu",[1035,49665,49667],{"className":49666},[1772],[1774,49668,49669],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,49670,49671,49729],{},[1781,49672,49673],{},[21766,49674,49675],{"notation":21768},[14390,49676,49677],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,49678,49679],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,49680,49681],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[1781,49682,49683,49685,49687,49689,49691,49693,49707,49709,49711,49713,49715,49727],{},[2149,49684,21702],{},[1784,49686,3766],{},[2149,49688,21702],{},[1788,49690,1863],{},[2149,49692,21702],{},[2322,49694,49695,49705],{},[1781,49696,49697,49699,49701,49703],{},[1784,49698,2264],{},[1788,49700,2371],{},[1784,49702,1857],{},[1784,49704,1868],{},[1784,49706,2264],{},[2149,49708,21702],{},[1788,49710,1863],{},[2149,49712,21702],{},[1788,49714,2371],{},[2322,49716,49717,49719],{},[2348,49718,2374],{},[13587,49720,49721,49723,49725],{},[1784,49722,2364],{},[1784,49724,2328],{},[2149,49726,49622],{},[2149,49728,21702],{},[1808,49730,49731],{"encoding":1810},"\\boxed{\\;L \\;=\\; \\frac{P - MC}{P} \\;=\\; -\\frac{1}{E_d^{\\text{firma}}}\\;}",[1030,49733,35510],{},[1112,49735,49736,49776,49819],{},[1115,49737,49738,49756,49757,2440],{},[1035,49739,49741],{"className":49740},[1772],[1774,49742,49743],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,49744,49745,49753],{},[1781,49746,49747,49749,49751],{},[1784,49748,3766],{},[1788,49750,1863],{},[2348,49752,2350],{},[1808,49754,49755],{"encoding":1810},"L = 0"," — dokonalá konkurence (",[1035,49758,49760],{"className":49759},[1772],[1774,49761,49762],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,49763,49764,49774],{},[1781,49765,49766,49768,49770,49772],{},[1784,49767,2264],{},[1788,49769,1863],{},[1784,49771,1857],{},[1784,49773,1868],{},[1808,49775,7608],{"encoding":1810},[1115,49777,49778,49796,49797,49818],{},[1035,49779,49781],{"className":49780},[1772],[1774,49782,49783],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,49784,49785,49793],{},[1781,49786,49787,49789,49791],{},[1784,49788,3766],{},[1788,49790,8824],{},[2348,49792,2374],{},[1808,49794,49795],{"encoding":1810},"L \\to 1"," — extrémní monopolní síla (cena výrazně nad MC, ",[1035,49798,49800],{"className":49799},[1772],[1774,49801,49802],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,49803,49804,49816],{},[1781,49805,49806,49808,49814],{},[1784,49807,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,49809,49810,49812],{},[1784,49811,2364],{},[1784,49813,2328],{},[1784,49815,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,49817,44271],{"encoding":1810}," blízko 1).",[1115,49820,49821,24775,49834,49837],{},[1035,49822,49824],{"className":49823},[1772],[1774,49825,49826],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,49827,49828,49832],{},[1781,49829,49830],{},[1784,49831,3766],{},[1808,49833,3766],{"encoding":1810},[1047,49835,49836],{},"bezrozměrný"," ukazatel — porovnatelný napříč odvětvími a měnami.",[1100,49839,49841],{"id":49840},"_84-použití-pro-regulační-orgány","8.4 Použití pro regulační orgány",[1082,49843,49844],{},[1030,49845,49846,49848],{},[1047,49847,11266],{}," Jaký je základní problém při použití Lernerova indexu pro regulační orgány?",[1030,49850,49851,49853,49854,49857,49858,49871],{},[1047,49852,11275],{}," Regulátor potřebuje znát ",[1047,49855,49856],{},"mezní náklady firmy",", které firma sama nemá motivaci pravdivě vykazovat (může je nadhodnocovat, aby skryla monopolní zisk). Účetní data zachycují průměrné, nikoli mezní náklady, a alokace fixních nákladů je často sporná. Praktická regulace proto častěji nesleduje ",[1035,49859,49861],{"className":49860},[1772],[1774,49862,49863],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,49864,49865,49869],{},[1781,49866,49867],{},[1784,49868,3766],{},[1808,49870,3766],{"encoding":1810}," přímo, ale opírá se o cenové stropy a srovnání s benchmarky.",[1100,49873,49875],{"id":49874},"_85-monopolní-síla-jistota-zisku","8.5 Monopolní síla ≠ jistota zisku",[1030,49877,49878,49879,49892],{},"Důležité: vysoké ",[1035,49880,49882],{"className":49881},[1772],[1774,49883,49884],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,49885,49886,49890],{},[1781,49887,49888],{},[1784,49889,3766],{},[1808,49891,3766],{"encoding":1810}," neznamená vysoký zisk. Zisk:",[1035,49894,49896],{"className":49895},[1772],[1774,49897,49898],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,49899,49900,49928],{},[1781,49901,49902,49904,49906,49908,49910,49912,49914,49916,49918,49920,49922,49924,49926],{},[1784,49903,1786],{},[2149,49905,21702],{},[1788,49907,1863],{},[2149,49909,21702],{},[1788,49911,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,49913,2264],{},[1788,49915,2371],{},[1784,49917,10292],{},[1784,49919,1868],{},[1788,49921,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,49923,2267],{},[1784,49925,2270],{},[1784,49927,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,49929,49930],{"encoding":1810},"\\pi \\;=\\; (P - AC)\\cdot Q.",[1030,49932,49933,49934,49937,49938,49951],{},"Záleží na ",[1047,49935,49936],{},"průměrných"," nákladech a objemu. Firma s velkou cenovou přirážkou (vysoké ",[1035,49939,49941],{"className":49940},[1772],[1774,49942,49943],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,49944,49945,49949],{},[1781,49946,49947],{},[1784,49948,3766],{},[1808,49950,3766],{"encoding":1810},") může mít zisk nulový nebo i ztrátu, pokud má vysoké fixní náklady a malý objem.",[4503,49953],{},[1077,49955,49957],{"id":49956},"_9-případová-studie-supermarkety-vs-konvenční-obchody","9. Případová studie: supermarkety vs. konvenční obchody",[1030,49959,49960],{},"Srovnejme dva typy maloobchodu.",[1100,49962,49964],{"id":49963},"_91-supermarkety","9.1 Supermarkety",[1030,49966,49967],{},"Charakteristiky:",[1260,49969,49970,49976,49982],{},[1115,49971,49972,49975],{},[1047,49973,49974],{},"Mnoho firem"," (silná konkurence v každém regionu).",[1115,49977,49978,49981],{},[1047,49979,49980],{},"Stejný produkt"," — zboží je u všech supermarketů prakticky identické.",[1115,49983,49984,49987,49988,1075],{},[1047,49985,49986],{},"Vysoká elasticita firmy"," — zákazníci snadno přecházejí: ",[1035,49989,49991],{"className":49990},[1772],[1774,49992,49993],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,49994,49995,50011],{},[1781,49996,49997,49999,50005,50007,50009],{},[1784,49998,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,50000,50001,50003],{},[1784,50002,2364],{},[1784,50004,2328],{},[1784,50006,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,50008,1863],{},[2348,50010,3116],{},[1808,50012,50013],{"encoding":1810},"|E_d| = 10",[1030,50015,50016],{},"Lernerův index:",[1035,50018,50020],{"className":50019},[1772],[1774,50021,50022],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,50023,50024,50110],{},[1781,50025,50026,50028,50030,50032,50034,50036,50046,50048,50050,50052,50055,50057,50059,50061,50071,50073,50075,50077,50089,50091,50093,50095,50101,50103,50105,50107],{},[1784,50027,3766],{},[2149,50029,21702],{},[1788,50031,1863],{},[2149,50033,21702],{},[1788,50035,2371],{},[2322,50037,50038,50040],{},[2348,50039,2374],{},[1781,50041,50042,50044],{},[1788,50043,2371],{},[2348,50045,3116],{},[2149,50047,21702],{},[1788,50049,1863],{},[2149,50051,21702],{},[2348,50053,50054],{},"0,10",[2352,50056],{"width":2702},[1788,50058,43125],{},[2352,50060],{"width":2702},[2322,50062,50063,50065],{},[1784,50064,2264],{},[1781,50066,50067,50069],{},[1784,50068,1857],{},[1784,50070,1868],{},[2149,50072,21702],{},[1788,50074,1863],{},[2149,50076,21702],{},[2322,50078,50079,50081],{},[2348,50080,2374],{},[1781,50082,50083,50085,50087],{},[2348,50084,2374],{},[1788,50086,2371],{},[2348,50088,50054],{},[2149,50090,21702],{},[1788,50092,1863],{},[2149,50094,21702],{},[2322,50096,50097,50099],{},[2348,50098,2374],{},[2348,50100,25829],{},[2149,50102,21702],{},[1788,50104,8786],{},[2149,50106,21702],{},[2348,50108,50109],{},"1,11.",[1808,50111,50112],{"encoding":1810},"L \\;=\\; -\\frac{1}{-10} \\;=\\; 0{,}10 \\quad\\Longleftrightarrow\\quad \\frac{P}{MC} \\;=\\; \\frac{1}{1 - 0{,}10} \\;=\\; \\frac{1}{0{,}9} \\;\\approx\\; 1{,}11.",[1082,50114,50115],{},[1030,50116,50117],{},[1047,50118,50119],{},"Cena je nastavena na 10–11 % nad MC.",[1100,50121,50123],{"id":50122},"_92-konvenční-obchody","9.2 Konvenční obchody",[1030,50125,49967],{},[1260,50127,50128,50134,50140],{},[1115,50129,50130,50133],{},[1047,50131,50132],{},"Vyšší ceny než supermarkety"," (zákazníci to akceptují).",[1115,50135,50136,50139],{},[1047,50137,50138],{},"Existuje diferenciace"," — sortiment, otevírací doba, lokace, osobní obsluha.",[1115,50141,50142,4058,50145,1075],{},[1047,50143,50144],{},"Nižší elasticita firmy",[1035,50146,50148],{"className":50147},[1772],[1774,50149,50150],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,50151,50152,50168],{},[1781,50153,50154,50156,50162,50164,50166],{},[1784,50155,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,50157,50158,50160],{},[1784,50159,2364],{},[1784,50161,2328],{},[1784,50163,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,50165,1863],{},[2348,50167,5356],{},[1808,50169,50170],{"encoding":1810},"|E_d| = 5",[1030,50172,50016],{},[1035,50174,50176],{"className":50175},[1772],[1774,50177,50178],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,50179,50180,50266],{},[1781,50181,50182,50184,50186,50188,50190,50192,50202,50204,50206,50208,50210,50212,50214,50216,50226,50228,50230,50232,50244,50246,50248,50250,50257,50259,50261,50263],{},[1784,50183,3766],{},[2149,50185,21702],{},[1788,50187,1863],{},[2149,50189,21702],{},[1788,50191,2371],{},[2322,50193,50194,50196],{},[2348,50195,2374],{},[1781,50197,50198,50200],{},[1788,50199,2371],{},[2348,50201,5356],{},[2149,50203,21702],{},[1788,50205,1863],{},[2149,50207,21702],{},[2348,50209,27257],{},[2352,50211],{"width":2702},[1788,50213,43125],{},[2352,50215],{"width":2702},[2322,50217,50218,50220],{},[1784,50219,2264],{},[1781,50221,50222,50224],{},[1784,50223,1857],{},[1784,50225,1868],{},[2149,50227,21702],{},[1788,50229,1863],{},[2149,50231,21702],{},[2322,50233,50234,50236],{},[2348,50235,2374],{},[1781,50237,50238,50240,50242],{},[2348,50239,2374],{},[1788,50241,2371],{},[2348,50243,27257],{},[2149,50245,21702],{},[1788,50247,1863],{},[2149,50249,21702],{},[2322,50251,50252,50254],{},[2348,50253,2374],{},[2348,50255,50256],{},"0,8",[2149,50258,21702],{},[1788,50260,1863],{},[2149,50262,21702],{},[2348,50264,50265],{},"1,25.",[1808,50267,50268],{"encoding":1810},"L \\;=\\; -\\frac{1}{-5} \\;=\\; 0{,}20 \\quad\\Longleftrightarrow\\quad \\frac{P}{MC} \\;=\\; \\frac{1}{1 - 0{,}20} \\;=\\; \\frac{1}{0{,}8} \\;=\\; 1{,}25.",[1082,50270,50271],{},[1030,50272,50273],{},[1047,50274,50275],{},"Cena je nastavena na 25 % nad MC.",[1100,50277,50279],{"id":50278},"_93-diskuse-má-větší-monopolní-síla-větší-zisk","9.3 Diskuse: má větší monopolní síla větší zisk?",[1030,50281,50282,50283],{},"Otázka zní: ",[1091,50284,50285],{},"Mají běžné obchody i větší zisk než supermarkety?",[1030,50287,50288,50291],{},[1047,50289,50290],{},"Odpověď: ne nutně."," Kritické faktory:",[1112,50293,50294,50300,50306],{},[1115,50295,50296,50299],{},[1047,50297,50298],{},"Objem"," — supermarkety obracejí zboží ve výrazně větších objemech.",[1115,50301,50302,50305],{},[1047,50303,50304],{},"Průměrné fixní náklady"," — supermarkety mají sice vyšší absolutní fixní náklady, ale rozkládají je do mnohem většího počtu prodaných jednotek.",[1115,50307,50308,50311,50312,50327,50328,50343,50344,50362,50363,1075],{},[1047,50309,50310],{},"AC vs. MC"," — Lernerův index pracuje s ",[1035,50313,50315],{"className":50314},[1772],[1774,50316,50317],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,50318,50319,50325],{},[1781,50320,50321,50323],{},[1784,50322,1857],{},[1784,50324,1868],{},[1808,50326,11135],{"encoding":1810},", zisk s ",[1035,50329,50331],{"className":50330},[1772],[1774,50332,50333],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,50334,50335,50341],{},[1781,50336,50337,50339],{},[1784,50338,10292],{},[1784,50340,1868],{},[1808,50342,23305],{"encoding":1810},". Konvenční obchod s ",[1035,50345,50347],{"className":50346},[1772],[1774,50348,50349],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,50350,50351,50359],{},[1781,50352,50353,50355,50357],{},[1784,50354,3766],{},[1788,50356,1863],{},[2348,50358,27257],{},[1808,50360,50361],{"encoding":1810},"L = 0{,}20"," může mít nulový zisk, pokud ",[1035,50364,50366],{"className":50365},[1772],[1774,50367,50368],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,50369,50370,50380],{},[1781,50371,50372,50374,50376,50378],{},[1784,50373,2264],{},[1788,50375,1863],{},[1784,50377,10292],{},[1784,50379,1868],{},[1808,50381,50382],{"encoding":1810},"P = AC",[1030,50384,50385,50386,50389],{},"Empirický pohled: marže supermarketů jsou nízké (1–3 % zisku ze zisku), zatímco konvenční obchody mívají marže vyšší — ale jejich celkový ",[1047,50387,50388],{},"absolutní zisk"," je často nižší než u supermarketového řetězce.",[4503,50391],{},[1077,50393,50395],{"id":50394},"_10-zdroje-monopolní-síly","10. Zdroje monopolní síly",[1030,50397,50398,50399,50402],{},"Existují tři ",[1047,50400,50401],{},"strukturální"," determinanty monopolní síly. Každá z nich přispívá k tvaru elasticity firemní poptávky.",[1100,50404,50406],{"id":50405},"_101-elasticita-tržní-poptávky","10.1 Elasticita tržní poptávky",[1030,50408,50409,50410,50413,50414,50427],{},"Tržní elasticita stanovuje ",[1047,50411,50412],{},"horní mez"," monopolní síly. Pokud je celý trh velmi elastický (např. snadné substituty z jiných odvětví), žádná firma na něm nemůže mít vysoké ",[1035,50415,50417],{"className":50416},[1772],[1774,50418,50419],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,50420,50421,50425],{},[1781,50422,50423],{},[1784,50424,3766],{},[1808,50426,3766],{"encoding":1810},". Příklady:",[1112,50429,50430,50449],{},[1115,50431,50432,50435,50436,1075],{},[1047,50433,50434],{},"Velmi neelastické trhy:"," základní léky, tabák, palivo — vysoký prostor pro ",[1035,50437,50439],{"className":50438},[1772],[1774,50440,50441],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,50442,50443,50447],{},[1781,50444,50445],{},[1784,50446,3766],{},[1808,50448,3766],{"encoding":1810},[1115,50450,50451,50454,50455,50468],{},[1047,50452,50453],{},"Velmi elastické trhy:"," komodity, generika, levné spotřební zboží — prostor pro ",[1035,50456,50458],{"className":50457},[1772],[1774,50459,50460],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,50461,50462,50466],{},[1781,50463,50464],{},[1784,50465,3766],{},[1808,50467,3766],{"encoding":1810}," je malý.",[1100,50470,50472],{"id":50471},"_102-počet-firem","10.2 Počet firem",[1030,50474,50475,50476,50489],{},"Více firem na trhu obvykle znamená vyšší elasticitu firemní poptávky a tedy nižší ",[1035,50477,50479],{"className":50478},[1772],[1774,50480,50481],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,50482,50483,50487],{},[1781,50484,50485],{},[1784,50486,3766],{},[1808,50488,3766],{"encoding":1810},". Pravidlo:",[1035,50491,50493],{"className":50492},[1772],[1774,50494,50495],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,50496,50497,50553],{},[1781,50498,50499,50507,50509,50511,50513,50515,50517,50526,50528,50551],{},[13587,50500,50501,50503,50505],{},[1784,50502,2364],{},[1784,50504,2328],{},[2149,50506,49622],{},[2149,50508,21702],{},[1788,50510,8786],{},[2149,50512,21702],{},[1784,50514,1806],{},[1788,50516,2267],{},[13587,50518,50519,50521,50523],{},[1784,50520,2364],{},[1784,50522,2328],{},[2149,50524,50525],{},"trh",[2352,50527],{"width":2702},[1781,50529,50530,50533,50539,50542,50548],{},[2149,50531,50532],{},"(pro symetrick",[2160,50534,50535,50537],{"accent":1041},[2149,50536,9309],{},[1788,50538,2181],{},[2149,50540,50541],{}," firmy a homogenn",[2160,50543,50544,50546],{"accent":1041},[2149,50545,9298],{},[1788,50547,2181],{},[2149,50549,50550],{}," produkt)",[1784,50552,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,50554,50555],{"encoding":1810},"E_d^{\\text{firma}} \\;\\approx\\; n \\cdot E_d^{\\text{trh}} \\quad\\text{(pro symetrické firmy a homogenní produkt)}.",[1030,50557,50558,50559,50572],{},"Takže při ",[1035,50560,50562],{"className":50561},[1772],[1774,50563,50564],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,50565,50566,50570],{},[1781,50567,50568],{},[1784,50569,1806],{},[1808,50571,1806],{"encoding":1810}," firmách s rovnoměrným tržním podílem:",[1035,50574,50576],{"className":50575},[1772],[1774,50577,50578],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,50579,50580,50618],{},[1781,50581,50582,50588,50590,50592,50594,50616],{},[1792,50583,50584,50586],{},[1784,50585,3766],{},[2149,50587,49622],{},[2149,50589,21702],{},[1788,50591,8786],{},[2149,50593,21702],{},[2322,50595,50596,50598],{},[2348,50597,2374],{},[1781,50599,50600,50602,50604,50606,50614],{},[1784,50601,1806],{},[1788,50603,2267],{},[1784,50605,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[13587,50607,50608,50610,50612],{},[1784,50609,2364],{},[1784,50611,2328],{},[2149,50613,50525],{},[1784,50615,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,50617,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,50619,50620],{"encoding":1810},"L_{\\text{firma}} \\;\\approx\\; \\frac{1}{n\\cdot |E_d^{\\text{trh}}|}.",[1030,50622,50623,50624,2440],{},"Tato aproximace odpovídá výsledkům Cournotova oligopolu (viz ",[1068,50625,50629],{"className":50626,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":50627,"href":50628},[1071],"topics\u002Fmikk-oligopol-cournot-stackelberg.md","\u002Fwiki\u002Fmikk-oligopol-cournot-stackelberg","Oligopol: Cournot a Stackelberg",[1100,50631,50633],{"id":50632},"_103-vzájemné-vztahy-mezi-firmami","10.3 Vzájemné vztahy mezi firmami",[1030,50635,50636,50637,1310],{},"I při pevném počtu firem se monopolní síla mění podle ",[1047,50638,50639],{},"chování",[1112,50641,50642,50662,50682],{},[1115,50643,50644,50647,50648,50661],{},[1047,50645,50646],{},"Konkurenční (Bertrand)"," chování — agresivní cenová válka snižuje ",[1035,50649,50651],{"className":50650},[1772],[1774,50652,50653],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,50654,50655,50659],{},[1781,50656,50657],{},[1784,50658,3766],{},[1808,50660,3766],{"encoding":1810}," k nule.",[1115,50663,50664,50667,50668,50681],{},[1047,50665,50666],{},"Kolusivní"," chování — firmy se chovají jako jediný monopolista, ",[1035,50669,50671],{"className":50670},[1772],[1774,50672,50673],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,50674,50675,50679],{},[1781,50676,50677],{},[1784,50678,3766],{},[1808,50680,3766],{"encoding":1810}," je vysoké.",[1115,50683,50684,50687],{},[1047,50685,50686],{},"Vůdcovství cen, kvótní dohody, signalizace"," — různé hybridní úrovně.",[1030,50689,50690],{},"Stejné odvětví, stejný počet firem — různá monopolní síla podle „atmosféry“ chování.",[4503,50692],{},[1077,50694,50696],{"id":50695},"_11-náklady-mrtvé-váhy","11. Náklady mrtvé váhy",[1030,50698,50699],{},[2206,50700],{"alt":50701,"className":50702,"src":50703},"mikk-monopol-mrtva-ztrata",[1071,2210],"\u002Fwiki-assets\u002Fmikk-monopol-mrtva-ztrata.jpeg",[1030,50705,50706],{},"Klíčovým pojmem alokační neefektivity monopolu jsou náklady mrtvé váhy.",[1100,50708,50710],{"id":50709},"_111-konstrukce-na-grafu","11.1 Konstrukce na grafu",[1030,50712,50713,50714,1299,50727,50740],{},"Na osách ",[1035,50715,50717],{"className":50716},[1772],[1774,50718,50719],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,50720,50721,50725],{},[1781,50722,50723],{},[1784,50724,2270],{},[1808,50726,2270],{"encoding":1810},[1035,50728,50730],{"className":50729},[1772],[1774,50731,50732],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,50733,50734,50738],{},[1781,50735,50736],{},[1784,50737,2264],{},[1808,50739,2264],{"encoding":1810}," vykresleme:",[1112,50742,50743,50766,50798],{},[1115,50744,50745,50746,1075],{},"Klesající poptávku ",[1035,50747,50749],{"className":50748},[1772],[1774,50750,50751],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,50752,50753,50763],{},[1781,50754,50755,50757,50759,50761],{},[1784,50756,3224],{},[1788,50758,1863],{},[1784,50760,10292],{},[1784,50762,1860],{},[1808,50764,50765],{"encoding":1810},"D = AR",[1115,50767,50768,50769,50784,50785,2440],{},"Mezní příjem ",[1035,50770,50772],{"className":50771},[1772],[1774,50773,50774],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,50775,50776,50782],{},[1781,50777,50778,50780],{},[1784,50779,1857],{},[1784,50781,1860],{},[1808,50783,13044],{"encoding":1810}," (klesá rychleji než ",[1035,50786,50788],{"className":50787},[1772],[1774,50789,50790],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,50791,50792,50796],{},[1781,50793,50794],{},[1784,50795,3224],{},[1808,50797,3224],{"encoding":1810},[1115,50799,50800,50801,50816],{},"Mezní náklady ",[1035,50802,50804],{"className":50803},[1772],[1774,50805,50806],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,50807,50808,50814],{},[1781,50809,50810,50812],{},[1784,50811,1857],{},[1784,50813,1868],{},[1808,50815,11135],{"encoding":1810}," (rostoucí nebo konstantní).",[1030,50818,50819],{},"Označme:",[1112,50821,50822,50873],{},[1115,50823,50824,50850,50851,50872],{},[1035,50825,50827],{"className":50826},[1772],[1774,50828,50829],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,50830,50831,50847],{},[1781,50832,50833,50839,50841],{},[1792,50834,50835,50837],{},[1784,50836,2270],{},[1784,50838,1868],{},[1788,50840,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,50842,50843,50845],{},[1784,50844,2264],{},[1784,50846,1868],{},[1808,50848,50849],{"encoding":1810},"Q_C, P_C",": konkurenční rovnováha — ",[1035,50852,50854],{"className":50853},[1772],[1774,50855,50856],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,50857,50858,50869],{},[1781,50859,50860,50862,50865,50867],{},[1784,50861,3224],{},[1788,50863,50864],{},"∩",[1784,50866,1857],{},[1784,50868,1868],{},[1808,50870,50871],{"encoding":1810},"D \\cap MC"," (cena = MC).",[1115,50874,50875,50901,50902,50924,50925,50942,50943,50961,50962,50986,50987,1062,51013,1075],{},[1035,50876,50878],{"className":50877},[1772],[1774,50879,50880],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,50881,50882,50898],{},[1781,50883,50884,50890,50892],{},[1792,50885,50886,50888],{},[1784,50887,2270],{},[1784,50889,1857],{},[1788,50891,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,50893,50894,50896],{},[1784,50895,2264],{},[1784,50897,1857],{},[1808,50899,50900],{"encoding":1810},"Q_M, P_M",": monopolní rovnováha — ",[1035,50903,50905],{"className":50904},[1772],[1774,50906,50907],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,50908,50909,50921],{},[1781,50910,50911,50913,50915,50917,50919],{},[1784,50912,1857],{},[1784,50914,1860],{},[1788,50916,50864],{},[1784,50918,1857],{},[1784,50920,1868],{},[1808,50922,50923],{"encoding":1810},"MR \\cap MC"," určuje ",[1035,50926,50928],{"className":50927},[1772],[1774,50929,50930],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,50931,50932,50940],{},[1781,50933,50934],{},[1792,50935,50936,50938],{},[1784,50937,2270],{},[1784,50939,1857],{},[1808,50941,43324],{"encoding":1810},", cena ",[1035,50944,50946],{"className":50945},[1772],[1774,50947,50948],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,50949,50950,50958],{},[1781,50951,50952],{},[1792,50953,50954,50956],{},[1784,50955,2264],{},[1784,50957,1857],{},[1808,50959,50960],{"encoding":1810},"P_M"," se odečte z ",[1035,50963,50965],{"className":50964},[1772],[1774,50966,50967],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,50968,50969,50983],{},[1781,50970,50971,50973,50975,50981],{},[1784,50972,3224],{},[1788,50974,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,50976,50977,50979],{},[1784,50978,2270],{},[1784,50980,1857],{},[1788,50982,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,50984,50985],{"encoding":1810},"D(Q_M)",". Je ",[1035,50988,50990],{"className":50989},[1772],[1774,50991,50992],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,50993,50994,51010],{},[1781,50995,50996,51002,51004],{},[1792,50997,50998,51000],{},[1784,50999,2270],{},[1784,51001,1857],{},[1788,51003,2537],{},[1792,51005,51006,51008],{},[1784,51007,2270],{},[1784,51009,1868],{},[1808,51011,51012],{"encoding":1810},"Q_M \u003C Q_C",[1035,51014,51016],{"className":51015},[1772],[1774,51017,51018],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,51019,51020,51036],{},[1781,51021,51022,51028,51030],{},[1792,51023,51024,51026],{},[1784,51025,2264],{},[1784,51027,1857],{},[1788,51029,2491],{},[1792,51031,51032,51034],{},[1784,51033,2264],{},[1784,51035,1868],{},[1808,51037,51038],{"encoding":1810},"P_M > P_C",[1030,51040,51041],{},"Tři plochy:",[1112,51043,51044,51115,51189],{},[1115,51045,51046,51048,51049,1062,51067,11136,51084,11150,51097,51114],{},[1047,51047,10292],{},": obdélník mezi ",[1035,51050,51052],{"className":51051},[1772],[1774,51053,51054],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,51055,51056,51064],{},[1781,51057,51058],{},[1792,51059,51060,51062],{},[1784,51061,2264],{},[1784,51063,1868],{},[1808,51065,51066],{"encoding":1810},"P_C",[1035,51068,51070],{"className":51069},[1772],[1774,51071,51072],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,51073,51074,51082],{},[1781,51075,51076],{},[1792,51077,51078,51080],{},[1784,51079,2264],{},[1784,51081,1857],{},[1808,51083,50960],{"encoding":1810},[1035,51085,51087],{"className":51086},[1772],[1774,51088,51089],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,51090,51091,51095],{},[1781,51092,51093],{},[2348,51094,2350],{},[1808,51096,2350],{"encoding":1810},[1035,51098,51100],{"className":51099},[1772],[1774,51101,51102],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,51103,51104,51112],{},[1781,51105,51106],{},[1792,51107,51108,51110],{},[1784,51109,2270],{},[1784,51111,1857],{},[1808,51113,43324],{"encoding":1810}," — přesun ze spotřebitelského přebytku do zisku monopolu.",[1115,51116,51117,51119,51120,1299,51133,1062,51150,1299,51167,3250,51185,51188],{},[1047,51118,2475],{},": trojúhelník mezi ",[1035,51121,51123],{"className":51122},[1772],[1774,51124,51125],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,51126,51127,51131],{},[1781,51128,51129],{},[1784,51130,3224],{},[1808,51132,3224],{"encoding":1810},[1035,51134,51136],{"className":51135},[1772],[1774,51137,51138],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,51139,51140,51148],{},[1781,51141,51142],{},[1792,51143,51144,51146],{},[1784,51145,2264],{},[1784,51147,1857],{},[1808,51149,50960],{"encoding":1810},[1035,51151,51153],{"className":51152},[1772],[1774,51154,51155],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,51156,51157,51165],{},[1781,51158,51159],{},[1792,51160,51161,51163],{},[1784,51162,2270],{},[1784,51164,1857],{},[1808,51166,43324],{"encoding":1810},[1035,51168,51170],{"className":51169},[1772],[1774,51171,51172],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,51173,51174,51182],{},[1781,51175,51176],{},[1792,51177,51178,51180],{},[1784,51179,2270],{},[1784,51181,1868],{},[1808,51183,51184],{"encoding":1810},"Q_C",[1091,51186,51187],{},"ztracený"," spotřebitelský přebytek na ne-vyrobených jednotkách.",[1115,51190,51191,51119,51193,1299,51208,1062,51225,1299,51242,3250,51259,51261],{},[1047,51192,1868],{},[1035,51194,51196],{"className":51195},[1772],[1774,51197,51198],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,51199,51200,51206],{},[1781,51201,51202,51204],{},[1784,51203,1857],{},[1784,51205,1868],{},[1808,51207,11135],{"encoding":1810},[1035,51209,51211],{"className":51210},[1772],[1774,51212,51213],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,51214,51215,51223],{},[1781,51216,51217],{},[1792,51218,51219,51221],{},[1784,51220,2264],{},[1784,51222,1868],{},[1808,51224,51066],{"encoding":1810},[1035,51226,51228],{"className":51227},[1772],[1774,51229,51230],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,51231,51232,51240],{},[1781,51233,51234],{},[1792,51235,51236,51238],{},[1784,51237,2270],{},[1784,51239,1857],{},[1808,51241,43324],{"encoding":1810},[1035,51243,51245],{"className":51244},[1772],[1774,51246,51247],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,51248,51249,51257],{},[1781,51250,51251],{},[1792,51252,51253,51255],{},[1784,51254,2270],{},[1784,51256,1868],{},[1808,51258,51184],{"encoding":1810},[1091,51260,51187],{}," výrobní přebytek na ne-vyrobených jednotkách.",[1100,51263,51265],{"id":51264},"_112-bilance","11.2 Bilance",[1153,51267,51268,51280],{},[1156,51269,51270],{},[1159,51271,51272,51274,51277],{},[1162,51273,1164],{},[1162,51275,51276],{},"Změna oproti konkurenci",[1162,51278,51279],{},"Plocha",[1172,51281,51282,51310,51365],{},[1159,51283,51284,51287,51308],{},[1177,51285,51286],{},"Spotřebitelé",[1177,51288,51289,51290],{},"ztrácí ",[1035,51291,51293],{"className":51292},[1772],[1774,51294,51295],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,51296,51297,51305],{},[1781,51298,51299,51301,51303],{},[1784,51300,10292],{},[1788,51302,2637],{},[1784,51304,2475],{},[1808,51306,51307],{"encoding":1810},"A + B",[1177,51309,8975],{},[1159,51311,51312,51315,51345],{},[1177,51313,51314],{},"Výrobce (monopol)",[1177,51316,51317,51318,51331,51332],{},"získává ",[1035,51319,51321],{"className":51320},[1772],[1774,51322,51323],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,51324,51325,51329],{},[1781,51326,51327],{},[1784,51328,10292],{},[1808,51330,10292],{"encoding":1810},", ztrácí ",[1035,51333,51335],{"className":51334},[1772],[1774,51336,51337],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,51338,51339,51343],{},[1781,51340,51341],{},[1784,51342,1868],{},[1808,51344,1868],{"encoding":1810},[1177,51346,51347],{},[1035,51348,51350],{"className":51349},[1772],[1774,51351,51352],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,51353,51354,51362],{},[1781,51355,51356,51358,51360],{},[1784,51357,10292],{},[1788,51359,2371],{},[1784,51361,1868],{},[1808,51363,51364],{"encoding":1810},"A - C",[1159,51366,51367,51372,51392],{},[1177,51368,51369],{},[1047,51370,51371],{},"Celkem (alokační efektivita)",[1177,51373,51289,51374],{},[1035,51375,51377],{"className":51376},[1772],[1774,51378,51379],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,51380,51381,51389],{},[1781,51382,51383,51385,51387],{},[1784,51384,2475],{},[1788,51386,2637],{},[1784,51388,1868],{},[1808,51390,51391],{"encoding":1810},"B + C",[1177,51393,51394],{},[1047,51395,51396],{},"DWL",[1082,51398,51399],{},[1030,51400,51401,1089,51404,51426],{},[1047,51402,51403],{},"Náklady mrtvé váhy",[1035,51405,51407],{"className":51406},[1772],[1774,51408,51409],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,51410,51411,51423],{},[1781,51412,51413,51415,51417,51419,51421],{},[1788,51414,1863],{},[1784,51416,2475],{},[1788,51418,2637],{},[1784,51420,1868],{},[1788,51422,1863],{},[1808,51424,51425],{"encoding":1810},"= B + C ="," čistá ztráta společenského blahobytu z monopolního chování.",[1100,51428,51430],{"id":51429},"_113-vzorec-pro-lineární-poptávku","11.3 Vzorec pro lineární poptávku",[1030,51432,51433,51434,51447,51448,51463,51464,51488,51489,51506,51507,51533,51534,51551],{},"Pokud jsou ",[1035,51435,51437],{"className":51436},[1772],[1774,51438,51439],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,51440,51441,51445],{},[1781,51442,51443],{},[1784,51444,3224],{},[1808,51446,3224],{"encoding":1810}," i ",[1035,51449,51451],{"className":51450},[1772],[1774,51452,51453],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,51454,51455,51461],{},[1781,51456,51457,51459],{},[1784,51458,1857],{},[1784,51460,1868],{},[1808,51462,11135],{"encoding":1810}," lineární a ",[1035,51465,51467],{"className":51466},[1772],[1774,51468,51469],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,51470,51471,51485],{},[1781,51472,51473,51475,51477,51479,51481,51483],{},[1784,51474,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,51476,3224],{},[1788,51478,2371],{},[1784,51480,1857],{},[1784,51482,1868],{},[1784,51484,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,51486,51487],{"encoding":1810},"|D - MC|"," je v ",[1035,51490,51492],{"className":51491},[1772],[1774,51493,51494],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,51495,51496,51504],{},[1781,51497,51498],{},[1792,51499,51500,51502],{},[1784,51501,2270],{},[1784,51503,1857],{},[1808,51505,43324],{"encoding":1810}," rovno ",[1035,51508,51510],{"className":51509},[1772],[1774,51511,51512],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,51513,51514,51530],{},[1781,51515,51516,51522,51524],{},[1792,51517,51518,51520],{},[1784,51519,2264],{},[1784,51521,1857],{},[1788,51523,2371],{},[1792,51525,51526,51528],{},[1784,51527,2264],{},[1784,51529,1868],{},[1808,51531,51532],{"encoding":1810},"P_M - P_C"," (svislá vzdálenost mezi cenou a MC v bodě ",[1035,51535,51537],{"className":51536},[1772],[1774,51538,51539],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,51540,51541,51549],{},[1781,51542,51543],{},[1792,51544,51545,51547],{},[1784,51546,2270],{},[1784,51548,1857],{},[1808,51550,43324],{"encoding":1810},"), pak:",[1035,51553,51555],{"className":51554},[1772],[1774,51556,51557],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,51558,51559,51635],{},[1781,51560,51561],{},[21766,51562,51563],{"notation":21768},[14390,51564,51565],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,51566,51567],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,51568,51569],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[1781,51570,51571,51573,51575,51577,51579,51581,51583,51585,51593,51595,51597,51603,51605,51611,51613,51615,51617,51623,51625,51631,51633],{},[2149,51572,21702],{},[1784,51574,3224],{},[1784,51576,3759],{},[1784,51578,3766],{},[2149,51580,21702],{},[1788,51582,1863],{},[2149,51584,21702],{},[14390,51586,51587],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,51588,51589,51591],{},[2348,51590,2374],{},[2348,51592,4593],{},[2149,51594,2769],{},[1788,51596,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,51598,51599,51601],{},[1784,51600,2264],{},[1784,51602,1857],{},[1788,51604,2371],{},[1792,51606,51607,51609],{},[1784,51608,2264],{},[1784,51610,1868],{},[1788,51612,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[2149,51614,2769],{},[1788,51616,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,51618,51619,51621],{},[1784,51620,2270],{},[1784,51622,1868],{},[1788,51624,2371],{},[1792,51626,51627,51629],{},[1784,51628,2270],{},[1784,51630,1857],{},[1788,51632,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[2149,51634,21702],{},[1808,51636,51637],{"encoding":1810},"\\boxed{\\;DWL \\;=\\; \\tfrac{1}{2}\\,(P_M - P_C)\\,(Q_C - Q_M)\\;}",[1030,51639,51640,51641,51667,51668,1075],{},"Geometricky je to plocha trojúhelníku s podstavou ",[1035,51642,51644],{"className":51643},[1772],[1774,51645,51646],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,51647,51648,51664],{},[1781,51649,51650,51656,51658],{},[1792,51651,51652,51654],{},[1784,51653,2270],{},[1784,51655,1868],{},[1788,51657,2371],{},[1792,51659,51660,51662],{},[1784,51661,2270],{},[1784,51663,1857],{},[1808,51665,51666],{"encoding":1810},"Q_C - Q_M"," a výškou ",[1035,51669,51671],{"className":51670},[1772],[1774,51672,51673],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,51674,51675,51691],{},[1781,51676,51677,51683,51685],{},[1792,51678,51679,51681],{},[1784,51680,2264],{},[1784,51682,1857],{},[1788,51684,2371],{},[1792,51686,51687,51689],{},[1784,51688,2264],{},[1784,51690,1868],{},[1808,51692,51532],{"encoding":1810},[1100,51694,51696],{"id":51695},"_114-numerický-příklad","11.4 Numerický příklad",[1030,51698,51699,51700,1299,51721,51741],{},"Vrátíme se k zadání ze sekce 7: ",[1035,51701,51703],{"className":51702},[1772],[1774,51704,51705],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,51706,51707,51719],{},[1781,51708,51709,51711,51713,51715,51717],{},[1784,51710,2264],{},[1788,51712,1863],{},[2348,51714,2605],{},[1788,51716,2371],{},[1784,51718,2270],{},[1808,51720,48087],{"encoding":1810},[1035,51722,51724],{"className":51723},[1772],[1774,51725,51726],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,51727,51728,51738],{},[1781,51729,51730,51732,51734,51736],{},[1784,51731,1857],{},[1784,51733,1868],{},[1788,51735,1863],{},[2348,51737,5344],{},[1808,51739,51740],{"encoding":1810},"MC = 4"," (vezměme jen závod 1 jako monopol).",[1112,51743,51744,51798,51871],{},[1115,51745,51746,51747,1299,51775,1075],{},"Konkurence: ",[1035,51748,51750],{"className":51749},[1772],[1774,51751,51752],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,51753,51754,51772],{},[1781,51755,51756,51762,51764,51766,51768,51770],{},[1792,51757,51758,51760],{},[1784,51759,2264],{},[1784,51761,1868],{},[1788,51763,1863],{},[1784,51765,1857],{},[1784,51767,1868],{},[1788,51769,1863],{},[2348,51771,5344],{},[1808,51773,51774],{"encoding":1810},"P_C = MC = 4",[1035,51776,51778],{"className":51777},[1772],[1774,51779,51780],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,51781,51782,51795],{},[1781,51783,51784,51790,51792],{},[1792,51785,51786,51788],{},[1784,51787,2270],{},[1784,51789,1868],{},[1788,51791,1863],{},[2348,51793,51794],{},"96",[1808,51796,51797],{"encoding":1810},"Q_C = 96",[1115,51799,51800,51801,1299,51849,1075],{},"Monopol: ",[1035,51802,51804],{"className":51803},[1772],[1774,51805,51806],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,51807,51808,51846],{},[1781,51809,51810,51812,51814,51816,51818,51820,51822,51824,51826,51828,51830,51832,51834,51836,51842,51844],{},[1784,51811,1857],{},[1784,51813,1860],{},[1788,51815,1863],{},[1784,51817,1857],{},[1784,51819,1868],{},[1788,51821,2357],{},[2348,51823,2605],{},[1788,51825,2371],{},[2348,51827,4593],{},[1784,51829,2270],{},[1788,51831,1863],{},[2348,51833,5344],{},[1788,51835,2357],{},[1792,51837,51838,51840],{},[1784,51839,2270],{},[1784,51841,1857],{},[1788,51843,1863],{},[2348,51845,48550],{},[1808,51847,51848],{"encoding":1810},"MR = MC \\Rightarrow 100 - 2Q = 4 \\Rightarrow Q_M = 48",[1035,51850,51852],{"className":51851},[1772],[1774,51853,51854],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,51855,51856,51868],{},[1781,51857,51858,51864,51866],{},[1792,51859,51860,51862],{},[1784,51861,2264],{},[1784,51863,1857],{},[1788,51865,1863],{},[2348,51867,48719],{},[1808,51869,51870],{"encoding":1810},"P_M = 52",[1115,51872,51873,1075],{},[1035,51874,51876],{"className":51875},[1772],[1774,51877,51878],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,51879,51880,51945],{},[1781,51881,51882,51884,51886,51888,51890,51898,51900,51902,51904,51906,51908,51910,51912,51914,51916,51918,51920,51928,51930,51932,51934,51936,51938,51940,51942],{},[1784,51883,3224],{},[1784,51885,3759],{},[1784,51887,3766],{},[1788,51889,1863],{},[14390,51891,51892],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,51893,51894,51896],{},[2348,51895,2374],{},[2348,51897,4593],{},[1788,51899,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,51901,48719],{},[1788,51903,2371],{},[2348,51905,5344],{},[1788,51907,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,51909,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,51911,51794],{},[1788,51913,2371],{},[2348,51915,48550],{},[1788,51917,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,51919,1863],{},[14390,51921,51922],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,51923,51924,51926],{},[2348,51925,2374],{},[2348,51927,4593],{},[1788,51929,2267],{},[2348,51931,48550],{},[1788,51933,2267],{},[2348,51935,48550],{},[1788,51937,1863],{},[2348,51939,2374],{},[2149,51941,2769],{},[2348,51943,51944],{},"152",[1808,51946,51947],{"encoding":1810},"DWL = \\tfrac{1}{2} (52 - 4)(96 - 48) = \\tfrac{1}{2} \\cdot 48 \\cdot 48 = 1\\,152",[1030,51949,51950,51951,22866,51986,52003],{},"Pro srovnání: zisk monopolisty je ",[1035,51952,51954],{"className":51953},[1772],[1774,51955,51956],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,51957,51958,51983],{},[1781,51959,51960,51962,51964,51966,51968,51970,51972,51974,51976,51978,51980],{},[1788,51961,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,51963,48719],{},[1788,51965,2371],{},[2348,51967,5344],{},[1788,51969,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,51971,2267],{},[2348,51973,48550],{},[1788,51975,1863],{},[2348,51977,4593],{},[2149,51979,2769],{},[2348,51981,51982],{},"304",[1808,51984,51985],{"encoding":1810},"(52 - 4) \\cdot 48 = 2\\,304",[1035,51987,51989],{"className":51988},[1772],[1774,51990,51991],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,51992,51993,52001],{},[1781,51994,51995,51997,51999],{},[1784,51996,3224],{},[1784,51998,3759],{},[1784,52000,3766],{},[1808,52002,51396],{"encoding":1810}," je polovina zisku monopolu — typický řád.",[4503,52005],{},[1077,52007,52009],{"id":52008},"_12-společenské-náklady-monopolu","12. Společenské náklady monopolu",[1030,52011,52012,52015,52016,3250,52019,52021],{},[1047,52013,52014],{},"Trojúhelník DWL podhodnocuje"," skutečnou společenskou ztrátu z monopolu. Vedle alokační neefektivity je třeba započítat ",[1047,52017,52018],{},"náklady na získání a udržení monopolního postavení",[1091,52020,43332],{}," (Tullock 1967).",[1100,52023,52025],{"id":52024},"_121-lobbing-a-politické-náklady","12.1 Lobbing a politické náklady",[1030,52027,52028,52029,1075],{},"Firma má motivaci utrácet na lobbing, kampaně, advokáty a regulační arbitráž. Tyto výdaje jsou z pohledu firmy investicí do udržení monopolu, ze společenského pohledu však jde o ",[1047,52030,52031],{},"zcela neproduktivní spotřebu zdrojů",[1100,52033,52035],{"id":52034},"_122-nadměrná-reklama","12.2 Nadměrná reklama",[1030,52037,52038,52039,52042],{},"Reklama monopolistů často slouží ",[1047,52040,52041],{},"vytváření bariér vstupu"," (zvyšování věrnosti značce, znásobení vstupních nákladů pro nové firmy), nikoli informování zákazníků. Část reklamních výdajů je tedy společensky plýtvavá.",[1100,52044,52046],{"id":52045},"_123-strategické-rozšiřování-kapacit","12.3 Strategické rozšiřování kapacit",[1030,52048,52049,52050,13999,52053,52056],{},"Monopolista může držet ",[1047,52051,52052],{},"přebytečnou výrobní kapacitu",[1091,52054,52055],{},"signál",": kdokoli zkusí vstoupit, monopolista okamžitě zaplaví trh a stlačí ceny. Tato kapacita se nemusí nikdy použít, ale její samotná existence odrazuje vstupy. Z pohledu firmy je to investice; ze společenského pohledu jsou to neproduktivně vázané zdroje.",[1100,52058,52060],{"id":52059},"_124-cenová-a-kvalitativní-degradace","12.4 Cenová a kvalitativní degradace",[1030,52062,52063,52064,52067],{},"Při delším nedostatku konkurenčního tlaku monopolisté investují méně do inovací a kvality (",[1091,52065,52066],{},"X-neefficiency",", Leibenstein 1966). Tato dynamická ztráta není v statickém DWL trojúhelníku zachycena.",[1100,52069,52071],{"id":52070},"_125-souhrnný-vzorec","12.5 Souhrnný vzorec",[1030,52073,52074],{},"Skutečné společenské náklady monopolu:",[1035,52076,52078],{"className":52077},[1772],[1774,52079,52080],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,52081,52082,52144],{},[1781,52083,52084,52087,52089,52091,52093,52110,52112,52114,52116,52126,52128,52130,52132,52142],{},[2149,52085,52086],{},"Total social cost",[2149,52088,21702],{},[1788,52090,1863],{},[2149,52092,21702],{},[3341,52094,52095,52107],{},[3341,52096,52097,52105],{},[1781,52098,52099,52101,52103],{},[1784,52100,3224],{},[1784,52102,3759],{},[1784,52104,3766],{},[1788,52106,8059],{"stretchy":1041},[2149,52108,52109],{},"alokace",[2149,52111,21702],{},[1788,52113,2637],{},[2149,52115,21702],{},[3341,52117,52118,52124],{},[3341,52119,52120,52122],{},[1784,52121,1860],{},[1788,52123,8059],{"stretchy":1041},[2149,52125,43332],{},[2149,52127,21702],{},[1788,52129,2637],{},[2149,52131,21702],{},[3341,52133,52134,52140],{},[3341,52135,52136,52138],{},[1784,52137,20998],{},[1788,52139,8059],{"stretchy":1041},[2149,52141,52066],{},[1784,52143,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,52145,52146],{"encoding":1810},"\\text{Total social cost} \\;=\\; \\underbrace{DWL}_{\\text{alokace}} \\;+\\; \\underbrace{R}_{\\text{rent-seeking}} \\;+\\; \\underbrace{X}_{\\text{X-neefficiency}}.",[1030,52148,52149,52150,1089,52168,52171],{},"V mnoha empirických odhadech tvoří ",[1035,52151,52153],{"className":52152},[1772],[1774,52154,52155],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,52156,52157,52165],{},[1781,52158,52159,52161,52163],{},[1784,52160,1860],{},[1788,52162,2637],{},[1784,52164,20998],{},[1808,52166,52167],{"encoding":1810},"R + X",[1047,52169,52170],{},"víc"," než samotný trojúhelník DWL.",[4503,52173],{},[1077,52175,52177],{"id":52176},"_13-cenová-diskriminace-jako-únik-z-dwl","13. Cenová diskriminace jako únik z DWL",[1030,52179,52180,52181,4010,52184,52210,52211,1075],{},"Pokud monopolista dokáže rozlišit zákazníky podle jejich ochoty platit, může účtovat různé ceny různým skupinám. Tím ",[1047,52182,52183],{},"rozšiřuje výstup",[1035,52185,52187],{"className":52186},[1772],[1774,52188,52189],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,52190,52191,52207],{},[1781,52192,52193,52199,52201],{},[1792,52194,52195,52197],{},[1784,52196,2270],{},[1784,52198,1857],{},[1788,52200,8824],{},[1792,52202,52203,52205],{},[1784,52204,2270],{},[1784,52206,1868],{},[1808,52208,52209],{"encoding":1810},"Q_M \\to Q_C",") a snižuje DWL — někdy až na nulu (dokonalá diskriminace 1. stupně). Vlastníci přebytku se ovšem mění: ",[1047,52212,52213],{},"monopolista získává všechen společenský přebytek",[1030,52215,52216,52217,52220,52221,1075],{},"Detailnější rozbor je na samostatné stránce ",[1068,52218,7246],{"className":52219,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":7244,"href":7245},[1071]," a v rozšíření ",[1068,52222,52224],{"className":52223,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":10994,"href":10995},[1071],"Bundling a dvousložkový tarif",[4503,52226],{},[1077,52228,52230],{"id":52229},"_14-přirozený-monopol","14. Přirozený monopol",[1030,52232,52233,52235,52236,52239],{},[1047,52234,43337],{}," je situace, kdy je monopolní struktura ",[1091,52237,52238],{},"nákladově efektivnější"," než konkurence.",[1100,52241,52243],{"id":52242},"_141-definice","14.1 Definice",[1030,52245,52246,52247,52250],{},"Odvětví je přirozeným monopolem, pokud na ",[1047,52248,52249],{},"relevantním rozsahu výstupu"," platí:",[1035,52252,52254],{"className":52253},[1772],[1774,52255,52256],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,52257,52258,52296],{},[1781,52259,52260,52286,52288,52290,52292,52294],{},[2322,52261,52262,52280],{},[1781,52263,52264,52266,52268,52270,52272,52274,52276,52278],{},[1784,52265,2328],{},[2149,52267,2769],{},[1784,52269,3766],{},[1784,52271,10292],{},[1784,52273,1868],{},[1788,52275,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,52277,2270],{},[1788,52279,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1781,52281,52282,52284],{},[1784,52283,2328],{},[1784,52285,2270],{},[2149,52287,21702],{},[1788,52289,2537],{},[2149,52291,21702],{},[2348,52293,2350],{},[1788,52295,1138],{"separator":1041},[1808,52297,52298],{"encoding":1810},"\\frac{d\\,LAC(Q)}{dQ} \\;\u003C\\; 0,",[1030,52300,52301,52302,52305],{},"tj. dlouhodobé průměrné náklady ",[1047,52303,52304],{},"stále klesají"," (rostoucí výnosy z rozsahu). Pak je nejlevnější, aby celý trh obsluhovala jediná firma.",[1100,52307,52309],{"id":52308},"_142-příklady","14.2 Příklady",[1112,52311,52312,52318,52324],{},[1115,52313,52314,52317],{},[1047,52315,52316],{},"Síťová odvětví:"," vodárny, plynárny, distribuce elektřiny, kanalizace, železniční koleje, telekomunikační páteř.",[1115,52319,52320,52323],{},[1047,52321,52322],{},"Lokální infrastruktura:"," přístav, letiště, regionální letiště, kabelová síť.",[1115,52325,52326,52329,52330,1075],{},[1047,52327,52328],{},"Některá softwarová prostředí:"," operační systémy s velmi vysokou fixní cenou vývoje a téměř nulovým ",[1035,52331,52333],{"className":52332},[1772],[1774,52334,52335],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,52336,52337,52343],{},[1781,52338,52339,52341],{},[1784,52340,1857],{},[1784,52342,1868],{},[1808,52344,11135],{"encoding":1810},[1100,52346,52348],{"id":52347},"_143-charakteristika-nákladů","14.3 Charakteristika nákladů",[1030,52350,52351],{},"Přirozené monopoly mají typicky:",[1112,52353,52354,52360,52366],{},[1115,52355,52356,52359],{},[1047,52357,52358],{},"Vysoké fixní náklady"," (sítě, hardware, vývoj).",[1115,52361,52362,52365],{},[1047,52363,52364],{},"Nízké, často konstantní mezní náklady"," (přidání jednoho zákazníka).",[1115,52367,52368,52388],{},[1047,52369,52370,52371],{},"Klesající ",[1035,52372,52374],{"className":52373},[1772],[1774,52375,52376],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,52377,52378,52386],{},[1781,52379,52380,52382,52384],{},[1784,52381,3766],{},[1784,52383,10292],{},[1784,52385,1868],{},[1808,52387,12303],{"encoding":1810}," v celém relevantním rozsahu výstupu.",[1100,52390,52392],{"id":52391},"_144-dilema","14.4 Dilema",[1030,52394,52395,52396,52413,52414,52431,52432,52456,52457,52460,52461,52483,52484,52501],{},"Bez regulace přirozený monopol vyrábí ",[1035,52397,52399],{"className":52398},[1772],[1774,52400,52401],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,52402,52403,52411],{},[1781,52404,52405],{},[1792,52406,52407,52409],{},[1784,52408,2270],{},[1784,52410,1857],{},[1808,52412,43324],{"encoding":1810}," při ceně ",[1035,52415,52417],{"className":52416},[1772],[1774,52418,52419],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,52420,52421,52429],{},[1781,52422,52423],{},[1792,52424,52425,52427],{},[1784,52426,2264],{},[1784,52428,1857],{},[1808,52430,50960],{"encoding":1810}," — neefektivně málo, neefektivně draho. Kdyby ale stát požadoval cenu ",[1035,52433,52435],{"className":52434},[1772],[1774,52436,52437],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,52438,52439,52453],{},[1781,52440,52441,52447,52449,52451],{},[1792,52442,52443,52445],{},[1784,52444,2264],{},[1784,52446,1868],{},[1788,52448,1863],{},[1784,52450,1857],{},[1784,52452,1868],{},[1808,52454,52455],{"encoding":1810},"P_C = MC",", firma by utrpěla ",[1047,52458,52459],{},"ztrátu"," (protože ",[1035,52462,52464],{"className":52463},[1772],[1774,52465,52466],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,52467,52468,52480],{},[1781,52469,52470,52472,52474,52476,52478],{},[1784,52471,10292],{},[1784,52473,1868],{},[1788,52475,2491],{},[1784,52477,1857],{},[1784,52479,1868],{},[1808,52481,52482],{"encoding":1810},"AC > MC"," při klesajícím ",[1035,52485,52487],{"className":52486},[1772],[1774,52488,52489],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,52490,52491,52499],{},[1781,52492,52493,52495,52497],{},[1784,52494,3766],{},[1784,52496,10292],{},[1784,52498,1868],{},[1808,52500,12303],{"encoding":1810},") a opustila by odvětví. Žádné soukromé řešení není „first-best“.",[4503,52503],{},[1077,52505,52507],{"id":52506},"_15-regulace-přirozeného-monopolu","15. Regulace přirozeného monopolu",[1030,52509,52510,52511,52514],{},"Praktickou odpovědí je regulační orgán, který nutí firmu k ceně a výstupu, jež jsou ",[1091,52512,52513],{},"kompromisem"," mezi efektivitou a životaschopností.",[1100,52516,52518],{"id":52517},"_151-tři-referenční-body","15.1 Tři referenční body",[1030,52520,52521,52522,1299,52537,52552],{},"Na grafu s klesajícím ",[1035,52523,52525],{"className":52524},[1772],[1774,52526,52527],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,52528,52529,52535],{},[1781,52530,52531,52533],{},[1784,52532,10292],{},[1784,52534,1868],{},[1808,52536,23305],{"encoding":1810},[1035,52538,52540],{"className":52539},[1772],[1774,52541,52542],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,52543,52544,52550],{},[1781,52545,52546,52548],{},[1784,52547,1857],{},[1784,52549,1868],{},[1808,52551,11135],{"encoding":1810}," pod ním, a klesající poptávkou:",[1112,52554,52555,52609,52702],{},[1115,52556,52557,52587,52588,1075],{},[1035,52558,52560],{"className":52559},[1772],[1774,52561,52562],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,52563,52564,52584],{},[1781,52565,52566,52568,52574,52576,52582],{},[1788,52567,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,52569,52570,52572],{},[1784,52571,2270],{},[1784,52573,1857],{},[1788,52575,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,52577,52578,52580],{},[1784,52579,2264],{},[1784,52581,1857],{},[1788,52583,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,52585,52586],{"encoding":1810},"(Q_M, P_M)"," — neregulovaný monopol, ",[1035,52589,52591],{"className":52590},[1772],[1774,52592,52593],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,52594,52595,52607],{},[1781,52596,52597,52599,52601,52603,52605],{},[1784,52598,1857],{},[1784,52600,1860],{},[1788,52602,1863],{},[1784,52604,1857],{},[1784,52606,1868],{},[1808,52608,1871],{"encoding":1810},[1115,52610,52611,52641,52642,52665,52666,1089,52668,1075],{},[1035,52612,52614],{"className":52613},[1772],[1774,52615,52616],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,52617,52618,52638],{},[1781,52619,52620,52622,52628,52630,52636],{},[1788,52621,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,52623,52624,52626],{},[1784,52625,2270],{},[1784,52627,1868],{},[1788,52629,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,52631,52632,52634],{},[1784,52633,2264],{},[1784,52635,1868],{},[1788,52637,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,52639,52640],{"encoding":1810},"(Q_C, P_C)"," — „first-best“: ",[1035,52643,52645],{"className":52644},[1772],[1774,52646,52647],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,52648,52649,52663],{},[1781,52650,52651,52657,52659,52661],{},[1792,52652,52653,52655],{},[1784,52654,2264],{},[1784,52656,1868],{},[1788,52658,1863],{},[1784,52660,1857],{},[1784,52662,1868],{},[1808,52664,52455],{"encoding":1810},". Maximalizuje společenský přebytek, ale firma má ",[1047,52667,52459],{},[1035,52669,52671],{"className":52670},[1772],[1774,52672,52673],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,52674,52675,52699],{},[1781,52676,52677,52679,52681,52683,52685,52687,52689,52691,52693],{},[1788,52678,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,52680,10292],{},[1784,52682,1868],{},[1788,52684,2371],{},[1784,52686,1857],{},[1784,52688,1868],{},[1788,52690,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,52692,2267],{},[1792,52694,52695,52697],{},[1784,52696,2270],{},[1784,52698,1868],{},[1808,52700,52701],{"encoding":1810},"(AC - MC) \\cdot Q_C",[1115,52703,52704,3250,52734,4058,52737,52761,52762,52765],{},[1035,52705,52707],{"className":52706},[1772],[1774,52708,52709],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,52710,52711,52731],{},[1781,52712,52713,52715,52721,52723,52729],{},[1788,52714,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,52716,52717,52719],{},[1784,52718,2270],{},[1784,52720,1860],{},[1788,52722,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,52724,52725,52727],{},[1784,52726,2264],{},[1784,52728,1860],{},[1788,52730,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,52732,52733],{"encoding":1810},"(Q_R, P_R)",[1091,52735,52736],{},"second-best",[1035,52738,52740],{"className":52739},[1772],[1774,52741,52742],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,52743,52744,52758],{},[1781,52745,52746,52752,52754,52756],{},[1792,52747,52748,52750],{},[1784,52749,2264],{},[1784,52751,1860],{},[1788,52753,1863],{},[1784,52755,10292],{},[1784,52757,1868],{},[1808,52759,52760],{"encoding":1810},"P_R = AC",". Firma má ",[1047,52763,52764],{},"nulový ekonomický zisk",", vyrábí maximum slučitelné s životaschopností.",[1100,52767,52769,52770],{"id":52768},"_152-regulace-na-úrovni-pracp_r-ac","15.2 Regulace na úrovni ",[1035,52771,52773],{"className":52772},[1772],[1774,52774,52775],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,52776,52777,52791],{},[1781,52778,52779,52785,52787,52789],{},[1792,52780,52781,52783],{},[1784,52782,2264],{},[1784,52784,1860],{},[1788,52786,1863],{},[1784,52788,10292],{},[1784,52790,1868],{},[1808,52792,52760],{"encoding":1810},[1030,52794,52795,52796,52814],{},"Tato volba (označovaná jako „regulace na úrovni ",[1035,52797,52799],{"className":52798},[1772],[1774,52800,52801],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,52802,52803,52811],{},[1781,52804,52805],{},[1792,52806,52807,52809],{},[1784,52808,2264],{},[1784,52810,3794],{},[1808,52812,52813],{"encoding":1810},"P_r","“):",[1112,52816,52817,52855,52884],{},[1115,52818,52819,13546,52837,52854],{},[1035,52820,52822],{"className":52821},[1772],[1774,52823,52824],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,52825,52826,52834],{},[1781,52827,52828],{},[1792,52829,52830,52832],{},[1784,52831,2264],{},[1784,52833,1860],{},[1808,52835,52836],{"encoding":1810},"P_R",[1035,52838,52840],{"className":52839},[1772],[1774,52841,52842],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,52843,52844,52852],{},[1781,52845,52846],{},[1792,52847,52848,52850],{},[1784,52849,2264],{},[1784,52851,1857],{},[1808,52853,50960],{"encoding":1810}," → spotřebitelé profitují.",[1115,52856,52857,52883],{},[1035,52858,52860],{"className":52859},[1772],[1774,52861,52862],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,52863,52864,52880],{},[1781,52865,52866,52872,52874],{},[1792,52867,52868,52870],{},[1784,52869,2270],{},[1784,52871,1860],{},[1788,52873,2491],{},[1792,52875,52876,52878],{},[1784,52877,2270],{},[1784,52879,1857],{},[1808,52881,52882],{"encoding":1810},"Q_R > Q_M"," → vyšší výstup, nižší DWL.",[1115,52885,6812,52886,52904],{},[1035,52887,52889],{"className":52888},[1772],[1774,52890,52891],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,52892,52893,52901],{},[1781,52894,52895,52897,52899],{},[1784,52896,1786],{},[1788,52898,1863],{},[2348,52900,2350],{},[1808,52902,52903],{"encoding":1810},"\\pi = 0"," → nikdo nevyhladoví, ale ani nezisková.",[1082,52906,52907],{},[1030,52908,52909,1089,52912,52929,52930,52945,52946,1075],{},[1047,52910,52911],{},"Geometrická intuice:",[1035,52913,52915],{"className":52914},[1772],[1774,52916,52917],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,52918,52919,52927],{},[1781,52920,52921],{},[1792,52922,52923,52925],{},[1784,52924,2264],{},[1784,52926,1860],{},[1808,52928,52836],{"encoding":1810}," je cena, kde se ",[1035,52931,52933],{"className":52932},[1772],[1774,52934,52935],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,52936,52937,52943],{},[1781,52938,52939,52941],{},[1784,52940,10292],{},[1784,52942,1868],{},[1808,52944,23305],{"encoding":1810}," protíná s poptávkou ",[1035,52947,52949],{"className":52948},[1772],[1774,52950,52951],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,52952,52953,52957],{},[1781,52954,52955],{},[1784,52956,3224],{},[1808,52958,3224],{"encoding":1810},[1100,52960,52962,52963,52966],{"id":52961},"_153-rate-of-return-regulace","15.3 ",[1091,52964,52965],{},"Rate-of-return"," regulace",[1030,52968,52969,52970,52973],{},"Praktická realizace: regulátor nastaví ",[1047,52971,52972],{},"maximální míru návratnosti"," investovaného kapitálu (např. 8 % ročně). Firma smí účtovat ceny tak, aby pokryla provozní náklady a ne víc než dohodnutý zisk z kapitálu.",[1030,52975,52976],{},[1047,52977,52978],{},"Problémy:",[1112,52980,52981,52987],{},[1115,52982,52983,52986],{},[1091,52984,52985],{},"Averch–Johnson efekt:"," firma má motivaci nadměrně investovat (víc kapitálu = víc absolutního zisku při fixním procentu), což vede k overcapitalizaci.",[1115,52988,52989],{},"Účetní složitost — co je „kapitálová báze“?",[1100,52991,52993,52994,52966],{"id":52992},"_154-price-cap-regulace","15.4 ",[1091,52995,52996],{},"Price-cap",[1030,52998,52999,53000,1089,53003,53021,53022,12850,53079,53092,53093,53106],{},"Modernější varianta: regulátor nastaví ",[1047,53001,53002],{},"strop ceny",[1035,53004,53006],{"className":53005},[1772],[1774,53007,53008],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,53009,53010,53018],{},[1781,53011,53012],{},[2160,53013,53014,53016],{"accent":1041},[1784,53015,2264],{},[1788,53017,35291],{},[1808,53019,53020],{"encoding":1810},"\\bar P"," (případně koš cen) s formulí ",[1035,53023,53025],{"className":53024},[1772],[1774,53026,53027],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,53028,53029,53076],{},[1781,53030,53031,53047,53049,53059,53061,53063,53065,53067,53070,53072,53074],{},[1792,53032,53033,53039],{},[2160,53034,53035,53037],{"accent":1041},[1784,53036,2264],{},[1788,53038,35291],{},[1781,53040,53041,53043,53045],{},[1784,53042,8827],{},[1788,53044,2637],{},[2348,53046,2374],{},[1788,53048,1863],{},[1792,53050,53051,53057],{},[2160,53052,53053,53055],{"accent":1041},[1784,53054,2264],{},[1788,53056,35291],{},[1784,53058,8827],{},[1788,53060,2267],{},[1788,53062,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,53064,2374],{},[1788,53066,2637],{},[2149,53068,53069],{},"CPI",[1788,53071,2371],{},[1784,53073,20998],{},[1788,53075,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,53077,53078],{"encoding":1810},"\\bar P_{t+1} = \\bar P_t \\cdot (1 + \\text{CPI} - X)",[1035,53080,53082],{"className":53081},[1772],[1774,53083,53084],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,53085,53086,53090],{},[1781,53087,53088],{},[1784,53089,20998],{},[1808,53091,20998],{"encoding":1810}," je očekávaný roční růst produktivity. Firma profituje, pokud zlevňuje rychleji, než ",[1035,53094,53096],{"className":53095},[1772],[1774,53097,53098],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,53099,53100,53104],{},[1781,53101,53102],{},[1784,53103,20998],{},[1808,53105,20998],{"encoding":1810}," předpokládá; trpí, pokud nestihne.",[1030,53108,53109],{},[1047,53110,53111],{},"Výhody:",[1112,53113,53114,53117],{},[1115,53115,53116],{},"Silnější motivace k efektivitě.",[1115,53118,53119],{},"Méně regulačního vyjednávání nad účetními detaily.",[1030,53121,53122],{},[1047,53123,53124],{},"Nevýhody:",[1112,53126,53127,53130],{},[1115,53128,53129],{},"Riziko podinvestic do kvality.",[1115,53131,53132,53133,1075],{},"Politicky obtížné nastavení parametru ",[1035,53134,53136],{"className":53135},[1772],[1774,53137,53138],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,53139,53140,53144],{},[1781,53141,53142],{},[1784,53143,20998],{},[1808,53145,20998],{"encoding":1810},[1100,53147,53149],{"id":53148},"_155-praktické-problémy-regulace","15.5 Praktické problémy regulace",[1082,53151,53152],{},[1030,53153,53154],{},[1091,53155,53156],{},"Pro regulační orgány je velice složité přesně stanovit firemní náklady a poptávkovou funkci, protože ty se mohou rychle měnit v závislosti na tržních podmínkách.",[1030,53158,53159],{},"Klíčové překážky:",[1260,53161,53162,53199,53205,53211],{},[1115,53163,53164,53167,53168,1062,53183,53198],{},[1047,53165,53166],{},"Asymetrie informací"," — firma zná své ",[1035,53169,53171],{"className":53170},[1772],[1774,53172,53173],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,53174,53175,53181],{},[1781,53176,53177,53179],{},[1784,53178,1857],{},[1784,53180,1868],{},[1808,53182,11135],{"encoding":1810},[1035,53184,53186],{"className":53185},[1772],[1774,53187,53188],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,53189,53190,53196],{},[1781,53191,53192,53194],{},[1784,53193,10292],{},[1784,53195,1868],{},[1808,53197,23305],{"encoding":1810}," lépe než regulátor.",[1115,53200,53201,53204],{},[1047,53202,53203],{},"Strategické vykazování"," — firma nadhodnocuje náklady, podhodnocuje očekávanou poptávku.",[1115,53206,53207,53210],{},[1047,53208,53209],{},"Dynamika"," — náklady i poptávka se mění s technologií a trhem.",[1115,53212,53213,4010,53216,53219],{},[1047,53214,53215],{},"Regulační zachycení",[1091,53217,53218],{},"regulatory capture",") — regulátor postupně nasává firemní pohled na svět.",[1030,53221,53222,53223,1075],{},"Detailní rozbor regulačních režimů je na samostatné stránce ",[1068,53224,53226],{"className":53225,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":43413,"href":43414},[1071],"Regulace přirozeného monopolu",[4503,53228],{},[1077,53230,53232],{"id":53231},"_16-detailní-příklad-chirurg-s-konstantním-lac","16. Detailní příklad: chirurg s konstantním LAC",[1030,53234,53235],{},"Tento příklad pochází z předtermínu C (varianta diskutovaná na cvičení) a ilustruje rozdíl mezi monopolistou bez diskriminace a s dokonalou cenovou diskriminací.",[1100,53237,53239],{"id":53238},"_161-zadání","16.1 Zadání",[1112,53241,53242,53245,53291,53424,53516],{},[1115,53243,53244],{},"Specializovaný chirurg s monopolním postavením v regionu.",[1115,53246,53247,53290],{},[1035,53248,53250],{"className":53249},[1772],[1774,53251,53252],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,53253,53254,53287],{},[1781,53255,53256,53258,53260,53262,53264,53266,53268,53270,53272,53274,53276],{},[1784,53257,3766],{},[1784,53259,10292],{},[1784,53261,1868],{},[1788,53263,1863],{},[1784,53265,1857],{},[1784,53267,1868],{},[1788,53269,1863],{},[2348,53271,14632],{},[2149,53273,2769],{},[2348,53275,2842],{},[1781,53277,53278,53281],{},[2149,53279,53280],{}," K",[2160,53282,53283,53285],{"accent":1041},[2149,53284,9435],{},[1788,53286,2167],{},[1808,53288,53289],{"encoding":1810},"LAC = MC = 7\\,500\\text{ Kč}"," na operaci (konstantní).",[1115,53292,53293,53294,2070,53320],{},"Z dvou pozorovaných bodů poptávky odhadneme lineární funkci ",[1035,53295,53297],{"className":53296},[1772],[1774,53298,53299],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,53300,53301,53317],{},[1781,53302,53303,53305,53307,53309,53311,53313,53315],{},[1784,53304,2264],{},[1788,53306,1863],{},[1784,53308,1068],{},[1788,53310,2371],{},[1784,53312,8838],{},[1788,53314,2267],{},[1784,53316,2270],{},[1808,53318,53319],{"encoding":1810},"P = a - b\\cdot Q",[1112,53321,53322,53374],{},[1115,53323,53324,53325,24775,53351,53373],{},"Při ",[1035,53326,53328],{"className":53327},[1772],[1774,53329,53330],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,53331,53332,53348],{},[1781,53333,53334,53340,53342,53344,53346],{},[1792,53335,53336,53338],{},[1784,53337,2264],{},[2348,53339,2374],{},[1788,53341,1863],{},[2348,53343,2786],{},[2149,53345,2769],{},[2348,53347,2772],{},[1808,53349,53350],{"encoding":1810},"P_1 = 15\\,000",[1035,53352,53354],{"className":53353},[1772],[1774,53355,53356],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,53357,53358,53370],{},[1781,53359,53360,53366,53368],{},[1792,53361,53362,53364],{},[1784,53363,2270],{},[2348,53365,2374],{},[1788,53367,1863],{},[2348,53369,3116],{},[1808,53371,53372],{"encoding":1810},"Q_1 = 10"," operací\u002Fměsíc.",[1115,53375,53324,53376,24775,53402,53373],{},[1035,53377,53379],{"className":53378},[1772],[1774,53380,53381],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,53382,53383,53399],{},[1781,53384,53385,53391,53393,53395,53397],{},[1792,53386,53387,53389],{},[1784,53388,2264],{},[2348,53390,4593],{},[1788,53392,1863],{},[2348,53394,5356],{},[2149,53396,2769],{},[2348,53398,2772],{},[1808,53400,53401],{"encoding":1810},"P_2 = 5\\,000",[1035,53403,53405],{"className":53404},[1772],[1774,53406,53407],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,53408,53409,53421],{},[1781,53410,53411,53417,53419],{},[1792,53412,53413,53415],{},[1784,53414,2270],{},[2348,53416,4593],{},[1788,53418,1863],{},[2348,53420,9189],{},[1808,53422,53423],{"encoding":1810},"Q_2 = 30",[1115,53425,53426,53427,53477,53478,1075],{},"Z toho: sklon ",[1035,53428,53430],{"className":53429},[1772],[1774,53431,53432],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,53433,53434,53474],{},[1781,53435,53436,53438,53440,53442,53444,53446,53448,53450,53452,53454,53456,53458,53460,53462,53464,53466,53468,53470,53472],{},[1784,53437,8838],{},[1788,53439,1863],{},[1788,53441,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,53443,2786],{},[2149,53445,2769],{},[2348,53447,2772],{},[1788,53449,2371],{},[2348,53451,5356],{},[2149,53453,2769],{},[2348,53455,2772],{},[1788,53457,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,53459,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,53461,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,53463,9189],{},[1788,53465,2371],{},[2348,53467,3116],{},[1788,53469,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,53471,1863],{},[2348,53473,2842],{},[1808,53475,53476],{"encoding":1810},"b = (15\\,000 - 5\\,000)\u002F(30 - 10) = 500"," Kč\u002Foperace, dosazením ",[1035,53479,53481],{"className":53480},[1772],[1774,53482,53483],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,53484,53485,53513],{},[1781,53486,53487,53489,53491,53493,53495,53497,53499,53501,53503,53505,53507,53509,53511],{},[1784,53488,1068],{},[1788,53490,1863],{},[2348,53492,2786],{},[2149,53494,2769],{},[2348,53496,2772],{},[1788,53498,2637],{},[2348,53500,2842],{},[1788,53502,2267],{},[2348,53504,3116],{},[1788,53506,1863],{},[2348,53508,2640],{},[2149,53510,2769],{},[2348,53512,2772],{},[1808,53514,53515],{"encoding":1810},"a = 15\\,000 + 500\\cdot 10 = 20\\,000",[1115,53517,53518,53519,1075],{},"Poptávka: ",[1035,53520,53522],{"className":53521},[1772],[1774,53523,53524],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,53525,53526,53546],{},[1781,53527,53528,53530,53532,53534,53536,53538,53540,53542,53544],{},[1784,53529,2264],{},[1788,53531,1863],{},[2348,53533,2640],{},[2149,53535,2769],{},[2348,53537,2772],{},[1788,53539,2371],{},[2348,53541,2842],{},[2149,53543,2769],{},[1784,53545,2270],{},[1808,53547,53548],{"encoding":1810},"P = 20\\,000 - 500\\,Q",[1100,53550,53552],{"id":53551},"_162-a-monopol-bez-diskriminace","16.2 (a) Monopol bez diskriminace",[1035,53554,53556],{"className":53555},[1772],[1774,53557,53558],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,53559,53560,53620],{},[1781,53561,53562,53564,53566,53568,53570,53572,53574,53576,53578,53580,53582,53584,53586,53588,53590,53592,53594,53596,53598,53600,53602,53604,53606,53608,53610,53612,53614,53616,53618],{},[1784,53563,2257],{},[1784,53565,1860],{},[1788,53567,1863],{},[1788,53569,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,53571,2640],{},[2149,53573,2769],{},[2348,53575,2772],{},[1788,53577,2371],{},[2348,53579,2842],{},[2149,53581,2769],{},[1784,53583,2270],{},[1788,53585,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[2149,53587,2769],{},[1784,53589,2270],{},[1788,53591,1138],{"separator":1041},[2352,53593],{"width":2354},[1784,53595,1857],{},[1784,53597,1860],{},[1788,53599,1863],{},[2348,53601,2640],{},[2149,53603,2769],{},[2348,53605,2772],{},[1788,53607,2371],{},[2348,53609,2374],{},[2149,53611,2769],{},[2348,53613,2772],{},[2149,53615,2769],{},[1784,53617,2270],{},[1784,53619,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,53621,53622],{"encoding":1810},"TR = (20\\,000 - 500\\,Q)\\,Q,\\qquad MR = 20\\,000 - 1\\,000\\,Q.",[1030,53624,26487,53625,1310],{},[1035,53626,53628],{"className":53627},[1772],[1774,53629,53630],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,53631,53632,53644],{},[1781,53633,53634,53636,53638,53640,53642],{},[1784,53635,1857],{},[1784,53637,1860],{},[1788,53639,1863],{},[1784,53641,1857],{},[1784,53643,1868],{},[1808,53645,1871],{"encoding":1810},[1035,53647,53649],{"className":53648},[1772],[1774,53650,53651],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,53652,53653,53730],{},[1781,53654,53655,53657,53659,53661,53663,53665,53667,53669,53671,53673,53675,53677,53679,53681,53683,53685,53687,53689,53691,53693,53695,53698,53700,53702,53704,53706,53708,53710,53712,53714,53716,53718,53720,53722,53725,53727],{},[2348,53656,2640],{},[2149,53658,2769],{},[2348,53660,2772],{},[1788,53662,2371],{},[2348,53664,2374],{},[2149,53666,2769],{},[2348,53668,2772],{},[2149,53670,2769],{},[1784,53672,2270],{},[2149,53674,21702],{},[1788,53676,1863],{},[2149,53678,21702],{},[2348,53680,14632],{},[2149,53682,2769],{},[2348,53684,2842],{},[2149,53686,21702],{},[1788,53688,24048],{},[2149,53690,21702],{},[1784,53692,2270],{},[1788,53694,1863],{},[2348,53696,53697],{},"12,5",[1788,53699,1138],{"separator":1041},[2352,53701],{"width":2354},[1784,53703,2264],{},[1788,53705,1863],{},[2348,53707,2640],{},[2149,53709,2769],{},[2348,53711,2772],{},[1788,53713,2371],{},[2348,53715,2842],{},[1788,53717,2267],{},[2348,53719,53697],{},[1788,53721,1863],{},[2348,53723,53724],{},"13",[2149,53726,2769],{},[2348,53728,53729],{},"750.",[1808,53731,53732],{"encoding":1810},"20\\,000 - 1\\,000\\,Q \\;=\\; 7\\,500 \\;\\Longrightarrow\\; Q = 12{,}5,\\qquad P = 20\\,000 - 500\\cdot 12{,}5 = 13\\,750.",[1030,53734,53735],{},"Zisk za měsíc:",[1035,53737,53739],{"className":53738},[1772],[1774,53740,53741],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,53742,53743,53839],{},[1781,53744,53745,53747,53749,53751,53753,53755,53757,53759,53761,53763,53765,53767,53769,53771,53773,53775,53777,53779,53781,53784,53786,53788,53790,53792,53794,53796,53798,53800,53802,53804,53806,53808,53810,53812,53814,53816,53818,53820,53823,53825,53827,53837],{},[1784,53746,1786],{},[2149,53748,21702],{},[1788,53750,1863],{},[2149,53752,21702],{},[1788,53754,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,53756,2264],{},[1788,53758,2371],{},[1784,53760,1857],{},[1784,53762,1868],{},[1788,53764,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,53766,2267],{},[1784,53768,2270],{},[2149,53770,21702],{},[1788,53772,1863],{},[2149,53774,21702],{},[1788,53776,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,53778,53724],{},[2149,53780,2769],{},[2348,53782,53783],{},"750",[1788,53785,2371],{},[2348,53787,14632],{},[2149,53789,2769],{},[2348,53791,2842],{},[1788,53793,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,53795,2267],{},[2348,53797,53697],{},[2149,53799,21702],{},[1788,53801,1863],{},[2149,53803,21702],{},[2348,53805,12017],{},[2149,53807,2769],{},[2348,53809,9685],{},[1788,53811,2267],{},[2348,53813,53697],{},[2149,53815,21702],{},[1788,53817,1863],{},[2149,53819,21702],{},[2348,53821,53822],{},"78",[2149,53824,2769],{},[2348,53826,16776],{},[1781,53828,53829,53831],{},[2149,53830,53280],{},[2160,53832,53833,53835],{"accent":1041},[2149,53834,9435],{},[1788,53836,2167],{},[1784,53838,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,53840,53841],{"encoding":1810},"\\pi \\;=\\; (P - MC)\\cdot Q \\;=\\; (13\\,750 - 7\\,500)\\cdot 12{,}5 \\;=\\; 6\\,250 \\cdot 12{,}5 \\;=\\; 78\\,125\\text{ Kč}.",[1030,53843,53844,53845,53892],{},"Lernerův index: ",[1035,53846,53848],{"className":53847},[1772],[1774,53849,53850],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,53851,53852,53889],{},[1781,53853,53854,53856,53858,53860,53862,53864,53866,53868,53870,53872,53874,53876,53878,53880,53882,53884,53886],{},[1784,53855,3766],{},[1788,53857,1863],{},[1788,53859,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,53861,53724],{},[2149,53863,2769],{},[2348,53865,53783],{},[1788,53867,2371],{},[2348,53869,14632],{},[2149,53871,2769],{},[2348,53873,2842],{},[1788,53875,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,53877,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,53879,53724],{},[2149,53881,2769],{},[2348,53883,53783],{},[1788,53885,8786],{},[2348,53887,53888],{},"0,455",[1808,53890,53891],{"encoding":1810},"L = (13\\,750 - 7\\,500)\u002F13\\,750 \\approx 0{,}455"," — silná monopolní pozice.",[1100,53894,53896],{"id":53895},"_163-b-monopol-s-dokonalou-cenovou-diskriminací","16.3 (b) Monopol s dokonalou cenovou diskriminací",[1030,53898,53899,53900,53903,53904,1310],{},"Při dokonalé diskriminaci (1. stupně) chirurg účtuje každému pacientovi ",[1091,53901,53902],{},"jeho ochotu zaplatit",". Vyrábí (operuje) až do bodu, kde ",[1035,53905,53907],{"className":53906},[1772],[1774,53908,53909],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,53910,53911,53921],{},[1781,53912,53913,53915,53917,53919],{},[1784,53914,2264],{},[1788,53916,1863],{},[1784,53918,1857],{},[1784,53920,1868],{},[1808,53922,7608],{"encoding":1810},[1035,53924,53926],{"className":53925},[1772],[1774,53927,53928],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,53929,53930,53975],{},[1781,53931,53932,53934,53936,53938,53940,53942,53944,53946,53948,53950,53952,53954,53956,53958,53960,53962,53964,53970,53972],{},[2348,53933,2640],{},[2149,53935,2769],{},[2348,53937,2772],{},[1788,53939,2371],{},[2348,53941,2842],{},[2149,53943,2769],{},[1784,53945,2270],{},[2149,53947,21702],{},[1788,53949,1863],{},[2149,53951,21702],{},[2348,53953,14632],{},[2149,53955,2769],{},[2348,53957,2842],{},[2149,53959,21702],{},[1788,53961,24048],{},[2149,53963,21702],{},[2467,53965,53966,53968],{},[1784,53967,2270],{},[1788,53969,7763],{},[1788,53971,1863],{},[2348,53973,53974],{},"25.",[1808,53976,53977],{"encoding":1810},"20\\,000 - 500\\,Q \\;=\\; 7\\,500 \\;\\Longrightarrow\\; Q^* = 25.",[1030,53979,53980,53981,11136,53984,11150,53997,1310],{},"Zisk je pak roven ",[1047,53982,53983],{},"celé ploše mezi poptávkou a MC",[1035,53985,53987],{"className":53986},[1772],[1774,53988,53989],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,53990,53991,53995],{},[1781,53992,53993],{},[2348,53994,2350],{},[1808,53996,2350],{"encoding":1810},[1035,53998,54000],{"className":53999},[1772],[1774,54001,54002],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,54003,54004,54012],{},[1781,54005,54006],{},[2467,54007,54008,54010],{},[1784,54009,2270],{},[1788,54011,7763],{},[1808,54013,11075],{"encoding":1810},[1035,54015,54017],{"className":54016},[1772],[1774,54018,54019],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,54020,54021,54116],{},[1781,54022,54023,54029,54031,54033,54035,54043,54045,54047,54049,54051,54053,54055,54057,54059,54061,54063,54065,54067,54069,54071,54079,54081,54083,54085,54087,54089,54091,54093,54095,54097,54100,54102,54104,54114],{},[2467,54024,54025,54027],{},[1784,54026,1786],{},[1788,54028,7763],{},[2149,54030,21702],{},[1788,54032,1863],{},[2149,54034,21702],{},[14390,54036,54037],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,54038,54039,54041],{},[2348,54040,2374],{},[2348,54042,4593],{},[1788,54044,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,54046,2640],{},[2149,54048,2769],{},[2348,54050,2772],{},[1788,54052,2371],{},[2348,54054,14632],{},[2149,54056,2769],{},[2348,54058,2842],{},[1788,54060,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,54062,2267],{},[2348,54064,2882],{},[2149,54066,21702],{},[1788,54068,1863],{},[2149,54070,21702],{},[14390,54072,54073],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,54074,54075,54077],{},[2348,54076,2374],{},[2348,54078,4593],{},[1788,54080,2267],{},[2348,54082,29967],{},[2149,54084,2769],{},[2348,54086,2842],{},[1788,54088,2267],{},[2348,54090,2882],{},[2149,54092,21702],{},[1788,54094,1863],{},[2149,54096,21702],{},[2348,54098,54099],{},"156",[2149,54101,2769],{},[2348,54103,9685],{},[1781,54105,54106,54108],{},[2149,54107,53280],{},[2160,54109,54110,54112],{"accent":1041},[2149,54111,9435],{},[1788,54113,2167],{},[1784,54115,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,54117,54118],{"encoding":1810},"\\pi^* \\;=\\; \\tfrac{1}{2} (20\\,000 - 7\\,500) \\cdot 25 \\;=\\; \\tfrac{1}{2} \\cdot 12\\,500 \\cdot 25 \\;=\\; 156\\,250\\text{ Kč}.",[1100,54120,54122],{"id":54121},"_164-srovnání","16.4 Srovnání",[1153,54124,54125,54137],{},[1156,54126,54127],{},[1159,54128,54129,54131,54134],{},[1162,54130,2983],{},[1162,54132,54133],{},"Bez diskriminace",[1162,54135,54136],{},"S diskriminací 1. stupně",[1172,54138,54139,54160,54171,54233,54296],{},[1159,54140,54141,54156,54158],{},[1177,54142,2996,54143],{},[1035,54144,54146],{"className":54145},[1772],[1774,54147,54148],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,54149,54150,54154],{},[1781,54151,54152],{},[1784,54153,2270],{},[1808,54155,2270],{"encoding":1810},[1177,54157,53697],{},[1177,54159,2882],{},[1159,54161,54162,54165,54168],{},[1177,54163,54164],{},"Zisk firmy",[1177,54166,54167],{},"78 125 Kč",[1177,54169,54170],{},"156 250 Kč",[1159,54172,54173,54176,54231],{},[1177,54174,54175],{},"Spotřebitelský přebytek",[1177,54177,54178,54230],{},[1035,54179,54181],{"className":54180},[1772],[1774,54182,54183],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,54184,54185,54227],{},[1781,54186,54187,54195,54197,54199,54201,54203,54205,54207,54209,54211,54213,54215,54217,54219,54222,54224],{},[14390,54188,54189],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,54190,54191,54193],{},[2348,54192,2374],{},[2348,54194,4593],{},[1788,54196,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,54198,2640],{},[2149,54200,2769],{},[2348,54202,2772],{},[1788,54204,2371],{},[2348,54206,53724],{},[2149,54208,2769],{},[2348,54210,53783],{},[1788,54212,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,54214,2267],{},[2348,54216,53697],{},[1788,54218,1863],{},[2348,54220,54221],{},"39",[2149,54223,2769],{},[2348,54225,54226],{},"063",[1808,54228,54229],{"encoding":1810},"\\tfrac{1}{2}(20\\,000 - 13\\,750)\\cdot 12{,}5 = 39\\,063"," Kč",[1177,54232,2350],{},[1159,54234,54235,54238,54276],{},[1177,54236,54237],{},"Celkový společenský přebytek",[1177,54239,54240,54230],{},[1035,54241,54243],{"className":54242},[1772],[1774,54244,54245],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,54246,54247,54273],{},[1781,54248,54249,54251,54253,54255,54257,54259,54261,54263,54265,54268,54270],{},[2348,54250,53822],{},[2149,54252,2769],{},[2348,54254,16776],{},[1788,54256,2637],{},[2348,54258,54221],{},[2149,54260,2769],{},[2348,54262,54226],{},[1788,54264,1863],{},[2348,54266,54267],{},"117",[2149,54269,2769],{},[2348,54271,54272],{},"188",[1808,54274,54275],{"encoding":1810},"78\\,125 + 39\\,063 = 117\\,188",[1177,54277,54278,54230],{},[1035,54279,54281],{"className":54280},[1772],[1774,54282,54283],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,54284,54285,54293],{},[1781,54286,54287,54289,54291],{},[2348,54288,54099],{},[2149,54290,2769],{},[2348,54292,9685],{},[1808,54294,54295],{"encoding":1810},"156\\,250",[1159,54297,54298,54300,54337],{},[1177,54299,51396],{},[1177,54301,54302,54230],{},[1035,54303,54305],{"className":54304},[1772],[1774,54306,54307],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,54308,54309,54334],{},[1781,54310,54311,54313,54315,54317,54319,54321,54323,54325,54327,54329,54331],{},[2348,54312,54099],{},[2149,54314,2769],{},[2348,54316,9685],{},[1788,54318,2371],{},[2348,54320,54267],{},[2149,54322,2769],{},[2348,54324,54272],{},[1788,54326,1863],{},[2348,54328,54221],{},[2149,54330,2769],{},[2348,54332,54333],{},"062",[1808,54335,54336],{"encoding":1810},"156\\,250 - 117\\,188 = 39\\,062",[1177,54338,2350],{},[1082,54340,54341],{},[1030,54342,54343,54346,54347,54350],{},[1047,54344,54345],{},"Pointa:"," Dokonalá diskriminace 1. stupně eliminuje DWL (alokace je efektivní), ale ",[1047,54348,54349],{},"přesune celý společenský přebytek na monopolistu",". Spotřebitelé dostávají přesně rezervační cenu, nic víc.",[4503,54352],{},[1077,54354,54356,54357,54370],{"id":54355},"_17-vztah-mezi-ll-koncentrací-trhu-a-hhi","17. Vztah mezi ",[1035,54358,54360],{"className":54359},[1772],[1774,54361,54362],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,54363,54364,54368],{},[1781,54365,54366],{},[1784,54367,3766],{},[1808,54369,3766],{"encoding":1810},", koncentrací trhu a HHI",[1030,54372,54373,54374,54377],{},"Lernerův index lze pro celé odvětví navázat na ",[1047,54375,54376],{},"Herfindahlův–Hirschmanův index"," (HHI):",[1035,54379,54381],{"className":54380},[1772],[1774,54382,54383],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,54384,54385,54423],{},[1781,54386,54387,54389,54391,54393,54395,54397,54399,54413,54421],{},[1784,54388,33448],{},[1784,54390,33448],{},[1784,54392,3221],{},[2149,54394,21702],{},[1788,54396,1863],{},[2149,54398,21702],{},[46791,54400,54401,54403,54411],{},[1788,54402,12866],{},[1781,54404,54405,54407,54409],{},[1784,54406,1803],{},[1788,54408,1863],{},[2348,54410,2374],{},[1784,54412,1806],{},[13587,54414,54415,54417,54419],{},[1784,54416,9351],{},[1784,54418,1803],{},[2348,54420,4593],{},[1788,54422,1138],{"separator":1041},[1808,54424,54425],{"encoding":1810},"HHI \\;=\\; \\sum_{i=1}^{n} s_i^2,",[1030,54427,7908,54428,54446,54447,54460,54461,2440],{},[1035,54429,54431],{"className":54430},[1772],[1774,54432,54433],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,54434,54435,54443],{},[1781,54436,54437],{},[1792,54438,54439,54441],{},[1784,54440,9351],{},[1784,54442,1803],{},[1808,54444,54445],{"encoding":1810},"s_i"," je tržní podíl firmy ",[1035,54448,54450],{"className":54449},[1772],[1774,54451,54452],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,54453,54454,54458],{},[1781,54455,54456],{},[1784,54457,1803],{},[1808,54459,1803],{"encoding":1810}," (v procentech, pak ",[1035,54462,54464],{"className":54463},[1772],[1774,54465,54466],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,54467,54468,54492],{},[1781,54469,54470,54472,54474,54476,54478,54480,54482,54484,54486,54488,54490],{},[1784,54471,33448],{},[1784,54473,33448],{},[1784,54475,3221],{},[1788,54477,43200],{},[1788,54479,21923],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,54481,2350],{},[1788,54483,1138],{"separator":1041},[2348,54485,3116],{},[2149,54487,2769],{},[2348,54489,2772],{},[1788,54491,21948],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,54493,54494],{"encoding":1810},"HHI \\in [0, 10\\,000]",[1030,54496,54497],{},"Pro Cournotův oligopol s lineární poptávkou platí přesný vztah:",[1035,54499,54501],{"className":54500},[1772],[1774,54502,54503],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,54504,54505,54545],{},[1781,54506,54507,54513,54515,54517,54519,54543],{},[2160,54508,54509,54511],{"accent":1041},[1784,54510,3766],{},[1788,54512,16584],{"stretchy":1041},[2149,54514,21702],{},[1788,54516,1863],{},[2149,54518,21702],{},[2322,54520,54521,54529],{},[1781,54522,54523,54525,54527],{},[1784,54524,33448],{},[1784,54526,33448],{},[1784,54528,3221],{},[1781,54530,54531,54533,54541],{},[1784,54532,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[13587,54534,54535,54537,54539],{},[1784,54536,2364],{},[1784,54538,2328],{},[2149,54540,50525],{},[1784,54542,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,54544,1138],{"separator":1041},[1808,54546,54547],{"encoding":1810},"\\overline{L} \\;=\\; \\frac{HHI}{|E_d^{\\text{trh}}|},",[1030,54549,7908,54550,24775,54568,54571],{},[1035,54551,54553],{"className":54552},[1772],[1774,54554,54555],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,54556,54557,54565],{},[1781,54558,54559],{},[2160,54560,54561,54563],{"accent":1041},[1784,54562,3766],{},[1788,54564,16584],{"stretchy":1041},[1808,54566,54567],{"encoding":1810},"\\overline{L}",[1091,54569,54570],{},"vážený"," průměr Lernerových indexů firem (váha = tržní podíl). Takže:",[1112,54573,54574,54596],{},[1115,54575,54576,54577,54595],{},"Velmi koncentrované odvětví (",[1035,54578,54580],{"className":54579},[1772],[1774,54581,54582],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,54583,54584,54592],{},[1781,54585,54586,54588,54590],{},[1784,54587,33448],{},[1784,54589,33448],{},[1784,54591,3221],{},[1808,54593,54594],{"encoding":1810},"HHI"," blízko 10 000) s neelastickým trhem → vysoká agregátní monopolní síla.",[1115,54597,54598,54599,54625],{},"Fragmentované odvětví (",[1035,54600,54602],{"className":54601},[1772],[1774,54603,54604],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,54605,54606,54622],{},[1781,54607,54608,54610,54612,54614,54616,54618,54620],{},[1784,54609,33448],{},[1784,54611,33448],{},[1784,54613,3221],{},[1788,54615,2537],{},[2348,54617,2374],{},[2149,54619,2769],{},[2348,54621,2842],{},[1808,54623,54624],{"encoding":1810},"HHI \u003C 1\\,500",") → nízká agregátní monopolní síla i při neelastickém trhu.",[1030,54627,54628,54629,54654,54655,9075,54673,54691,54692,54712],{},"Antimonopolní úřady (USA: DOJ, EU: Komise) používají HHI jako screening pro fúze: prahy ",[1035,54630,54632],{"className":54631},[1772],[1774,54633,54634],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,54635,54636,54652],{},[1781,54637,54638,54640,54642,54644,54646,54648,54650],{},[1784,54639,33448],{},[1784,54641,33448],{},[1784,54643,3221],{},[1788,54645,2537],{},[2348,54647,2374],{},[2149,54649,2769],{},[2348,54651,2842],{},[1808,54653,54624],{"encoding":1810}," (nekoncentrovaný), ",[1035,54656,54658],{"className":54657},[1772],[1774,54659,54660],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,54661,54662,54670],{},[1781,54663,54664,54666,54668],{},[2348,54665,2374],{},[2149,54667,2769],{},[2348,54669,2842],{},[1808,54671,54672],{"encoding":1810},"1\\,500",[1035,54674,54676],{"className":54675},[1772],[1774,54677,54678],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,54679,54680,54688],{},[1781,54681,54682,54684,54686],{},[2348,54683,4593],{},[2149,54685,2769],{},[2348,54687,2842],{},[1808,54689,54690],{"encoding":1810},"2\\,500"," (středně), ",[1035,54693,54695],{"className":54694},[1772],[1774,54696,54697],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,54698,54699,54709],{},[1781,54700,54701,54703,54705,54707],{},[1788,54702,2491],{},[2348,54704,4593],{},[2149,54706,2769],{},[2348,54708,2842],{},[1808,54710,54711],{"encoding":1810},"> 2\\,500"," (vysoce koncentrovaný).",[4503,54714],{},[1077,54716,54718],{"id":54717},"_18-cvičení-k-zamyšlení","18. Cvičení k zamyšlení",[1030,54720,54721,54722,1062,54726,1075],{},"Otázky bez okamžité odpovědi — vhodné jako přípravná cvičení k zápočtu nebo zkoušce. Některé řešené verze najdete v ",[1068,54723,54725],{"className":54724,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1832,"href":1833},[1071],"Souhrnu vzorců MikK",[1068,54727,54729],{"className":54728,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":4279,"href":4280},[1071],"Vzorových zkouškách MikK",[1100,54731,54733],{"id":54732},"_181-strukturální-otázky","18.1 Strukturální otázky",[1260,54735,54736,54804,54857],{},[1115,54737,54738,54741,54742,54762,54763,22866,54782,54803],{},[1047,54739,54740],{},"Proč monopol vždy operuje na elastické části poptávky?"," (Krátká odpověď: ",[1035,54743,54745],{"className":54744},[1772],[1774,54746,54747],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,54748,54749,54759],{},[1781,54750,54751,54753,54755,54757],{},[1784,54752,1857],{},[1784,54754,1860],{},[1788,54756,2537],{},[2348,54758,2350],{},[1808,54760,54761],{"encoding":1810},"MR \u003C 0"," v neelastické oblasti, ",[1035,54764,54766],{"className":54765},[1772],[1774,54767,54768],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,54769,54770,54780],{},[1781,54771,54772,54774,54776,54778],{},[1784,54773,1857],{},[1784,54775,1868],{},[1788,54777,1790],{},[2348,54779,2350],{},[1808,54781,45280],{"encoding":1810},[1035,54783,54785],{"className":54784},[1772],[1774,54786,54787],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,54788,54789,54801],{},[1781,54790,54791,54793,54795,54797,54799],{},[1784,54792,1857],{},[1784,54794,1860],{},[1788,54796,1863],{},[1784,54798,1857],{},[1784,54800,1868],{},[1808,54802,1871],{"encoding":1810}," tam nemůže nastat.)",[1115,54805,54806,54839,54840,1089,54853,54856],{},[1047,54807,54808,54809,54822,54823,54838],{},"Co se stane s ",[1035,54810,54812],{"className":54811},[1772],[1774,54813,54814],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,54815,54816,54820],{},[1781,54817,54818],{},[1784,54819,3766],{},[1808,54821,3766],{"encoding":1810},", pokud monopolista zlevní výrobu inovací (sníží ",[1035,54824,54826],{"className":54825},[1772],[1774,54827,54828],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,54829,54830,54836],{},[1781,54831,54832,54834],{},[1784,54833,1857],{},[1784,54835,1868],{},[1808,54837,11135],{"encoding":1810},")?"," Pokud poptávka zůstane stejná, ",[1035,54841,54843],{"className":54842},[1772],[1774,54844,54845],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,54846,54847,54851],{},[1781,54848,54849],{},[1784,54850,3766],{},[1808,54852,3766],{"encoding":1810},[1047,54854,54855],{},"roste",": stejná cena minus nižší MC dělená cenou. Ale často dochází i ke snížení ceny — záleží, kde monopolista re-optimalizuje.",[1115,54858,54859,54875,54876,54889,54890,54907,54908,54925],{},[1047,54860,26838,54861,54874],{},[1035,54862,54864],{"className":54863},[1772],[1774,54865,54866],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,54867,54868,54872],{},[1781,54869,54870],{},[1784,54871,3766],{},[1808,54873,3766],{"encoding":1810}," a HHI:"," Jak by se měnil ",[1035,54877,54879],{"className":54878},[1772],[1774,54880,54881],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,54882,54883,54887],{},[1781,54884,54885],{},[1784,54886,3766],{},[1808,54888,3766],{"encoding":1810}," jednotlivých firem, pokud by se v Cournotově oligopolu se 4 stejnými firmami fúzovaly dvě dohromady? (Návod: ",[1035,54891,54893],{"className":54892},[1772],[1774,54894,54895],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,54896,54897,54905],{},[1781,54898,54899,54901,54903],{},[1784,54900,33448],{},[1784,54902,33448],{},[1784,54904,3221],{},[1808,54906,54594],{"encoding":1810}," vzroste, ",[1035,54909,54911],{"className":54910},[1772],[1774,54912,54913],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,54914,54915,54923],{},[1781,54916,54917],{},[2160,54918,54919,54921],{"accent":1041},[1784,54920,3766],{},[1788,54922,16584],{"stretchy":1041},[1808,54924,54567],{"encoding":1810}," vzroste.)",[1100,54927,54929],{"id":54928},"_182-algebraické-otázky","18.2 Algebraické otázky",[1260,54931,54932,55016,55138],{"start":69},[1115,54933,54934,1089,54981,1299,54998,55015],{},[1047,54935,25314,54936,1062,54960,54980],{},[1035,54937,54939],{"className":54938},[1772],[1774,54940,54941],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,54942,54943,54957],{},[1781,54944,54945,54947,54949,54951,54953,54955],{},[1784,54946,2264],{},[1788,54948,1863],{},[2348,54950,28338],{},[1788,54952,2371],{},[2348,54954,5344],{},[1784,54956,2270],{},[1808,54958,54959],{"encoding":1810},"P = 200 - 4Q",[1035,54961,54963],{"className":54962},[1772],[1774,54964,54965],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,54966,54967,54977],{},[1781,54968,54969,54971,54973,54975],{},[1784,54970,1857],{},[1784,54972,1868],{},[1788,54974,1863],{},[2348,54976,9208],{},[1808,54978,54979],{"encoding":1810},"MC = 40"," určete:",[1035,54982,54984],{"className":54983},[1772],[1774,54985,54986],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,54987,54988,54996],{},[1781,54989,54990],{},[1792,54991,54992,54994],{},[1784,54993,2270],{},[1784,54995,1857],{},[1808,54997,43324],{"encoding":1810},[1035,54999,55001],{"className":55000},[1772],[1774,55002,55003],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,55004,55005,55013],{},[1781,55006,55007],{},[1792,55008,55009,55011],{},[1784,55010,2264],{},[1784,55012,1857],{},[1808,55014,50960],{"encoding":1810},", zisk a DWL.",[1115,55017,55018,55107,55108,1075],{},[1047,55019,55020,55021,1299,55053,1299,55085,1310],{},"Vícezávodový monopolista s ",[1035,55022,55024],{"className":55023},[1772],[1774,55025,55026],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,55027,55028,55050],{},[1781,55029,55030,55032,55038,55040,55042,55044],{},[1784,55031,1857],{},[1792,55033,55034,55036],{},[1784,55035,1868],{},[2348,55037,2374],{},[1788,55039,1863],{},[2348,55041,4593],{},[1788,55043,2637],{},[1792,55045,55046,55048],{},[1784,55047,2270],{},[2348,55049,2374],{},[1808,55051,55052],{"encoding":1810},"MC_1 = 2 + Q_1",[1035,55054,55056],{"className":55055},[1772],[1774,55057,55058],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,55059,55060,55082],{},[1781,55061,55062,55064,55070,55072,55074,55076],{},[1784,55063,1857],{},[1792,55065,55066,55068],{},[1784,55067,1868],{},[2348,55069,4593],{},[1788,55071,1863],{},[2348,55073,12017],{},[1788,55075,2637],{},[1792,55077,55078,55080],{},[1784,55079,2270],{},[2348,55081,4593],{},[1808,55083,55084],{"encoding":1810},"MC_2 = 6 + Q_2",[1035,55086,55088],{"className":55087},[1772],[1774,55089,55090],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,55091,55092,55104],{},[1781,55093,55094,55096,55098,55100,55102],{},[1784,55095,2264],{},[1788,55097,1863],{},[2348,55099,2853],{},[1788,55101,2371],{},[1784,55103,2270],{},[1808,55105,55106],{"encoding":1810},"P = 50 - Q"," najděte alokaci ",[1035,55109,55111],{"className":55110},[1772],[1774,55112,55113],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,55114,55115,55135],{},[1781,55116,55117,55119,55125,55127,55133],{},[1788,55118,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,55120,55121,55123],{},[1784,55122,2270],{},[2348,55124,2374],{},[1788,55126,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,55128,55129,55131],{},[1784,55130,2270],{},[2348,55132,4593],{},[1788,55134,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,55136,55137],{"encoding":1810},"(Q_1, Q_2)",[1115,55139,55140,55186],{},[1047,55141,55142,55143,1062,55163,55185],{},"Monopolista s konstantním ",[1035,55144,55146],{"className":55145},[1772],[1774,55147,55148],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,55149,55150,55160],{},[1781,55151,55152,55154,55156,55158],{},[1784,55153,1857],{},[1784,55155,1868],{},[1788,55157,1863],{},[2348,55159,3116],{},[1808,55161,55162],{"encoding":1810},"MC = 10",[1035,55164,55166],{"className":55165},[1772],[1774,55167,55168],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,55169,55170,55182],{},[1781,55171,55172,55174,55176,55178,55180],{},[1784,55173,2264],{},[1788,55175,1863],{},[2348,55177,2605],{},[1784,55179,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,55181,2270],{},[1808,55183,55184],{"encoding":1810},"P = 100\u002FQ"," (jednotková elasticita):"," existuje optimum?",[1100,55188,55190],{"id":55189},"_183-kvalitativní-otázky","18.3 Kvalitativní otázky",[1260,55192,55193,55235,55279],{"start":48},[1115,55194,55195,55218,55219,55234],{},[1047,55196,55197,55198,55217],{},"Proč regulátor nemůže prostě nastavit ",[1035,55199,55201],{"className":55200},[1772],[1774,55202,55203],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,55204,55205,55215],{},[1781,55206,55207,55209,55211,55213],{},[1784,55208,2264],{},[1788,55210,1863],{},[1784,55212,1857],{},[1784,55214,1868],{},[1808,55216,7608],{"encoding":1810}," u přirozeného monopolu?"," (Klesající ",[1035,55220,55222],{"className":55221},[1772],[1774,55223,55224],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,55225,55226,55232],{},[1781,55227,55228,55230],{},[1784,55229,10292],{},[1784,55231,1868],{},[1808,55233,23305],{"encoding":1810},", ztrátový provoz, opuštění odvětví.)",[1115,55236,55237,55240,55241,55265,55266,1075],{},[1047,55238,55239],{},"Jak by změnila vyšší elasticita firmy A (ve scénáři výroby fixů ze sekce 8.2) její Lernerův index?"," Vyšší ",[1035,55242,55244],{"className":55243},[1772],[1774,55245,55246],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,55247,55248,55262],{},[1781,55249,55250,55252,55260],{},[1784,55251,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[13587,55253,55254,55256,55258],{},[1784,55255,2364],{},[1784,55257,2328],{},[1784,55259,10292],{},[1784,55261,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,55263,55264],{"encoding":1810},"|E_d^A|"," → nižší ",[1035,55267,55269],{"className":55268},[1772],[1774,55270,55271],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,55272,55273,55277],{},[1781,55274,55275],{},[1784,55276,3766],{},[1808,55278,3766],{"encoding":1810},[1115,55280,55281,55284],{},[1047,55282,55283],{},"Když monopolista zavede dokonalou diskriminaci, je výstup efektivní z hlediska alokace?"," Ano (eliminuje DWL), ale rozdělení přebytku je extrémně nerovné — celý přebytek u monopolisty.",[1100,55286,55288],{"id":55287},"_184-pokročilé-úlohy-rozšíření-mimo-přednášku","18.4 Pokročilé úlohy (rozšíření mimo přednášku)",[1260,55290,55292,55305,55316],{"start":55291},10,[1115,55293,55294,55297,55298,55301,55302,1075],{},[1047,55295,55296],{},"Dvouúrovňový monopolista"," (upstream + downstream, s otázkou ",[1091,55299,55300],{},"double marginalization",") — viz analogické úlohy v ",[1068,55303,7174],{"className":55304,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":10994,"href":10995},[1071],[1115,55306,55307,3250,55310,1062,55313,1075],{},[1047,55308,55309],{},"Monopolista čelící možnému vstupu",[1091,55311,55312],{},"limit pricing",[1091,55314,55315],{},"predatory pricing",[1115,55317,55318,55321],{},[1047,55319,55320],{},"Monopolista s rostoucími náklady na propagaci"," — endogenní určení reklamy v Dorfman–Steinerově podmínce.",[4503,55323],{},[1077,55325,55327],{"id":55326},"_19-souvislosti-s-dalšími-tématy","19. Souvislosti s dalšími tématy",[1112,55329,55330,55339,55348,55357,55365,55377,55387,55396,55408,55418,55427],{},[1115,55331,55332,1089,55335,55338],{},[1047,55333,55334],{},"Elasticita:",[1068,55336,10762],{"className":55337,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":2388,"href":2389},[1071]," — výchozí pojem celé Lernerovy analýzy.",[1115,55340,55341,1089,55344,55347],{},[1047,55342,55343],{},"Cenová diskriminace:",[1068,55345,7246],{"className":55346,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":7244,"href":7245},[1071]," — únik z DWL.",[1115,55349,55350,1089,55353,55356],{},[1047,55351,55352],{},"Bundling, dvousložkový tarif:",[1068,55354,52224],{"className":55355,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":10994,"href":10995},[1071]," — rafinovanější varianty diskriminace.",[1115,55358,55359,1089,55362,1075],{},[1047,55360,55361],{},"Regulace přirozeného monopolu:",[1068,55363,53226],{"className":55364,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":43413,"href":43414},[1071],[1115,55366,55367,1089,55370,55376],{},[1047,55368,55369],{},"Monopson:",[1068,55371,55375],{"className":55372,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":55373,"href":55374},[1071],"topics\u002Fmikk-monopson-mzdova-diskriminace.md","\u002Fwiki\u002Fmikk-monopson-mzdova-diskriminace","Monopson a mzdová diskriminace"," — zrcadlový případ na nákupní straně trhu.",[1115,55378,55379,1089,55382,55386],{},[1047,55380,55381],{},"Oligopol:",[1068,55383,55385],{"className":55384,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":50627,"href":50628},[1071],"Cournot a Stackelberg"," — kontinuum mezi monopolem a dokonalou konkurencí.",[1115,55388,55389,1089,55392,55395],{},[1047,55390,55391],{},"Monopolistická konkurence:",[1068,55393,7013],{"className":55394,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":4348,"href":4349},[1071]," — DWL menší než u monopolu, ale stále kladná.",[1115,55397,55398,1089,55401,55407],{},[1047,55399,55400],{},"Zdanění monopolu:",[1068,55402,55406],{"className":55403,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":55404,"href":55405},[1071],"topics\u002Fzdaneni-trhu.md","\u002Fwiki\u002Fzdaneni-trhu","Zdanění trhu (ImeK)"," — jak se mění optimální Q a P při jednotkové či ad valorem dani; daňová incidence v monopolu.",[1115,55409,55410,1089,55413,55417],{},[1047,55411,55412],{},"Přebytky:",[1068,55414,55416],{"className":55415,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":43391,"href":43392},[1071],"Přebytek spotřebitele a výrobce (ImeK)"," — formální definice ploch v sekci 11.",[1115,55419,55420,1089,55423,1075],{},[1047,55421,55422],{},"Souhrn vzorců:",[1068,55424,55426],{"className":55425,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1832,"href":1833},[1071],"Vzorce MikK — přehled",[1115,55428,55429,1089,55432,1075],{},[1047,55430,55431],{},"Vzorové zkoušky:",[1068,55433,55435],{"className":55434,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":4279,"href":4280},[1071],"Vzorové zkoušky MikK",[4503,55437],{},[1077,55439,55441],{"id":55440},"_20-shrnutí-ve-čtyřech-vzorcích","20. Shrnutí ve čtyřech vzorcích",[1153,55443,55444,55453],{},[1156,55445,55446],{},[1159,55447,55448,55450],{},[1162,55449,19485],{},[1162,55451,55452],{},"Co říká",[1172,55454,55455,55502,55530,55579],{},[1159,55456,55457,55499],{},[1177,55458,55459],{},[1035,55460,55462],{"className":55461},[1772],[1774,55463,55464],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,55465,55466,55496],{},[1781,55467,55468,55470,55472,55474,55476,55478,55480,55482,55484,55486,55488,55494],{},[1784,55469,1857],{},[1784,55471,1860],{},[1788,55473,1863],{},[1784,55475,2264],{},[2149,55477,2769],{},[1788,55479,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,55481,2374],{},[1788,55483,2637],{},[2348,55485,2374],{},[1784,55487,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,55489,55490,55492],{},[1784,55491,2364],{},[1784,55493,2328],{},[1788,55495,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,55497,55498],{"encoding":1810},"MR = P\\,(1 + 1\u002FE_d)",[1177,55500,55501],{},"Mezní příjem monopolisty; Amorosova–Robinsonova rovnice.",[1159,55503,55504,55527],{},[1177,55505,55506],{},[1035,55507,55509],{"className":55508},[1772],[1774,55510,55511],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,55512,55513,55525],{},[1781,55514,55515,55517,55519,55521,55523],{},[1784,55516,1857],{},[1784,55518,1860],{},[1788,55520,1863],{},[1784,55522,1857],{},[1784,55524,1868],{},[1808,55526,1871],{"encoding":1810},[1177,55528,55529],{},"Optimum monopolisty — totéž jako u jakékoli firmy maximalizující zisk.",[1159,55531,55532,55576],{},[1177,55533,55534],{},[1035,55535,55537],{"className":55536},[1772],[1774,55538,55539],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,55540,55541,55573],{},[1781,55542,55543,55545,55547,55549,55551,55553,55555,55557,55559,55561,55563,55565,55567],{},[1788,55544,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,55546,2264],{},[1788,55548,2371],{},[1784,55550,1857],{},[1784,55552,1868],{},[1788,55554,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,55556,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,55558,2264],{},[1788,55560,1863],{},[1788,55562,2371],{},[2348,55564,2374],{},[1784,55566,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,55568,55569,55571],{},[1784,55570,2364],{},[1784,55572,2328],{},[1808,55574,55575],{"encoding":1810},"(P-MC)\u002FP = -1\u002FE_d",[1177,55577,55578],{},"Lernerova rovnice pro cenovou přirážku.",[1159,55580,55581,55632],{},[1177,55582,55583],{},[1035,55584,55586],{"className":55585},[1772],[1774,55587,55588],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,55589,55590,55630],{},[1781,55591,55592,55594,55600,55602,55604,55610,55612,55614,55616,55618,55624,55626,55628],{},[1784,55593,1857],{},[1792,55595,55596,55598],{},[1784,55597,1868],{},[2348,55599,2374],{},[1788,55601,1863],{},[1784,55603,1857],{},[1792,55605,55606,55608],{},[1784,55607,1868],{},[2348,55609,4593],{},[1788,55611,1863],{},[1788,55613,12008],{},[1788,55615,1863],{},[1784,55617,1857],{},[1792,55619,55620,55622],{},[1784,55621,1868],{},[1784,55623,1806],{},[1788,55625,1863],{},[1784,55627,1857],{},[1784,55629,1860],{},[1808,55631,43271],{"encoding":1810},[1177,55633,55634],{},"Optimum vícezávodového monopolisty.",[1030,55636,55637,55638,55641],{},"Tyto čtyři vzorce stačí na všechny standardní úlohy o monopolu v rámci kurzu ",[1068,55639,1682],{"className":55640,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1680,"href":1681},[1071],". Vše ostatní jsou jejich speciální případy nebo geometrické interpretace (DWL, regulace přirozeného monopolu, případové studie).",{"title":1685,"searchDepth":141,"depth":141,"links":55643},[55644,55650,55658,55665,55670,55676,55683,55694,55701,55706,55711,55717,55724,55725,55731,55741,55747,55749,55755,55756],{"id":43426,"depth":141,"text":43427,"children":55645},[55646,55648],{"id":43525,"depth":96,"text":55647},"1.1 Monopolista jako price-maker",{"id":43582,"depth":96,"text":55649},"1.2 Pojmy AR a MR v monopolu",{"id":43756,"depth":141,"text":43757,"children":55651},[55652,55653,55655,55656,55657],{"id":43763,"depth":96,"text":43764},{"id":43911,"depth":96,"text":55654},"2.2 Krok 2 — vytknutí PP",{"id":44322,"depth":96,"text":44323},{"id":44492,"depth":96,"text":44493},{"id":44616,"depth":96,"text":44617},{"id":44758,"depth":141,"text":55659,"children":55660},"3. Důsledky pravidla MR=MCMR = MC",[55661,55662,55663],{"id":44783,"depth":96,"text":44784},{"id":45083,"depth":96,"text":45084},{"id":45394,"depth":96,"text":55664},"3.3 Monopolista a MC=0MC = 0",{"id":45506,"depth":141,"text":45507,"children":55666},[55667,55668,55669],{"id":45517,"depth":96,"text":45518},{"id":45604,"depth":96,"text":45605},{"id":45955,"depth":96,"text":45956},{"id":46062,"depth":141,"text":46063,"children":55671},[55672,55673,55674,55675],{"id":46066,"depth":96,"text":46067},{"id":46255,"depth":96,"text":46256},{"id":46531,"depth":96,"text":46532},{"id":46651,"depth":96,"text":46652},{"id":46696,"depth":141,"text":46697,"children":55677},[55678,55679,55680,55681,55682],{"id":46703,"depth":96,"text":46704},{"id":46915,"depth":96,"text":46916},{"id":47233,"depth":96,"text":47234},{"id":47644,"depth":96,"text":47645},{"id":47916,"depth":96,"text":47917},{"id":48038,"depth":141,"text":48039,"children":55684},[55685,55686,55687,55689,55690,55691,55692,55693],{"id":15860,"depth":96,"text":15861},{"id":48188,"depth":96,"text":48189},{"id":48324,"depth":96,"text":55688},"7.3 Heuristika MC1=MC2=MRMC_1 = MC_2 = MR",{"id":48558,"depth":96,"text":48559},{"id":48666,"depth":96,"text":48667},{"id":48925,"depth":96,"text":48926},{"id":49082,"depth":96,"text":49083},{"id":49246,"depth":96,"text":49247},{"id":49387,"depth":141,"text":49388,"children":55695},[55696,55697,55698,55699,55700],{"id":49391,"depth":96,"text":49392},{"id":49422,"depth":96,"text":49423},{"id":49662,"depth":96,"text":49663},{"id":49840,"depth":96,"text":49841},{"id":49874,"depth":96,"text":49875},{"id":49956,"depth":141,"text":49957,"children":55702},[55703,55704,55705],{"id":49963,"depth":96,"text":49964},{"id":50122,"depth":96,"text":50123},{"id":50278,"depth":96,"text":50279},{"id":50394,"depth":141,"text":50395,"children":55707},[55708,55709,55710],{"id":50405,"depth":96,"text":50406},{"id":50471,"depth":96,"text":50472},{"id":50632,"depth":96,"text":50633},{"id":50695,"depth":141,"text":50696,"children":55712},[55713,55714,55715,55716],{"id":50709,"depth":96,"text":50710},{"id":51264,"depth":96,"text":51265},{"id":51429,"depth":96,"text":51430},{"id":51695,"depth":96,"text":51696},{"id":52008,"depth":141,"text":52009,"children":55718},[55719,55720,55721,55722,55723],{"id":52024,"depth":96,"text":52025},{"id":52034,"depth":96,"text":52035},{"id":52045,"depth":96,"text":52046},{"id":52059,"depth":96,"text":52060},{"id":52070,"depth":96,"text":52071},{"id":52176,"depth":141,"text":52177},{"id":52229,"depth":141,"text":52230,"children":55726},[55727,55728,55729,55730],{"id":52242,"depth":96,"text":52243},{"id":52308,"depth":96,"text":52309},{"id":52347,"depth":96,"text":52348},{"id":52391,"depth":96,"text":52392},{"id":52506,"depth":141,"text":52507,"children":55732},[55733,55734,55736,55738,55740],{"id":52517,"depth":96,"text":52518},{"id":52768,"depth":96,"text":55735},"15.2 Regulace na úrovni PR=ACP_R = AC",{"id":52961,"depth":96,"text":55737},"15.3 Rate-of-return regulace",{"id":52992,"depth":96,"text":55739},"15.4 Price-cap regulace",{"id":53148,"depth":96,"text":53149},{"id":53231,"depth":141,"text":53232,"children":55742},[55743,55744,55745,55746],{"id":53238,"depth":96,"text":53239},{"id":53551,"depth":96,"text":53552},{"id":53895,"depth":96,"text":53896},{"id":54121,"depth":96,"text":54122},{"id":54355,"depth":141,"text":55748},"17. Vztah mezi LL, koncentrací trhu a HHI",{"id":54717,"depth":141,"text":54718,"children":55750},[55751,55752,55753,55754],{"id":54732,"depth":96,"text":54733},{"id":54928,"depth":96,"text":54929},{"id":55189,"depth":96,"text":55190},{"id":55287,"depth":96,"text":55288},{"id":55326,"depth":141,"text":55327},{"id":55440,"depth":141,"text":55441},{},"\u002Ftopics\u002Fmikk-monopol-pokrocily",{"title":43033,"description":1685},[10944,33349],"topics\u002Fmikk-monopol-pokrocily",[13,28,83,668,682,259],"7qtPVDhLq8uObnsRGTOt0mnamEuPx2GQ1zWkxD--hc0",{"id":55765,"title":7013,"body":55766,"course":13,"courses":1696,"created":1697,"description":1685,"extension":1698,"meta":62346,"navigation":1700,"path":62347,"seo":62348,"sources":62349,"stem":62350,"tags":62351,"type":4439,"updated":1697,"__hash__":62352},"topics\u002Ftopics\u002Fmikk-monopolisticka-konkurence.md",{"type":1016,"value":55767,"toc":62301},[55768,55771,55902,55935,55937,55941,55946,55973,55991,55998,56011,56013,56017,56020,56052,56079,56081,56085,56091,56104,56107,56111,56117,56169,56203,56251,56278,56284,56288,56295,56337,56370,56559,56565,56607,56652,56656,56724,56727,56729,56733,56740,56760,56781,56784,56786,56790,56797,56800,56805,56960,56964,57024,57080,57132,57138,57293,57299,57301,57305,57308,57337,57393,57640,57758,57822,57824,57828,57831,57836,57900,57905,57994,58121,58145,58147,58151,58154,58158,58202,58206,58260,58264,58271,58407,58409,58413,58416,58633,58730,58810,58936,58939,59322,59324,59328,59331,59344,59355,59357,59361,59375,59379,59399,59416,59446,59453,59534,59571,59650,59757,59761,59764,59902,59961,59982,60082,60085,60089,60096,60135,60138,60252,60255,60354,60445,60447,60451,60468,60472,60558,60562,60568,60694,60772,60810,60814,60817,60839,60843,60851,60870,60890,60897,60901,60907,60945,60948,60950,60954,60957,61088,61090,61094,61101,61127,61155,61163,61166,61196,61198,61202,61211,61215,61218,61235,61246,61250,61260,61288,61295,61299,61306,61329,61346,61353,61355,61359,61362,61406,61412,61437,61439,61443,61455,61693,61704,61706,61710,61713,62084,62101,62103,62107,62114,62283],[1019,55769,7013],{"id":55770},"monopolistická-konkurence",[1023,55772,55774,55780],{"className":55773,"dataCallout":1722},[1026,8397],[1030,55775,55777,1042],{"className":55776},[1033],[1035,55778],{"className":55779,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1232,1040],[1030,55781,55782,55784,55785,55788,55789,55792,55793,55796,55797,55800,55801,1062,55804,55807,55808,55829,55830,55858,55859,55862,55863,1062,55876,55889,55890,55893,55894,55897,55898,55901],{},[1047,55783,7013],{}," je tržní struktura s ",[1047,55786,55787],{},"velkým počtem firem",", jejichž produkty jsou ",[1047,55790,55791],{},"blízké, nikoli však dokonalé substituty",", a se ",[1047,55794,55795],{},"svobodným vstupem"," i výstupem z odvětví. Každá firma má díky ",[1047,55798,55799],{},"diferenciaci"," mírnou tržní (monopolní) sílu, takže její individuální poptávka je klesající (nikoli vodorovná jako v dokonalé konkurenci). Stupeň koncentrace odvětví měříme pomocí ",[1047,55802,55803],{},"Four-firm concentration ratio (CR4)",[1047,55805,55806],{},"Herfindahl-Hirschmanova indexu (HHI)",". V krátkém období (SR) firma vyrábí v bodě ",[1035,55809,55811],{"className":55810},[1772],[1774,55812,55813],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,55814,55815,55827],{},[1781,55816,55817,55819,55821,55823,55825],{},[1784,55818,1857],{},[1784,55820,1860],{},[1788,55822,1863],{},[1784,55824,1857],{},[1784,55826,1868],{},[1808,55828,1871],{"encoding":1810}," a může realizovat ekonomický zisk i ztrátu; v dlouhém období (LR) volný vstup\u002Fvýstup tlačí ekonomický zisk k nule a platí ",[1035,55831,55833],{"className":55832},[1772],[1774,55834,55835],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,55836,55837,55855],{},[1781,55838,55839,55841,55843,55845,55847,55849,55851,55853],{},[1784,55840,3766],{},[1784,55842,10292],{},[1784,55844,1868],{},[1788,55846,1863],{},[1784,55848,10292],{},[1784,55850,1860],{},[1788,55852,1863],{},[1784,55854,2264],{},[1808,55856,55857],{"encoding":1810},"LAC = AR = P",". Klasickým modelem je ",[1047,55860,55861],{},"Chamberlinův model"," (1933) se dvěma poptávkovými křivkami ",[1035,55864,55866],{"className":55865},[1772],[1774,55867,55868],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,55869,55870,55874],{},[1781,55871,55872],{},[1784,55873,2328],{},[1808,55875,2328],{"encoding":1810},[1035,55877,55879],{"className":55878},[1772],[1774,55880,55881],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,55882,55883,55887],{},[1781,55884,55885],{},[1784,55886,3224],{},[1808,55888,3224],{"encoding":1810},", doplněný ",[1047,55891,55892],{},"prostorovou interpretací"," Harolda ",[1047,55895,55896],{},"Hotellinga"," (problém prodavačů párků na pláži), jež v podmínkách monopolistické konkurence implikuje ",[1047,55899,55900],{},"maximální diferenciaci"," produktu.",[1030,55903,55904,55905,10986,55908,1062,55911,55915,55916,55920,55921,1299,55925,1062,55929,1075],{},"Stránka je součástí kurzu ",[1068,55906,14],{"className":55907,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1680,"href":1681},[1071],[1068,55909,10990],{"className":55910,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":2388,"href":2389},[1071],[1068,55912,55914],{"className":55913,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":32119,"href":32117},[1071],"tržní rovnováhu",". Pro srovnání s ostatními tržními strukturami viz ",[1068,55917,55919],{"className":55918,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1876,"href":1877},[1071],"pokročilou analýzu monopolu"," (mrtvá váha, cenová diskriminace), ",[1068,55922,55924],{"className":55923,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":7244,"href":7245},[1071],"cenovou diskriminaci",[1068,55926,55928],{"className":55927,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":50627,"href":50628},[1071],"oligopolní modely Cournota a Stackelberga",[1068,55930,55934],{"className":55931,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":55932,"href":55933},[1071],"topics\u002Fmikk-oligopol-cenovy-vudce-kartel.md","\u002Fwiki\u002Fmikk-oligopol-cenovy-vudce-kartel","cenového vůdce a kartel",[4503,55936],{},[1077,55938,55940],{"id":55939},"_1-definice-monopolistické-konkurence","1. Definice monopolistické konkurence",[1030,55942,55943,55945],{},[1047,55944,7013],{}," je tržní struktura, ve které:",[1112,55947,55948,55954,55961,55966],{},[1115,55949,55950,55951,1138],{},"existuje ",[1047,55952,55953],{},"velký počet firem",[1115,55955,55956,55957,55960],{},"každá firma vyrábí produkt, který je ",[1047,55958,55959],{},"blízkým, nikoli však dokonalým substitutem"," produktů ostatních firem,",[1115,55962,55950,55963,1138],{},[1047,55964,55965],{},"volný vstup firem do odvětví a volný výstup z odvětví",[1115,55967,55968,55969,55972],{},"doplňující (ne nezbytnou) podmínkou bývá ",[1047,55970,55971],{},"ne plně dokonalá informovanost"," spotřebitelů i výrobců.",[1030,55974,55975,55976,55979,55980,55983,55984,55987,55988,55990],{},"Na rozdíl od ",[1047,55977,55978],{},"dokonalé konkurence"," (homogenní produkt, firmy jsou cenoví příjemci) má firma v monopolistické konkurenci díky odlišnosti svého produktu ",[1047,55981,55982],{},"klesající individuální poptávku"," a tudíž ",[1047,55985,55986],{},"omezenou tržní sílu",": může do jisté míry stanovovat cenu. Na rozdíl od ",[1047,55989,10985],{}," (jediný výrobce, blokovaný vstup) je tržní síla velmi malá, protože blízkých substitutů je mnoho a vstup je volný — kdykoli vznikne příležitost k nadprůměrnému zisku, přitéká do odvětví nová konkurence.",[1030,55992,55993,55994,55997],{},"Klíčovým mechanismem, který odlišuje monopolistickou konkurenci od dokonalé konkurence, je ",[1047,55995,55996],{},"diferenciace produktu",": výrobce přesvědčuje spotřebitele, že jeho produkt je „lepší\u002Fjiný\u002Fjedinečný\" — značkou, designem, balením, místem prodeje, doplňkovými službami nebo reklamou.",[1023,55999,56001,56008],{"className":56000,"dataCallout":2090},[1026,2089],[1030,56002,56004,56007],{"className":56003},[1033],[1035,56005],{"className":56006,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,2097,1040],"Praktický příklad",[1030,56009,56010],{},"Restaurace v centru Brna: podniků jsou stovky, většina nabízí podobnou kuchyni za podobné ceny, ale každá je svým způsobem jedinečná (poloha, styl, šéfkuchař, design interiéru). Vstup nového podniku není zakázán, ale i drobné odlišnosti dovolují majiteli stanovit nepatrně vyšší cenu, aniž by ztratil všechny zákazníky.",[4503,56012],{},[1077,56014,56016],{"id":56015},"_2-pět-charakteristických-rysů","2. Pět charakteristických rysů",[1030,56018,56019],{},"Pět rysů, které definují monopolistickou konkurenci:",[1260,56021,56022,56028,56034,56040,56046],{},[1115,56023,56024,56027],{},[1047,56025,56026],{},"Velký počet výrobců"," — žádná jednotlivá firma nemá výraznou váhu na tržní nabídce; chování jednotlivce neovlivňuje rozhodování ostatních (na rozdíl od oligopolu, kde si firmy navzájem hledí na ruce).",[1115,56029,56030,56033],{},[1047,56031,56032],{},"Výrobky jsou blízké substituty"," — křížová elasticita poptávky mezi produkty firem je vysoká, ale ne nekonečná.",[1115,56035,56036,56039],{},[1047,56037,56038],{},"Produkce je diferencovaná"," — buď reálně (chuť, kvalita), nebo zdánlivě (značka, balení, reklama).",[1115,56041,56042,56045],{},[1047,56043,56044],{},"Firma může částečně ovlivnit cenu"," — má omezenou tržní sílu, individuální poptávková křivka klesá.",[1115,56047,56048,56051],{},[1047,56049,56050],{},"Bariéry vstupu do odvětví minimální"," — kapitálové, technologické ani regulační překážky nejsou pro nové výrobce zásadním problémem.",[1030,56053,56054,56055,1062,56058,56061,56062,2440],{},"Z těchto rysů vyplývají všechny formální vlastnosti modelu — zejména ",[1047,56056,56057],{},"dlouhodobá rovnováha s nulovým ekonomickým ziskem",[1047,56059,56060],{},"výrobní neefektivnost"," (firma nikdy nevyrábí v minimu ",[1035,56063,56065],{"className":56064},[1772],[1774,56066,56067],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,56068,56069,56077],{},[1781,56070,56071,56073,56075],{},[1784,56072,3766],{},[1784,56074,10292],{},[1784,56076,1868],{},[1808,56078,12303],{"encoding":1810},[4503,56080],{},[1077,56082,56084],{"id":56083},"_3-identifikace-odvětví-dva-indexy-koncentrace","3. Identifikace odvětví — dva indexy koncentrace",[1030,56086,56087,56088,1310],{},"Jak ale empiricky určíme, zda dané odvětví je monopolistickou konkurencí, oligopolem či monopolem? Standardní mikroekonomická praxe používá dva indexy ",[1047,56089,56090],{},"tržní koncentrace",[1112,56092,56093,56098],{},[1115,56094,56095,56097],{},[1047,56096,55803],{}," — jednoduchý index opírající se o tržní podíl čtyř největších firem.",[1115,56099,56100,56103],{},[1047,56101,56102],{},"Herfindahl-Hirschmanův index (HHI)"," — propracovanější index zachycující rozdělení tržních podílů mezi všemi firmami v odvětví.",[1030,56105,56106],{},"Oba indexy nám dávají číslo od 0 do 100 % (resp. od 0 do 10 000), které lze porovnat s prahy odpovídajícími jednotlivým tržním strukturám.",[1100,56108,56110],{"id":56109},"_31-four-firm-concentration-ratio-cr4","3.1. Four-firm concentration ratio (CR4)",[1030,56112,56113,56116],{},[1047,56114,56115],{},"CR4"," je definován jako součet tržních podílů čtyř největších firem v odvětví na celkových tržbách:",[1035,56118,56120],{"className":56119},[1772],[1774,56121,56122],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,56123,56124,56166],{},[1781,56125,56126,56128,56134,56136,56142,56144,56150,56152,56158,56160],{},[1784,56127,1868],{},[1792,56129,56130,56132],{},[1784,56131,1860],{},[2348,56133,5344],{},[1788,56135,1863],{},[1792,56137,56138,56140],{},[1784,56139,9351],{},[2348,56141,2374],{},[1788,56143,2637],{},[1792,56145,56146,56148],{},[1784,56147,9351],{},[2348,56149,4593],{},[1788,56151,2637],{},[1792,56153,56154,56156],{},[1784,56155,9351],{},[2348,56157,5332],{},[1788,56159,2637],{},[1792,56161,56162,56164],{},[1784,56163,9351],{},[2348,56165,5344],{},[1808,56167,56168],{"encoding":1810},"CR_4 = s_1 + s_2 + s_3 + s_4",[1030,56170,7908,56171,56188,56189,56202],{},[1035,56172,56174],{"className":56173},[1772],[1774,56175,56176],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,56177,56178,56186],{},[1781,56179,56180],{},[1792,56181,56182,56184],{},[1784,56183,9351],{},[1784,56185,1803],{},[1808,56187,54445],{"encoding":1810}," je tržní podíl ",[1035,56190,56192],{"className":56191},[1772],[1774,56193,56194],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,56195,56196,56200],{},[1781,56197,56198],{},[1784,56199,1803],{},[1808,56201,1803],{"encoding":1810},"-té největší firmy (např. v procentech celkových tržeb). Hodnoty CR4 jsou v rozmezí 0 % až 100 % a interpretují se takto:",[1153,56204,56205,56214],{},[1156,56206,56207],{},[1159,56208,56209,56211],{},[1162,56210,56115],{},[1162,56212,56213],{},"Tržní struktura",[1172,56215,56216,56224,56236,56243],{},[1159,56217,56218,56221],{},[1177,56219,56220],{},"blízké 0 %",[1177,56222,56223],{},"dokonalá konkurence",[1159,56225,56226,56231],{},[1177,56227,56228],{},[1047,56229,56230],{},"do 40 %",[1177,56232,56233],{},[1047,56234,56235],{},"monopolistická konkurence",[1159,56237,56238,56241],{},[1177,56239,56240],{},"40 – 100 %",[1177,56242,43],{},[1159,56244,56245,56248],{},[1177,56246,56247],{},"100 %",[1177,56249,56250],{},"monopol (nebo „přísný\" oligopol bez ostatních firem)",[1023,56252,56254,56261,56272],{"className":56253,"dataCallout":25986},[1026,25985],[1030,56255,56257,56260],{"className":56256},[1033],[1035,56258],{"className":56259,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,25993,1040],"Numerický příklad CR4",[1030,56262,56263,56264,56267,56268,56271],{},"V odvětví výroby zubních past působí 12 firem s tržními podíly:\nColgate 18 %, Sensodyne 14 %, Signal 11 %, Elmex 9 %, ostatních 8 firem dohromady 48 %.\nCR4 = 18 + 14 + 11 + 9 = ",[1047,56265,56266],{},"52 %"," → odvětví je ",[1047,56269,56270],{},"oligopolní"," (resp. „loose oligopoly\").",[1030,56273,56274,56275,1075],{},"Naproti tomu odvětví restaurací v ČR má CR4 zhruba 5–8 %, což jednoznačně svědčí o ",[1047,56276,56277],{},"monopolistické konkurenci",[1030,56279,56280,56283],{},[1047,56281,56282],{},"Slabiny CR4",": index nedokáže rozlišit dvě situace, kdy CR4 = 60 %, ale rozdělení uvnitř top 4 je úplně jiné — např. 4 firmy po 15 % vs. 1 firma s 50 % a 3 po ~3 %. Druhý případ je mnohem „monopolnější\", ale CR4 je stejný.",[1100,56285,56287],{"id":56286},"_32-herfindahl-hirschmanův-index-hhi","3.2. Herfindahl-Hirschmanův index (HHI)",[1030,56289,56290,56291,56294],{},"HHI tuto slabinu odstraňuje. Je definován jako ",[1047,56292,56293],{},"součet mocnin tržních podílů všech firem"," v odvětví:",[1035,56296,56298],{"className":56297},[1772],[1774,56299,56300],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,56301,56302,56334],{},[1781,56303,56304,56306,56308,56310,56312,56326],{},[1784,56305,33448],{},[1784,56307,33448],{},[1784,56309,3221],{},[1788,56311,1863],{},[46791,56313,56314,56316,56324],{},[1788,56315,12866],{},[1781,56317,56318,56320,56322],{},[1784,56319,1803],{},[1788,56321,1863],{},[2348,56323,2374],{},[1784,56325,1806],{},[13587,56327,56328,56330,56332],{},[1784,56329,9351],{},[1784,56331,1803],{},[2348,56333,4593],{},[1808,56335,56336],{"encoding":1810},"HHI = \\sum_{i=1}^{n} s_i^2",[1030,56338,7908,56339,56188,56356,56369],{},[1035,56340,56342],{"className":56341},[1772],[1774,56343,56344],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,56345,56346,56354],{},[1781,56347,56348],{},[1792,56349,56350,56352],{},[1784,56351,9351],{},[1784,56353,1803],{},[1808,56355,54445],{"encoding":1810},[1035,56357,56359],{"className":56358},[1772],[1774,56360,56361],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,56362,56363,56367],{},[1781,56364,56365],{},[1784,56366,1803],{},[1808,56368,1803],{"encoding":1810},"-té firmy. Mocnina propůjčuje větším firmám exponenciálně větší váhu — index je proto velmi citlivý na to, zda je odvětví ovládané jednou velkou firmou, nebo zda jsou podíly rovnoměrně rozdělené.",[1023,56371,56373,56380,56386,56462,56538],{"className":56372,"dataCallout":25986},[1026,25985],[1030,56374,56376,56379],{"className":56375},[1033],[1035,56377],{"className":56378,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,25993,1040],"Příklad výpočtu HHI",[1030,56381,56382,56383,1310],{},"Odvětví se 4 firmami s tržními podíly ",[1047,56384,56385],{},"50 %, 25 %, 15 % a 10 %",[1030,56387,56388,56389],{},"Procentní vyjádření:\n",[1035,56390,56392],{"className":56391},[1772],[1774,56393,56394],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,56395,56396,56459],{},[1781,56397,56398,56400,56402,56404,56406,56412,56414,56420,56422,56428,56430,56436,56438,56441,56443,56445,56447,56450,56452,56454,56456],{},[1784,56399,33448],{},[1784,56401,33448],{},[1784,56403,3221],{},[1788,56405,1863],{},[2467,56407,56408,56410],{},[2348,56409,2853],{},[2348,56411,4593],{},[1788,56413,2637],{},[2467,56415,56416,56418],{},[2348,56417,2882],{},[2348,56419,4593],{},[1788,56421,2637],{},[2467,56423,56424,56426],{},[2348,56425,2786],{},[2348,56427,4593],{},[1788,56429,2637],{},[2467,56431,56432,56434],{},[2348,56433,3116],{},[2348,56435,4593],{},[1788,56437,1863],{},[2348,56439,56440],{},"2500",[1788,56442,2637],{},[2348,56444,16327],{},[1788,56446,2637],{},[2348,56448,56449],{},"225",[1788,56451,2637],{},[2348,56453,2605],{},[1788,56455,1863],{},[2348,56457,56458],{},"3450",[1808,56460,56461],{"encoding":1810},"HHI = 50^2 + 25^2 + 15^2 + 10^2 = 2500 + 625 + 225 + 100 = 3450",[1030,56463,56464,56465],{},"Desetinné vyjádření:\n",[1035,56466,56468],{"className":56467},[1772],[1774,56469,56470],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,56471,56472,56535],{},[1781,56473,56474,56476,56478,56480,56482,56488,56490,56496,56498,56504,56506,56512,56514,56516,56518,56521,56523,56526,56528,56530,56532],{},[1784,56475,33448],{},[1784,56477,33448],{},[1784,56479,3221],{},[1788,56481,1863],{},[2467,56483,56484,56486],{},[2348,56485,15984],{},[2348,56487,4593],{},[1788,56489,2637],{},[2467,56491,56492,56494],{},[2348,56493,14363],{},[2348,56495,4593],{},[1788,56497,2637],{},[2467,56499,56500,56502],{},[2348,56501,25558],{},[2348,56503,4593],{},[1788,56505,2637],{},[2467,56507,56508,56510],{},[2348,56509,2610],{},[2348,56511,4593],{},[1788,56513,1863],{},[2348,56515,14363],{},[1788,56517,2637],{},[2348,56519,56520],{},"0,0625",[1788,56522,2637],{},[2348,56524,56525],{},"0,0225",[1788,56527,2637],{},[2348,56529,25493],{},[1788,56531,1863],{},[2348,56533,56534],{},"0,345",[1808,56536,56537],{"encoding":1810},"HHI = 0{,}5^2 + 0{,}25^2 + 0{,}15^2 + 0{,}1^2 = 0{,}25 + 0{,}0625 + 0{,}0225 + 0{,}01 = 0{,}345",[1030,56539,56540,56541,2440],{},"Oba zápisy jsou ekvivalentní (liší se pouze násobitelem ",[1035,56542,56544],{"className":56543},[1772],[1774,56545,56546],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,56547,56548,56556],{},[1781,56549,56550],{},[2467,56551,56552,56554],{},[2348,56553,3116],{},[2348,56555,5344],{},[1808,56557,56558],{"encoding":1810},"10^4",[1030,56560,56561,56564],{},[1047,56562,56563],{},"Klasifikace HHI"," (procentní vyjádření):",[1153,56566,56567,56575],{},[1156,56568,56569],{},[1159,56570,56571,56573],{},[1162,56572,54594],{},[1162,56574,56213],{},[1172,56576,56577,56588,56596],{},[1159,56578,56579,56585],{},[1177,56580,56581,56582],{},"do ",[1047,56583,56584],{},"1 000",[1177,56586,56587],{},"konkurenční odvětví",[1159,56589,56590,56593],{},[1177,56591,56592],{},"1 000 – 1 800",[1177,56594,56595],{},"středně konkurenční (umírněně koncentrované)",[1159,56597,56598,56604],{},[1177,56599,56600,56601],{},"nad ",[1047,56602,56603],{},"1 800",[1177,56605,56606],{},"koncentrované odvětví",[1023,56608,56610,56617],{"className":56609,"dataCallout":1608},[1026,1607],[1030,56611,56613,56616],{"className":56612},[1033],[1035,56614],{"className":56615,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1615,1040],"Pravidlo amerického DOJ",[1030,56618,56619,56620,56623,56624,56651],{},"V USA používá Department of Justice a Federal Trade Commission HHI jako klíčové kritérium pro posuzování fúzí a akvizic. Když má ",[1047,56621,56622],{},"odvětví po fúzi HHI > 2 500"," a navíc ",[1047,56625,56626,56627,2192],{},"fúze zvýší HHI o více než 200 bodů (",[1035,56628,56630],{"className":56629},[1772],[1774,56631,56632],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,56633,56634,56648],{},[1781,56635,56636,56638,56640,56642,56644,56646],{},[1784,56637,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,56639,33448],{},[1784,56641,33448],{},[1784,56643,3221],{},[1788,56645,2491],{},[2348,56647,28338],{},[1808,56649,56650],{"encoding":1810},"\\Delta HHI > 200",", považují antimonopolní úřady fúzi za podezřelou a obvykle ji blokují nebo si vymohou strukturální opatření (odprodej části aktiv apod.).",[1100,56653,56655],{"id":56654},"_33-cr4-vs-hhi-srovnání","3.3. CR4 vs. HHI — srovnání",[1153,56657,56658,56668],{},[1156,56659,56660],{},[1159,56661,56662,56664,56666],{},[1162,56663,35101],{},[1162,56665,56115],{},[1162,56667,54594],{},[1172,56669,56670,56681,56692,56702,56713],{},[1159,56671,56672,56675,56678],{},[1177,56673,56674],{},"Datová náročnost",[1177,56676,56677],{},"nízká (stačí top 4)",[1177,56679,56680],{},"vysoká (potřebujeme všechny firmy)",[1159,56682,56683,56686,56689],{},[1177,56684,56685],{},"Citlivost na rozdělení uvnitř",[1177,56687,56688],{},"žádná",[1177,56690,56691],{},"vysoká",[1159,56693,56694,56697,56699],{},[1177,56695,56696],{},"Citlivost na malé firmy",[1177,56698,56688],{},[1177,56700,56701],{},"nízká (mocnina malých čísel)",[1159,56703,56704,56707,56710],{},[1177,56705,56706],{},"Mezinárodní použitelnost",[1177,56708,56709],{},"snadná",[1177,56711,56712],{},"snadnější s daty",[1159,56714,56715,56718,56721],{},[1177,56716,56717],{},"Antimonopolní praxe",[1177,56719,56720],{},"historicky USA do 80. let",[1177,56722,56723],{},"dnes standard (EU, USA, ČR)",[1030,56725,56726],{},"V ČR Český statistický úřad publikuje CR4 i HHI pro hlavní odvětví zpracovatelského průmyslu (viz studie Zemplinerové, Politická ekonomie 1\u002F1999), což je dobrá výchozí databáze pro rozhodování o tržní struktuře.",[4503,56728],{},[1077,56730,56732],{"id":56731},"_4-diferenciace-produktu-empirické-příklady","4. Diferenciace produktu — empirické příklady",[1030,56734,56735,56736,56739],{},"V některých odvětvích lze ",[1047,56737,56738],{},"diferenciaci hledat jen velmi těžko"," — produkty jsou chemicky či funkčně téměř totožné, ale firmy investují obrovské částky do reklamy, aby spotřebitele přesvědčily o jedinečnosti:",[1112,56741,56742,56748,56754],{},[1115,56743,56744,56747],{},[1047,56745,56746],{},"Zubní pasty"," — Colgate, Sensodyne, Signal, Elmex, Aquafresh. Chemické složení se liší minimálně, marketingové sdělení („pro citlivé zuby\", „pro bělení\", „antibakteriální\") je rozhodující.",[1115,56749,56750,56753],{},[1047,56751,56752],{},"Prací prášky"," — Persil, Ariel, Bonux, Tide. Účinné látky jsou téměř shodné; značka a slogan vytváří preference.",[1115,56755,56756,56759],{},[1047,56757,56758],{},"Mražená zelenina"," — Bonduelle, Iglo, Findus. Technologie zmrazování je homogenní, rozlišuje balení, recept a marketingová zpráva.",[1023,56761,56763,56770],{"className":56762,"dataCallout":2090},[1026,2089],[1030,56764,56766,56769],{"className":56765},[1033],[1035,56767],{"className":56768,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,2097,1040],"Důsledek pro tržní sílu",[1030,56771,56772,56773,56776,56777,56780],{},"V takovýchto odvětvích ",[1047,56774,56775],{},"závisí monopolní síla firmy téměř výhradně na efektivitě reklamy"," a na schopnosti udržet značku. Reklama tu není „informace o produktu\", ale ",[1047,56778,56779],{},"investice do diferenciace",", která vytváří klesající individuální poptávku.",[1030,56782,56783],{},"V jiných odvětvích je diferenciace přirozená a snadná: oblečení, restaurace, knihy, software, řemeslné služby. Tam značka, design a poloha provozovny mají skutečný informační obsah.",[4503,56785],{},[1077,56787,56789],{"id":56788},"_5-krátkodobé-období-sr","5. Krátkodobé období (SR)",[1030,56791,56792],{},[2206,56793],{"alt":56794,"className":56795,"src":56796},"mikk-monopolisticka-konkurence-kr-dl",[1071,2210],"\u002Fwiki-assets\u002Fmikk-monopolisticka-konkurence-kr-dl.jpeg",[1030,56798,56799],{},"V krátkém období je počet firem v odvětví fixní (nedošlo zatím ke vstupu\u002Fvýstupu) a každá firma řeší standardní úlohu maximalizace zisku.",[1030,56801,56802,1310],{},[1047,56803,56804],{},"Předpoklady SR",[1112,56806,56807,56855,56926],{},[1115,56808,56809,56810,56832,56833,56854],{},"Firma má individuální poptávku ",[1035,56811,56813],{"className":56812},[1772],[1774,56814,56815],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,56816,56817,56829],{},[1781,56818,56819],{},[1792,56820,56821,56823],{},[1784,56822,3224],{},[1781,56824,56825,56827],{},[1784,56826,3212],{},[1784,56828,1860],{},[1808,56830,56831],{"encoding":1810},"D_{SR}"," klesající směrem doprava — díky diferenciaci produktu je ",[1035,56834,56836],{"className":56835},[1772],[1774,56837,56838],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,56839,56840,56852],{},[1781,56841,56842],{},[1792,56843,56844,56846],{},[1784,56845,3224],{},[1781,56847,56848,56850],{},[1784,56849,3212],{},[1784,56851,1860],{},[1808,56853,56831],{"encoding":1810}," klesající, ale velmi elastická (mnoho substitutů).",[1115,56856,56857,56858,56882,56883,1089,56885,56906,56907,1075],{},"Příslušná křivka mezních příjmů ",[1035,56859,56861],{"className":56860},[1772],[1774,56862,56863],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,56864,56865,56879],{},[1781,56866,56867,56869],{},[1784,56868,1857],{},[1792,56870,56871,56873],{},[1784,56872,1860],{},[1781,56874,56875,56877],{},[1784,56876,3212],{},[1784,56878,1860],{},[1808,56880,56881],{"encoding":1810},"MR_{SR}"," leží ",[1047,56884,43693],{},[1035,56886,56888],{"className":56887},[1772],[1774,56889,56890],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,56891,56892,56904],{},[1781,56893,56894],{},[1792,56895,56896,56898],{},[1784,56897,3224],{},[1781,56899,56900,56902],{},[1784,56901,3212],{},[1784,56903,1860],{},[1808,56905,56831],{"encoding":1810}," (jako u monopolu): každá další jednotka prodaná navíc vyžaduje snížení ceny pro všechny předcházející jednotky, takže ",[1035,56908,56910],{"className":56909},[1772],[1774,56911,56912],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,56913,56914,56924],{},[1781,56915,56916,56918,56920,56922],{},[1784,56917,1857],{},[1784,56919,1860],{},[1788,56921,2537],{},[1784,56923,2264],{},[1808,56925,44248],{"encoding":1810},[1115,56927,50800,56928,56943,56944,56959],{},[1035,56929,56931],{"className":56930},[1772],[1774,56932,56933],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,56934,56935,56941],{},[1781,56936,56937,56939],{},[1784,56938,1857],{},[1784,56940,1868],{},[1808,56942,11135],{"encoding":1810}," a průměrné náklady ",[1035,56945,56947],{"className":56946},[1772],[1774,56948,56949],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,56950,56951,56957],{},[1781,56952,56953,56955],{},[1784,56954,10292],{},[1784,56956,1868],{},[1808,56958,23305],{"encoding":1810}," jsou typicky U-tvaru (kombinace klesajícího fixního a rostoucího variabilního nákladu).",[1030,56961,56962,1310],{},[1047,56963,19256],{},[1035,56965,56967],{"className":56966},[1772],[1774,56968,56969],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,56970,56971,57021],{},[1781,56972,56973,56975,56985,56987,56989,56991,56993,56995,56997,56999,57001,57003,57005,57007,57009],{},[1784,56974,1857],{},[1792,56976,56977,56979],{},[1784,56978,1860],{},[1781,56980,56981,56983],{},[1784,56982,3212],{},[1784,56984,1860],{},[1788,56986,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,56988,2270],{},[1788,56990,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,56992,1863],{},[1784,56994,1857],{},[1784,56996,1868],{},[1788,56998,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,57000,2270],{},[1788,57002,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[2352,57004],{"width":2702},[1788,57006,2357],{},[2352,57008],{"width":2702},[13587,57010,57011,57013,57019],{},[1784,57012,2270],{},[1781,57014,57015,57017],{},[1784,57016,3212],{},[1784,57018,1860],{},[1788,57020,7763],{},[1808,57022,57023],{"encoding":1810},"MR_{SR}(Q) = MC(Q) \\quad \\Rightarrow \\quad Q_{SR}^*",[1030,57025,57026,57027,57051,57052,11150,57076,57079],{},"Cenu ",[1035,57028,57030],{"className":57029},[1772],[1774,57031,57032],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,57033,57034,57048],{},[1781,57035,57036],{},[13587,57037,57038,57040,57046],{},[1784,57039,2264],{},[1781,57041,57042,57044],{},[1784,57043,3212],{},[1784,57045,1860],{},[1788,57047,7763],{},[1808,57049,57050],{"encoding":1810},"P_{SR}^*"," určíme dosazením ",[1035,57053,57055],{"className":57054},[1772],[1774,57056,57057],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,57058,57059,57073],{},[1781,57060,57061],{},[13587,57062,57063,57065,57071],{},[1784,57064,2270],{},[1781,57066,57067,57069],{},[1784,57068,3212],{},[1784,57070,1860],{},[1788,57072,7763],{},[1808,57074,57075],{"encoding":1810},"Q_{SR}^*",[1047,57077,57078],{},"poptávky"," (nikoli do MR!):",[1035,57081,57083],{"className":57082},[1772],[1774,57084,57085],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,57086,57087,57129],{},[1781,57088,57089,57101,57103,57113,57115,57127],{},[13587,57090,57091,57093,57099],{},[1784,57092,2264],{},[1781,57094,57095,57097],{},[1784,57096,3212],{},[1784,57098,1860],{},[1788,57100,7763],{},[1788,57102,1863],{},[1792,57104,57105,57107],{},[1784,57106,3224],{},[1781,57108,57109,57111],{},[1784,57110,3212],{},[1784,57112,1860],{},[1788,57114,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[13587,57116,57117,57119,57125],{},[1784,57118,2270],{},[1781,57120,57121,57123],{},[1784,57122,3212],{},[1784,57124,1860],{},[1788,57126,7763],{},[1788,57128,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,57130,57131],{"encoding":1810},"P_{SR}^* = D_{SR}(Q_{SR}^*)",[1030,57133,57134,57137],{},[1047,57135,57136],{},"Tři možné situace v SR"," podle vztahu ceny a průměrných nákladů:",[1260,57139,57140,57191,57242],{},[1115,57141,57142,57190],{},[1047,57143,57144],{},[1035,57145,57147],{"className":57146},[1772],[1774,57148,57149],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,57150,57151,57187],{},[1781,57152,57153,57165,57167,57169,57171,57173,57185],{},[13587,57154,57155,57157,57163],{},[1784,57156,2264],{},[1781,57158,57159,57161],{},[1784,57160,3212],{},[1784,57162,1860],{},[1788,57164,7763],{},[1788,57166,2491],{},[1784,57168,10292],{},[1784,57170,1868],{},[1788,57172,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[13587,57174,57175,57177,57183],{},[1784,57176,2270],{},[1781,57178,57179,57181],{},[1784,57180,3212],{},[1784,57182,1860],{},[1788,57184,7763],{},[1788,57186,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,57188,57189],{"encoding":1810},"P_{SR}^* > AC(Q_{SR}^*)",": kladný ekonomický zisk → odvětví přitahuje nové firmy → poptávka stávajících se posune vlevo.",[1115,57192,57193,57241],{},[1047,57194,57195],{},[1035,57196,57198],{"className":57197},[1772],[1774,57199,57200],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,57201,57202,57238],{},[1781,57203,57204,57216,57218,57220,57222,57224,57236],{},[13587,57205,57206,57208,57214],{},[1784,57207,2264],{},[1781,57209,57210,57212],{},[1784,57211,3212],{},[1784,57213,1860],{},[1788,57215,7763],{},[1788,57217,1863],{},[1784,57219,10292],{},[1784,57221,1868],{},[1788,57223,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[13587,57225,57226,57228,57234],{},[1784,57227,2270],{},[1781,57229,57230,57232],{},[1784,57231,3212],{},[1784,57233,1860],{},[1788,57235,7763],{},[1788,57237,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,57239,57240],{"encoding":1810},"P_{SR}^* = AC(Q_{SR}^*)",": nulový ekonomický zisk → motivace ke vstupu\u002Fvýstupu mizí (rovnovážný stav).",[1115,57243,57244,57292],{},[1047,57245,57246],{},[1035,57247,57249],{"className":57248},[1772],[1774,57250,57251],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,57252,57253,57289],{},[1781,57254,57255,57267,57269,57271,57273,57275,57287],{},[13587,57256,57257,57259,57265],{},[1784,57258,2264],{},[1781,57260,57261,57263],{},[1784,57262,3212],{},[1784,57264,1860],{},[1788,57266,7763],{},[1788,57268,2537],{},[1784,57270,10292],{},[1784,57272,1868],{},[1788,57274,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[13587,57276,57277,57279,57285],{},[1784,57278,2270],{},[1781,57280,57281,57283],{},[1784,57282,3212],{},[1784,57284,1860],{},[1788,57286,7763],{},[1788,57288,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,57290,57291],{"encoding":1810},"P_{SR}^* \u003C AC(Q_{SR}^*)",": ekonomická ztráta → firmy z odvětví vystupují → poptávka přeživších se posune vpravo.",[1030,57294,57295,57296,1075],{},"Tento mechanismus přechodu od SR k LR je klíčový a vychází přímo z předpokladu ",[1047,57297,57298],{},"volného vstupu\u002Fvýstupu",[4503,57300],{},[1077,57302,57304],{"id":57303},"_6-dlouhodobé-období-lr","6. Dlouhodobé období (LR)",[1030,57306,57307],{},"V dlouhém období je vstup a výstup firem volný, takže ekonomické pobídky se vyrovnávají. Mechanismus konvergence ke dlouhodobé rovnováze je následující:",[1112,57309,57310,57324],{},[1115,57311,57312,57315,57316,57319,57320,57323],{},[1047,57313,57314],{},"Ziskové odvětví"," přiláká ",[1047,57317,57318],{},"nové firmy",". Vstup nových konkurentů znamená, že se celkový trh rozdělí mezi více hráčů: individuální tržní podíl každé stávající firmy klesá. Geometricky se její individuální poptávková křivka ",[1047,57321,57322],{},"posouvá vlevo"," (a může se i mírně pootočit, protože roste počet substitutů, takže elasticita stoupá).",[1115,57325,57326,57329,57330,57333,57334,1075],{},[1047,57327,57328],{},"Ztrátové odvětví"," způsobí ",[1047,57331,57332],{},"odliv firem",". Přeživší si rozdělí trh, jejich individuální poptávka ",[1047,57335,57336],{},"roste a posouvá se vpravo",[1030,57338,57339,57340,47245,57343,57360,57361,1075],{},"Tento posun trvá tak dlouho, dokud individuální poptávka neklesne (resp. nestoupne) na úroveň, kdy se ",[1047,57341,57342],{},"přesně dotýká",[1035,57344,57346],{"className":57345},[1772],[1774,57347,57348],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,57349,57350,57358],{},[1781,57351,57352,57354,57356],{},[1784,57353,3766],{},[1784,57355,10292],{},[1784,57357,1868],{},[1808,57359,12303],{"encoding":1810}," v bodě, kde současně platí ",[1035,57362,57364],{"className":57363},[1772],[1774,57365,57366],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,57367,57368,57390],{},[1781,57369,57370,57372,57374,57376,57378,57380],{},[1784,57371,3766],{},[1784,57373,1857],{},[1784,57375,1868],{},[1788,57377,1863],{},[1784,57379,1857],{},[1792,57381,57382,57384],{},[1784,57383,1860],{},[1781,57385,57386,57388],{},[1784,57387,3766],{},[1784,57389,1860],{},[1808,57391,57392],{"encoding":1810},"LMC = MR_{LR}",[1023,57394,57396,57403,57406,57552],{"className":57395,"dataCallout":4153},[1026,3500],[1030,57397,57399,57402],{"className":57398},[1033],[1035,57400],{"className":57401,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,3508,1040],"Podmínky dlouhodobé rovnováhy",[1030,57404,57405],{},"Dlouhodobá rovnováha v monopolistické konkurenci je definována dvojicí podmínek:",[1260,57407,57408,57477],{},[1115,57409,57410,4058,57413],{},[1047,57411,57412],{},"Optimalizační podmínka firmy",[1035,57414,57416],{"className":57415},[1772],[1774,57417,57418],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,57419,57420,57474],{},[1781,57421,57422,57424,57426,57428,57430,57442,57444,57446,57448,57458,57460,57472],{},[1784,57423,3766],{},[1784,57425,1857],{},[1784,57427,1868],{},[1788,57429,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[13587,57431,57432,57434,57440],{},[1784,57433,2270],{},[1781,57435,57436,57438],{},[1784,57437,3766],{},[1784,57439,1860],{},[1788,57441,7763],{},[1788,57443,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,57445,1863],{},[1784,57447,1857],{},[1792,57449,57450,57452],{},[1784,57451,1860],{},[1781,57453,57454,57456],{},[1784,57455,3766],{},[1784,57457,1860],{},[1788,57459,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[13587,57461,57462,57464,57470],{},[1784,57463,2270],{},[1781,57465,57466,57468],{},[1784,57467,3766],{},[1784,57469,1860],{},[1788,57471,7763],{},[1788,57473,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,57475,57476],{"encoding":1810},"LMC(Q^*_{LR}) = MR_{LR}(Q^*_{LR})",[1115,57478,57479,4058,57482],{},[1047,57480,57481],{},"Podmínka nulového ekonomického zisku",[1035,57483,57485],{"className":57484},[1772],[1774,57486,57487],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,57488,57489,57549],{},[1781,57490,57491,57493,57495,57497,57499,57511,57513,57515,57517,57519,57521,57533,57535,57537],{},[1784,57492,3766],{},[1784,57494,10292],{},[1784,57496,1868],{},[1788,57498,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[13587,57500,57501,57503,57509],{},[1784,57502,2270],{},[1781,57504,57505,57507],{},[1784,57506,3766],{},[1784,57508,1860],{},[1788,57510,7763],{},[1788,57512,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,57514,1863],{},[1784,57516,10292],{},[1784,57518,1860],{},[1788,57520,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[13587,57522,57523,57525,57531],{},[1784,57524,2270],{},[1781,57526,57527,57529],{},[1784,57528,3766],{},[1784,57530,1860],{},[1788,57532,7763],{},[1788,57534,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,57536,1863],{},[13587,57538,57539,57541,57547],{},[1784,57540,2264],{},[1781,57542,57543,57545],{},[1784,57544,3766],{},[1784,57546,1860],{},[1788,57548,7763],{},[1808,57550,57551],{"encoding":1810},"LAC(Q^*_{LR}) = AR(Q^*_{LR}) = P^*_{LR}",[1030,57553,57554,57555,22258,57598,1075],{},"Z druhé rovnice plyne, že ",[1047,57556,57557,57558,57580,57581],{},"individuální poptávka ",[1035,57559,57561],{"className":57560},[1772],[1774,57562,57563],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,57564,57565,57577],{},[1781,57566,57567],{},[1792,57568,57569,57571],{},[1784,57570,3224],{},[1781,57572,57573,57575],{},[1784,57574,3766],{},[1784,57576,1860],{},[1808,57578,57579],{"encoding":1810},"D_{LR}"," je tečnou křivky ",[1035,57582,57584],{"className":57583},[1772],[1774,57585,57586],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,57587,57588,57596],{},[1781,57589,57590,57592,57594],{},[1784,57591,3766],{},[1784,57593,10292],{},[1784,57595,1868],{},[1808,57597,12303],{"encoding":1810},[1035,57599,57601],{"className":57600},[1772],[1774,57602,57603],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,57604,57605,57637],{},[1781,57606,57607,57609,57621,57623,57635],{},[1788,57608,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[13587,57610,57611,57613,57619],{},[1784,57612,2270],{},[1781,57614,57615,57617],{},[1784,57616,3766],{},[1784,57618,1860],{},[1788,57620,7763],{},[1788,57622,1138],{"separator":1041},[13587,57624,57625,57627,57633],{},[1784,57626,2264],{},[1781,57628,57629,57631],{},[1784,57630,3766],{},[1784,57632,1860],{},[1788,57634,7763],{},[1788,57636,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,57638,57639],{"encoding":1810},"(Q^*_{LR}, P^*_{LR})",[1030,57641,57642,57644,57645,57662,57663,57684,57685,57702,57703,52460,57723,57736,57737,57754,57755,1075],{},[1047,57643,32704],{},": poptávková křivka klesá zleva doprava, ",[1035,57646,57648],{"className":57647},[1772],[1774,57649,57650],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,57651,57652,57660],{},[1781,57653,57654,57656,57658],{},[1784,57655,3766],{},[1784,57657,10292],{},[1784,57659,1868],{},[1808,57661,12303],{"encoding":1810}," má U-tvar. Aby ",[1035,57664,57666],{"className":57665},[1772],[1774,57667,57668],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,57669,57670,57682],{},[1781,57671,57672],{},[1792,57673,57674,57676],{},[1784,57675,3224],{},[1781,57677,57678,57680],{},[1784,57679,3766],{},[1784,57681,1860],{},[1808,57683,57579],{"encoding":1810}," pouze tečnou nepřetnula ",[1035,57686,57688],{"className":57687},[1772],[1774,57689,57690],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,57691,57692,57700],{},[1781,57693,57694,57696,57698],{},[1784,57695,3766],{},[1784,57697,10292],{},[1784,57699,1868],{},[1808,57701,12303],{"encoding":1810},", musí se obě křivky dotýkat. To se děje ",[1047,57704,57705,57706],{},"vlevo od minima ",[1035,57707,57709],{"className":57708},[1772],[1774,57710,57711],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,57712,57713,57721],{},[1781,57714,57715,57717,57719],{},[1784,57716,3766],{},[1784,57718,10292],{},[1784,57720,1868],{},[1808,57722,12303],{"encoding":1810},[1035,57724,57726],{"className":57725},[1772],[1774,57727,57728],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,57729,57730,57734],{},[1781,57731,57732],{},[1784,57733,3224],{},[1808,57735,3224],{"encoding":1810}," klesá, kdežto ",[1035,57738,57740],{"className":57739},[1772],[1774,57741,57742],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,57743,57744,57752],{},[1781,57745,57746,57748,57750],{},[1784,57747,3766],{},[1784,57749,10292],{},[1784,57751,1868],{},[1808,57753,12303],{"encoding":1810}," vlevo od minima také klesá — tečnost je možná pouze v klesající části). Důsledek je závažný: firma vyrábí v dlouhém období ",[1047,57756,57757],{},"méně, než kolik by odpovídalo minimu průměrných nákladů",[1023,57759,57761,57768],{"className":57760,"dataCallout":3501},[1026,3500],[1030,57762,57764,57767],{"className":57763},[1033],[1035,57765],{"className":57766,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,3508,1040],"Excess capacity theorem",[1030,57769,57770,57771,57813,57814,57817,57818,57821],{},"V dlouhodobé rovnováze monopolistické konkurence platí:\n",[1035,57772,57774],{"className":57773},[1772],[1774,57775,57776],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,57777,57778,57810],{},[1781,57779,57780,57792,57794],{},[13587,57781,57782,57784,57790],{},[1784,57783,2270],{},[1781,57785,57786,57788],{},[1784,57787,3766],{},[1784,57789,1860],{},[1788,57791,7763],{},[1788,57793,2537],{},[1792,57795,57796,57798],{},[1784,57797,2270],{},[1781,57799,57800,57802,57804,57806,57808],{},[1784,57801,33767],{},[1788,57803,3350],{},[1784,57805,3766],{},[1784,57807,10292],{},[1784,57809,1868],{},[1808,57811,57812],{"encoding":1810},"Q^*_{LR} \u003C Q_{\\min LAC}","\nFirma má ",[1047,57815,57816],{},"přebytečnou kapacitu"," (excess capacity) — mohla by vyrábět víc s nižšími průměrnými náklady, ale poptávka jí to neumožňuje. To je ",[1047,57819,57820],{},"strukturální výrobní neefektivnost"," monopolistické konkurence.",[4503,57823],{},[1077,57825,57827],{"id":57826},"_7-náklady-mrtvé-váhy-a-srovnání-s-dokonalou-konkurencí","7. Náklady mrtvé váhy a srovnání s dokonalou konkurencí",[1030,57829,57830],{},"Srovnání monopolistické konkurence s dokonalou konkurencí.",[1030,57832,57833,1310],{},[1047,57834,57835],{},"Dokonalá konkurence v LR",[1112,57837,57838,57872,57897],{},[1115,57839,57840],{},[1035,57841,57843],{"className":57842},[1772],[1774,57844,57845],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,57846,57847,57869],{},[1781,57848,57849,57851,57853,57855,57857,57859,57861,57863,57865,57867],{},[1784,57850,2264],{},[1788,57852,1863],{},[1784,57854,1857],{},[1784,57856,1868],{},[1788,57858,1863],{},[1784,57860,33767],{},[1788,57862,3350],{},[1784,57864,3766],{},[1784,57866,10292],{},[1784,57868,1868],{},[1808,57870,57871],{"encoding":1810},"P = MC = \\min LAC",[1115,57873,57874,57875,2192],{},"Žádné náklady mrtvé váhy (",[1035,57876,57878],{"className":57877},[1772],[1774,57879,57880],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,57881,57882,57894],{},[1781,57883,57884,57886,57888,57890,57892],{},[1784,57885,3224],{},[1784,57887,3759],{},[1784,57889,3766],{},[1788,57891,1863],{},[2348,57893,2350],{},[1808,57895,57896],{"encoding":1810},"DWL = 0",[1115,57898,57899],{},"Allokační i výrobní efektivnost.",[1030,57901,57902,1310],{},[1047,57903,57904],{},"Monopolistická konkurence v LR",[1112,57906,57907,57929,57966],{},[1115,57908,57909,57928],{},[1035,57910,57912],{"className":57911},[1772],[1774,57913,57914],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,57915,57916,57926],{},[1781,57917,57918,57920,57922,57924],{},[1784,57919,2264],{},[1788,57921,2491],{},[1784,57923,1857],{},[1784,57925,1868],{},[1808,57927,7656],{"encoding":1810}," (cena je vyšší než mezní náklady, protože firma vyrábí v sestupné části poptávky)",[1115,57930,57931,57965],{},[1035,57932,57934],{"className":57933},[1772],[1774,57935,57936],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,57937,57938,57962],{},[1781,57939,57940,57942,57944,57946,57948,57950,57952,57954,57956,57958,57960],{},[1784,57941,2264],{},[1788,57943,1863],{},[1784,57945,3766],{},[1784,57947,10292],{},[1784,57949,1868],{},[1788,57951,2491],{},[1784,57953,33767],{},[1788,57955,3350],{},[1784,57957,3766],{},[1784,57959,10292],{},[1784,57961,1868],{},[1808,57963,57964],{"encoding":1810},"P = LAC > \\min LAC"," (cena je vyšší než minimum průměrných nákladů)",[1115,57967,57968,6603,57990,57993],{},[1035,57969,57971],{"className":57970},[1772],[1774,57972,57973],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,57974,57975,57987],{},[1781,57976,57977,57979,57981,57983,57985],{},[1784,57978,3224],{},[1784,57980,3759],{},[1784,57982,3766],{},[1788,57984,2491],{},[2348,57986,2350],{},[1808,57988,57989],{"encoding":1810},"DWL > 0",[1047,57991,57992],{},"podstatně menší než u monopolu"," nebo „těsného\" oligopolu.",[1030,57995,57996,57999,58000,1062,58015,58028,58029,58042,58043,1062,58056,11136,58071,11150,58088,12850,58101,58120],{},[1047,57997,57998],{},"Vznik DWL",": existují spotřebitelé, kteří by byli ochotni koupit za cenu mezi ",[1035,58001,58003],{"className":58002},[1772],[1774,58004,58005],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,58006,58007,58013],{},[1781,58008,58009,58011],{},[1784,58010,1857],{},[1784,58012,1868],{},[1808,58014,11135],{"encoding":1810},[1035,58016,58018],{"className":58017},[1772],[1774,58019,58020],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,58021,58022,58026],{},[1781,58023,58024],{},[1784,58025,2264],{},[1808,58027,2264],{"encoding":1810},", ale za ",[1035,58030,58032],{"className":58031},[1772],[1774,58033,58034],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,58035,58036,58040],{},[1781,58037,58038],{},[1784,58039,2264],{},[1808,58041,2264],{"encoding":1810}," kupují méně, než by alokačně optimalizovaný trh produkoval. Plocha trojúhelníku mezi ",[1035,58044,58046],{"className":58045},[1772],[1774,58047,58048],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,58049,58050,58054],{},[1781,58051,58052],{},[1784,58053,3224],{},[1808,58055,3224],{"encoding":1810},[1035,58057,58059],{"className":58058},[1772],[1774,58060,58061],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,58062,58063,58069],{},[1781,58064,58065,58067],{},[1784,58066,1857],{},[1784,58068,1868],{},[1808,58070,11135],{"encoding":1810},[1035,58072,58074],{"className":58073},[1772],[1774,58075,58076],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,58077,58078,58086],{},[1781,58079,58080],{},[2467,58081,58082,58084],{},[1784,58083,2270],{},[1788,58085,7763],{},[1808,58087,11075],{"encoding":1810},[1035,58089,58091],{"className":58090},[1772],[1774,58092,58093],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,58094,58095,58099],{},[1781,58096,58097],{},[1784,58098,2270],{},[1808,58100,2270],{"encoding":1810},[1035,58102,58104],{"className":58103},[1772],[1774,58105,58106],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,58107,58108,58118],{},[1781,58109,58110,58112,58114,58116],{},[1784,58111,3224],{},[1788,58113,1863],{},[1784,58115,1857],{},[1784,58117,1868],{},[1808,58119,11624],{"encoding":1810},", představuje DWL.",[1023,58122,58124,58131],{"className":58123,"dataCallout":2090},[1026,2089],[1030,58125,58127,58130],{"className":58126},[1033],[1035,58128],{"className":58129,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,2097,1040],"Klíčová pointa",[1030,58132,58133,58134,58137,58138,58141,58142,1075],{},"Ekonomické náklady monopolistické konkurence (vyšší cena, méně produkce, přebytečná kapacita) ",[1047,58135,58136],{},"mohou být kompenzovány"," tím, že trh poskytuje ",[1047,58139,58140],{},"diverzitu produktu",". Spotřebitelé si nemusí kupovat homogenní zubní pastu — mohou si vybrat tu, která jim chuťově nebo funkčně nejvíce vyhovuje. Tento „benefit z rozmanitosti\" je obtížně kvantifikovatelný, ale často se argumentuje, že ",[1047,58143,58144],{},"přidaná hodnota diferenciace převáží DWL",[4503,58146],{},[1077,58148,58150],{"id":58149},"_8-efektivnost-monopolistické-konkurence","8. Efektivnost monopolistické konkurence",[1030,58152,58153],{},"Hodnocení monopolistické konkurence z hlediska dvou typů efektivnosti:",[1100,58155,58157],{"id":58156},"_81-výrobní-efektivnost","8.1. Výrobní efektivnost",[1030,58159,5640,58160,56267,58180,58183,58184,58201],{},[1047,58161,58162,58163],{},"nevyrábí ani v LR v minimu ",[1035,58164,58166],{"className":58165},[1772],[1774,58167,58168],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,58169,58170,58178],{},[1781,58171,58172,58174,58176],{},[1784,58173,3766],{},[1784,58175,10292],{},[1784,58177,1868],{},[1808,58179,12303],{"encoding":1810},[1047,58181,58182],{},"výrobně neefektivní",". Každý jednotlivý výrobce má přebytečnou kapacitu. Kdyby celé odvětví bylo zkonsolidováno do menšího počtu firem vyrábějících v minimu ",[1035,58185,58187],{"className":58186},[1772],[1774,58188,58189],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,58190,58191,58199],{},[1781,58192,58193,58195,58197],{},[1784,58194,3766],{},[1784,58196,10292],{},[1784,58198,1868],{},[1808,58200,12303],{"encoding":1810},", společnost by získala. Proti tomu ale stojí ztráta diverzity produktu.",[1100,58203,58205],{"id":58204},"_82-alokační-efektivnost","8.2. Alokační efektivnost",[1030,58207,5613,58208,58210,58211,58230,58231,1062,58244,58259],{},[1047,58209,43277],{}," (alokační neefektivnost), protože ",[1035,58212,58214],{"className":58213},[1772],[1774,58215,58216],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,58217,58218,58228],{},[1781,58219,58220,58222,58224,58226],{},[1784,58221,2264],{},[1788,58223,2491],{},[1784,58225,1857],{},[1784,58227,1868],{},[1808,58229,7656],{"encoding":1810},". Tyto DWL jsou ovšem výrazně menší než u monopolu, kde rozdíl mezi ",[1035,58232,58234],{"className":58233},[1772],[1774,58235,58236],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,58237,58238,58242],{},[1781,58239,58240],{},[1784,58241,2264],{},[1808,58243,2264],{"encoding":1810},[1035,58245,58247],{"className":58246},[1772],[1774,58248,58249],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,58250,58251,58257],{},[1781,58252,58253,58255],{},[1784,58254,1857],{},[1784,58256,1868],{},[1808,58258,11135],{"encoding":1810}," může být obrovský. Uvádí se, že DWL monopolistické konkurence se pohybuje v jednotkách procent celkové hodnoty trhu, zatímco u monopolu může jít o desítky procent.",[1100,58261,58263],{"id":58262},"_83-výhoda-diverzita-produktu","8.3. Výhoda — diverzita produktu",[1030,58265,58266,58267,58270],{},"Hlavní benefit monopolistické konkurence je ",[1047,58268,58269],{},"rozmanitost nabídky",", která zvyšuje užitek heterogenních spotřebitelů. Společnost obětuje výrobní efektivnost a malou alokační efektivnost výměnou za to, že každý spotřebitel najde produkt blízký svému ideálu.",[1153,58272,58273,58287],{},[1156,58274,58275],{},[1159,58276,58277,58280,58283,58285],{},[1162,58278,58279],{},"Kritérium",[1162,58281,58282],{},"Dokonalá konkurence",[1162,58284,7013],{},[1162,58286,43432],{},[1172,58288,58289,58330,58364,58378,58392],{},[1159,58290,58291,58294,58323,58328],{},[1177,58292,58293],{},"Výrobní efektivnost",[1177,58295,58296,58297,2192],{},"ano (",[1035,58298,58300],{"className":58299},[1772],[1774,58301,58302],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,58303,58304,58320],{},[1781,58305,58306,58308,58310,58312,58314,58316,58318],{},[1784,58307,2264],{},[1788,58309,1863],{},[1784,58311,33767],{},[1788,58313,3350],{},[1784,58315,3766],{},[1784,58317,10292],{},[1784,58319,1868],{},[1808,58321,58322],{"encoding":1810},"P = \\min LAC",[1177,58324,58325,58327],{},[1047,58326,1279],{}," (přebytečná kapacita)",[1177,58329,1279],{},[1159,58331,58332,58335,58356,58361],{},[1177,58333,58334],{},"Alokační efektivnost",[1177,58336,58296,58337,2192],{},[1035,58338,58340],{"className":58339},[1772],[1774,58341,58342],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,58343,58344,58354],{},[1781,58345,58346,58348,58350,58352],{},[1784,58347,2264],{},[1788,58349,1863],{},[1784,58351,1857],{},[1784,58353,1868],{},[1808,58355,7608],{"encoding":1810},[1177,58357,58358,58360],{},[1047,58359,1279],{}," (malé DWL)",[1177,58362,58363],{},"ne (velké DWL)",[1159,58365,58366,58369,58372,58376],{},[1177,58367,58368],{},"Diverzita produktu",[1177,58370,58371],{},"žádná (homogenní)",[1177,58373,58374],{},[1047,58375,56691],{},[1177,58377,56688],{},[1159,58379,58380,58383,58386,58389],{},[1177,58381,58382],{},"Inovační dynamika",[1177,58384,58385],{},"malá",[1177,58387,58388],{},"střední",[1177,58390,58391],{},"proměnlivá",[1159,58393,58394,58397,58400,58404],{},[1177,58395,58396],{},"Ekonomický zisk v LR",[1177,58398,58399],{},"nulový",[1177,58401,58402],{},[1047,58403,58399],{},[1177,58405,58406],{},"kladný",[4503,58408],{},[1077,58410,58412],{"id":58411},"_9-volba-výstupu-firmy-v-lr-geometrie","9. Volba výstupu firmy v LR — geometrie",[1030,58414,58415],{},"Geometricky lze proces, jakým se odvětví dostává do dlouhodobé rovnováhy, zachytit takto.",[1030,58417,58418,58421,58422,1299,58450,58469,58470,58498,58499,11188,58523,58547,58548,1062,58571,58605,58606,58629,58630,1075],{},[1047,58419,58420],{},"Výchozí situace",": Firma má v SR poptávku ",[1035,58423,58425],{"className":58424},[1772],[1774,58426,58427],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,58428,58429,58447],{},[1781,58430,58431,58433,58439,58441],{},[1784,58432,10292],{},[1792,58434,58435,58437],{},[1784,58436,1860],{},[2348,58438,2374],{},[1788,58440,1863],{},[1792,58442,58443,58445],{},[1784,58444,2328],{},[2348,58446,2374],{},[1808,58448,58449],{"encoding":1810},"AR_1 = d_1",[1035,58451,58453],{"className":58452},[1772],[1774,58454,58455],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,58456,58457,58467],{},[1781,58458,58459,58461],{},[1784,58460,1857],{},[1792,58462,58463,58465],{},[1784,58464,1860],{},[2348,58466,2374],{},[1808,58468,12961],{"encoding":1810},", vyrábí v bodě ",[1035,58471,58473],{"className":58472},[1772],[1774,58474,58475],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,58476,58477,58495],{},[1781,58478,58479,58481,58483,58485,58487,58489],{},[1784,58480,3766],{},[1784,58482,1857],{},[1784,58484,1868],{},[1788,58486,1863],{},[1784,58488,1857],{},[1792,58490,58491,58493],{},[1784,58492,1860],{},[2348,58494,2374],{},[1808,58496,58497],{"encoding":1810},"LMC = MR_1"," s výstupem ",[1035,58500,58502],{"className":58501},[1772],[1774,58503,58504],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,58505,58506,58520],{},[1781,58507,58508],{},[13587,58509,58510,58512,58518],{},[1784,58511,2270],{},[1781,58513,58514,58516],{},[1784,58515,3212],{},[1784,58517,1860],{},[1788,58519,7763],{},[1808,58521,58522],{"encoding":1810},"Q^*_{SR}",[1035,58524,58526],{"className":58525},[1772],[1774,58527,58528],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,58529,58530,58544],{},[1781,58531,58532],{},[13587,58533,58534,58536,58542],{},[1784,58535,2264],{},[1781,58537,58538,58540],{},[1784,58539,3212],{},[1784,58541,1860],{},[1788,58543,7763],{},[1808,58545,58546],{"encoding":1810},"P^*_{SR}",". Plocha mezi ",[1035,58549,58551],{"className":58550},[1772],[1774,58552,58553],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,58554,58555,58569],{},[1781,58556,58557],{},[13587,58558,58559,58561,58567],{},[1784,58560,2264],{},[1781,58562,58563,58565],{},[1784,58564,3212],{},[1784,58566,1860],{},[1788,58568,7763],{},[1808,58570,58546],{"encoding":1810},[1035,58572,58574],{"className":58573},[1772],[1774,58575,58576],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,58577,58578,58602],{},[1781,58579,58580,58582,58584,58586,58588,58600],{},[1784,58581,3212],{},[1784,58583,10292],{},[1784,58585,1868],{},[1788,58587,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[13587,58589,58590,58592,58598],{},[1784,58591,2270],{},[1781,58593,58594,58596],{},[1784,58595,3212],{},[1784,58597,1860],{},[1788,58599,7763],{},[1788,58601,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,58603,58604],{"encoding":1810},"SAC(Q^*_{SR})"," × ",[1035,58607,58609],{"className":58608},[1772],[1774,58610,58611],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,58612,58613,58627],{},[1781,58614,58615],{},[13587,58616,58617,58619,58625],{},[1784,58618,2270],{},[1781,58620,58621,58623],{},[1784,58622,3212],{},[1784,58624,1860],{},[1788,58626,7763],{},[1808,58628,58522],{"encoding":1810}," představuje ",[1047,58631,58632],{},"kladný ekonomický zisk firmy",[1030,58634,58635,58638,58639,58641,58642,4974,58662,58690,58691,4974,58710,58729],{},[1047,58636,58637],{},"Konvergenční mechanismus",": ziskové odvětví láká nové firmy. Příliv nových firem zmenšuje individuální tržní podíl každé stávající firmy, takže její poptávka se ",[1047,58640,57322],{}," — z ",[1035,58643,58645],{"className":58644},[1772],[1774,58646,58647],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,58648,58649,58659],{},[1781,58650,58651,58653],{},[1784,58652,10292],{},[1792,58654,58655,58657],{},[1784,58656,1860],{},[2348,58658,2374],{},[1808,58660,58661],{"encoding":1810},"AR_1",[1035,58663,58665],{"className":58664},[1772],[1774,58666,58667],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,58668,58669,58687],{},[1781,58670,58671,58673,58679,58681],{},[1784,58672,10292],{},[1792,58674,58675,58677],{},[1784,58676,1860],{},[2348,58678,4593],{},[1788,58680,1863],{},[1792,58682,58683,58685],{},[1784,58684,2328],{},[2348,58686,4593],{},[1808,58688,58689],{"encoding":1810},"AR_2 = d_2",", mezní příjem z ",[1035,58692,58694],{"className":58693},[1772],[1774,58695,58696],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,58697,58698,58708],{},[1781,58699,58700,58702],{},[1784,58701,1857],{},[1792,58703,58704,58706],{},[1784,58705,1860],{},[2348,58707,2374],{},[1808,58709,12961],{"encoding":1810},[1035,58711,58713],{"className":58712},[1772],[1774,58714,58715],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,58716,58717,58727],{},[1781,58718,58719,58721],{},[1784,58720,1857],{},[1792,58722,58723,58725],{},[1784,58724,1860],{},[2348,58726,4593],{},[1808,58728,12981],{"encoding":1810},". Současně se mění elasticita: víc substitutů = elastičtější poptávka.",[1030,58731,58732,4058,58735,58762,58763,58780,58781,58809],{},[1047,58733,58734],{},"Konečný stav",[1035,58736,58738],{"className":58737},[1772],[1774,58739,58740],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,58741,58742,58760],{},[1781,58743,58744,58746,58752,58754],{},[1784,58745,10292],{},[1792,58747,58748,58750],{},[1784,58749,1860],{},[2348,58751,4593],{},[1788,58753,1863],{},[1792,58755,58756,58758],{},[1784,58757,2328],{},[2348,58759,4593],{},[1808,58761,58689],{"encoding":1810}," je tečna ",[1035,58764,58766],{"className":58765},[1772],[1774,58767,58768],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,58769,58770,58778],{},[1781,58771,58772,58774,58776],{},[1784,58773,3766],{},[1784,58775,10292],{},[1784,58777,1868],{},[1808,58779,12303],{"encoding":1810}," v bodě, kde ",[1035,58782,58784],{"className":58783},[1772],[1774,58785,58786],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,58787,58788,58806],{},[1781,58789,58790,58792,58794,58796,58798,58800],{},[1784,58791,3766],{},[1784,58793,1857],{},[1784,58795,1868],{},[1788,58797,1863],{},[1784,58799,1857],{},[1792,58801,58802,58804],{},[1784,58803,1860],{},[2348,58805,4593],{},[1808,58807,58808],{"encoding":1810},"LMC = MR_2",". V tomto bodě:",[1035,58811,58813],{"className":58812},[1772],[1774,58814,58815],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,58816,58817,58933],{},[1781,58818,58819,58821,58823,58825,58827,58839,58841,58843,58845,58847,58849,58861,58863,58865,58877,58879,58881,58883,58885,58887,58889,58901,58903,58905,58907,58917,58919,58931],{},[1784,58820,3766],{},[1784,58822,10292],{},[1784,58824,1868],{},[1788,58826,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[13587,58828,58829,58831,58837],{},[1784,58830,2270],{},[1781,58832,58833,58835],{},[1784,58834,3766],{},[1784,58836,1860],{},[1788,58838,7763],{},[1788,58840,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,58842,1863],{},[1784,58844,10292],{},[1784,58846,1860],{},[1788,58848,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[13587,58850,58851,58853,58859],{},[1784,58852,2270],{},[1781,58854,58855,58857],{},[1784,58856,3766],{},[1784,58858,1860],{},[1788,58860,7763],{},[1788,58862,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,58864,1863],{},[13587,58866,58867,58869,58875],{},[1784,58868,2264],{},[1781,58870,58871,58873],{},[1784,58872,3766],{},[1784,58874,1860],{},[1788,58876,7763],{},[1788,58878,1138],{"separator":1041},[2352,58880],{"width":2354},[1784,58882,3766],{},[1784,58884,1857],{},[1784,58886,1868],{},[1788,58888,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[13587,58890,58891,58893,58899],{},[1784,58892,2270],{},[1781,58894,58895,58897],{},[1784,58896,3766],{},[1784,58898,1860],{},[1788,58900,7763],{},[1788,58902,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,58904,1863],{},[1784,58906,1857],{},[1792,58908,58909,58911],{},[1784,58910,1860],{},[1781,58912,58913,58915],{},[1784,58914,3766],{},[1784,58916,1860],{},[1788,58918,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[13587,58920,58921,58923,58929],{},[1784,58922,2270],{},[1781,58924,58925,58927],{},[1784,58926,3766],{},[1784,58928,1860],{},[1788,58930,7763],{},[1788,58932,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,58934,58935],{"encoding":1810},"LAC(Q^*_{LR}) = AR(Q^*_{LR}) = P^*_{LR}, \\qquad LMC(Q^*_{LR}) = MR_{LR}(Q^*_{LR})",[1030,58937,58938],{},"Ekonomický zisk je nulový, žádná další firma nemá motivaci vstoupit, a nikdo nemá motivaci vystoupit.",[1023,58940,58942,58949,59078,59245],{"className":58941,"dataCallout":25986},[1026,25985],[1030,58943,58945,58948],{"className":58944},[1033],[1035,58946],{"className":58947,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,25993,1040],"Číselný příklad LR rovnováhy",[1030,58950,58951,58952,58994,58995,59029,59030,22866,59054,1075],{},"Předpokládejme firmu s ",[1035,58953,58955],{"className":58954},[1772],[1774,58956,58957],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,58958,58959,58991],{},[1781,58960,58961,58963,58965,58967,58969,58971,58973,58975,58977,58979,58981,58983,58985,58987,58989],{},[1784,58962,3766],{},[1784,58964,10292],{},[1784,58966,1868],{},[1788,58968,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,58970,2270],{},[1788,58972,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,58974,1863],{},[2348,58976,2605],{},[1784,58978,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,58980,2270],{},[1788,58982,2637],{},[2348,58984,5356],{},[1788,58986,2637],{},[2348,58988,2610],{},[1784,58990,2270],{},[1808,58992,58993],{"encoding":1810},"LAC(Q) = 100\u002FQ + 5 + 0{,}1 Q"," (čili ",[1035,58996,58998],{"className":58997},[1772],[1774,58999,59000],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,59001,59002,59026],{},[1781,59003,59004,59006,59008,59010,59012,59014,59016,59018,59020,59022,59024],{},[1784,59005,3766],{},[1784,59007,1857],{},[1784,59009,1868],{},[1788,59011,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,59013,2270],{},[1788,59015,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,59017,1863],{},[2348,59019,5356],{},[1788,59021,2637],{},[2348,59023,2678],{},[1784,59025,2270],{},[1808,59027,59028],{"encoding":1810},"LMC(Q) = 5 + 0{,}2 Q",") a poptávkou v dlouhém období ve tvaru ",[1035,59031,59033],{"className":59032},[1772],[1774,59034,59035],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,59036,59037,59051],{},[1781,59038,59039,59041,59043,59045,59047,59049],{},[1784,59040,2264],{},[1788,59042,1863],{},[2348,59044,9189],{},[1788,59046,2371],{},[2348,59048,15984],{},[1784,59050,2270],{},[1808,59052,59053],{"encoding":1810},"P = 30 - 0{,}5 Q",[1035,59055,59057],{"className":59056},[1772],[1774,59058,59059],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,59060,59061,59075],{},[1781,59062,59063,59065,59067,59069,59071,59073],{},[1784,59064,1857],{},[1784,59066,1860],{},[1788,59068,1863],{},[2348,59070,9189],{},[1788,59072,2371],{},[1784,59074,2270],{},[1808,59076,59077],{"encoding":1810},"MR = 30 - Q",[1030,59079,59080,59081,59146,59147,59182],{},"Optimum: ",[1035,59082,59084],{"className":59083},[1772],[1774,59085,59086],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,59087,59088,59143],{},[1781,59089,59090,59092,59094,59096,59098,59100,59102,59104,59106,59108,59110,59112,59114,59116,59118,59120,59122,59124,59126,59128,59130,59132,59138,59140],{},[1784,59091,3766],{},[1784,59093,1857],{},[1784,59095,1868],{},[1788,59097,1863],{},[1784,59099,1857],{},[1784,59101,1860],{},[1788,59103,2357],{},[2348,59105,5356],{},[1788,59107,2637],{},[2348,59109,2678],{},[1784,59111,2270],{},[1788,59113,1863],{},[2348,59115,9189],{},[1788,59117,2371],{},[1784,59119,2270],{},[1788,59121,2357],{},[2348,59123,25832],{},[1784,59125,2270],{},[1788,59127,1863],{},[2348,59129,2882],{},[1788,59131,2357],{},[2467,59133,59134,59136],{},[1784,59135,2270],{},[1788,59137,7763],{},[1788,59139,8786],{},[2348,59141,59142],{},"20,83",[1808,59144,59145],{"encoding":1810},"LMC = MR \\Rightarrow 5 + 0{,}2 Q = 30 - Q \\Rightarrow 1{,}2 Q = 25 \\Rightarrow Q^* \\approx 20{,}83","\nCena: ",[1035,59148,59150],{"className":59149},[1772],[1774,59151,59152],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,59153,59154,59179],{},[1781,59155,59156,59162,59164,59166,59168,59170,59172,59174,59176],{},[2467,59157,59158,59160],{},[1784,59159,2264],{},[1788,59161,7763],{},[1788,59163,1863],{},[2348,59165,9189],{},[1788,59167,2371],{},[2348,59169,15984],{},[1788,59171,2267],{},[2348,59173,59142],{},[1788,59175,8786],{},[2348,59177,59178],{},"19,58",[1808,59180,59181],{"encoding":1810},"P^* = 30 - 0{,}5 \\cdot 20{,}83 \\approx 19{,}58",[1035,59183,59185],{"className":59184},[1772],[1774,59186,59187],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,59188,59189,59242],{},[1781,59190,59191,59193,59195,59197,59199,59201,59203,59205,59207,59209,59211,59213,59215,59217,59219,59221,59223,59225,59228,59230,59232,59234,59237,59239],{},[1784,59192,3766],{},[1784,59194,10292],{},[1784,59196,1868],{},[1788,59198,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,59200,59142],{},[1788,59202,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,59204,1863],{},[2348,59206,2605],{},[1784,59208,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,59210,59142],{},[1788,59212,2637],{},[2348,59214,5356],{},[1788,59216,2637],{},[2348,59218,2610],{},[1788,59220,2267],{},[2348,59222,59142],{},[1788,59224,8786],{},[2348,59226,59227],{},"4,80",[1788,59229,2637],{},[2348,59231,5356],{},[1788,59233,2637],{},[2348,59235,59236],{},"2,08",[1788,59238,8786],{},[2348,59240,59241],{},"11,88",[1808,59243,59244],{"encoding":1810},"LAC(20{,}83) = 100\u002F20{,}83 + 5 + 0{,}1 \\cdot 20{,}83 \\approx 4{,}80 + 5 + 2{,}08 \\approx 11{,}88",[1030,59246,59247,59248,59274,59275,59297,59298,1075],{},"Zde ",[1035,59249,59251],{"className":59250},[1772],[1774,59252,59253],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,59254,59255,59271],{},[1781,59256,59257,59263,59265,59267,59269],{},[2467,59258,59259,59261],{},[1784,59260,2264],{},[1788,59262,7763],{},[1788,59264,2491],{},[1784,59266,3766],{},[1784,59268,10292],{},[1784,59270,1868],{},[1808,59272,59273],{"encoding":1810},"P^* > LAC",", takže firma realizuje zisk. To by ale nebyla LR rovnováha — vstup firem by snížil poptávku, dokud by nevznikla tečnost. V LR rovnováze by tedy musela poptávka klesnout na úroveň, kde ",[1035,59276,59278],{"className":59277},[1772],[1774,59279,59280],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,59281,59282,59294],{},[1781,59283,59284,59286,59288,59290,59292],{},[1784,59285,2264],{},[1788,59287,1863],{},[1784,59289,3766],{},[1784,59291,10292],{},[1784,59293,1868],{},[1808,59295,59296],{"encoding":1810},"P = LAC"," právě v bodě, kde ",[1035,59299,59301],{"className":59300},[1772],[1774,59302,59303],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,59304,59305,59319],{},[1781,59306,59307,59309,59311,59313,59315,59317],{},[1784,59308,3766],{},[1784,59310,1857],{},[1784,59312,1868],{},[1788,59314,1863],{},[1784,59316,1857],{},[1784,59318,1860],{},[1808,59320,59321],{"encoding":1810},"LMC = MR",[4503,59323],{},[1077,59325,59327],{"id":59326},"_10-modely-monopolistické-konkurence","10. Modely monopolistické konkurence",[1030,59329,59330],{},"Existují dva hlavní teoretické přístupy:",[1260,59332,59333,59338],{},[1115,59334,59335,59337],{},[1047,59336,55861],{}," (1933) — formální duální model dvou poptávkových křivek.",[1115,59339,59340,59343],{},[1047,59341,59342],{},"Prostorová interpretace"," (Hotelling 1929, Lancaster 1966) — geometrická analýza, kde je „prostor\" metaforou pro libovolnou dimenzi diferenciace produktu.",[1030,59345,59346,59347,59350,59351,59354],{},"Oba modely se vzájemně doplňují: Chamberlin ukazuje, ",[1047,59348,59349],{},"jak vypadá rovnováha",", prostorový přístup vysvětluje, ",[1047,59352,59353],{},"odkud diferenciace pochází"," a kolik jí bude.",[4503,59356],{},[1077,59358,59360],{"id":59359},"_11-chamberlinův-model","11. Chamberlinův model",[1030,59362,59363,59366,59367,59370,59371,59374],{},[1047,59364,59365],{},"Edward H. Chamberlin"," (1899–1967) publikoval v roce 1933 knihu ",[1091,59368,59369],{},"The Theory of Monopolistic Competition",". Současně, ale nezávisle vyšla v Anglii práce Joan Robinsonové ",[1091,59372,59373],{},"The Economics of Imperfect Competition",". Obě reagovaly na zjištění, že v reálných odvětvích neexistuje ani „čistá\" dokonalá konkurence, ani monopol — vznikla potřeba modelu „mezi tím\".",[1100,59376,59378],{"id":59377},"_111-předpoklady-modelu","11.1. Předpoklady modelu",[1260,59380,59381,59387,59393],{},[1115,59382,59383,59386],{},[1047,59384,59385],{},"Velký počet firem vyrábějících diferencovaný (ale podobný) produkt",". Diferenciace je tu klíčová, ale ne tak velká, aby firmy byly nezávislé monopoly.",[1115,59388,59389,59392],{},[1047,59390,59391],{},"Rozhodovací nezávislost firem"," — firmy nehrají strategickou hru proti konkrétním rivalům (jako v oligopolu), berou své prostředí jako „atomistické\" (ostatní firmy jsou „mlha\"). Žádné explicitní ani tacitní dohody.",[1115,59394,59395,59398],{},[1047,59396,59397],{},"Nákladové a poptávkové křivky všech firem v odvětví jsou totožné"," — silný předpoklad, který umožňuje analyzovat „reprezentativní firmu\" a snadno přejít k odvětvové rovnováze, ale značně zjednodušuje realitu (ve skutečnosti se firmy liší velikostí, technologií, geografií).",[1023,59400,59402,59409],{"className":59401,"dataCallout":3501},[1026,3500],[1030,59403,59405,59408],{"className":59404},[1033],[1035,59406],{"className":59407,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,3508,1040],"Slabina Chamberlinova předpokladu rovnosti",[1030,59410,59411,59412,59415],{},"Předpoklad „totožných nákladových a poptávkových křivek\" je v reálných tržních strukturách porušen: některé firmy mají silnější značku, lepší polohu, modernější technologii. Pozdější modely (zejména ",[1047,59413,59414],{},"Lancasterův atributový model",") tento předpoklad uvolňují a pracují s heterogenními spotřebiteli i firmami.",[1100,59417,59419,59420,1062,59433],{"id":59418},"_112-dvě-poptávkové-křivky-dd-a-dd","11.2. Dvě poptávkové křivky ",[1035,59421,59423],{"className":59422},[1772],[1774,59424,59425],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,59426,59427,59431],{},[1781,59428,59429],{},[1784,59430,2328],{},[1808,59432,2328],{"encoding":1810},[1035,59434,59436],{"className":59435},[1772],[1774,59437,59438],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,59439,59440,59444],{},[1781,59441,59442],{},[1784,59443,3224],{},[1808,59445,3224],{"encoding":1810},[1030,59447,59448,59449,59452],{},"Chamberlinova klíčová inovace je ",[1047,59450,59451],{},"rozlišení dvou typů individuální poptávkové křivky",", podle toho, jaký předpoklad firma činí o reakci ostatních:",[1112,59454,59455,59496],{},[1115,59456,59457,59473,59474,59477,59478,59491,59492,59495],{},[1047,59458,59459,59472],{},[1035,59460,59462],{"className":59461},[1772],[1774,59463,59464],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,59465,59466,59470],{},[1781,59467,59468],{},[1784,59469,2328],{},[1808,59471,2328],{"encoding":1810}," („vnímaná\" poptávka)",": firma předpokládá, že ",[1047,59475,59476],{},"ostatní firmy nebudou následovat"," její cenovou změnu. Když ona snižuje cenu, ostatní zůstávají, takže firma získává podstatně víc zákazníků (přitáhne je od ostatních). Křivka ",[1035,59479,59481],{"className":59480},[1772],[1774,59482,59483],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,59484,59485,59489],{},[1781,59486,59487],{},[1784,59488,2328],{},[1808,59490,2328],{"encoding":1810}," je proto ",[1047,59493,59494],{},"vysoce elastická"," — strmá změna množství při malé změně ceny.",[1115,59497,59498,59473,59514,59517,59518,59491,59531,1075],{},[1047,59499,59500,59513],{},[1035,59501,59503],{"className":59502},[1772],[1774,59504,59505],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,59506,59507,59511],{},[1781,59508,59509],{},[1784,59510,3224],{},[1808,59512,3224],{"encoding":1810}," („skutečná\" poptávka)",[1047,59515,59516],{},"ostatní firmy budou následovat"," její cenovou změnu (konkurence se přidá ke snížení\u002Fzvýšení). Když ona snižuje cenu, ostatní také, takže relativní cena se nemění a firma získává jen svůj „díl\" z celkového nárůstu poptávky odvětví. Křivka ",[1035,59519,59521],{"className":59520},[1772],[1774,59522,59523],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,59524,59525,59529],{},[1781,59526,59527],{},[1784,59528,3224],{},[1808,59530,3224],{"encoding":1810},[1047,59532,59533],{},"mnohem méně elastická",[1030,59535,59536,59537,59567,59568,1310],{},"V grafu obě křivky procházejí stejným bodem ",[1035,59538,59540],{"className":59539},[1772],[1774,59541,59542],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,59543,59544,59564],{},[1781,59545,59546,59548,59554,59556,59562],{},[1788,59547,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2467,59549,59550,59552],{},[1784,59551,2270],{},[1788,59553,7763],{},[1788,59555,1138],{"separator":1041},[2467,59557,59558,59560],{},[1784,59559,2264],{},[1788,59561,7763],{},[1788,59563,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,59565,59566],{"encoding":1810},"(Q^*, P^*)",", protože v rovnováze je vnímaná i skutečná situace shodná. Ale ",[1047,59569,59570],{},"sklony se liší",[1112,59572,59573,59589,59605],{},[1115,59574,59575,59588],{},[1035,59576,59578],{"className":59577},[1772],[1774,59579,59580],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,59581,59582,59586],{},[1781,59583,59584],{},[1784,59585,2328],{},[1808,59587,2328],{"encoding":1810}," má malý sklon (vysoká elasticita),",[1115,59590,59591,59604],{},[1035,59592,59594],{"className":59593},[1772],[1774,59595,59596],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,59597,59598,59602],{},[1781,59599,59600],{},[1784,59601,3224],{},[1808,59603,3224],{"encoding":1810}," má větší sklon (nízká elasticita),",[1115,59606,59607,59620,59621,1075],{},[1035,59608,59610],{"className":59609},[1772],[1774,59611,59612],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,59613,59614,59618],{},[1781,59615,59616],{},[1784,59617,2328],{},[1808,59619,2328],{"encoding":1810}," rotuje kolem bodu ",[1035,59622,59624],{"className":59623},[1772],[1774,59625,59626],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,59627,59628,59648],{},[1781,59629,59630,59632,59638,59640,59646],{},[1788,59631,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2467,59633,59634,59636],{},[1784,59635,2270],{},[1788,59637,7763],{},[1788,59639,1138],{"separator":1041},[2467,59641,59642,59644],{},[1784,59643,2264],{},[1788,59645,7763],{},[1788,59647,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,59649,59566],{"encoding":1810},[1023,59651,59653,59687],{"className":59652,"dataCallout":1608},[1026,1607],[1030,59654,59656,59659,59660,59673,59674],{"className":59655},[1033],[1035,59657],{"className":59658,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1615,1040],"Intuice rozdílu ",[1035,59661,59663],{"className":59662},[1772],[1774,59664,59665],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,59666,59667,59671],{},[1781,59668,59669],{},[1784,59670,2328],{},[1808,59672,2328],{"encoding":1810}," vs ",[1035,59675,59677],{"className":59676},[1772],[1774,59678,59679],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,59680,59681,59685],{},[1781,59682,59683],{},[1784,59684,3224],{},[1808,59686,3224],{"encoding":1810},[1030,59688,59689,59690,59693,59694,59707,59708,59711,59712,59725,59726,59756],{},"Když firma uvažuje, „",[1047,59691,59692],{},"co se stane, když já jediný snížím cenu o 10 %?","\" — relevantní křivka je ",[1035,59695,59697],{"className":59696},[1772],[1774,59698,59699],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,59700,59701,59705],{},[1781,59702,59703],{},[1784,59704,2328],{},[1808,59706,2328],{"encoding":1810},", vysoce elastická (zákazníci přitečou).\nKdyž si ale firma uvědomí, že ",[1047,59709,59710],{},"konkurenti pravděpodobně okopírují"," její snížení, relevantní je ",[1035,59713,59715],{"className":59714},[1772],[1774,59716,59717],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,59718,59719,59723],{},[1781,59720,59721],{},[1784,59722,3224],{},[1808,59724,3224],{"encoding":1810},", méně elastická (poptávka stoupne jen díky růstu trhu).\nV rovnováze platí, že ",[1047,59727,59728,59729,59742,59743,2192],{},"subjektivní vnímání (",[1035,59730,59732],{"className":59731},[1772],[1774,59733,59734],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,59735,59736,59740],{},[1781,59737,59738],{},[1784,59739,2328],{},[1808,59741,2328],{"encoding":1810},") musí být konzistentní s objektivní realitou (",[1035,59744,59746],{"className":59745},[1772],[1774,59747,59748],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,59749,59750,59754],{},[1781,59751,59752],{},[1784,59753,3224],{},[1808,59755,3224],{"encoding":1810}," — což zajišťuje konvergenční mechanismus.",[1100,59758,59760],{"id":59759},"_113-rovnovážný-stav-v-krátkém-období","11.3. Rovnovážný stav v krátkém období",[1030,59762,59763],{},"V krátkém období Chamberlinova modelu firma:",[1260,59765,59766,59808,59863],{},[1115,59767,59768,59769,59787,59788,1075],{},"Pozoruje svou vnímanou poptávku ",[1035,59770,59772],{"className":59771},[1772],[1774,59773,59774],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,59775,59776,59784],{},[1781,59777,59778],{},[1792,59779,59780,59782],{},[1784,59781,2328],{},[1784,59783,1806],{},[1808,59785,59786],{"encoding":1810},"d_n"," a odvozuje ",[1035,59789,59791],{"className":59790},[1772],[1774,59792,59793],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,59794,59795,59805],{},[1781,59796,59797,59799],{},[1784,59798,1857],{},[1792,59800,59801,59803],{},[1784,59802,1860],{},[1784,59804,1806],{},[1808,59806,59807],{"encoding":1810},"MR_n",[1115,59809,59810,59811,59824,59825,1075],{},"Zvolí ",[1035,59812,59814],{"className":59813},[1772],[1774,59815,59816],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,59817,59818,59822],{},[1781,59819,59820],{},[1784,59821,2270],{},[1808,59823,2270],{"encoding":1810}," tak, aby ",[1035,59826,59828],{"className":59827},[1772],[1774,59829,59830],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,59831,59832,59860],{},[1781,59833,59834,59836,59842,59844,59846,59848,59850,59852,59854,59856,59858],{},[1784,59835,1857],{},[1792,59837,59838,59840],{},[1784,59839,1860],{},[1784,59841,1806],{},[1788,59843,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,59845,2270],{},[1788,59847,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,59849,1863],{},[1784,59851,1857],{},[1784,59853,1868],{},[1788,59855,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,59857,2270],{},[1788,59859,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,59861,59862],{"encoding":1810},"MR_n(Q) = MC(Q)",[1115,59864,59865,59866,1075],{},"Stanoví cenu ",[1035,59867,59869],{"className":59868},[1772],[1774,59870,59871],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,59872,59873,59899],{},[1781,59874,59875,59881,59883,59889,59891,59897],{},[1792,59876,59877,59879],{},[1784,59878,2264],{},[1784,59880,1806],{},[1788,59882,1863],{},[1792,59884,59885,59887],{},[1784,59886,2328],{},[1784,59888,1806],{},[1788,59890,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,59892,59893,59895],{},[1784,59894,2270],{},[1784,59896,1806],{},[1788,59898,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,59900,59901],{"encoding":1810},"P_n = d_n(Q_n)",[1030,59903,59904,59905,59922,59923,59939,59940,24775,59958,59960],{},"Když ale ostatní firmy reagují stejně (snížení své ceny), firma se ocitá nikoli v bodě, který zamýšlela na své ",[1035,59906,59908],{"className":59907},[1772],[1774,59909,59910],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,59911,59912,59920],{},[1781,59913,59914],{},[1792,59915,59916,59918],{},[1784,59917,2328],{},[1784,59919,1806],{},[1808,59921,59786],{"encoding":1810},", ale na své ",[1047,59924,59925,59926],{},"skutečné poptávce ",[1035,59927,59929],{"className":59928},[1772],[1774,59930,59931],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,59932,59933,59937],{},[1781,59934,59935],{},[1784,59936,3224],{},[1808,59938,3224],{"encoding":1810},". Tj. poptávané množství při ceně ",[1035,59941,59943],{"className":59942},[1772],[1774,59944,59945],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,59946,59947,59955],{},[1781,59948,59949],{},[1792,59950,59951,59953],{},[1784,59952,2264],{},[1784,59954,1806],{},[1808,59956,59957],{"encoding":1810},"P_n",[1047,59959,9059],{},", než firma očekávala.",[1030,59962,59963,59964,59981],{},"V grafu se to projeví tím, že křivka ",[1035,59965,59967],{"className":59966},[1772],[1774,59968,59969],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,59970,59971,59979],{},[1781,59972,59973],{},[1792,59974,59975,59977],{},[1784,59976,2328],{},[1784,59978,1806],{},[1808,59980,59786],{"encoding":1810}," se „posune vlevo\" — firma musí přehodnotit své očekávání a vnímaná poptávka klesne. Tento proces pokračuje, dokud:",[1035,59983,59985],{"className":59984},[1772],[1774,59986,59987],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,59988,59989,60079],{},[1781,59990,59991,59993,59995,60001,60003,60005,60011,60013,60019,60021,60023,60043,60045,60047,60053,60055,60061,60063,60065,60067,60069,60071,60077],{},[1784,59992,3224],{},[1788,59994,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,59996,59997,59999],{},[1784,59998,2264],{},[1784,60000,1806],{},[1788,60002,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,60004,1863],{},[1792,60006,60007,60009],{},[1784,60008,2328],{},[1784,60010,1806],{},[1788,60012,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,60014,60015,60017],{},[1784,60016,2264],{},[1784,60018,1806],{},[1788,60020,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[2352,60022],{"width":2702},[1781,60024,60025,60028,60034,60037],{},[2149,60026,60027],{},"a sou",[2160,60029,60030,60032],{"accent":1041},[2149,60031,9435],{},[1788,60033,2167],{},[2149,60035,60036],{},"asn",[2160,60038,60039,60041],{"accent":1041},[2149,60040,9309],{},[1788,60042,2167],{},[2352,60044],{"width":2702},[1784,60046,1857],{},[1792,60048,60049,60051],{},[1784,60050,1860],{},[1784,60052,1806],{},[1788,60054,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,60056,60057,60059],{},[1784,60058,2270],{},[1784,60060,1806],{},[1788,60062,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,60064,1863],{},[1784,60066,1857],{},[1784,60068,1868],{},[1788,60070,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,60072,60073,60075],{},[1784,60074,2270],{},[1784,60076,1806],{},[1788,60078,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,60080,60081],{"encoding":1810},"D(P_n) = d_n(P_n) \\quad \\text{a současně} \\quad MR_n(Q_n) = MC(Q_n)",[1030,60083,60084],{},"V tomto okamžiku je vnímaná i skutečná poptávka konzistentní a firma už nemá motivaci měnit cenu\u002Fmnožství.",[1100,60086,60088],{"id":60087},"_114-rovnováha-v-dlouhém-období","11.4. Rovnováha v dlouhém období",[1030,60090,60091,60092,60095],{},"V dlouhém období se k mechanismu krátkého období přidává ",[1047,60093,60094],{},"vstup nových firem",". Pokud firmy v SR rovnováze realizují kladný ekonomický zisk, do odvětví přicházejí nové firmy, což:",[1112,60097,60098,60118],{},[1115,60099,60100,60101,1089,60114,60117],{},"Posouvá křivku ",[1035,60102,60104],{"className":60103},[1772],[1774,60105,60106],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,60107,60108,60112],{},[1781,60109,60110],{},[1784,60111,3224],{},[1808,60113,3224],{"encoding":1810},[1047,60115,60116],{},"vlevo"," (každá firma má menší kus trhu).",[1115,60119,60120,60121,60134],{},"Současně rotuje křivku ",[1035,60122,60124],{"className":60123},[1772],[1774,60125,60126],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,60127,60128,60132],{},[1781,60129,60130],{},[1784,60131,2328],{},[1808,60133,2328],{"encoding":1810}," (více substitutů → vyšší elasticita).",[1030,60136,60137],{},"Vstup pokračuje, dokud:",[1035,60139,60141],{"className":60140},[1772],[1774,60142,60143],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,60144,60145,60249],{},[1781,60146,60147],{},[21766,60148,60149],{"notation":21768},[14390,60150,60151],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,60152,60153],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,60154,60155],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[1781,60156,60157,60159,60161,60163,60165,60187,60189,60191,60193,60207,60213,60215,60217,60219,60221,60223,60225,60227,60229,60231,60243],{},[1784,60158,2328],{},[1788,60160,1863],{},[1784,60162,10292],{},[1784,60164,1860],{},[1781,60166,60167,60170,60176,60178,60184],{},[2149,60168,60169],{}," te",[2160,60171,60172,60174],{"accent":1041},[2149,60173,9435],{},[1788,60175,2167],{},[2149,60177,1806],{},[2160,60179,60180,60182],{"accent":1041},[2149,60181,9309],{},[1788,60183,2167],{},[2149,60185,60186],{}," k ",[1784,60188,3766],{},[1784,60190,10292],{},[1784,60192,1868],{},[1781,60194,60195,60198,60204],{},[2149,60196,60197],{}," p",[2160,60199,60200,60202],{"accent":1041},[2149,60201,3794],{},[1788,60203,2167],{},[2149,60205,60206],{},"i ",[2467,60208,60209,60211],{},[1784,60210,2270],{},[1788,60212,7763],{},[2352,60214],{"width":2702},[2149,60216,1068],{},[2352,60218],{"width":2702},[1784,60220,3766],{},[1784,60222,1857],{},[1784,60224,1868],{},[1788,60226,1863],{},[1784,60228,1857],{},[1784,60230,1860],{},[1781,60232,60233,60235,60241],{},[2149,60234,60197],{},[2160,60236,60237,60239],{"accent":1041},[2149,60238,3794],{},[1788,60240,2167],{},[2149,60242,60206],{},[2467,60244,60245,60247],{},[1784,60246,2270],{},[1788,60248,7763],{},[1808,60250,60251],{"encoding":1810},"\\boxed{d = AR \\text{ tečně k } LAC \\text{ při } Q^* \\quad \\text{a} \\quad LMC = MR \\text{ při } Q^*}",[1030,60253,60254],{},"Tedy:",[1112,60256,60257,60324],{},[1115,60258,60259,60299,60300,60321,60322,1075],{},[1047,60260,60261,60262,1062,60282],{},"Tečnost ",[1035,60263,60265],{"className":60264},[1772],[1774,60266,60267],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,60268,60269,60279],{},[1781,60270,60271,60273,60275,60277],{},[1784,60272,2328],{},[1788,60274,1863],{},[1784,60276,10292],{},[1784,60278,1860],{},[1808,60280,60281],{"encoding":1810},"d = AR",[1035,60283,60285],{"className":60284},[1772],[1774,60286,60287],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,60288,60289,60297],{},[1781,60290,60291,60293,60295],{},[1784,60292,3766],{},[1784,60294,10292],{},[1784,60296,1868],{},[1808,60298,12303],{"encoding":1810}," zaručuje ",[1035,60301,60303],{"className":60302},[1772],[1774,60304,60305],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,60306,60307,60319],{},[1781,60308,60309,60311,60313,60315,60317],{},[1784,60310,2264],{},[1788,60312,1863],{},[1784,60314,3766],{},[1784,60316,10292],{},[1784,60318,1868],{},[1808,60320,59296],{"encoding":1810},", čili ",[1047,60323,52764],{},[1115,60325,60326,60299,60352,3689],{},[1047,60327,60328,60329],{},"Rovnost ",[1035,60330,60332],{"className":60331},[1772],[1774,60333,60334],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,60335,60336,60350],{},[1781,60337,60338,60340,60342,60344,60346,60348],{},[1784,60339,3766],{},[1784,60341,1857],{},[1784,60343,1868],{},[1788,60345,1863],{},[1784,60347,1857],{},[1784,60349,1860],{},[1808,60351,59321],{"encoding":1810},[1047,60353,1844],{},[1030,60355,60356,60357,60379,60380,60397,60398,56882,60422,60441,60442,1075],{},"Geometricky je ",[1035,60358,60360],{"className":60359},[1772],[1774,60361,60362],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,60363,60364,60376],{},[1781,60365,60366],{},[1792,60367,60368,60370],{},[1784,60369,2328],{},[1781,60371,60372,60374],{},[1784,60373,3766],{},[1784,60375,1860],{},[1808,60377,60378],{"encoding":1810},"d_{LR}"," tečnou ",[1035,60381,60383],{"className":60382},[1772],[1774,60384,60385],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,60386,60387,60395],{},[1781,60388,60389,60391,60393],{},[1784,60390,3766],{},[1784,60392,10292],{},[1784,60394,1868],{},[1808,60396,12303],{"encoding":1810}," v klesající části nákladové křivky, takže ",[1035,60399,60401],{"className":60400},[1772],[1774,60402,60403],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,60404,60405,60419],{},[1781,60406,60407],{},[13587,60408,60409,60411,60417],{},[1784,60410,2270],{},[1781,60412,60413,60415],{},[1784,60414,3766],{},[1784,60416,1860],{},[1788,60418,7763],{},[1808,60420,60421],{"encoding":1810},"Q^*_{LR}",[1047,60423,57705,60424],{},[1035,60425,60427],{"className":60426},[1772],[1774,60428,60429],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,60430,60431,60439],{},[1781,60432,60433,60435,60437],{},[1784,60434,3766],{},[1784,60436,10292],{},[1784,60438,1868],{},[1808,60440,12303],{"encoding":1810}," — opět ",[1047,60443,60444],{},"přebytečná kapacita",[4503,60446],{},[1077,60448,60450],{"id":60449},"_12-prostorová-interpretace-hotelling","12. Prostorová interpretace (Hotelling)",[1030,60452,60453,60456,60457,60460,60461,60464,60465,1075],{},[1047,60454,60455],{},"Harold Hotelling"," publikoval v roce 1929 článek ",[1091,60458,60459],{},"Stability in Competition",", ve kterém formuloval slavný ",[1047,60462,60463],{},"problém dvou prodavačů párků na pláži",". Tento model je geniálně jednoduchý a ilustruje hluboké principy o ",[1047,60466,60467],{},"lokaci a diferenciaci",[1100,60469,60471],{"id":60470},"_121-setup-modelu","12.1. Setup modelu",[1112,60473,60474,60480,60485,60492,60555],{},[1115,60475,60476,60479],{},[1047,60477,60478],{},"Pláž"," (lineární trh) má délku 1 (od bodu 0 do bodu 1).",[1115,60481,60482,60484],{},[1047,60483,5049],{}," jsou rovnoměrně rozloženi po celé pláži (uniformní hustota).",[1115,60486,60487,60488,60491],{},"Každý zákazník si chce koupit jeden párek a ",[1047,60489,60490],{},"kupuje u nejbližšího prodavače"," (minimalizuje pochozí náklady).",[1115,60493,60494,60495,1089,60498,1062,60511,60524,60525,1075],{},"Existují ",[1047,60496,60497],{},"dva prodavači",[1035,60499,60501],{"className":60500},[1772],[1774,60502,60503],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,60504,60505,60509],{},[1781,60506,60507],{},[1784,60508,10292],{},[1808,60510,10292],{"encoding":1810},[1035,60512,60514],{"className":60513},[1772],[1774,60515,60516],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,60517,60518,60522],{},[1781,60519,60520],{},[1784,60521,2475],{},[1808,60523,2475],{"encoding":1810},", kteří si volí umístění ",[1035,60526,60528],{"className":60527},[1772],[1774,60529,60530],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,60531,60532,60552],{},[1781,60533,60534,60536,60538,60540,60542,60544,60546,60548,60550],{},[1784,60535,1068],{},[1788,60537,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,60539,8838],{},[1788,60541,43200],{},[1788,60543,21923],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,60545,2350],{},[1788,60547,1138],{"separator":1041},[2348,60549,2374],{},[1788,60551,21948],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,60553,60554],{"encoding":1810},"a, b \\in [0, 1]",[1115,60556,60557],{},"Cena párku je shodná u obou (předpoklad pro nejjednodušší verzi).",[1100,60559,60561],{"id":60560},"_122-rovnováha-duopolu-minimální-diferenciace","12.2. Rovnováha duopolu — minimální diferenciace",[1030,60563,60564,60567],{},[1047,60565,60566],{},"Otázka",": kde se prodavači umístí?",[1030,60569,3090,60570,60583,60584,34014,60597,60610,60611,1062,60645,60658,60659,60693],{},[1035,60571,60573],{"className":60572},[1772],[1774,60574,60575],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,60576,60577,60581],{},[1781,60578,60579],{},[1784,60580,10292],{},[1808,60582,10292],{"encoding":1810}," vlevo od ",[1035,60585,60587],{"className":60586},[1772],[1774,60588,60589],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,60590,60591,60595],{},[1781,60592,60593],{},[1784,60594,2475],{},[1808,60596,2475],{"encoding":1810},[1035,60598,60600],{"className":60599},[1772],[1774,60601,60602],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,60603,60604,60608],{},[1781,60605,60606],{},[1784,60607,10292],{},[1808,60609,10292],{"encoding":1810}," obsluhuje zákazníky v ",[1035,60612,60614],{"className":60613},[1772],[1774,60615,60616],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,60617,60618,60642],{},[1781,60619,60620,60622,60624,60626,60628,60630,60632,60634,60636,60638,60640],{},[1788,60621,21923],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,60623,2350],{},[1788,60625,1138],{"separator":1041},[1788,60627,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,60629,1068],{},[1788,60631,2637],{},[1784,60633,8838],{},[1788,60635,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,60637,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,60639,4593],{},[1788,60641,21948],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,60643,60644],{"encoding":1810},"[0, (a+b)\u002F2]",[1035,60646,60648],{"className":60647},[1772],[1774,60649,60650],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,60651,60652,60656],{},[1781,60653,60654],{},[1784,60655,2475],{},[1808,60657,2475],{"encoding":1810}," zákazníky v ",[1035,60660,60662],{"className":60661},[1772],[1774,60663,60664],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,60665,60666,60690],{},[1781,60667,60668,60670,60672,60674,60676,60678,60680,60682,60684,60686,60688],{},[1788,60669,21923],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,60671,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,60673,1068],{},[1788,60675,2637],{},[1784,60677,8838],{},[1788,60679,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,60681,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,60683,4593],{},[1788,60685,1138],{"separator":1041},[2348,60687,2374],{},[1788,60689,21948],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,60691,60692],{"encoding":1810},"[(a+b)\u002F2, 1]",". Předěl je v půli vzdálenosti.",[1030,60695,60696,60697,60710,60711,60729,60730,60743,60744,24775,60747,3250,60769,1075],{},"Každý prodavač chce maximalizovat svůj počet zákazníků. Pokud je ",[1035,60698,60700],{"className":60699},[1772],[1774,60701,60702],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,60703,60704,60708],{},[1781,60705,60706],{},[1784,60707,10292],{},[1808,60709,10292],{"encoding":1810}," na pozici ",[1035,60712,60714],{"className":60713},[1772],[1774,60715,60716],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,60717,60718,60726],{},[1781,60719,60720,60722,60724],{},[1784,60721,1068],{},[1788,60723,2537],{},[2348,60725,15984],{},[1808,60727,60728],{"encoding":1810},"a \u003C 0{,}5",", může se posunout doprava a získat víc zákazníků (zachová si všechny vlevo a získá další uprostřed). Stejně tak ",[1035,60731,60733],{"className":60732},[1772],[1774,60734,60735],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,60736,60737,60741],{},[1781,60738,60739],{},[1784,60740,2475],{},[1808,60742,2475],{"encoding":1810}," zleva. ",[1047,60745,60746],{},"Jediná stabilní rovnováha",[1035,60748,60750],{"className":60749},[1772],[1774,60751,60752],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,60753,60754,60766],{},[1781,60755,60756,60758,60760,60762,60764],{},[1784,60757,1068],{},[1788,60759,1863],{},[1784,60761,8838],{},[1788,60763,1863],{},[2348,60765,15984],{},[1808,60767,60768],{"encoding":1810},"a = b = 0{,}5",[1047,60770,60771],{},"oba prodavači stojí přesně uprostřed pláže",[1023,60773,60775,60782,60796,60799],{"className":60774,"dataCallout":4153},[1026,3500],[1030,60776,60778,60781],{"className":60777},[1033],[1035,60779],{"className":60780,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,3508,1040],"Hotellingův závěr pro duopol",[1030,60783,60784,60785,60788,60789,60791,60792,60795],{},"V lineárním modelu se dvěma prodavači a uniformně rozdělenou poptávkou se prodavači ",[1047,60786,60787],{},"shluknou doprostřed",". Výrobková diferenciace je ",[1047,60790,9878],{},". To je „",[1047,60793,60794],{},"princip minimální diferenciace","\".",[1030,60797,60798],{},"Důsledky:",[1112,60800,60801,60804,60807],{},[1115,60802,60803],{},"Politické platformy dvou hlavních stran se v centristickém systému přibližují středu (medián voliče).",[1115,60805,60806],{},"Televizní kanály vysílají velmi podobné formáty.",[1115,60808,60809],{},"Restaurační řetězce v centru města jsou na sebe nalepené.",[1100,60811,60813],{"id":60812},"_123-závěry-pro-duopololigopol","12.3. Závěry pro duopol\u002Foligopol",[1030,60815,60816],{},"Souhrn:",[1112,60818,60819,60824,60830],{},[1115,60820,60821,60822,1075],{},"Výrobková diferenciace bude ",[1047,60823,9878],{},[1115,60825,60826,60827,1075],{},"Každá firma bude ",[1047,60828,60829],{},"napodobovat produkci ostatních firem",[1115,60831,60832,60833,25033,60836,60838],{},"Toto je důsledek ",[1047,60834,60835],{},"duopolu",[1047,60837,56270],{}," tržní struktury — kde si firmy vzájemně všímají.",[1100,60840,60842],{"id":60841},"_124-závěr-pro-monopolistickou-konkurenci","12.4. Závěr pro monopolistickou konkurenci",[1030,60844,60845,60847,60848,60850],{},[1047,60846,31356],{},": v monopolistické konkurenci, kde je ",[1047,60849,55953],{},", je situace jiná. Pokud bychom si představili pláž zaplněnou desítkami stánků, pak:",[1112,60852,60853,60856,60859],{},[1115,60854,60855],{},"Stánek uprostřed by měl pouze úzký kus pláže pro sebe.",[1115,60857,60858],{},"Stánek na okraji by mohl mít celou jednu polovinu pláže (od svého místa k okraji).",[1115,60860,60861,60862,60865,60866,60869],{},"Proto se prodavači budou snažit ",[1047,60863,60864],{},"rozprostřít po celé pláži"," — chodník bude ",[1047,60867,60868],{},"zaplněn stánky"," v pravidelných odstupech.",[1023,60871,60873,60880],{"className":60872,"dataCallout":4153},[1026,3500],[1030,60874,60876,60879],{"className":60875},[1033],[1035,60877],{"className":60878,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,3508,1040],"Hotellingův závěr pro monopolistickou konkurenci",[1030,60881,60882,60883,60886,60887],{},"V monopolistické konkurenci s velkým počtem firem nastává ",[1047,60884,60885],{},"maximální diferenciace",": firmy se snaží přesvědčit o jedinečnosti své produkce a najít si prostorovou (nebo atributovou) niku, kde mají co nejméně přímých sousedů. ",[1047,60888,60889],{},"Každý se snaží být co nejvíc „jiný\" než ostatní.",[1030,60891,60892,60893,60896],{},"Tento výsledek je v zásadní rozporu s naivní ekonomickou intuicí, podle které „konkurence vede k podobnosti\". V skutečnosti záleží na ",[1047,60894,60895],{},"počtu hráčů",": málo hráčů → minimální diferenciace, mnoho hráčů → maximální diferenciace.",[1100,60898,60900],{"id":60899},"_125-aplikace-prostorového-modelu","12.5. Aplikace prostorového modelu",[1030,60902,60903,60904,1310],{},"Přestože Hotelling mluvil doslova o pláži, jeho model lze aplikovat na ",[1047,60905,60906],{},"kteroukoli dimenzi diferenciace produktu",[1112,60908,60909,60915,60921,60927,60933,60939],{},[1115,60910,60911,60914],{},[1047,60912,60913],{},"Geografická lokace provozoven",": McDonald's, Subway a Burger King se vyhýbají sobě; v menším městě je často jen jeden řetězec, ve velkém městě mnoho a rozprostřou se.",[1115,60916,60917,60920],{},[1047,60918,60919],{},"Skladba pořadů v rozhlase a TV",": rozhlasové stanice se diferencují žánrově (klasika, rock, pop, hip-hop, zprávy), aby si nekonkurovaly přímo. ČRo má 3 hlavní programy, soukromé stanice cílí na úzké demografické skupiny.",[1115,60922,60923,60926],{},[1047,60924,60925],{},"Politické platformy",": v dvoustranickém systému (USA) tendence ke středu (median voter), ve vícestranickém systému (ČR, Itálie) se strany rozprostírají po politickém spektru.",[1115,60928,60929,60932],{},[1047,60930,60931],{},"Návrh produktu",": telefony s velkou obrazovkou (Samsung) vs. malou (iPhone Mini), notebooky s gaming designem vs. business designem, kávy „silné\" vs. „jemné\".",[1115,60934,60935,60938],{},[1047,60936,60937],{},"Časová dimenze",": kdy spuštít restaurant ve městě (otevírací doba, sezóna).",[1115,60940,60941,60944],{},[1047,60942,60943],{},"Kvalita\u002Fcena",": levné vs. prémiové verze stejného produktu (Skoda Fabia vs. Octavia vs. Superb).",[1030,60946,60947],{},"V Lancasterově atributovém modelu je každý produkt bod ve vícerozměrném prostoru atributů (cena, kvalita, design, funkce, značka...), spotřebitelé mají preference ve stejném prostoru a kupují produkt nejbližší svému ideálnímu bodu.",[4503,60949],{},[1077,60951,60953],{"id":60952},"_13-otázky-o-monopolistické-konkurenci","13. Otázky o monopolistické konkurenci",[1030,60955,60956],{},"Čtyři klíčové otázky, které lze pomocí výše uvedeného modelu zodpovědět:",[1260,60958,60959,60998,61016,61058],{},[1115,60960,60961,60964,60965,1062,60980,60997],{},[1047,60962,60963],{},"Pokud se trh stává konkurenčnějším, jak se to projevuje na ceně a výstupu?","\nOdpověď: roste počet firem → klesá individuální poptávka → klesá cena (přiblíží se ",[1035,60966,60968],{"className":60967},[1772],[1774,60969,60970],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,60971,60972,60978],{},[1781,60973,60974,60976],{},[1784,60975,1857],{},[1784,60977,1868],{},[1808,60979,11135],{"encoding":1810},[1035,60981,60983],{"className":60982},[1772],[1774,60984,60985],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,60986,60987,60995],{},[1781,60988,60989,60991,60993],{},[1784,60990,3766],{},[1784,60992,10292],{},[1784,60994,1868],{},[1808,60996,12303],{"encoding":1810},") → klesá Q jednotlivé firmy, ale roste celkové Q odvětví. V limitě (nekonečně mnoho firem) se monopolistická konkurence asymptoticky blíží dokonalé konkurenci.",[1115,60999,61000,61003,61004,61007,61008,61011,61012,61015],{},[1047,61001,61002],{},"Existuje možnost, jak regulovat monopolistickou konkurenci?","\nOdpověď: typicky ",[1047,61005,61006],{},"ne přímo",". Monopolistická konkurence není sociálně neefektivní v takové míře, aby vyžadovala regulaci ceny (jako u monopolu). Existují ale ",[1047,61009,61010],{},"regulace reklamy"," (zákaz klamavé reklamy, povinné značení) a ",[1047,61013,61014],{},"regulace kvality"," (potraviny, léky), které snižují náklady mrtvé váhy z asymetrie informací. Antimonopolní úřady se monopolistickou konkurencí téměř nezabývají; jejich pozornost patří oligopolu a monopolu.",[1115,61017,61018,61021,61022,61024,61025,61057],{},[1047,61019,61020],{},"Jaký je obecný stupeň monopolní síly?","\nOdpověď: monopolní síla je ",[1047,61023,21342],{},". Lerner index ",[1035,61026,61028],{"className":61027},[1772],[1774,61029,61030],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,61031,61032,61054],{},[1781,61033,61034,61036,61038,61040,61042,61044,61046,61048,61050,61052],{},[1784,61035,3766],{},[1788,61037,1863],{},[1788,61039,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,61041,2264],{},[1788,61043,2371],{},[1784,61045,1857],{},[1784,61047,1868],{},[1788,61049,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,61051,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,61053,2264],{},[1808,61055,61056],{"encoding":1810},"L = (P - MC)\u002FP"," se v monopolistické konkurenci pohybuje typicky v rozmezí 5–15 %, kdežto u monopolu může být 30–50 % a víc. Konkrétní hodnota závisí na elasticitě individuální poptávky, která zase závisí na intenzitě diferenciace.",[1115,61059,61060,61063,61064,61067,61068,61083,61084,61087],{},[1047,61061,61062],{},"Proč se vlastně snažit o diferenciaci produktu? Jakou to má výhodu?","\nOdpověď: diferenciace dává firmě ",[1047,61065,61066],{},"kus klesající poptávkové křivky"," — možnost stanovit cenu nad ",[1035,61069,61071],{"className":61070},[1772],[1774,61072,61073],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,61074,61075,61081],{},[1781,61076,61077,61079],{},[1784,61078,1857],{},[1784,61080,1868],{},[1808,61082,11135],{"encoding":1810}," a realizovat alespoň krátkodobý ekonomický zisk. V dlouhém období sice vstup firem zisk eliminuje, ale ",[1047,61085,61086],{},"firma bez diferenciace by neměla žádný kus"," — byla by bezvýznamným cenovým příjemcem v dokonalé konkurenci. Diferenciace je tedy investice do dočasné tržní síly, která se „opotřebovává\" konvergencí k LR rovnováze a vyžaduje neustálou údržbu (reklama, inovace).",[4503,61089],{},[1077,61091,61093],{"id":61092},"_14-ekonomické-náklady-diferenciace","14. Ekonomické náklady diferenciace",[1030,61095,61096,61097,61100],{},"Diferenciace produktu ",[1047,61098,61099],{},"nepřichází zadarmo",". Firmy investují obrovské částky do:",[1112,61102,61103,61109,61115,61121],{},[1115,61104,61105,61108],{},[1047,61106,61107],{},"Reklamy",": TV spoty, tiskové kampaně, sponzorství, PPC reklama na Google a Meta.",[1115,61110,61111,61114],{},[1047,61112,61113],{},"Designu",": vzhled obalu, ergonomie produktu, vizuální identita značky.",[1115,61116,61117,61120],{},[1047,61118,61119],{},"Vývoje jedinečnosti",": R&D, patenty, technologické odlišnosti.",[1115,61122,61123,61126],{},[1047,61124,61125],{},"Distribuce",": exkluzivní kanály, vlastní prodejny, prémiové polohy.",[1030,61128,61129,61130,61150,61151,61154],{},"Tyto náklady ",[1047,61131,61132,61133],{},"vstupují do ",[1035,61134,61136],{"className":61135},[1772],[1774,61137,61138],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,61139,61140,61148],{},[1781,61141,61142,61144,61146],{},[1784,61143,3766],{},[1784,61145,10292],{},[1784,61147,1868],{},[1808,61149,12303],{"encoding":1810}," firmy a v dlouhodobé rovnováze se promítají do ",[1047,61152,61153],{},"vyšší ceny pro spotřebitele",". Platí přitom zásada:",[1082,61156,61157],{},[1030,61158,61159,61160,1075],{},"Náklady diferenciace ",[1047,61161,61162],{},"hradí zákazníci, kteří ji nejvíce vyžadují",[1030,61164,61165],{},"Tj. diferenciace je v zásadě dobrovolný „daňový\" mechanismus: spotřebitelé, kteří chtějí „značku\" nebo „styl\", platí prémii. Spotřebitelé, kterým by stačila generika, mohou (v principu) volit privátní značky nebo neznačkové alternativy a touto prémií se vyhnout.",[1023,61167,61169,61176,61179,61193],{"className":61168,"dataCallout":25986},[1026,25985],[1030,61170,61172,61175],{"className":61171},[1033],[1035,61173],{"className":61174,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,25993,1040],"Generika vs. značky",[1030,61177,61178],{},"V lékárně si spotřebitel může vybrat:",[1112,61180,61181,61187],{},[1115,61182,61183,61186],{},[1047,61184,61185],{},"Originální Aspirin"," (Bayer) za 90 Kč,",[1115,61188,61189,61192],{},[1047,61190,61191],{},"Generický kyselina acetylsalicylová"," (Generica) za 30 Kč.",[1030,61194,61195],{},"Účinná látka je identická, výrobní náklady téměř stejné. Rozdíl 60 Kč je „prémie za značku\" — náklady na reklamu, distribuci, prestigi — kterou hradí ti spotřebitelé, kteří značku preferují. Generika představují způsob, jak se diferenciace vyhnout.",[4503,61197],{},[1077,61199,61201],{"id":61200},"_15-spotřebitelské-preference-a-reklama","15. Spotřebitelské preference a reklama",[1030,61203,61204,61205,1062,61208,1075],{},"Filozofická debata o roli reklamy v ekonomice je formulována kontrastem mezi ",[1047,61206,61207],{},"Adamem Smithem",[1047,61209,61210],{},"Johnem Kennethem Galbraithem",[1100,61212,61214],{"id":61213},"_151-adam-smith-tradiční-sekvence","15.1. Adam Smith — tradiční sekvence",[1030,61216,61217],{},"V tradiční ekonomické teorii (Smith, neoklasici) je sled rozhodování následující:",[1260,61219,61220,61226,61232],{},[1115,61221,61222,61225],{},[1047,61223,61224],{},"Spotřebitel"," (svobodný, racionální, suverén) má dané preference.",[1115,61227,61228,61231],{},[1047,61229,61230],{},"Producent"," sleduje poptávku a snaží se ji uspokojit.",[1115,61233,61234],{},"Trh propojuje obě strany prostřednictvím cenového mechanismu.",[1030,61236,61237,61238,61241,61242,61245],{},"V této sekvenci je ",[1047,61239,61240],{},"spotřebitel král"," — výrobce je pasivním vykonavatelem jeho přání. Reklama, pokud existuje, je čistě ",[1047,61243,61244],{},"informační"," (sděluje, jaké produkty existují a za jakou cenu).",[1100,61247,61249],{"id":61248},"_152-john-kenneth-galbraith-revidovaná-sekvence","15.2. John Kenneth Galbraith — revidovaná sekvence",[1030,61251,61252,61253,61256,61257,1310],{},"Galbraith ve své knize ",[1091,61254,61255],{},"The New Industrial State"," (1967) tvrdí, že v moderní ekonomice s velkými korporacemi je ",[1047,61258,61259],{},"sekvence obrácená",[1260,61261,61262,61275,61285],{},[1115,61263,61264,61267,61268,1062,61271,61274],{},[1047,61265,61266],{},"Korporace"," rozhodne, ",[1047,61269,61270],{},"které výrobky jsou nejlevnější",[1047,61272,61273],{},"nejvýhodnější z hlediska výroby"," (např. produkty s nejvyššími maržemi nebo s nejvyšším využitím existujících kapacit).",[1115,61276,61277,61280,61281,61284],{},[1047,61278,61279],{},"Reklamou a dalšími prostředky propagace"," (PR, sponzoring, ovlivňování vkusu) pak ",[1047,61282,61283],{},"vytvoří poptávku"," po těchto výrobcích.",[1115,61286,61287],{},"Spotřebitel reaguje na vytvořenou poptávku jako kdyby byla jeho původním přáním.",[1030,61289,61290,61291,61294],{},"V této sekvenci je spotřebitel ",[1047,61292,61293],{},"manipulován"," — jeho preference nejsou autonomní, ale produkt korporátního marketingu. Suverenita spotřebitele je iluze.",[1100,61296,61298],{"id":61297},"_153-důsledky-pro-analýzu-monopolistické-konkurence","15.3. Důsledky pro analýzu monopolistické konkurence",[1030,61300,61301,61302,61305],{},"V monopolistické konkurenci je ",[1047,61303,61304],{},"reklama klíčový strategický nástroj"," — bez ní by firma neměla žádnou diferenciaci. Pokud přijmeme Galbraithovu kritiku, znamená to, že:",[1112,61307,61308,61318,61323],{},[1115,61309,61310,61313,61314,61317],{},[1047,61311,61312],{},"Diferenciace produktů je často umělá"," (zubní pasty, prací prášky) a ",[1047,61315,61316],{},"vytvořená marketingem",", nikoli skutečnými spotřebitelskými potřebami.",[1115,61319,61320,61322],{},[1047,61321,51403],{}," jsou pak ještě vyšší, než modeluje standardní teorie, protože spotřebitelé platí prémii za „diferenciaci\", kterou by sami nikdy nehledali.",[1115,61324,61325,61328],{},[1047,61326,61327],{},"Společenský přínos"," monopolistické konkurence je menší, než by naznačoval pouhý model — část „diverzity produktu\" je iluzorní.",[1023,61330,61332,61339],{"className":61331,"dataCallout":2090},[1026,2089],[1030,61333,61335,61338],{"className":61334},[1033],[1035,61336],{"className":61337,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,2097,1040],"Galbraith vs. Hayek",[1030,61340,61341,61342,61345],{},"Galbraithova kritika je ale kontroverzní. Friedrich Hayek a další zastánci suverenity spotřebitele namítali, že ",[1047,61343,61344],{},"spotřebitel není pasivní obětí reklamy"," — má svobodu volby a odpovědnost. Reklama není všemocná: kdyby byla, neexistovaly by tržní propady značek (Kodak, Nokia) ani nečekané úspěchy nových značek. Reálná dynamika je někde mezi extrémy.",[1030,61347,61348,61349,1075],{},"Pro detailnější rozbor tohoto sporu o motivaci firem (zisk vs. velikost vs. management) viz ",[1068,61350,61352],{"className":61351,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1662,"href":1663},[1071],"alternativní cíle firmy",[4503,61354],{},[1077,61356,61358],{"id":61357},"_16-empirické-příklady-monopolistické-konkurence","16. Empirické příklady monopolistické konkurence",[1030,61360,61361],{},"Pro lepší ukotvení teorie shrnujeme několik typických empirických příkladů monopolistické konkurence:",[1112,61363,61364,61370,61376,61382,61388,61394,61400],{},[1115,61365,61366,61369],{},[1047,61367,61368],{},"Restaurace v Praze a Brně",": stovky podniků, každá s vlastním stylem, kuchyní, polohou. CR4 odhadem 5–10 %, HHI velmi nízký. Volný vstup (otevřít restauraci je administrativně náročné, ale ne ekonomicky nemožné).",[1115,61371,61372,61375],{},[1047,61373,61374],{},"Knihy a vydavatelství",": každý titul je jedinečný, ale formát (paperback, hardcover, e-book) je standardizovaný. Velké vydavatelství (Albatros, Euromedia) má významnější podíl, ale je tu i mnoho malých.",[1115,61377,61378,61381],{},[1047,61379,61380],{},"Lokální farmáři a řemeslníci",": trhy s domácími potravinami, řemeslné výrobky, designové studio. Diferenciace je přirozená a autentická.",[1115,61383,61384,61387],{},[1047,61385,61386],{},"Software-as-a-Service",": CRM systémy (Salesforce, HubSpot, Pipedrive, Zoho), e-mailing (Mailchimp, ConvertKit, Brevo), kancelářské nástroje (Notion, Coda, ClickUp). Funkčně podobné, ale každý cílí na jinou niku\u002FUX.",[1115,61389,61390,61393],{},[1047,61391,61392],{},"Móda a oblečení",": každá značka má vlastní styl, ale technicky jsou produkty zaměnitelné. CR4 je v některých kategoriích vysoký (sportovní obuv: Nike + Adidas + Puma + New Balance), v jiných nízký (běžné textilie).",[1115,61395,61396,61399],{},[1047,61397,61398],{},"Kavárny",": Starbucks vs. nezávislé podniky vs. řetězce (Costa). V centru velkého města klasický příklad monopolistické konkurence.",[1115,61401,61402,61405],{},[1047,61403,61404],{},"Aplikace a mobilní hry",": Apple Store \u002F Google Play obsahují stovky tisíc aplikací, malá tržní síla jednotlivého vývojáře, volný vstup, diferenciace funkce + designem.",[1030,61407,61408,61409,1310],{},"Naopak ",[1047,61410,61411],{},"NEjsou monopolistickou konkurencí",[1112,61413,61414,61420,61426,61431],{},[1115,61415,61416,61419],{},[1047,61417,61418],{},"Energetika"," (oligopol\u002Fregulovaný monopol): ČEZ, E.ON, PRE.",[1115,61421,61422,61425],{},[1047,61423,61424],{},"Telekomunikace"," (oligopol): O2, T-Mobile, Vodafone.",[1115,61427,61428,61430],{},[1047,61429,25509],{}," (regulovaný monopol\u002Foligopol): ČD + RegioJet + Leo Express.",[1115,61432,61433,61436],{},[1047,61434,61435],{},"Léčiva s patenty"," (dočasný monopol).",[4503,61438],{},[1077,61440,61442],{"id":61441},"_17-vztah-ke-zkoušce","17. Vztah ke zkoušce",[1030,61444,61445,61446,61449,61450,61454],{},"Monopolistická konkurence je opakující se téma písemné i ústní zkoušky kurzu ",[1068,61447,1682],{"className":61448,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1680,"href":1681},[1071],". Ze sady ",[1068,61451,61453],{"className":61452,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":4279,"href":4280},[1071],"vzorových zkoušek"," je relevantní zejména:",[1112,61456,61457,61649,61655,61687],{},[1115,61458,61459,61462,61463],{},[1047,61460,61461],{},"Zkouška S13, otázka β.2",": „Zachyťte graficky, jaký rozdíl v elasticitě poptávky u monopolistické konkurence při optimu firmy v krátkém a dlouhém období.\" Klíčem je ukázat, že:\n",[1112,61464,61465,61520,61582],{},[1115,61466,61467,61468,61489,61490,1075],{},"V SR je ",[1035,61469,61471],{"className":61470},[1772],[1774,61472,61473],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,61474,61475,61487],{},[1781,61476,61477],{},[1792,61478,61479,61481],{},[1784,61480,3224],{},[1781,61482,61483,61485],{},[1784,61484,3212],{},[1784,61486,1860],{},[1808,61488,56831],{"encoding":1810}," klesající a optimum ",[1035,61491,61493],{"className":61492},[1772],[1774,61494,61495],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,61496,61497,61517],{},[1781,61498,61499,61501,61511,61513,61515],{},[1784,61500,1857],{},[1792,61502,61503,61505],{},[1784,61504,1860],{},[1781,61506,61507,61509],{},[1784,61508,3212],{},[1784,61510,1860],{},[1788,61512,1863],{},[1784,61514,1857],{},[1784,61516,1868],{},[1808,61518,61519],{"encoding":1810},"MR_{SR} = MC",[1115,61521,61522,61523,60379,61544,61561,61562,61564,61565,1075],{},"V LR je ",[1035,61524,61526],{"className":61525},[1772],[1774,61527,61528],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,61529,61530,61542],{},[1781,61531,61532],{},[1792,61533,61534,61536],{},[1784,61535,3224],{},[1781,61537,61538,61540],{},[1784,61539,3766],{},[1784,61541,1860],{},[1808,61543,57579],{"encoding":1810},[1035,61545,61547],{"className":61546},[1772],[1774,61548,61549],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,61550,61551,61559],{},[1781,61552,61553,61555,61557],{},[1784,61554,3766],{},[1784,61556,10292],{},[1784,61558,1868],{},[1808,61560,12303],{"encoding":1810}," → musí být ",[1047,61563,40727],{}," (méně elastická) v okolí optima, protože tečnost vyžaduje shodu sklonu s ",[1035,61566,61568],{"className":61567},[1772],[1774,61569,61570],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,61571,61572,61580],{},[1781,61573,61574,61576,61578],{},[1784,61575,3766],{},[1784,61577,10292],{},[1784,61579,1868],{},[1808,61581,12303],{"encoding":1810},[1115,61583,61584,61587,61588,61605,61606,1075],{},[1047,61585,61586],{},"POZOR",": některé učebnice tvrdí naopak — že LR poptávka je elastičtější (víc substitutů). Konzistence sklonů s ",[1035,61589,61591],{"className":61590},[1772],[1774,61592,61593],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,61594,61595,61603],{},[1781,61596,61597,61599,61601],{},[1784,61598,3766],{},[1784,61600,10292],{},[1784,61602,1868],{},[1808,61604,12303],{"encoding":1810}," ale tlačí jiným směrem; přednáška argumentuje, že ",[1047,61607,61608,61609,61630,61631,61648],{},"sklon ",[1035,61610,61612],{"className":61611},[1772],[1774,61613,61614],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,61615,61616,61628],{},[1781,61617,61618],{},[1792,61619,61620,61622],{},[1784,61621,3224],{},[1781,61623,61624,61626],{},[1784,61625,3766],{},[1784,61627,1860],{},[1808,61629,57579],{"encoding":1810}," se přizpůsobuje sklonu ",[1035,61632,61634],{"className":61633},[1772],[1774,61635,61636],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,61637,61638,61646],{},[1781,61639,61640,61642,61644],{},[1784,61641,3766],{},[1784,61643,10292],{},[1784,61645,1868],{},[1808,61647,12303],{"encoding":1810}," v bodě tečnosti",[1115,61650,61651,61654],{},[1047,61652,61653],{},"Otázky na CR4 a HHI",": numerické příklady výpočtu, klasifikace odvětví, srovnání obou indexů.",[1115,61656,61657,61659,61660,61686],{},[1047,61658,55861],{},": nakreslit grafy SR a LR rovnováhy, vyznačit body ",[1035,61661,61663],{"className":61662},[1772],[1774,61664,61665],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,61666,61667,61683],{},[1781,61668,61669,61675,61677],{},[2467,61670,61671,61673],{},[1784,61672,2270],{},[1788,61674,7763],{},[1788,61676,1138],{"separator":1041},[2467,61678,61679,61681],{},[1784,61680,2264],{},[1788,61682,7763],{},[1808,61684,61685],{"encoding":1810},"Q^*, P^*",", oblast zisku\u002Fztráty, podmínky tečnosti.",[1115,61688,61689,61692],{},[1047,61690,61691],{},"Hotellingův model",": závěry pro duopol vs. monopolistickou konkurenci, princip minimální vs. maximální diferenciace.",[1030,61694,61695,61696,1062,61700,1075],{},"Pro další procvičování viz ",[1068,61697,61699],{"className":61698,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1832,"href":1833},[1071],"přehled vzorců a definic",[1068,61701,61703],{"className":61702,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":4279,"href":4280},[1071],"vzorové zkoušky",[4503,61705],{},[1077,61707,61709],{"id":61708},"_18-souhrnné-srovnání-tržních-struktur","18. Souhrnné srovnání tržních struktur",[1030,61711,61712],{},"Pro úplnost uvádíme srovnávací tabulku všech čtyř hlavních tržních struktur, do které monopolistickou konkurenci zařazujeme:",[1153,61714,61715,61730],{},[1156,61716,61717],{},[1159,61718,61719,61721,61723,61725,61728],{},[1162,61720,35101],{},[1162,61722,58282],{},[1162,61724,7013],{},[1162,61726,61727],{},"Oligopol",[1162,61729,43432],{},[1172,61731,61732,61749,61765,61780,61795,61846,61963,61976,61989,62051,62067],{},[1159,61733,61734,61737,61740,61743,61746],{},[1177,61735,61736],{},"Počet firem",[1177,61738,61739],{},"velmi mnoho",[1177,61741,61742],{},"mnoho",[1177,61744,61745],{},"málo (2–10)",[1177,61747,61748],{},"jedna",[1159,61750,61751,61753,61756,61759,61762],{},[1177,61752,17353],{},[1177,61754,61755],{},"homogenní",[1177,61757,61758],{},"diferencovaný",[1177,61760,61761],{},"homogenní nebo diferencovaný",[1177,61763,61764],{},"jedinečný",[1159,61766,61767,61769,61772,61774,61777],{},[1177,61768,2238],{},[1177,61770,61771],{},"žádné",[1177,61773,9878],{},[1177,61775,61776],{},"významné",[1177,61778,61779],{},"velké\u002Fblokující",[1159,61781,61782,61785,61787,61789,61792],{},[1177,61783,61784],{},"Tržní síla",[1177,61786,56688],{},[1177,61788,21342],{},[1177,61790,61791],{},"značná",[1177,61793,61794],{},"velká",[1159,61796,61797,61813,61837,61840,61843],{},[1177,61798,61799,61800],{},"Sklon individuální ",[1035,61801,61803],{"className":61802},[1772],[1774,61804,61805],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,61806,61807,61811],{},[1781,61808,61809],{},[1784,61810,3224],{},[1808,61812,3224],{"encoding":1810},[1177,61814,61815,61816,2192],{},"vodorovný (",[1035,61817,61819],{"className":61818},[1772],[1774,61820,61821],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,61822,61823,61834],{},[1781,61824,61825,61828,61830,61832],{},[1784,61826,61827],{},"ε",[1788,61829,1863],{},[1788,61831,2371],{},[1784,61833,21408],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,61835,61836],{"encoding":1810},"\\varepsilon = -\\infty",[1177,61838,61839],{},"klesající (vysoce elastický)",[1177,61841,61842],{},"klesající",[1177,61844,61845],{},"klesající (méně elastický)",[1159,61847,61848,61879,61900,61921,61942],{},[1177,61849,26838,61850,1062,61863,61878],{},[1035,61851,61853],{"className":61852},[1772],[1774,61854,61855],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,61856,61857,61861],{},[1781,61858,61859],{},[1784,61860,2264],{},[1808,61862,2264],{"encoding":1810},[1035,61864,61866],{"className":61865},[1772],[1774,61867,61868],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,61869,61870,61876],{},[1781,61871,61872,61874],{},[1784,61873,1857],{},[1784,61875,1868],{},[1808,61877,11135],{"encoding":1810}," v LR",[1177,61880,61881],{},[1035,61882,61884],{"className":61883},[1772],[1774,61885,61886],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,61887,61888,61898],{},[1781,61889,61890,61892,61894,61896],{},[1784,61891,2264],{},[1788,61893,1863],{},[1784,61895,1857],{},[1784,61897,1868],{},[1808,61899,7608],{"encoding":1810},[1177,61901,61902],{},[1035,61903,61905],{"className":61904},[1772],[1774,61906,61907],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,61908,61909,61919],{},[1781,61910,61911,61913,61915,61917],{},[1784,61912,2264],{},[1788,61914,2491],{},[1784,61916,1857],{},[1784,61918,1868],{},[1808,61920,7656],{"encoding":1810},[1177,61922,61923],{},[1035,61924,61926],{"className":61925},[1772],[1774,61927,61928],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,61929,61930,61940],{},[1781,61931,61932,61934,61936,61938],{},[1784,61933,2264],{},[1788,61935,2491],{},[1784,61937,1857],{},[1784,61939,1868],{},[1808,61941,7656],{"encoding":1810},[1177,61943,61944],{},[1035,61945,61947],{"className":61946},[1772],[1774,61948,61949],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,61950,61951,61961],{},[1781,61952,61953,61955,61957,61959],{},[1784,61954,2264],{},[1788,61956,2491],{},[1784,61958,1857],{},[1784,61960,1868],{},[1808,61962,7656],{"encoding":1810},[1159,61964,61965,61967,61969,61971,61974],{},[1177,61966,58396],{},[1177,61968,58399],{},[1177,61970,58399],{},[1177,61972,61973],{},"(může být) kladný",[1177,61975,58406],{},[1159,61977,61978,61980,61983,61985,61987],{},[1177,61979,51396],{},[1177,61981,61982],{},"nulová",[1177,61984,58385],{},[1177,61986,58388],{},[1177,61988,61794],{},[1159,61990,61991,61994,62022,62025,62028],{},[1177,61992,61993],{},"Modelové nástroje",[1177,61995,61996],{},[1035,61997,61999],{"className":61998},[1772],[1774,62000,62001],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,62002,62003,62019],{},[1781,62004,62005,62007,62009,62011,62013,62015,62017],{},[1784,62006,2264],{},[1788,62008,1863],{},[1784,62010,1857],{},[1784,62012,1860],{},[1788,62014,1863],{},[1784,62016,1857],{},[1784,62018,1868],{},[1808,62020,62021],{"encoding":1810},"P = MR = MC",[1177,62023,62024],{},"Chamberlin, Hotelling",[1177,62026,62027],{},"Cournot, Stackelberg, Bertrand",[1177,62029,62030],{},[1035,62031,62033],{"className":62032},[1772],[1774,62034,62035],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,62036,62037,62049],{},[1781,62038,62039,62041,62043,62045,62047],{},[1784,62040,1857],{},[1784,62042,1860],{},[1788,62044,1863],{},[1784,62046,1857],{},[1784,62048,1868],{},[1808,62050,1871],{"encoding":1810},[1159,62052,62053,62056,62059,62062,62065],{},[1177,62054,62055],{},"CR4 typicky",[1177,62057,62058],{},"0–10 %",[1177,62060,62061],{},"0–40 %",[1177,62063,62064],{},"40–100 %",[1177,62066,56247],{},[1159,62068,62069,62072,62075,62078,62081],{},[1177,62070,62071],{},"HHI typicky",[1177,62073,62074],{},"\u003C 500",[1177,62076,62077],{},"\u003C 1 500",[1177,62079,62080],{},"1 500–6 000",[1177,62082,62083],{},"> 6 000",[1030,62085,62086,62087,1299,62090,1299,62093,1062,62097,1075],{},"Kompletní rozbor jednotlivých struktur viz ",[1068,62088,83],{"className":62089,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1876,"href":1877},[1071],[1068,62091,43405],{"className":62092,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":7244,"href":7245},[1071],[1068,62094,62096],{"className":62095,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":50627,"href":50628},[1071],"oligopol Cournot\u002FStackelberg",[1068,62098,62100],{"className":62099,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":55932,"href":55933},[1071],"cenový vůdce a kartel",[4503,62102],{},[1077,62104,62106],{"id":62105},"_19-závěr","19. Závěr",[1030,62108,62109,62110,62113],{},"Monopolistická konkurence je ",[1047,62111,62112],{},"nejčastější tržní struktura"," v moderní ekonomice — pokrývá maloobchod, restauratérství, služby, software, kulturní průmysl. Její formální analýza vyžaduje složitější aparát než dokonalá konkurence (kvůli klesající individuální poptávce) i než monopol (kvůli volnému vstupu firem). Klíčové výsledky modelu jsou:",[1260,62115,62116,62134,62182,62205,62230,62233,62265,62270,62276],{},[1115,62117,62118,62119,1075],{},"V krátkém období může firma realizovat zisk i ztrátu, podle vztahu ceny a ",[1035,62120,62122],{"className":62121},[1772],[1774,62123,62124],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,62125,62126,62132],{},[1781,62127,62128,62130],{},[1784,62129,10292],{},[1784,62131,1868],{},[1808,62133,23305],{"encoding":1810},[1115,62135,62136,62137,62164,62165,1075],{},"V dlouhém období volný vstup tlačí ekonomický zisk k nule: ",[1035,62138,62140],{"className":62139},[1772],[1774,62141,62142],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,62143,62144,62162],{},[1781,62145,62146,62148,62150,62152,62154,62156,62158,62160],{},[1784,62147,3766],{},[1784,62149,10292],{},[1784,62151,1868],{},[1788,62153,1863],{},[1784,62155,10292],{},[1784,62157,1860],{},[1788,62159,1863],{},[1784,62161,2264],{},[1808,62163,55857],{"encoding":1810},", individuální poptávka je tečnou ",[1035,62166,62168],{"className":62167},[1772],[1774,62169,62170],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,62171,62172,62180],{},[1781,62173,62174,62176,62178],{},[1784,62175,3766],{},[1784,62177,10292],{},[1784,62179,1868],{},[1808,62181,12303],{"encoding":1810},[1115,62183,62184,62185,4752,62202,62204],{},"Firma vyrábí v LR vlevo od minima ",[1035,62186,62188],{"className":62187},[1772],[1774,62189,62190],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,62191,62192,62200],{},[1781,62193,62194,62196,62198],{},[1784,62195,3766],{},[1784,62197,10292],{},[1784,62199,1868],{},[1808,62201,12303],{"encoding":1810},[1047,62203,60444],{}," → výrobní neefektivnost.",[1115,62206,62207,62226,62227,1075],{},[1035,62208,62210],{"className":62209},[1772],[1774,62211,62212],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,62213,62214,62224],{},[1781,62215,62216,62218,62220,62222],{},[1784,62217,2264],{},[1788,62219,2491],{},[1784,62221,1857],{},[1784,62223,1868],{},[1808,62225,7656],{"encoding":1810}," → existují náklady mrtvé váhy, ale ",[1047,62228,62229],{},"menší než u monopolu",[1115,62231,62232],{},"Diverzita produktu je benefit, který může (částečně) kompenzovat výrobní a alokační neefektivnost.",[1115,62234,62235,62237,62238,1062,62251,62264],{},[1047,62236,55861],{}," s dvojicí poptávkových křivek ",[1035,62239,62241],{"className":62240},[1772],[1774,62242,62243],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,62244,62245,62249],{},[1781,62246,62247],{},[1784,62248,2328],{},[1808,62250,2328],{"encoding":1810},[1035,62252,62254],{"className":62253},[1772],[1774,62255,62256],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,62257,62258,62262],{},[1781,62259,62260],{},[1784,62261,3224],{},[1808,62263,3224],{"encoding":1810}," formalizuje rovnovážný proces.",[1115,62266,62267,62269],{},[1047,62268,59342],{}," Hotellinga ukazuje, že počet hráčů určuje stupeň diferenciace: málo hráčů → minimální, mnoho hráčů → maximální.",[1115,62271,62272,62275],{},[1047,62273,62274],{},"CR4 a HHI"," jsou empirické nástroje pro klasifikaci tržních struktur; HHI je informačně bohatší.",[1115,62277,62278,62279,62282],{},"Reklama hraje v monopolistické konkurenci klíčovou roli — je hlavním nástrojem diferenciace, a její role je předmětem ",[1047,62280,62281],{},"filozofického sporu"," mezi Smithem (suverenita spotřebitele) a Galbraithem (revidovaná sekvence).",[1030,62284,62285,62286,1062,62290,62294,62295,1062,62298,1075],{},"Pro pochopení, jak se monopolistická konkurence liší od oligopolu (kde si firmy strategicky všímají), pokračujte na ",[1068,62287,62289],{"className":62288,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":50627,"href":50628},[1071],"oligopolní modely",[1068,62291,62293],{"className":62292,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":55932,"href":55933},[1071],"cenového vůdce\u002Fkartel",". Pro hlubší rozbor monopolu (DWL, cenová diskriminace, regulace) viz ",[1068,62296,55919],{"className":62297,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1876,"href":1877},[1071],[1068,62299,55924],{"className":62300,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":7244,"href":7245},[1071],{"title":1685,"searchDepth":141,"depth":141,"links":62302},[62303,62304,62305,62310,62311,62312,62313,62314,62319,62320,62321,62328,62335,62336,62337,62342,62343,62344,62345],{"id":55939,"depth":141,"text":55940},{"id":56015,"depth":141,"text":56016},{"id":56083,"depth":141,"text":56084,"children":62306},[62307,62308,62309],{"id":56109,"depth":96,"text":56110},{"id":56286,"depth":96,"text":56287},{"id":56654,"depth":96,"text":56655},{"id":56731,"depth":141,"text":56732},{"id":56788,"depth":141,"text":56789},{"id":57303,"depth":141,"text":57304},{"id":57826,"depth":141,"text":57827},{"id":58149,"depth":141,"text":58150,"children":62315},[62316,62317,62318],{"id":58156,"depth":96,"text":58157},{"id":58204,"depth":96,"text":58205},{"id":58262,"depth":96,"text":58263},{"id":58411,"depth":141,"text":58412},{"id":59326,"depth":141,"text":59327},{"id":59359,"depth":141,"text":59360,"children":62322},[62323,62324,62326,62327],{"id":59377,"depth":96,"text":59378},{"id":59418,"depth":96,"text":62325},"11.2. Dvě poptávkové křivky dd a DD",{"id":59759,"depth":96,"text":59760},{"id":60087,"depth":96,"text":60088},{"id":60449,"depth":141,"text":60450,"children":62329},[62330,62331,62332,62333,62334],{"id":60470,"depth":96,"text":60471},{"id":60560,"depth":96,"text":60561},{"id":60812,"depth":96,"text":60813},{"id":60841,"depth":96,"text":60842},{"id":60899,"depth":96,"text":60900},{"id":60952,"depth":141,"text":60953},{"id":61092,"depth":141,"text":61093},{"id":61200,"depth":141,"text":61201,"children":62338},[62339,62340,62341],{"id":61213,"depth":96,"text":61214},{"id":61248,"depth":96,"text":61249},{"id":61297,"depth":96,"text":61298},{"id":61357,"depth":141,"text":61358},{"id":61441,"depth":141,"text":61442},{"id":61708,"depth":141,"text":61709},{"id":62105,"depth":141,"text":62106},{},"\u002Ftopics\u002Fmikk-monopolisticka-konkurence",{"title":7013,"description":1685},[4436],"topics\u002Fmikk-monopolisticka-konkurence",[13,28,251,414,554,644,562],"4Xgk2m6UOCH8Hg7pPyXMbQTlsbWiDjKunQj1vaRSG8k",{"id":62354,"title":55375,"body":62355,"course":13,"courses":1696,"created":1697,"description":1685,"extension":1698,"meta":66531,"navigation":1700,"path":66532,"seo":66533,"sources":66534,"stem":66536,"tags":66537,"type":4439,"updated":1697,"__hash__":66538},"topics\u002Ftopics\u002Fmikk-monopson-mzdova-diskriminace.md",{"type":1016,"value":62356,"toc":66501},[62357,62360,62387,62401,62403,62407,62439,62459,62470,62472,62476,62479,62555,62574,62576,62580,62587,62594,62627,62680,62786,62879,62888,62934,62969,62975,63033,63058,63120,63169,63282,63353,63357,63413,63731,63807,63809,63813,63824,63828,63833,63836,63842,63849,63899,64027,64031,64036,64039,64043,64048,64059,64062,64093,64114,64116,64120,64126,64191,64194,64205,64209,64223,64233,64251,64262,64275,64277,64281,64284,64339,64346,64379,64381,64385,64447,64449,64453,64468,64472,64475,64578,64581,64594,64597,64601,64612,64627,64629,64633,64703,64705,64709,65022,65025,65028,65141,65143,65147,65154,65331,65342,65350,65383,65385,65389,65396,65676,65686,65690,65695,66038,66098,66100,66104,66107,66228,66231,66235,66472,66474],[1019,62358,55375],{"id":62359},"monopson-a-mzdová-diskriminace",[1023,62361,62363,62369],{"className":62362,"dataCallout":1608},[1026,1607],[1030,62364,62366,1042],{"className":62365},[1033],[1035,62367],{"className":62368,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1615,1040],[1030,62370,62371,62374,62375,62378,62379,62382,62383,62386],{},[1047,62372,62373],{},"Monopson"," je trh s jediným nakupujícím — zrcadlový obraz monopolu. Monopsonista platí cenu (typicky mzdu) ",[1047,62376,62377],{},"nižší než mezní náklady"," na další jednotku vstupu, protože při najmutí dodatečného pracovníka musí zvýšit mzdu ",[1091,62380,62381],{},"všem"," dosavadním. Sílu monopsonu určují tři faktory: elasticita tržní nabídky, počet nakupujících a míra jejich vzájemné interakce. ",[1047,62384,62385],{},"Mzdová diskriminace"," je analogií cenové diskriminace přenesenou na trh vstupů — monopsonista se snaží odčerpat ekonomickou rentu pracovníka tím, že každému (či každé skupině) platí tolik, kolik je ochoten\u002Fochotna přijmout. Politickou protisilou je minimální mzda a kolektivní vyjednávání odborů.",[1030,62388,62389,62390,62393,62394,1062,62397,1075],{},"Tato stránka shrnuje látku ",[1068,62391,14],{"className":62392,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1680,"href":1681},[1071]," věnovanou nedokonalé konkurenci na straně poptávky po vstupech a paralelu k ",[1068,62395,10985],{"className":62396,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1876,"href":1877},[1071],[1068,62398,62400],{"className":62399,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":7244,"href":7245},[1071],"cenové diskriminaci",[4503,62402],{},[1077,62404,62406],{"id":62405},"_1-základní-definice","1. Základní definice",[1023,62408,62410,62416],{"className":62409,"dataCallout":2090},[1026,2089],[1030,62411,62413,1233],{"className":62412},[1033],[1035,62414],{"className":62415,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,2097,1040],[1112,62417,62418,62423,62429],{},[1115,62419,62420,62422],{},[1047,62421,62373],{}," — trh s pouze jediným nakupujícím (typicky jediný zaměstnavatel pro daný typ práce v daném regionu, nebo jediný odběratel pro určitý vstup).",[1115,62424,62425,62428],{},[1047,62426,62427],{},"Oligopson"," — trh s několika málo nakupujícími. Tržní strukturu typicky vidíme v automobilovém průmyslu (oligopson velkých automobilek vůči stovkám menších dodavatelů dílů) nebo v retailu.",[1115,62430,62431,62434,62435,62438],{},[1047,62432,62433],{},"Monopsoní síla"," — schopnost nakupujícího ovlivnit tržní cenu vstupu a zaplatit ",[1091,62436,62437],{},"nižší cenu, než jaká by odpovídala dokonale konkurenčnímu trhu",". Operativně: schopnost platit méně než hodnotu mezního produktu vstupu, případně méně než mezní náklady na další jednotku vstupu.",[1030,62440,62441,62442,62445,62446,62448,62449,62451,62452,62455,62456,62458],{},"Monopson tedy stojí naproti ",[1068,62443,10985],{"className":62444,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1876,"href":1877},[1071],": zatímco monopolista je jediným prodávajícím a využívá své postavení k tomu, aby účtoval cenu ",[1091,62447,10709],{}," MC, monopsonista je jediným nakupujícím a využívá svého postavení k tomu, aby platil cenu ",[1091,62450,43693],{}," svým mezním ekonomickým přínosem (MRP, ",[1091,62453,62454],{},"marginal revenue product","). Obě struktury jsou symetrickými odchylkami od dokonalé konkurence a obě generují ",[1091,62457,11240],{}," — viz dále.",[1030,62460,62461,62462,62465,62466,62469],{},"V praxi je čistý monopson vzácný; spíše narážíme na ",[1047,62463,62464],{},"monopsoní sílu"," v různé míře, podobně jako se hovoří o ",[1091,62467,62468],{},"tržní síle"," místo absolutního monopolu. Empiricky lze monopsoní sílu prokázat tím, že mzda v daném segmentu trhu nereaguje plně na změny produktivity, nebo že velcí zaměstnavatelé platí významně méně než malí (po očištění od složení pracovní síly) — viz Manning (2003).",[4503,62471],{},[1077,62473,62475],{"id":62474},"_2-klasické-příklady-monopsonu","2. Klasické příklady monopsonu",[1030,62477,62478],{},"Učebnicové ilustrace, kde monopsoní síla vystupuje silně:",[1112,62480,62481,62491,62515,62521,62527,62533,62539,62549],{},[1115,62482,62483,62486,62487,62490],{},[1047,62484,62485],{},"Jediný velký zaměstnavatel v regionu."," Klasické ",[1091,62488,62489],{},"company towns"," — uhelné doly v Apalačských horách USA na přelomu 19.\u002F20. století, kde jediný důl zaměstnával prakticky všechny dospělé muže. Moderní obdobou jsou regiony s jediným dominantním zaměstnavatelem (např. velký Walmart v některých malých amerických městech, nebo lokálně dominantní automobilka).",[1115,62492,62493,62496,62497,62500,62501,1299,62504,1299,62507,62510,62511,62514],{},[1047,62494,62495],{},"Profesionální sportovní ligy"," — NBA, NHL, MLB. Tady jde o ",[1091,62498,62499],{},"kartelizovaný"," monopson: liga jako celek je jediným kupujícím profesionálního hráče v daném sportu na daném kontinentu. Nástroji monopsoní síly jsou ",[1091,62502,62503],{},"draft system",[1091,62505,62506],{},"salary cap",[1091,62508,62509],{},"reserve clause"," (historicky) a ",[1091,62512,62513],{},"no-tampering"," dohody mezi týmy.",[1115,62516,62517,62520],{},[1047,62518,62519],{},"Vojenský \u002F státní průmysl."," Stát jako jediný kupující obrněných vozidel, stíhaček nebo jaderných ponorek. Z tohoto důvodu vlády pravidla vyjednávají velmi tvrdě s dodavateli (např. Lockheed Martin, BAE Systems).",[1115,62522,62523,62526],{},[1047,62524,62525],{},"Zdravotní pojišťovny"," vůči poskytovatelům zdravotní péče. V ČR i v USA působí pojišťovny jako kupci zdravotnických služeb a jejich úhradové vyhlášky \u002F sazebníky stanovují ceny jednostranně. Lékaři a nemocnice jsou v pozici prodávajícího v tržní struktuře blízké oligopsonu.",[1115,62528,62529,62532],{},[1047,62530,62531],{},"Velké automobilové firmy"," vůči dodavatelům dílů — tier-1 dodavatel, který prodává jen Volkswagenu nebo Škodě, je v pozici, kdy odběratel diktuje cenu.",[1115,62534,62535,62538],{},[1047,62536,62537],{},"Velké maloobchodní řetězce"," vůči zemědělským dodavatelům — Walmart, Lidl, Tesco a Kaufland mají v některých kategoriích (mléko, drůbež) tak velké tržní podíly, že fungují jako oligopson vůči farmářům.",[1115,62540,62541,62544,62545,62548],{},[1047,62542,62543],{},"Online platformy práce"," (Uber, Wolt, Bolt) jsou někdy popisovány jako ",[1091,62546,62547],{},"algoritmický monopson"," — jediný \"kupec\" práce řidičů ve své síti, s kapacitou stanovovat sazbu unilaterálně přes algoritmus. Regulační debata v EU (směrnice o platformové práci 2024) vychází z tohoto pohledu.",[1115,62550,62551,62554],{},[1047,62552,62553],{},"Akademické publikování"," — vědecká nakladatelství (Elsevier, Springer) jsou monopsonem na příspěvky autorů (kteří publikují bezplatně) a zároveň monopolem na přístup k článkům (přes předplatné knihoven). Bilaterální tržní moc v jejím extrému.",[1023,62556,62558,62568],{"className":62557,"dataCallout":25986},[1026,25985],[1030,62559,62561,62564,62565],{"className":62560},[1033],[1035,62562],{"className":62563,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,25993,1040],"Anekdota: ",[1091,62566,62567],{},"company script",[1030,62569,62570,62571,62573],{},"V uhelných důlních městech 19. století dostávali horníci část mzdy ve formě ",[1091,62572,62567],{}," — žetonů použitelných jen v obchodě patřícím firmě. Kombinace monopsonu na trhu práce a monopolu v lokálním retailu odčerpala z pracovníků prakticky veškerou rentu. Tento jev pomohl politicky prosadit pracovní legislativu v meziválečném období (Fair Labor Standards Act 1938, ustanovení o povinné výplatě zákonných peněz).",[4503,62575],{},[1077,62577,62579],{"id":62578},"_3-geometrická-analýza-monopsonu","3. Geometrická analýza monopsonu",[1030,62581,62582],{},[2206,62583],{"alt":62584,"className":62585,"src":62586},"mikk-monopson-trh-prace",[1071,2210],"\u002Fwiki-assets\u002Fmikk-monopson-trh-prace.jpeg",[1030,62588,62589,62590,62593],{},"Monopson je zrcadlovým obrazem ",[1068,62591,10985],{"className":62592,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1876,"href":1877},[1071],". Geometrie:",[1030,62595,62596,62623,62624,2440],{},[1047,62597,62598,62599],{},"Křivka tržní nabídky práce ",[1035,62600,62602],{"className":62601},[1772],[1774,62603,62604],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,62605,62606,62620],{},[1781,62607,62608,62614,62616,62618],{},[1792,62609,62610,62612],{},[1784,62611,3212],{},[1784,62613,3766],{},[1788,62615,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,62617,3759],{},[1788,62619,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,62621,62622],{"encoding":1810},"S_L(W)"," má v běžném modelu pozitivní sklon — při vyšší mzdě je ochotno pracovat více lidí (vyšší mezní pracovník má vyšší rezervační mzdu, ",[1091,62625,62626],{},"transferovou cenu práce",[1030,62628,62629,12494,62650,62652,62653,62671,62672,62675,62676,62679],{},[1047,62630,62631,62632,2192],{},"Mezní náklady na práci (Marginal Cost of Labor, ",[1035,62633,62635],{"className":62634},[1772],[1774,62636,62637],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,62638,62639,62647],{},[1781,62640,62641,62643,62645],{},[1784,62642,1857],{},[1784,62644,1868],{},[1784,62646,3766],{},[1808,62648,62649],{"encoding":1810},"MCL",[1091,62651,10709],{}," křivkou ",[1035,62654,62656],{"className":62655},[1772],[1774,62657,62658],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,62659,62660,62668],{},[1781,62661,62662],{},[1792,62663,62664,62666],{},[1784,62665,3212],{},[1784,62667,3766],{},[1808,62669,62670],{"encoding":1810},"S_L",". Důvod: monopsonista platí všem zaměstnaným ",[1091,62673,62674],{},"jednu jednotnou mzdu",". Pokud chce najmout další jednotku práce, musí zvýšit mzdu — a to nejen pro nového pracovníka, ale ",[1047,62677,62678],{},"pro všechny dosud zaměstnané",". Algebraicky:",[1035,62681,62683],{"className":62682},[1772],[1774,62684,62685],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,62686,62687,62783],{},[1781,62688,62689,62691,62693,62695,62697,62699,62701,62703,62705,62707,62709,62711,62713,62715,62717,62719,62721,62723,62725,62727,62729,62731,62733,62735,62753,62755,62757,62759,62761,62763,62765,62767,62769],{},[1784,62690,2257],{},[1784,62692,1868],{},[1784,62694,3766],{},[1788,62696,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,62698,3766],{},[1788,62700,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,62702,1863],{},[1784,62704,3759],{},[1788,62706,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,62708,3766],{},[1788,62710,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,62712,2267],{},[1784,62714,3766],{},[2352,62716],{"width":2702},[1788,62718,2357],{},[2352,62720],{"width":2702},[1784,62722,1857],{},[1784,62724,1868],{},[1784,62726,3766],{},[1788,62728,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,62730,3766],{},[1788,62732,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,62734,1863],{},[2322,62736,62737,62747],{},[1781,62738,62739,62741,62743,62745],{},[1784,62740,2328],{},[1784,62742,2257],{},[1784,62744,1868],{},[1784,62746,3766],{},[1781,62748,62749,62751],{},[1784,62750,2328],{},[1784,62752,3766],{},[1788,62754,1863],{},[1784,62756,3759],{},[1788,62758,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,62760,3766],{},[1788,62762,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,62764,2637],{},[1784,62766,3766],{},[1788,62768,2267],{},[2322,62770,62771,62777],{},[1781,62772,62773,62775],{},[1784,62774,2328],{},[1784,62776,3759],{},[1781,62778,62779,62781],{},[1784,62780,2328],{},[1784,62782,3766],{},[1808,62784,62785],{"encoding":1810},"TCL(L) = W(L) \\cdot L \\quad \\Rightarrow \\quad MCL(L) = \\frac{dTCL}{dL} = W(L) + L \\cdot \\frac{dW}{dL}",[1030,62787,62788,62789,62819,62820,62837,62838,62860,62861,1075],{},"Druhý člen ",[1035,62790,62792],{"className":62791},[1772],[1774,62793,62794],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,62795,62796,62816],{},[1781,62797,62798,62800,62802],{},[1784,62799,3766],{},[1788,62801,2267],{},[2322,62803,62804,62810],{},[1781,62805,62806,62808],{},[1784,62807,2328],{},[1784,62809,3759],{},[1781,62811,62812,62814],{},[1784,62813,2328],{},[1784,62815,3766],{},[1808,62817,62818],{"encoding":1810},"L \\cdot \\frac{dW}{dL}"," je kladný (rostoucí ",[1035,62821,62823],{"className":62822},[1772],[1774,62824,62825],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,62826,62827,62835],{},[1781,62828,62829],{},[1792,62830,62831,62833],{},[1784,62832,3212],{},[1784,62834,3766],{},[1808,62836,62670],{"encoding":1810},"), takže ",[1035,62839,62841],{"className":62840},[1772],[1774,62842,62843],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,62844,62845,62857],{},[1781,62846,62847,62849,62851,62853,62855],{},[1784,62848,1857],{},[1784,62850,1868],{},[1784,62852,3766],{},[1788,62854,2491],{},[1784,62856,3759],{},[1808,62858,62859],{"encoding":1810},"MCL > W"," pro každé ",[1035,62862,62864],{"className":62863},[1772],[1774,62865,62866],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,62867,62868,62876],{},[1781,62869,62870,62872,62874],{},[1784,62871,3766],{},[1788,62873,2491],{},[2348,62875,2350],{},[1808,62877,62878],{"encoding":1810},"L > 0",[1030,62880,62881,62884,62885,1310],{},[1047,62882,62883],{},"Křivka poptávky po práci"," je dána hodnotou mezního produktu — ",[1091,62886,62887],{},"Marginal Revenue Product of Labor",[1035,62889,62891],{"className":62890},[1772],[1774,62892,62893],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,62894,62895,62931],{},[1781,62896,62897,62899,62901,62903,62905,62907,62909,62911,62913,62915,62917,62919,62921,62923,62925,62927,62929],{},[1784,62898,1857],{},[1784,62900,1860],{},[1784,62902,2264],{},[1784,62904,3766],{},[1788,62906,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,62908,3766],{},[1788,62910,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,62912,1863],{},[1784,62914,1857],{},[1784,62916,1860],{},[1788,62918,2267],{},[1784,62920,1857],{},[1784,62922,2264],{},[1784,62924,3766],{},[1788,62926,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,62928,3766],{},[1788,62930,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,62932,62933],{"encoding":1810},"MRPL(L) = MR \\cdot MPL(L)",[1030,62935,62936,62937,18042],{},"(Pro firmu na dokonale konkurenčním trhu výstupu se zjednoduší na ",[1035,62938,62940],{"className":62939},[1772],[1774,62941,62942],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,62943,62944,62966],{},[1781,62945,62946,62948,62950,62952,62954,62956,62958,62960,62962,62964],{},[1784,62947,31140],{},[1784,62949,1857],{},[1784,62951,2264],{},[1784,62953,3766],{},[1788,62955,1863],{},[1784,62957,2264],{},[1788,62959,2267],{},[1784,62961,1857],{},[1784,62963,2264],{},[1784,62965,3766],{},[1808,62967,62968],{"encoding":1810},"VMPL = P \\cdot MPL",[1030,62970,62971,62974],{},[1047,62972,62973],{},"Optimum monopsonu"," stanoví firma stejně, jako každý optimalizující subjekt — tam, kde se mezní přínos rovná mezním nákladům:",[1035,62976,62978],{"className":62977},[1772],[1774,62979,62980],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,62981,62982,63030],{},[1781,62983,62984],{},[21766,62985,62986],{"notation":21768},[14390,62987,62988],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,62989,62990],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,62991,62992],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[1781,62993,62994,62996,62998,63000,63002,63008,63010,63012,63014,63016,63018,63020,63022,63028],{},[1784,62995,1857],{},[1784,62997,1868],{},[1784,62999,3766],{},[1788,63001,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2467,63003,63004,63006],{},[1784,63005,3766],{},[1788,63007,7763],{},[1788,63009,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,63011,1863],{},[1784,63013,1857],{},[1784,63015,1860],{},[1784,63017,2264],{},[1784,63019,3766],{},[1788,63021,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2467,63023,63024,63026],{},[1784,63025,3766],{},[1788,63027,7763],{},[1788,63029,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,63031,63032],{"encoding":1810},"\\boxed{MCL(L^\\ast) = MRPL(L^\\ast)}",[1030,63034,63035,63038,63039,63057],{},[1047,63036,63037],{},"Mzda"," se ovšem stanoví jinak: monopsonista zaplatí pracovníkům přesně tolik, kolik stačí k tomu, aby jich přišlo ",[1035,63040,63042],{"className":63041},[1772],[1774,63043,63044],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,63045,63046,63054],{},[1781,63047,63048],{},[2467,63049,63050,63052],{},[1784,63051,3766],{},[1788,63053,7763],{},[1808,63055,63056],{"encoding":1810},"L^\\ast",". To čte z křivky nabídky:",[1035,63059,63061],{"className":63060},[1772],[1774,63062,63063],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,63064,63065,63117],{},[1781,63066,63067,63073,63075,63087,63089,63095,63097,63099,63101,63103,63105,63107,63109,63115],{},[2467,63068,63069,63071],{},[1784,63070,3759],{},[1788,63072,7763],{},[1788,63074,1863],{},[13587,63076,63077,63079,63081],{},[1784,63078,3212],{},[1784,63080,3766],{},[1781,63082,63083,63085],{},[1788,63084,2371],{},[2348,63086,2374],{},[1788,63088,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2467,63090,63091,63093],{},[1784,63092,3766],{},[1788,63094,7763],{},[1788,63096,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,63098,2537],{},[1784,63100,1857],{},[1784,63102,1860],{},[1784,63104,2264],{},[1784,63106,3766],{},[1788,63108,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2467,63110,63111,63113],{},[1784,63112,3766],{},[1788,63114,7763],{},[1788,63116,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,63118,63119],{"encoding":1810},"W^\\ast = S_L^{-1}(L^\\ast) \u003C MRPL(L^\\ast)",[1030,63121,63122,63123,63126,63127,24775,63165,63168],{},"Klíčový důsledek: ",[1047,63124,63125],{},"mzda v monopsonu je nižší než hodnota mezního produktu práce",". Rozdíl ",[1035,63128,63130],{"className":63129},[1772],[1774,63131,63132],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,63133,63134,63162],{},[1781,63135,63136,63138,63140,63142,63144,63146,63152,63154,63156],{},[1784,63137,1857],{},[1784,63139,1860],{},[1784,63141,2264],{},[1784,63143,3766],{},[1788,63145,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2467,63147,63148,63150],{},[1784,63149,3766],{},[1788,63151,7763],{},[1788,63153,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,63155,2371],{},[2467,63157,63158,63160],{},[1784,63159,3759],{},[1788,63161,7763],{},[1808,63163,63164],{"encoding":1810},"MRPL(L^\\ast) - W^\\ast",[1091,63166,63167],{},"míra monopsoního vykořisťování"," (Pigou) — část toho, co pracovník přidává firmě k tržbě, si firma ponechává jako monopsoní rentu.",[1023,63170,63172,63179],{"className":63171,"dataCallout":2090},[1026,2089],[1030,63173,63175,63178],{"className":63174},[1033],[1035,63176],{"className":63177,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,2097,1040],"Srovnání s dokonalou konkurencí",[1030,63180,63181,63182,63206,63207,63209,63210,63212,63213,63243,63244,63247,63248,63278,63279,63281],{},"Na dokonale konkurenčním trhu práce platí ",[1035,63183,63185],{"className":63184},[1772],[1774,63186,63187],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,63188,63189,63203],{},[1781,63190,63191,63193,63195,63197,63199,63201],{},[1784,63192,3759],{},[1788,63194,1863],{},[1784,63196,1857],{},[1784,63198,1860],{},[1784,63200,2264],{},[1784,63202,3766],{},[1808,63204,63205],{"encoding":1810},"W = MRPL"," — firma je ",[1091,63208,43538],{}," a najímá tolik práce, dokud poslední pracovník stále přidává více, než kolik stojí. Monopsonista najímá ",[1091,63211,26562],{}," práce (",[1035,63214,63216],{"className":63215},[1772],[1774,63217,63218],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,63219,63220,63240],{},[1781,63221,63222,63228,63230],{},[2467,63223,63224,63226],{},[1784,63225,3766],{},[1788,63227,7763],{},[1788,63229,2537],{},[2467,63231,63232,63234],{},[1784,63233,3766],{},[1781,63235,63236,63238],{},[1784,63237,3224],{},[1784,63239,3722],{},[1808,63241,63242],{"encoding":1810},"L^\\ast \u003C L^{DK}",") a platí ",[1091,63245,63246],{},"nižší"," mzdu (",[1035,63249,63251],{"className":63250},[1772],[1774,63252,63253],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,63254,63255,63275],{},[1781,63256,63257,63263,63265],{},[2467,63258,63259,63261],{},[1784,63260,3759],{},[1788,63262,7763],{},[1788,63264,2537],{},[2467,63266,63267,63269],{},[1784,63268,3759],{},[1781,63270,63271,63273],{},[1784,63272,3224],{},[1784,63274,3722],{},[1808,63276,63277],{"encoding":1810},"W^\\ast \u003C W^{DK}","). Vzniká ",[1047,63280,11240],{}," — část přebytku, který by ve volné soutěži připadl pracovníkům.",[1030,63283,63284,63286,63287,63313,63314,1062,63331,1075],{},[1047,63285,21049],{}," se monopsoní renta zobrazuje jako obdélník mezi křivkou nabídky práce a hodnotou MRPL na intervalu zaměstnaných pracovníků ",[1035,63288,63290],{"className":63289},[1772],[1774,63291,63292],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,63293,63294,63310],{},[1781,63295,63296,63298,63300,63302,63308],{},[1788,63297,21923],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,63299,2350],{},[1788,63301,1138],{"separator":1041},[2467,63303,63304,63306],{},[1784,63305,3766],{},[1788,63307,7763],{},[1788,63309,21948],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,63311,63312],{"encoding":1810},"[0, L^\\ast]",", redukovaný o ztrátu z neefektivně nezaměstnaných pracovníků mezi ",[1035,63315,63317],{"className":63316},[1772],[1774,63318,63319],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,63320,63321,63329],{},[1781,63322,63323],{},[2467,63324,63325,63327],{},[1784,63326,3766],{},[1788,63328,7763],{},[1808,63330,63056],{"encoding":1810},[1035,63332,63334],{"className":63333},[1772],[1774,63335,63336],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,63337,63338,63350],{},[1781,63339,63340],{},[2467,63341,63342,63344],{},[1784,63343,3766],{},[1781,63345,63346,63348],{},[1784,63347,3224],{},[1784,63349,3722],{},[1808,63351,63352],{"encoding":1810},"L^{DK}",[1100,63354,63356],{"id":63355},"algebraický-příklad","Algebraický příklad",[1030,63358,63359,63360,63390,63391,46340],{},"Předpokládejme lineární nabídku práce ",[1035,63361,63363],{"className":63362},[1772],[1774,63364,63365],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,63366,63367,63387],{},[1781,63368,63369,63371,63373,63375,63377,63379,63381,63383,63385],{},[1784,63370,3759],{},[1788,63372,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,63374,3766],{},[1788,63376,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,63378,1863],{},[2348,63380,3116],{},[1788,63382,2637],{},[2348,63384,4593],{},[1784,63386,3766],{},[1808,63388,63389],{"encoding":1810},"W(L) = 10 + 2L"," a lineární MRPL ",[1035,63392,63394],{"className":63393},[1772],[1774,63395,63396],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,63397,63398,63410],{},[1781,63399,63400,63402,63404,63406,63408],{},[1788,63401,1863],{},[2348,63403,2853],{},[1788,63405,2371],{},[2348,63407,5332],{},[1784,63409,3766],{},[1808,63411,63412],{"encoding":1810},"= 50 - 3L",[1112,63414,63415,63490,63547,63603,63641],{},[1115,63416,63417,63418,1075],{},"Celkové náklady na práci: ",[1035,63419,63421],{"className":63420},[1772],[1774,63422,63423],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,63424,63425,63487],{},[1781,63426,63427,63429,63431,63433,63435,63437,63439,63441,63443,63445,63447,63449,63451,63453,63455,63457,63459,63461,63463,63465,63467,63469,63471,63473,63475,63477,63479,63481],{},[1784,63428,2257],{},[1784,63430,1868],{},[1784,63432,3766],{},[1788,63434,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,63436,3766],{},[1788,63438,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,63440,1863],{},[1784,63442,3759],{},[1788,63444,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,63446,3766],{},[1788,63448,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,63450,2267],{},[1784,63452,3766],{},[1788,63454,1863],{},[1788,63456,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,63458,3116],{},[1788,63460,2637],{},[2348,63462,4593],{},[1784,63464,3766],{},[1788,63466,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,63468,2267],{},[1784,63470,3766],{},[1788,63472,1863],{},[2348,63474,3116],{},[1784,63476,3766],{},[1788,63478,2637],{},[2348,63480,4593],{},[2467,63482,63483,63485],{},[1784,63484,3766],{},[2348,63486,4593],{},[1808,63488,63489],{"encoding":1810},"TCL(L) = W(L) \\cdot L = (10 + 2L) \\cdot L = 10L + 2L^2",[1115,63491,63492,63493,1075],{},"Mezní náklady na práci: ",[1035,63494,63496],{"className":63495},[1772],[1774,63497,63498],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,63499,63500,63544],{},[1781,63501,63502,63504,63506,63508,63510,63512,63514,63516,63534,63536,63538,63540,63542],{},[1784,63503,1857],{},[1784,63505,1868],{},[1784,63507,3766],{},[1788,63509,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,63511,3766],{},[1788,63513,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,63515,1863],{},[2322,63517,63518,63528],{},[1781,63519,63520,63522,63524,63526],{},[1784,63521,2328],{},[1784,63523,2257],{},[1784,63525,1868],{},[1784,63527,3766],{},[1781,63529,63530,63532],{},[1784,63531,2328],{},[1784,63533,3766],{},[1788,63535,1863],{},[2348,63537,3116],{},[1788,63539,2637],{},[2348,63541,5344],{},[1784,63543,3766],{},[1808,63545,63546],{"encoding":1810},"MCL(L) = \\frac{dTCL}{dL} = 10 + 4L",[1115,63548,63549,63550,1075],{},"Optimum monopsonu: ",[1035,63551,63553],{"className":63552},[1772],[1774,63554,63555],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,63556,63557,63600],{},[1781,63558,63559,63561,63563,63565,63567,63569,63571,63573,63575,63577,63579,63581,63583,63585,63587,63589,63595,63597],{},[2348,63560,3116],{},[1788,63562,2637],{},[2348,63564,5344],{},[1784,63566,3766],{},[1788,63568,1863],{},[2348,63570,2853],{},[1788,63572,2371],{},[2348,63574,5332],{},[1784,63576,3766],{},[1788,63578,2357],{},[2348,63580,14632],{},[1784,63582,3766],{},[1788,63584,1863],{},[2348,63586,9208],{},[1788,63588,2357],{},[2467,63590,63591,63593],{},[1784,63592,3766],{},[1788,63594,7763],{},[1788,63596,8786],{},[2348,63598,63599],{},"5,71",[1808,63601,63602],{"encoding":1810},"10 + 4L = 50 - 3L \\Rightarrow 7L = 40 \\Rightarrow L^\\ast \\approx 5{,}71",[1115,63604,63605,63606,1075],{},"Mzda monopsonisty: ",[1035,63607,63609],{"className":63608},[1772],[1774,63610,63611],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,63612,63613,63638],{},[1781,63614,63615,63621,63623,63625,63627,63629,63631,63633,63635],{},[2467,63616,63617,63619],{},[1784,63618,3759],{},[1788,63620,7763],{},[1788,63622,1863],{},[2348,63624,3116],{},[1788,63626,2637],{},[2348,63628,4593],{},[1788,63630,2267],{},[2348,63632,63599],{},[1788,63634,8786],{},[2348,63636,63637],{},"21,43",[1808,63639,63640],{"encoding":1810},"W^\\ast = 10 + 2 \\cdot 5{,}71 \\approx 21{,}43",[1115,63642,63643,63644,1299,63704,1075],{},"Pro srovnání DK: ",[1035,63645,63647],{"className":63646},[1772],[1774,63648,63649],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,63650,63651,63701],{},[1781,63652,63653,63655,63657,63659,63661,63663,63665,63667,63669,63671,63673,63675,63677,63679,63681,63683,63685,63687,63697,63699],{},[1784,63654,3759],{},[1788,63656,1863],{},[1784,63658,1857],{},[1784,63660,1860],{},[1784,63662,2264],{},[1784,63664,3766],{},[1788,63666,2357],{},[2348,63668,3116],{},[1788,63670,2637],{},[2348,63672,4593],{},[1784,63674,3766],{},[1788,63676,1863],{},[2348,63678,2853],{},[1788,63680,2371],{},[2348,63682,5332],{},[1784,63684,3766],{},[1788,63686,2357],{},[2467,63688,63689,63691],{},[1784,63690,3766],{},[1781,63692,63693,63695],{},[1784,63694,3224],{},[1784,63696,3722],{},[1788,63698,1863],{},[2348,63700,9661],{},[1808,63702,63703],{"encoding":1810},"W = MRPL \\Rightarrow 10 + 2L = 50 - 3L \\Rightarrow L^{DK} = 8",[1035,63705,63707],{"className":63706},[1772],[1774,63708,63709],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,63710,63711,63728],{},[1781,63712,63713,63723,63725],{},[2467,63714,63715,63717],{},[1784,63716,3759],{},[1781,63718,63719,63721],{},[1784,63720,3224],{},[1784,63722,3722],{},[1788,63724,1863],{},[2348,63726,63727],{},"26",[1808,63729,63730],{"encoding":1810},"W^{DK} = 26",[1030,63732,63733,63734,63806],{},"Monopson tedy proti dokonalé konkurenci snižuje zaměstnanost o ~28 % a mzdu o ~17 %. Renta monopsonisty je ",[1035,63735,63737],{"className":63736},[1772],[1774,63738,63739],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,63740,63741,63803],{},[1781,63742,63743,63749,63751,63753,63755,63757,63759,63761,63763,63769,63771,63773,63779,63781,63783,63785,63787,63789,63792,63794,63796,63798,63800],{},[2467,63744,63745,63747],{},[1784,63746,3766],{},[1788,63748,7763],{},[1788,63750,2267],{},[1788,63752,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,63754,1857],{},[1784,63756,1860],{},[1784,63758,2264],{},[1784,63760,3766],{},[1788,63762,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2467,63764,63765,63767],{},[1784,63766,3766],{},[1788,63768,7763],{},[1788,63770,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,63772,2371],{},[2467,63774,63775,63777],{},[1784,63776,3759],{},[1788,63778,7763],{},[1788,63780,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,63782,8786],{},[2348,63784,63599],{},[1788,63786,2267],{},[1788,63788,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,63790,63791],{},"32,87",[1788,63793,2371],{},[2348,63795,63637],{},[1788,63797,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,63799,8786],{},[2348,63801,63802],{},"65,3",[1808,63804,63805],{"encoding":1810},"L^\\ast \\cdot (MRPL(L^\\ast) - W^\\ast) \\approx 5{,}71 \\cdot (32{,}87 - 21{,}43) \\approx 65{,}3"," jednotek.",[4503,63808],{},[1077,63810,63812],{"id":63811},"_4-tři-faktory-monopsoní-síly","4. Tři faktory monopsoní síly",[1030,63814,63815,63816,63819,63820,29726],{},"Stupeň monopsoní síly závisí na ",[1047,63817,63818],{},"třech podobných faktorech"," jako monopolní síla — symetrie je dokonalá (paralela viz ",[1068,63821,63823],{"className":63822,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1876,"href":1877},[1071],"Lerner index pro monopol",[1100,63825,63827],{"id":63826},"_1-elasticita-tržní-nabídky-vstupu","(1) Elasticita tržní nabídky vstupu",[1082,63829,63830],{},[1030,63831,63832],{},"Čím méně elastická je tržní nabídka, tím větší je monopsoní síla.",[1030,63834,63835],{},"Pokud je nabídka práce neelastická — pracovníci se nemají kam přemístit, jejich kvalifikace je úzce specializovaná, lokální mobilita je nízká —, monopsonista může mzdu výrazně srazit, aniž by ztratil mnoho pracovníků. Naopak při vysoké elasticitě (snadná migrace, snadné přeškolení, mnoho substitučních zaměstnání) i mírné snížení mzdy způsobí masový odchod a monopsonistovi se síla rozpouští.",[1030,63837,63838,63841],{},[1047,63839,63840],{},"Praktický důsledek",": monopsoní síla je silnější u skupin s nízkou geografickou mobilitou (lidé s rodinou, hypotékou, sociálními vazbami) a v profesích vyžadujících specifický lidský kapitál.",[1030,63843,63844,63845,63848],{},"Formálně: tzv. ",[1047,63846,63847],{},"Lerner index monopsonu"," (paralela Lerner indexu monopolu) je",[1035,63850,63852],{"className":63851},[1772],[1774,63853,63854],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,63855,63856,63896],{},[1781,63857,63858,63864,63866,63884,63886],{},[1792,63859,63860,63862],{},[1784,63861,3766],{},[1784,63863,1857],{},[1788,63865,1863],{},[2322,63867,63868,63882],{},[1781,63869,63870,63872,63874,63876,63878,63880],{},[1784,63871,1857],{},[1784,63873,1860],{},[1784,63875,2264],{},[1784,63877,3766],{},[1788,63879,2371],{},[1784,63881,3759],{},[1784,63883,3759],{},[1788,63885,1863],{},[2322,63887,63888,63890],{},[2348,63889,2374],{},[1792,63891,63892,63894],{},[1784,63893,61827],{},[1784,63895,3212],{},[1808,63897,63898],{"encoding":1810},"L_M = \\frac{MRPL - W}{W} = \\frac{1}{\\varepsilon_S}",[1030,63900,7908,63901,63919,63920,42795,63960,63982,63983,64003,64004,64026],{},[1035,63902,63904],{"className":63903},[1772],[1774,63905,63906],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,63907,63908,63916],{},[1781,63909,63910],{},[1792,63911,63912,63914],{},[1784,63913,61827],{},[1784,63915,3212],{},[1808,63917,63918],{"encoding":1810},"\\varepsilon_S"," je cenová elasticita nabídky práce. Monopsoní marže je tedy přímo dána inverzí elasticity — stejný princip jako u monopolu, kde marže ",[1035,63921,63923],{"className":63922},[1772],[1774,63924,63925],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,63926,63927,63957],{},[1781,63928,63929,63943,63945,63947],{},[2322,63930,63931,63941],{},[1781,63932,63933,63935,63937,63939],{},[1784,63934,2264],{},[1788,63936,2371],{},[1784,63938,1857],{},[1784,63940,1868],{},[1784,63942,2264],{},[1788,63944,1863],{},[1788,63946,2371],{},[2322,63948,63949,63951],{},[2348,63950,2374],{},[1792,63952,63953,63955],{},[1784,63954,61827],{},[1784,63956,3224],{},[1808,63958,63959],{"encoding":1810},"\\frac{P-MC}{P} = -\\frac{1}{\\varepsilon_D}",[1035,63961,63963],{"className":63962},[1772],[1774,63964,63965],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,63966,63967,63979],{},[1781,63968,63969,63975,63977],{},[1792,63970,63971,63973],{},[1784,63972,61827],{},[1784,63974,3212],{},[1788,63976,1863],{},[2348,63978,2374],{},[1808,63980,63981],{"encoding":1810},"\\varepsilon_S = 1"," je marže 100 % (mzda dvakrát menší než ",[1035,63984,63986],{"className":63985},[1772],[1774,63987,63988],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,63989,63990,64000],{},[1781,63991,63992,63994,63996,63998],{},[1784,63993,1857],{},[1784,63995,1860],{},[1784,63997,2264],{},[1784,63999,3766],{},[1808,64001,64002],{"encoding":1810},"MRPL","); pro ",[1035,64005,64007],{"className":64006},[1772],[1774,64008,64009],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,64010,64011,64023],{},[1781,64012,64013,64019,64021],{},[1792,64014,64015,64017],{},[1784,64016,61827],{},[1784,64018,3212],{},[1788,64020,8824],{},[1784,64022,21408],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,64024,64025],{"encoding":1810},"\\varepsilon_S \\to \\infty"," jde marže k 0 (dokonalá konkurence).",[1100,64028,64030],{"id":64029},"_2-počet-nakupujících","(2) Počet nakupujících",[1082,64032,64033],{},[1030,64034,64035],{},"Čím menší je počet nakupujících, tím větší mají sílu ovlivnit cenu.",[1030,64037,64038],{},"Triviálně: čím méně potenciálních zaměstnavatelů na trhu, tím méně outside-options má pracovník při vyjednávání. V regionu, kde existuje 5 podobných firem, dokáže pracovník hrát je proti sobě; ve firmě, která je jediná, nemá kam jít.",[1100,64040,64042],{"id":64041},"_3-interakce-mezi-nakupujícími","(3) Interakce mezi nakupujícími",[1082,64044,64045],{},[1030,64046,64047],{},"Čím méně mezi sebou nakupující soutěží, tím větší je monopsoní síla.",[1030,64049,64050,64051,64054,64055,64058],{},"I při formálně velkém počtu zaměstnavatelů může monopsoní síla efektivně narůst, pokud se zaměstnavatelé domluví — explicitně (kartel, tichá dohoda) nebo implicitně (norma \"nepřebíráme si lidi\"). Známým případem byly ",[1047,64052,64053],{},"no-poach agreements"," v Silicon Valley v letech 2005–2009, kdy si Apple, Google, Intel, Adobe, Pixar a Intuit dohodly, že si vzájemně nebudou kontaktovat zaměstnance s pracovními nabídkami. Departement of Justice věc zažaloval a firmy uzavřely v letech 2014–2015 ",[1091,64056,64057],{},"settlement"," ve výši cca 415 milionů USD ve prospěch postižených inženýrů.",[1030,64060,64061],{},"Mezi další formy \"tiché koordinace\" patří:",[1112,64063,64064,64077,64087],{},[1115,64065,64066,4010,64069,64072,64073,64076],{},[1047,64067,64068],{},"Doložky o nekonkurenci",[1091,64070,64071],{},"non-compete clauses",") v pracovních smlouvách — i pro pozice s nízkou mzdou. V některých amerických státech (např. v sektoru fast-food) jich byla velká část neúčinná, ale zaměstnance odrazovala od změny zaměstnání. ",[1091,64074,64075],{},"Federal Trade Commission"," v USA v roce 2024 vyhlásila plošný zákaz těchto doložek (později částečně blokován soudem).",[1115,64078,64079,64082,64083,64086],{},[1047,64080,64081],{},"Sdílení mzdových informací"," mezi konkurenty (",[1091,64084,64085],{},"wage benchmarking",") — formálně legální, ale v případě úzkého oligopsonu vede k tichému slazení mzdové politiky.",[1115,64088,64089,64092],{},[1047,64090,64091],{},"Profesní kvalifikační bariéry"," (licence, atestace) — omezují vstup nových uchazečů do profese, čímž snižují elasticitu nabídky a posilují monopsoní sílu existujících zaměstnavatelů.",[1023,64094,64096,64103],{"className":64095,"dataCallout":3501},[1026,3500],[1030,64097,64099,64102],{"className":64098},[1033],[1035,64100],{"className":64101,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,3508,1040],"Symetrie s monopolem",[1030,64104,64105,64106,64109,64110,64113],{},"Tyto tři faktory jsou ",[1091,64107,64108],{},"přesnou"," symetrií tří faktorů monopolní síly — elasticita poptávky, počet prodávajících, interakce mezi prodávajícími. Tahle symetrie je didakticky důležitá: pochopení monopolu (viz ",[1068,64111,1878],{"className":64112,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1876,"href":1877},[1071],") okamžitě dává pochopení monopsonu, jen se vymění pohled \"z druhé strany trhu\".",[4503,64115],{},[1077,64117,64119],{"id":64118},"_5-monopsoní-renta-a-mzdová-diskriminace","5. Monopsoní renta a mzdová diskriminace",[1030,64121,64122,64125],{},[1047,64123,64124],{},"Monopsoní renta"," je analog monopolního zisku. Vzorec:",[1035,64127,64129],{"className":64128},[1772],[1774,64130,64131],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,64132,64133,64188],{},[1781,64134,64135,64148,64150,64156,64158,64160,64162,64164,64166,64168,64170,64176,64178,64180,64186],{},[1781,64136,64137,64139,64145],{},[2149,64138,62373],{},[2160,64140,64141,64143],{"accent":1041},[2149,64142,9298],{},[1788,64144,2181],{},[2149,64146,64147],{}," renta",[1788,64149,1863],{},[2467,64151,64152,64154],{},[1784,64153,3766],{},[1788,64155,7763],{},[1788,64157,2267],{},[1788,64159,2143],{"fence":2142,"stretchy":1041,"minsize":35018,"maxsize":35018},[1784,64161,1857],{},[1784,64163,1860],{},[1784,64165,2264],{},[1784,64167,3766],{},[1788,64169,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2467,64171,64172,64174],{},[1784,64173,3766],{},[1788,64175,7763],{},[1788,64177,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,64179,2371],{},[2467,64181,64182,64184],{},[1784,64183,3759],{},[1788,64185,7763],{},[1788,64187,2192],{"fence":2142,"stretchy":1041,"minsize":35018,"maxsize":35018},[1808,64189,64190],{"encoding":1810},"\\text{Monopsoní renta} = L^\\ast \\cdot \\big(MRPL(L^\\ast) - W^\\ast\\big)",[1030,64192,64193],{},"To je obdélníkový \"polštář\" mezi tím, co pracovník přidává tržbě, a tím, co dostane.",[1030,64195,64196,64197,64200,64201,1075],{},"Monopsonista může tuto rentu maximalizovat, pokud místo jednotné mzdy zavede ",[1047,64198,64199],{},"mzdovou diskriminaci"," — paralela k cenové diskriminaci, viz ",[1068,64202,64204],{"className":64203,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":7244,"href":7245},[1071],"mikk-cenova-diskriminace",[1100,64206,64208],{"id":64207},"tři-stupně-mzdové-diskriminace","Tři stupně mzdové diskriminace",[1030,64210,64211,64214,64215,64218,64219,64222],{},[1047,64212,64213],{},"1. stupeň (perfektní mzdová diskriminace)."," Každému pracovníkovi je vyplacena přesně jeho rezervační mzda — minimum, za které je ochoten pracovat. Firma odčerpává ",[1091,64216,64217],{},"celý"," přebytek pracovníka. V praxi nedosažitelné (firma nezná rezervační mzdy individuálně), ale aproximací jsou ",[1091,64220,64221],{},"individuálně vyjednávané platy"," v některých sektorech (top management, profesionální sportovci s agenty).",[1030,64224,64225,64228,64229,64232],{},[1047,64226,64227],{},"2. stupeň (samovýběrová diskriminace)."," Firma nabízí různé \"mzdové balíčky\" pro různé pozice\u002Fúrovně, mezi kterými se pracovníci sami zařadí. Příklad: stupně senioryty (junior \u002F medior \u002F senior \u002F lead), provize navázané na výkon, ",[1091,64230,64231],{},"step-rate pay scales"," ve veřejné správě. Pracovník s vyšší rezervační mzdou si vybere vyšší stupeň, pracovník s nižší přijme nižší stupeň. Firma extrahuje rentu prostřednictvím samoselekce.",[1030,64234,64235,64238,64239,64242,64243,64246,64247,64250],{},[1047,64236,64237],{},"3. stupeň (skupinová diskriminace)."," Mzdy se liší podle pozorovatelných charakteristik pracovníka, které korelují s rezervační mzdou nebo elasticitou nabídky. Klasické empirické zjištění: ženy mají často nižší mzdy než muži za podobnou práci (",[1091,64240,64241],{},"gender pay gap","); rasové menšiny v některých zemích historicky též. Z velké části jde o průnik monopsoní síly a sociokulturních faktorů. ",[1047,64244,64245],{},"V mnoha jurisdikcích je 3. stupeň mzdové diskriminace dle pozorovatelných charakteristik nezákonný"," (antidiskriminační legislativa, ",[1091,64248,64249],{},"Equal Pay Act"," v USA 1963, antidiskriminační směrnice EU).",[1030,64252,64253,64254,64257,64258,64261],{},"Empirická literatura (Manning, Card a další) argumentuje, že část pozorovaného ",[1091,64255,64256],{},"gender pay gapu"," je vysvětlitelná ",[1047,64259,64260],{},"rozdílnou elasticitou nabídky práce mezi pohlavími"," — ženy mají v průměru nižší geografickou mobilitu (rodinné vazby, péče o děti) a vyšší preferenci pro flexibilitu, takže jejich nabídka je méně elastická. Monopsonistická firma to může podle modelu 3. stupně využívat — a to i bez explicitního úmyslu diskriminovat. To je jeden z nemnoha mikroekonomických argumentů pro aktivní vyrovnávání platů (transparentní platové mřížky, povinné zveřejňování mediánu).",[1023,64263,64265,64272],{"className":64264,"dataCallout":4153},[1026,3500],[1030,64266,64268,64271],{"className":64267},[1033],[1035,64269],{"className":64270,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,3508,1040],"Etika a regulace",[1030,64273,64274],{},"Cenová diskriminace v produktech (např. studentské slevy, slevy seniorům) je obvykle akceptována. Mzdová diskriminace narazí na hranice rovnosti před zákonem mnohem dříve, právě proto, že se týká rozdělení důchodu, ne jen distribuce spotřeby.",[4503,64276],{},[1077,64278,64280],{"id":64279},"_6-důsledky-monopsonu-pro-spotřebitele-a-společnost","6. Důsledky monopsonu pro spotřebitele a společnost",[1030,64282,64283],{},"Monopson nepostihuje jen pracovníky, jejichž mzdy jsou nižší než v dokonalé konkurenci. Má širší makro důsledky:",[1112,64285,64286,64321,64327,64333],{},[1115,64287,64288,4010,64291,64320],{},[1047,64289,64290],{},"Méně zaměstnanosti",[1035,64292,64294],{"className":64293},[1772],[1774,64295,64296],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,64297,64298,64318],{},[1781,64299,64300,64306,64308],{},[2467,64301,64302,64304],{},[1784,64303,3766],{},[1788,64305,7763],{},[1788,64307,2537],{},[2467,64309,64310,64312],{},[1784,64311,3766],{},[1781,64313,64314,64316],{},[1784,64315,3224],{},[1784,64317,3722],{},[1808,64319,63242],{"encoding":1810},") → vyšší nedobrovolná nezaměstnanost, vyšší tlak na sociální systém.",[1115,64322,64323,64326],{},[1047,64324,64325],{},"Nižší mzdy"," → nižší kupní síla → nižší poptávka po spotřebním zboží → tlak směrem k recesivním tendencím (efekt obrácený k Fordovi a Keynesovi).",[1115,64328,64329,64332],{},[1047,64330,64331],{},"Sociální nerovnost"," — monopsoní renta plyne kapitálovým vlastníkům, ne pracovníkům, takže monopsoní struktura prohlubuje rozdíl mezi mzdovou složkou a kapitálovou složkou národního důchodu.",[1115,64334,64335,64338],{},[1047,64336,64337],{},"Deadweight loss"," — neefektivní nezaměstnanost. Pracovníci, kteří by ve volné soutěži přijali zaměstnání za mzdu rovnou jejich produktivitě, zůstávají bez práce, protože jednotná mzda monopsonisty je pod tuto úroveň.",[1030,64340,64341,64342,64345],{},"Z tohoto důvodu jsou v případě prokázaného monopsonu ",[1091,64343,64344],{},"obě"," tradiční ekonomické politiky — minimální mzda a podpora odborů — ekonomicky obhajitelné (na rozdíl od situace dokonalé konkurence, kde obě snižují zaměstnanost).",[1030,64347,64348,64349,4010,64352,64374,64375,64378],{},"Důležitý makroekonomický rozměr: pokud je monopsoní síla rozšířená napříč ekonomikou, klesá ",[1047,64350,64351],{},"podíl práce na národním důchodu",[1035,64353,64355],{"className":64354},[1772],[1774,64356,64357],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,64358,64359,64371],{},[1781,64360,64361],{},[2322,64362,64363,64369],{},[1781,64364,64365,64367],{},[1784,64366,3775],{},[1784,64368,3766],{},[1784,64370,21001],{},[1808,64372,64373],{"encoding":1810},"\\frac{wL}{Y}","). Tento ukazatel v USA i evropských ekonomikách od 80. let postupně klesal — z přibližně 65 % na 58 % HDP. Část literatury vysvětluje pokles růstem koncentrace v sektorech (Autor et al. 2020, ",[1091,64376,64377],{},"The Fall of the Labor Share and the Rise of Superstar Firms","); tento vývoj je konsistentní s rostoucí monopsoní silou velkých firem.",[4503,64380],{},[1077,64382,64384],{"id":64383},"_7-empirické-důkazy-monopsonu","7. Empirické důkazy monopsonu",[1112,64386,64387,64396,64406,64415,64425,64438],{},[1115,64388,64389,64395],{},[1047,64390,64391,64392,1075],{},"Manning (2003) — ",[1091,64393,64394],{},"Monopsony in Motion"," Klíčová moderní práce ukazující, že mzdové rozdíly mezi velkými a malými zaměstnavateli nelze plně vysvětlit produktivitou. Velké firmy platí podstatně méně, než by jim dovolily mezní náklady — důkaz monopsoního chování i tam, kde formálně existuje konkurence.",[1115,64397,64398,64401,64402,64405],{},[1047,64399,64400],{},"No-poach kauza Silicon Valley (2005–2009)."," Apple, Google, Intel, Adobe, Pixar a Intuit si dohodly, že nebudou ",[1091,64403,64404],{},"cold-callovat"," zaměstnance ostatních. Class action skončila settlementem ~415 mil. USD. Empirický záznam ukazuje, že po skončení dohod mzdy inženýrů v dotčeném segmentu skokově vzrostly — důkaz, že koordinace skutečně srážela mzdy pod kompetitivní úroveň.",[1115,64407,64408,64414],{},[1047,64409,64410,64411,1075],{},"Card & Krueger (1994) — ",[1091,64412,64413],{},"Minimum Wages and Employment"," Studie srovnávající fast-food sektor v New Jersey (zvýšení minimální mzdy) a Pennsylvánii (kontrolní). Místo predikovaného propadu zaměstnanosti se zaměstnanost mírně zvýšila — slučitelné s monopsoním modelem. Studie odstartovala revizi tradiční doktríny minimální mzdy.",[1115,64416,64417,64420,64421,64424],{},[1047,64418,64419],{},"Reserve clause v MLB (do 1975)."," Hráči byli kontraktem doživotně vázáni ke klubu, který je draftoval. Po zrušení doložky a zavedení ",[1091,64422,64423],{},"free agency"," mzdy hráčů prudce vzrostly — empirický důkaz, jak velkou monopsoní rentu klub odčerpával.",[1115,64426,64427,64433,64434,64437],{},[1047,64428,64429,64430,1075],{},"Naidu, Posner, Weyl (2018) — ",[1091,64431,64432],{},"Antitrust Remedies for Labor Market Power"," Modernější přehledová studie, která argumentuje, že monopsonie je v amerických trzích práce velmi rozšířená a že antitrustová politika by měla být rozšířena tak, aby pokryla i ",[1091,64435,64436],{},"labor markets",", ne jen produktové trhy. Empiricky odhaduje, že odstranění monopsoní síly by mohlo zvýšit mzdy mediánového pracovníka v USA o 10–25 %.",[1115,64439,64440,64446],{},[1047,64441,64442,64443,1075],{},"Azar, Marinescu, Steinbaum (2017) — ",[1091,64444,64445],{},"Labor Market Concentration"," Měření monopsoní síly přes Herfindahl-Hirschmanův index v americkém trhu inzerovaných pozic. Závěr: většina lokálních trhů práce v USA splňuje DOJ kritéria pro vysoce koncentrovaný trh (HHI > 2500). Tento výsledek otřásl tradičním pohledem, že monopsonu si v moderní ekonomice nevšímáme.",[4503,64448],{},[1077,64450,64452],{"id":64451},"_8-odbory-jako-protisíla-monopsonu","8. Odbory jako protisíla monopsonu",[1030,64454,64455,64456,64459,64460,64463,64464,64467],{},"Standardní mikroekonomický pohled na ",[1047,64457,64458],{},"odbory"," je jako na \"",[1091,64461,64462],{},"single seller of labor","\" — kolektivní vyjednávání ruší atomizovanou nabídku práce a staví proti monopsonistovi protistranu s ekvivalentní silou. Vzniká ",[1047,64465,64466],{},"bilaterální monopol",", jehož výsledek nelze určit čistě technicky a závisí na vyjednávací síle, hrozbách (stávka vs. lockout) a institucionálním prostředí.",[1100,64469,64471],{"id":64470},"cíle-odborových-svazů","Cíle odborových svazů",[1030,64473,64474],{},"Mikroekonomická literatura nejčastěji uvádí tři základní cíle odborových svazů:",[1023,64476,64478,64485,64543,64572],{"className":64477,"dataCallout":2090},[1026,2089],[1030,64479,64481,64484],{"className":64480},[1033],[1035,64482],{"className":64483,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,2097,1040],"Cíle odborů — klasická triáda",[1030,64486,64487,64490,64491,12850,64521,24775,64539,64542],{},[1047,64488,64489],{},"A) Maximalizace ekonomické renty členů odborů."," Cílem je maximalizovat součin ",[1035,64492,64494],{"className":64493},[1772],[1774,64495,64496],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,64497,64498,64518],{},[1781,64499,64500,64502,64504,64506,64512,64514,64516],{},[1788,64501,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,64503,3759],{},[1788,64505,2371],{},[1792,64507,64508,64510],{},[1784,64509,3759],{},[1784,64511,1860],{},[1788,64513,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,64515,2267],{},[1784,64517,3766],{},[1808,64519,64520],{"encoding":1810},"(W - W_R) \\cdot L",[1035,64522,64524],{"className":64523},[1772],[1774,64525,64526],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,64527,64528,64536],{},[1781,64529,64530],{},[1792,64531,64532,64534],{},[1784,64533,3759],{},[1784,64535,1860],{},[1808,64537,64538],{"encoding":1810},"W_R",[1091,64540,64541],{},"transferová cena práce"," (rezervační mzda — minimum, za které je daná jednotka práce ochotna vstoupit na trh práce). Geometricky: bod, kde mezní výnos z dalšího člena odborů je roven jeho transferové ceně. Tento cíl odpovídá maximalizaci čistého přebytku pracovníků.",[1030,64544,64545,64548,64549,64567,64568,64571],{},[1047,64546,64547],{},"B) Maximalizace objemu mezd (wage bill) členů odborů."," Cíl je maximalizovat ",[1035,64550,64552],{"className":64551},[1772],[1774,64553,64554],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,64555,64556,64564],{},[1781,64557,64558,64560,64562],{},[1784,64559,3759],{},[1788,64561,2267],{},[1784,64563,3766],{},[1808,64565,64566],{"encoding":1810},"W \\cdot L"," — celkovou výplatní listinu. Z vlastnosti vztahu mezi celkovou a mezní veličinou plyne, že tento výraz je maximální tam, kde ",[1047,64569,64570],{},"mezní mzda = 0",", tj. v bodě jednotkové elasticity poptávky po práci.",[1030,64573,64574,64577],{},[1047,64575,64576],{},"C) Maximalizace zaměstnanosti."," Odbory se snaží zaměstnat co nejvíce členů. Maxima dosáhnou v bodě, kde se nabídka a poptávka po práci protínají — tj. v rovnovážném bodě dokonalé konkurence. Stejný výsledek jako trh bez odborů, ale dosažený kolektivním vyjednáním proti monopsonistovi.",[1030,64579,64580],{},"Doplňkový cíl, který někdy figuruje:",[1030,64582,64583,64589,64590,64593],{},[1047,64584,64585,64586,2440],{},"D) Maximalizace mzdy na člena (",[1091,64587,64588],{},"wage maximization"," Odbor tlačí mzdu co nejvýše, akceptuje pokles zaměstnanosti. V krajnosti to vede k restriktivním uzavřeným odborům (",[1091,64591,64592],{},"closed shop",") s vysokými mzdami pro malou skupinu insiderů.",[1030,64595,64596],{},"Různé cíle vedou k různým bodům na poptávce po práci a k různým úrovním zaměstnanosti — v praxi reálné odbory volí kombinaci A) a C), případně přidávají politické (mimotržní) cíle (pracovní podmínky, BOZP, penze).",[1100,64598,64600],{"id":64599},"zkrácení-pracovního-týdne","Zkrácení pracovního týdne",[1030,64602,64603,64604,64607,64608,64611],{},"Doplňková otázka: ",[1091,64605,64606],{},"Jak ovlivní zkrácení hodinové dotace pracovního týdne polohu cílů odborů v grafu?"," Odpověď: snížení pracovní doby posune ",[1047,64609,64610],{},"nabídku práce doprava dolů"," — za stejné peníze jsou pracovníci ochotni nabízet více člověko-hodin (ekvivalentně: za méně hodin jsou ochotni přijmout stejnou sazbu). Body A, B i C se posunou; v bodu C (rovnováha) klesá rovnovážná mzda nebo roste zaměstnanost, podle relativních elasticit.",[1030,64613,64614,64615,64618,64619,64622,64623,64626],{},"Argument lze chápat i jako diskusi o ",[1047,64616,64617],{},"work-sharing"," politice v krizových obdobích — pokud je trh charakterizován monopsoní sílou a deadweight loss z poklesu zaměstnanosti, plošné zkrácení pracovního týdne může (na rozdíl od neoklasické intuice) zvýšit počet pracujících bez výrazného poklesu celkové výplatní masy. Praktickou aplikací byl francouzský experiment s 35hodinovým pracovním týdnem (zákony ",[1091,64620,64621],{},"Aubry"," z let 1998 a 2000) a německý ",[1091,64624,64625],{},"Kurzarbeit"," během krize 2008–2009.",[4503,64628],{},[1077,64630,64632],{"id":64631},"_9-aplikace-v-reálném-světě","9. Aplikace v reálném světě",[1112,64634,64635,64645,64655,64676,64685,64691,64697],{},[1115,64636,64637,64640,64641,64644],{},[1047,64638,64639],{},"Pojišťovny vs. lékaři"," — ČR i USA. Nemocnice musí akceptovat sazebníky, jednotlivý lékař nemá vyjednávací sílu. Protisilou jsou profesní komory (ČLK), které fungují jako ",[1091,64642,64643],{},"de facto"," odbor.",[1115,64646,64647,64650,64651,64654],{},[1047,64648,64649],{},"Maloobchodní řetězce vs. dodavatelé"," — Walmart, Lidl, Tesco, Kaufland tlačí na nákupní ceny. V EU si toho regulátor všiml a v některých státech prošla legislativa proti zneužití \"",[1091,64652,64653],{},"buyer power","\" ve vztazích řetězců a malých dodavatelů.",[1115,64656,64657,64660,64661,64664,64665,64668,64669,64671,64672,64675],{},[1047,64658,64659],{},"Profesionální sportovní ligy."," NHL, NBA, MLB využívají ",[1091,64662,64663],{},"draft systému"," (jediný kanál vstupu nových hráčů), ",[1091,64666,64667],{},"salary capu"," (strop celkové mzdové masy týmu) a ",[1091,64670,62509],{}," historicky k odčerpání hráčské renty. Hráčské odbory (NHLPA, NBPA, MLBPA) jsou typickým příkladem fungování bilaterálního monopolu — ",[1091,64673,64674],{},"collective bargaining agreements"," jsou výsledkem opakovaných vyjednávání mezi ligou (monopson) a unií (monopolní prodejce).",[1115,64677,64678,3250,64681,64684],{},[1047,64679,64680],{},"Tech giants vs. startup employees",[1091,64682,64683],{},"pseudo","-monopson v hyperspecializovaných rolích (ML researcher, kvantitativní analytik). Pár firem monopolizuje špičkový lidský kapitál v dané oblasti.",[1115,64686,64687,64690],{},[1047,64688,64689],{},"Stát jako kupec."," Veřejné zakázky na obranný materiál, infrastrukturní stavby, IT systémy státní správy. Stát má monopsoní sílu, ale veřejné právo (zákon o zadávání veřejných zakázek) ji omezuje, aby zabránila zneužití.",[1115,64692,64693,64696],{},[1047,64694,64695],{},"Akademický trh práce."," PhD studenti a postdoci ve specializovaných oborech čelí v podstatě hrstce výzkumných institucí, které poptávají jejich kvalifikaci. Lokální monopson (jediná univerzita v regionu) plus globální oligopson (5–10 top institucí v oboru) vytváří podmínky, v nichž jsou platy junior researcherů systematicky nižší než jejich mezní produktivita.",[1115,64698,64699,64702],{},[1047,64700,64701],{},"Trhy s talenty v zábavním průmyslu."," Holywoodská studia, vydavatelé hudby — historicky se opírají o exkluzivní smlouvy a monopolizaci distribuce.",[4503,64704],{},[1077,64706,64708],{"id":64707},"_10-politika-minimální-mzda-jako-protisíla-monopsonu","10. Politika: minimální mzda jako protisíla monopsonu",[1023,64710,64712,64719,64784,64864,65009],{"className":64711,"dataCallout":4153},[1026,3500],[1030,64713,64715,64718],{"className":64714},[1033],[1035,64716],{"className":64717,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,3508,1040],"Klíčový teoretický bod",[1030,64720,64721,64722,64758,64759,64783],{},"V tradičním modelu dokonalé konkurence vede minimální mzda nad rovnovážnou úroveň (",[1035,64723,64725],{"className":64724},[1772],[1774,64726,64727],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,64728,64729,64755],{},[1781,64730,64731,64743,64745],{},[1792,64732,64733,64735],{},[1784,64734,3759],{},[1781,64736,64737,64739,64741],{},[1784,64738,1800],{},[1784,64740,1803],{},[1784,64742,1806],{},[1788,64744,2491],{},[2467,64746,64747,64749],{},[1784,64748,3759],{},[1781,64750,64751,64753],{},[1784,64752,3224],{},[1784,64754,3722],{},[1808,64756,64757],{"encoding":1810},"W_{min} > W^{DK}",") ke vzniku nezaměstnanosti — firmy najímají méně, než kolik lidí je ochotno za ",[1035,64760,64762],{"className":64761},[1772],[1774,64763,64764],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,64765,64766,64780],{},[1781,64767,64768],{},[1792,64769,64770,64772],{},[1784,64771,3759],{},[1781,64773,64774,64776,64778],{},[1784,64775,1800],{},[1784,64777,1803],{},[1784,64779,1806],{},[1808,64781,64782],{"encoding":1810},"W_{min}"," pracovat.",[1030,64785,64786,64789,64790,64813,64814,64832,64833,64863],{},[1047,64787,64788],{},"V monopsonu je situace odlišná."," Pokud je ",[1035,64791,64793],{"className":64792},[1772],[1774,64794,64795],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,64796,64797,64811],{},[1781,64798,64799],{},[1792,64800,64801,64803],{},[1784,64802,3759],{},[1781,64804,64805,64807,64809],{},[1784,64806,1800],{},[1784,64808,1803],{},[1784,64810,1806],{},[1808,64812,64782],{"encoding":1810}," stanoveno mezi ",[1035,64815,64817],{"className":64816},[1772],[1774,64818,64819],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,64820,64821,64829],{},[1781,64822,64823],{},[2467,64824,64825,64827],{},[1784,64826,3759],{},[1788,64828,7763],{},[1808,64830,64831],{"encoding":1810},"W^\\ast"," (monopsoní mzda) a ",[1035,64834,64836],{"className":64835},[1772],[1774,64837,64838],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,64839,64840,64860],{},[1781,64841,64842,64844,64846,64848,64850,64852,64858],{},[1784,64843,1857],{},[1784,64845,1860],{},[1784,64847,2264],{},[1784,64849,3766],{},[1788,64851,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2467,64853,64854,64856],{},[1784,64855,3766],{},[1788,64857,7763],{},[1788,64859,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,64861,64862],{"encoding":1810},"MRPL(L^\\ast)"," (hodnota mezního produktu), pak:",[1260,64865,64866,64892,64951],{},[1115,64867,64868,64869,1075],{},"Monopsonista už nemá motivaci platit méně — zákonný strop ho nutí platit minimálně ",[1035,64870,64872],{"className":64871},[1772],[1774,64873,64874],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,64875,64876,64890],{},[1781,64877,64878],{},[1792,64879,64880,64882],{},[1784,64881,3759],{},[1781,64883,64884,64886,64888],{},[1784,64885,1800],{},[1784,64887,1803],{},[1784,64889,1806],{},[1808,64891,64782],{"encoding":1810},[1115,64893,64894,64895,64918,64919,64922,64923,64946,64947,64950],{},"Mezní náklady na práci se na intervalu pod ",[1035,64896,64898],{"className":64897},[1772],[1774,64899,64900],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,64901,64902,64916],{},[1781,64903,64904],{},[1792,64905,64906,64908],{},[1784,64907,3759],{},[1781,64909,64910,64912,64914],{},[1784,64911,1800],{},[1784,64913,1803],{},[1784,64915,1806],{},[1808,64917,64782],{"encoding":1810}," stanou ",[1091,64920,64921],{},"konstantními"," a rovnými ",[1035,64924,64926],{"className":64925},[1772],[1774,64927,64928],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,64929,64930,64944],{},[1781,64931,64932],{},[1792,64933,64934,64936],{},[1784,64935,3759],{},[1781,64937,64938,64940,64942],{},[1784,64939,1800],{},[1784,64941,1803],{},[1784,64943,1806],{},[1808,64945,64782],{"encoding":1810}," (firma platí všem stejně, ale nyní ",[1091,64948,64949],{},"zákonem"," danou výši).",[1115,64952,64953,64954,64988,64989,26563,64992,1075],{},"Firma najímá až do bodu, kde ",[1035,64955,64957],{"className":64956},[1772],[1774,64958,64959],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,64960,64961,64985],{},[1781,64962,64963,64975,64977,64979,64981,64983],{},[1792,64964,64965,64967],{},[1784,64966,3759],{},[1781,64968,64969,64971,64973],{},[1784,64970,1800],{},[1784,64972,1803],{},[1784,64974,1806],{},[1788,64976,1863],{},[1784,64978,1857],{},[1784,64980,1860],{},[1784,64982,2264],{},[1784,64984,3766],{},[1808,64986,64987],{"encoding":1810},"W_{min} = MRPL"," — což může být ",[1047,64990,64991],{},"více",[1035,64993,64995],{"className":64994},[1772],[1774,64996,64997],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,64998,64999,65007],{},[1781,65000,65001],{},[2467,65002,65003,65005],{},[1784,65004,3766],{},[1788,65006,7763],{},[1808,65008,63056],{"encoding":1810},[1030,65010,65011,65013,65014,1089,65017,1089,65019,1075],{},[1047,65012,5622],{},": minimální mzda v monopsonu může současně ",[1047,65015,65016],{},"zvýšit mzdu",[1091,65018,1803],{},[1047,65020,65021],{},"zvýšit zaměstnanost",[1030,65023,65024],{},"Tento neintuitivní výsledek nepředpovídá tradiční učebnice. Empiricky byl podpořen studií Card & Krueger (1994), která změřila zaměstnanost ve fast-food řetězcích v New Jersey po zvýšení minimální mzdy a porovnala ji s Pennsylvánií. Zaměstnanost neklesla; mírně vzrostla.",[1030,65026,65027],{},"Stejným způsobem fungují kolektivní smlouvy odborů — vytvářejí mzdový \"polštář\", který v monopsoním prostředí navyšuje současně mzdy i zaměstnanost. To je teoretická báze pro souběh odborového hnutí a sociální legislativy v poválečné Evropě.",[1023,65029,65031,65038],{"className":65030,"dataCallout":3501},[1026,3500],[1030,65032,65034,65037],{"className":65033},[1033],[1035,65035],{"className":65036,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,3508,1040],"Hranice argumentu",[1030,65039,65040,65041,65064,65065,1089,65067,65096,65097,65120,65121,65140],{},"Argument neplatí univerzálně. Pokud je ",[1035,65042,65044],{"className":65043},[1772],[1774,65045,65046],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,65047,65048,65062],{},[1781,65049,65050],{},[1792,65051,65052,65054],{},[1784,65053,3759],{},[1781,65055,65056,65058,65060],{},[1784,65057,1800],{},[1784,65059,1803],{},[1784,65061,1806],{},[1808,65063,64782],{"encoding":1810}," stanovena ",[1091,65066,10709],{},[1035,65068,65070],{"className":65069},[1772],[1774,65071,65072],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,65073,65074,65094],{},[1781,65075,65076,65078,65080,65082,65084,65086,65092],{},[1784,65077,1857],{},[1784,65079,1860],{},[1784,65081,2264],{},[1784,65083,3766],{},[1788,65085,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2467,65087,65088,65090],{},[1784,65089,3766],{},[1788,65091,7763],{},[1788,65093,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,65095,64862],{"encoding":1810},", zaměstnanost klesne i v monopsonu — model dokonalé konkurence se znovu prosadí. Empirické debaty (Neumark, Wascher vs. Card, Krueger) se nevedou o teoretické možnosti, ale o tom, kde reálně leží ",[1035,65098,65100],{"className":65099},[1772],[1774,65101,65102],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,65103,65104,65118],{},[1781,65105,65106],{},[1792,65107,65108,65110],{},[1784,65109,3759],{},[1781,65111,65112,65114,65116],{},[1784,65113,1800],{},[1784,65115,1803],{},[1784,65117,1806],{},[1808,65119,64782],{"encoding":1810}," vůči ",[1035,65122,65124],{"className":65123},[1772],[1774,65125,65126],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,65127,65128,65138],{},[1781,65129,65130,65132,65134,65136],{},[1784,65131,1857],{},[1784,65133,1860],{},[1784,65135,2264],{},[1784,65137,3766],{},[1808,65139,64002],{"encoding":1810}," v konkrétních sektorech.",[4503,65142],{},[1077,65144,65146],{"id":65145},"_11-vztah-ke-monopolu-a-další-souvislosti","11. Vztah ke monopolu a další souvislosti",[1030,65148,65149,65150,65153],{},"Monopson a ",[1068,65151,83],{"className":65152,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1876,"href":1877},[1071]," jsou strukturálně symetrické — oba generují deadweight loss, oba motivují k regulačnímu zásahu, oba se mohou stupňovat cenovou\u002Fmzdovou diskriminací. Učebnicové srovnání:",[1153,65155,65156,65166],{},[1156,65157,65158],{},[1159,65159,65160,65162,65164],{},[1162,65161],{},[1162,65163,43432],{},[1162,65165,62373],{},[1172,65167,65168,65179,65190,65246,65298,65309,65320],{},[1159,65169,65170,65173,65176],{},[1177,65171,65172],{},"pozice",[1177,65174,65175],{},"jediný prodávající",[1177,65177,65178],{},"jediný kupující",[1159,65180,65181,65184,65187],{},[1177,65182,65183],{},"ovlivňuje",[1177,65185,65186],{},"cenu výstupu",[1177,65188,65189],{},"cenu vstupu",[1159,65191,65192,65195,65218],{},[1177,65193,65194],{},"optimum",[1177,65196,65197],{},[1035,65198,65200],{"className":65199},[1772],[1774,65201,65202],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,65203,65204,65216],{},[1781,65205,65206,65208,65210,65212,65214],{},[1784,65207,1857],{},[1784,65209,1860],{},[1788,65211,1863],{},[1784,65213,1857],{},[1784,65215,1868],{},[1808,65217,1871],{"encoding":1810},[1177,65219,65220],{},[1035,65221,65223],{"className":65222},[1772],[1774,65224,65225],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,65226,65227,65243],{},[1781,65228,65229,65231,65233,65235,65237,65239,65241],{},[1784,65230,1857],{},[1784,65232,1860],{},[1784,65234,2264],{},[1788,65236,1863],{},[1784,65238,1857],{},[1784,65240,1868],{},[1784,65242,3766],{},[1808,65244,65245],{"encoding":1810},"MRP = MCL",[1159,65247,65248,65251,65272],{},[1177,65249,65250],{},"cena vs. mezní hodnota",[1177,65252,65253],{},[1035,65254,65256],{"className":65255},[1772],[1774,65257,65258],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,65259,65260,65270],{},[1781,65261,65262,65264,65266,65268],{},[1784,65263,2264],{},[1788,65265,2491],{},[1784,65267,1857],{},[1784,65269,1868],{},[1808,65271,7656],{"encoding":1810},[1177,65273,65274],{},[1035,65275,65277],{"className":65276},[1772],[1774,65278,65279],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,65280,65281,65295],{},[1781,65282,65283,65285,65287,65289,65291,65293],{},[1784,65284,3759],{},[1788,65286,2537],{},[1784,65288,1857],{},[1784,65290,1860],{},[1784,65292,2264],{},[1784,65294,3766],{},[1808,65296,65297],{"encoding":1810},"W \u003C MRPL",[1159,65299,65300,65303,65306],{},[1177,65301,65302],{},"renta plyne",[1177,65304,65305],{},"prodávajícímu",[1177,65307,65308],{},"kupujícímu",[1159,65310,65311,65314,65317],{},[1177,65312,65313],{},"diskriminace",[1177,65315,65316],{},"cenová (1.\u002F2.\u002F3. stupeň)",[1177,65318,65319],{},"mzdová (1.\u002F2.\u002F3. stupeň)",[1159,65321,65322,65325,65328],{},[1177,65323,65324],{},"protisíla",[1177,65326,65327],{},"regulace ceny, antimonopol",[1177,65329,65330],{},"minimální mzda, odbory",[1030,65332,65333,65334,65338,65339,1075],{},"V praxi často firma kombinuje obojí — je ",[1068,65335,65337],{"className":65336,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1876,"href":1877},[1071],"monopolistou"," na trhu výstupu (např. zdravotní pojišťovna jako prodávající pojištění) i monopsonistou na trhu vstupu (jako kupec lékařských služeb). Tomu se říká ",[1047,65340,65341],{},"bilaterální tržní moc",[1030,65343,65344,65345,65349],{},"Vztah k ",[1068,65346,65348],{"className":65347,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":43413,"href":43414},[1071],"přirozenému monopolu"," je nepřímý: některé monopsony jsou důsledkem síťových efektů na straně poptávky (jediná železnice, jediný stát jako kupec specifické technologie), což připomíná logiku přirozeného monopolu posunutou na druhou stranu trhu.",[1030,65351,65352,65353,65357,65358,65362,65363,65382],{},"Pro úplný obraz fungování trhu práce je třeba kombinovat monopson s analýzou ",[1068,65354,65356],{"className":65355,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":2388,"href":2389},[1071],"elasticity poptávky"," po práci a ",[1068,65359,65361],{"className":65360,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":7244,"href":7245},[1071],"cenové diskriminace"," na trhu výstupu — výsledná mzda totiž nezávisí jen na trhu práce, ale i na tržní struktuře, ve které firma prodává své výstupy. Pokud je firma monopolistou na trhu výstupu, je její ",[1035,65364,65366],{"className":65365},[1772],[1774,65367,65368],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,65369,65370,65380],{},[1781,65371,65372,65374,65376,65378],{},[1784,65373,1857],{},[1784,65375,1860],{},[1784,65377,2264],{},[1784,65379,3766],{},[1808,65381,64002],{"encoding":1810}," nižší (a méně elastické) než u konkurenční firmy, takže monopsoní efekt ve mzdě se prohlubuje.",[4503,65384],{},[1077,65386,65388],{"id":65387},"_12-příklady-ze-zkoušek","12. Příklady ze zkoušek",[1030,65390,25349,65391,65395],{},[1068,65392,65394],{"className":65393,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":4279,"href":4280},[1071],"předtermínech"," se monopson objevuje opakovaně:",[1112,65397,65398,65650,65656,65670],{},[1115,65399,65400,65406,65407,65428,65429,10729,65446,65474,65475,65507,65508,34014,65542,65572,65573,65617,65618,1075],{},[1047,65401,65402,65403],{},"Otázka ",[1091,65404,65405],{},"labor demand under monopsony"," — odvození ",[1035,65408,65410],{"className":65409},[1772],[1774,65411,65412],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,65413,65414,65426],{},[1781,65415,65416,65418,65420,65422,65424],{},[1784,65417,1857],{},[1784,65419,1868],{},[1784,65421,3766],{},[1788,65423,2491],{},[1784,65425,3759],{},[1808,65427,62859],{"encoding":1810},", výpočet optimálního ",[1035,65430,65432],{"className":65431},[1772],[1774,65433,65434],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,65435,65436,65444],{},[1781,65437,65438],{},[2467,65439,65440,65442],{},[1784,65441,3766],{},[1788,65443,7763],{},[1808,65445,63056],{"encoding":1810},[1035,65447,65449],{"className":65448},[1772],[1774,65450,65451],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,65452,65453,65471],{},[1781,65454,65455,65457,65459,65461,65463,65465,65467,65469],{},[1784,65456,1857],{},[1784,65458,1868],{},[1784,65460,3766],{},[1788,65462,1863],{},[1784,65464,1857],{},[1784,65466,1860],{},[1784,65468,2264],{},[1784,65470,3766],{},[1808,65472,65473],{"encoding":1810},"MCL = MRPL"," a srovnání s dokonalou konkurencí. Typicky se zadá lineární ",[1035,65476,65478],{"className":65477},[1772],[1774,65479,65480],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,65481,65482,65504],{},[1781,65483,65484,65490,65492,65494,65496,65498,65500,65502],{},[1792,65485,65486,65488],{},[1784,65487,3212],{},[1784,65489,3766],{},[1788,65491,1310],{},[1784,65493,3759],{},[1788,65495,1863],{},[1784,65497,1068],{},[1788,65499,2637],{},[1784,65501,8838],{},[1784,65503,3766],{},[1808,65505,65506],{"encoding":1810},"S_L: W = a + bL"," a lineární ",[1035,65509,65511],{"className":65510},[1772],[1774,65512,65513],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,65514,65515,65539],{},[1781,65516,65517,65519,65521,65523,65525,65527,65529,65531,65533,65535,65537],{},[1784,65518,1857],{},[1784,65520,1860],{},[1784,65522,2264],{},[1784,65524,3766],{},[1788,65526,1310],{},[1784,65528,3759],{},[1788,65530,1863],{},[1784,65532,9435],{},[1788,65534,2371],{},[1784,65536,2328],{},[1784,65538,3766],{},[1808,65540,65541],{"encoding":1810},"MRPL: W = c - dL",[1035,65543,65545],{"className":65544},[1772],[1774,65546,65547],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,65548,65549,65569],{},[1781,65550,65551,65553,65555,65557,65559,65561,65563,65565,65567],{},[1784,65552,1857],{},[1784,65554,1868],{},[1784,65556,3766],{},[1788,65558,1863],{},[1784,65560,1068],{},[1788,65562,2637],{},[2348,65564,4593],{},[1784,65566,8838],{},[1784,65568,3766],{},[1808,65570,65571],{"encoding":1810},"MCL = a + 2bL"," a optimum ",[1035,65574,65576],{"className":65575},[1772],[1774,65577,65578],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,65579,65580,65614],{},[1781,65581,65582,65588,65590,65592,65594,65596,65598,65600,65602,65604,65606,65608,65610,65612],{},[2467,65583,65584,65586],{},[1784,65585,3766],{},[1788,65587,7763],{},[1788,65589,1863],{},[1788,65591,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,65593,9435],{},[1788,65595,2371],{},[1784,65597,1068],{},[1788,65599,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,65601,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,65603,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,65605,4593],{},[1784,65607,8838],{},[1788,65609,2637],{},[1784,65611,2328],{},[1788,65613,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,65615,65616],{"encoding":1810},"L^\\ast = (c-a)\u002F(2b+d)",", mzda ",[1035,65619,65621],{"className":65620},[1772],[1774,65622,65623],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,65624,65625,65647],{},[1781,65626,65627,65633,65635,65637,65639,65641],{},[2467,65628,65629,65631],{},[1784,65630,3759],{},[1788,65632,7763],{},[1788,65634,1863],{},[1784,65636,1068],{},[1788,65638,2637],{},[1784,65640,8838],{},[2467,65642,65643,65645],{},[1784,65644,3766],{},[1788,65646,7763],{},[1808,65648,65649],{"encoding":1810},"W^\\ast = a + bL^\\ast",[1115,65651,65652,65655],{},[1047,65653,65654],{},"Cíle odborových svazů."," Slovní popis tří cílů (renta, wage bill, zaměstnanost), jejich zákres do grafu nabídky\u002Fpoptávky po práci a doplňková otázka o vlivu zkrácení pracovního týdne.",[1115,65657,65658,65663,65664,1737,65667,65669],{},[1047,65659,65402,65660],{},[1091,65661,65662],{},"alternative firm objectives"," — chování firmy, která neminimalizuje náklady, ale maximalizuje ",[1091,65665,65666],{},"zaměstnanost",[1091,65668,31925],{},"; analogie k cílům odborů, ale na straně firmy.",[1115,65671,65672,65675],{},[1047,65673,65674],{},"Teoretická otázka (definice monopsonu)"," — definice, zdroje monopsoní síly, faktory zvyšující monopsoní sílu. Odpověď je obsah sekcí 1–4 této stránky.",[1030,65677,65678,65679,1062,65683,1075],{},"Pro řešené příklady viz ",[1068,65680,65682],{"className":65681,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1832,"href":1833},[1071],"přehled vzorců",[1068,65684,61703],{"className":65685,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":4279,"href":4280},[1071],[1100,65687,65689],{"id":65688},"návod-na-řešení","Návod na řešení",[1030,65691,65692,65693,1310],{},"Standardní postup u zkouškové úlohy ",[1091,65694,65405],{},[1260,65696,65697,65703,65897,65947,66009],{},[1115,65698,65699,65702],{},[1047,65700,65701],{},"Identifikujte tržní strukturu."," Pokud zadání obsahuje \"jediný zaměstnavatel\", \"dominantní firma v regionu\" nebo \"firma čelí celé tržní nabídce\", jde o monopson.",[1115,65704,65705,65742,65743,65763,65764,65796,65797,65810,65811,65828,65829,24775,65853,65882,65883,65896],{},[1047,65706,12941,65707,1062,65725,1075],{},[1035,65708,65710],{"className":65709},[1772],[1774,65711,65712],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,65713,65714,65722],{},[1781,65715,65716,65718,65720],{},[1784,65717,2257],{},[1784,65719,1868],{},[1784,65721,3766],{},[1808,65723,65724],{"encoding":1810},"TCL",[1035,65726,65728],{"className":65727},[1772],[1774,65729,65730],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,65731,65732,65740],{},[1781,65733,65734,65736,65738],{},[1784,65735,1857],{},[1784,65737,1868],{},[1784,65739,3766],{},[1808,65741,62649],{"encoding":1810}," Z dané křivky ",[1035,65744,65746],{"className":65745},[1772],[1774,65747,65748],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,65749,65750,65760],{},[1781,65751,65752,65754,65756,65758],{},[1784,65753,3759],{},[1788,65755,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,65757,3766],{},[1788,65759,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,65761,65762],{"encoding":1810},"W(L)"," vypočtěte ",[1035,65765,65767],{"className":65766},[1772],[1774,65768,65769],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,65770,65771,65793],{},[1781,65772,65773,65775,65777,65779,65781,65783,65785,65787,65789,65791],{},[1784,65774,2257],{},[1784,65776,1868],{},[1784,65778,3766],{},[1788,65780,1863],{},[1784,65782,3759],{},[1788,65784,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,65786,3766],{},[1788,65788,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,65790,2267],{},[1784,65792,3766],{},[1808,65794,65795],{"encoding":1810},"TCL = W(L) \\cdot L",", derivujte podle ",[1035,65798,65800],{"className":65799},[1772],[1774,65801,65802],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,65803,65804,65808],{},[1781,65805,65806],{},[1784,65807,3766],{},[1808,65809,3766],{"encoding":1810},", dostanete ",[1035,65812,65814],{"className":65813},[1772],[1774,65815,65816],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,65817,65818,65826],{},[1781,65819,65820,65822,65824],{},[1784,65821,1857],{},[1784,65823,1868],{},[1784,65825,3766],{},[1808,65827,62649],{"encoding":1810},". Pro lineární ",[1035,65830,65832],{"className":65831},[1772],[1774,65833,65834],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,65835,65836,65850],{},[1781,65837,65838,65840,65842,65844,65846,65848],{},[1784,65839,3759],{},[1788,65841,1863],{},[1784,65843,1068],{},[1788,65845,2637],{},[1784,65847,8838],{},[1784,65849,3766],{},[1808,65851,65852],{"encoding":1810},"W = a + bL",[1035,65854,65856],{"className":65855},[1772],[1774,65857,65858],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,65859,65860,65880],{},[1781,65861,65862,65864,65866,65868,65870,65872,65874,65876,65878],{},[1784,65863,1857],{},[1784,65865,1868],{},[1784,65867,3766],{},[1788,65869,1863],{},[1784,65871,1068],{},[1788,65873,2637],{},[2348,65875,4593],{},[1784,65877,8838],{},[1784,65879,3766],{},[1808,65881,65571],{"encoding":1810}," (sklon dvojnásobný oproti ",[1035,65884,65886],{"className":65885},[1772],[1774,65887,65888],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,65889,65890,65894],{},[1781,65891,65892],{},[1784,65893,3759],{},[1808,65895,3759],{"encoding":1810}," — analogie MR vs. P u monopolu).",[1115,65898,65899,4058,65902,65929,65930,1075],{},[1047,65900,65901],{},"Stanovte podmínku optima",[1035,65903,65905],{"className":65904},[1772],[1774,65906,65907],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,65908,65909,65927],{},[1781,65910,65911,65913,65915,65917,65919,65921,65923,65925],{},[1784,65912,1857],{},[1784,65914,1868],{},[1784,65916,3766],{},[1788,65918,1863],{},[1784,65920,1857],{},[1784,65922,1860],{},[1784,65924,2264],{},[1784,65926,3766],{},[1808,65928,65473],{"encoding":1810},". Vyřešte pro ",[1035,65931,65933],{"className":65932},[1772],[1774,65934,65935],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,65936,65937,65945],{},[1781,65938,65939],{},[2467,65940,65941,65943],{},[1784,65942,3766],{},[1788,65944,7763],{},[1808,65946,63056],{"encoding":1810},[1115,65948,65949,65951,65952,65969,65970,65989,65990,1075],{},[1047,65950,63037],{},": dosaďte ",[1035,65953,65955],{"className":65954},[1772],[1774,65956,65957],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,65958,65959,65967],{},[1781,65960,65961],{},[2467,65962,65963,65965],{},[1784,65964,3766],{},[1788,65966,7763],{},[1808,65968,63056],{"encoding":1810}," zpět do ",[1035,65971,65973],{"className":65972},[1772],[1774,65974,65975],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,65976,65977,65987],{},[1781,65978,65979,65981,65983,65985],{},[1784,65980,3759],{},[1788,65982,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,65984,3766],{},[1788,65986,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,65988,65762],{"encoding":1810},", ne do ",[1035,65991,65993],{"className":65992},[1772],[1774,65994,65995],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,65996,65997,66007],{},[1781,65998,65999,66001,66003,66005],{},[1784,66000,1857],{},[1784,66002,1860],{},[1784,66004,2264],{},[1784,66006,3766],{},[1808,66008,64002],{"encoding":1810},[1115,66010,66011,66014,66015,1075],{},[1047,66012,66013],{},"Renta a DWL",": vypočtěte rozdíl proti dokonalé konkurenci, kde ",[1035,66016,66018],{"className":66017},[1772],[1774,66019,66020],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,66021,66022,66036],{},[1781,66023,66024,66026,66028,66030,66032,66034],{},[1784,66025,3759],{},[1788,66027,1863],{},[1784,66029,1857],{},[1784,66031,1860],{},[1784,66033,2264],{},[1784,66035,3766],{},[1808,66037,63205],{"encoding":1810},[1030,66039,66040,66041,11150,66058,66077,66078,66097],{},"Klasická chyba, na kterou opraváři čekají: studenti dosadí ",[1035,66042,66044],{"className":66043},[1772],[1774,66045,66046],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,66047,66048,66056],{},[1781,66049,66050],{},[2467,66051,66052,66054],{},[1784,66053,3766],{},[1788,66055,7763],{},[1808,66057,63056],{"encoding":1810},[1035,66059,66061],{"className":66060},[1772],[1774,66062,66063],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,66064,66065,66075],{},[1781,66066,66067,66069,66071,66073],{},[1784,66068,1857],{},[1784,66070,1860],{},[1784,66072,2264],{},[1784,66074,3766],{},[1808,66076,64002],{"encoding":1810}," místo do ",[1035,66079,66081],{"className":66080},[1772],[1774,66082,66083],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,66084,66085,66095],{},[1781,66086,66087,66089,66091,66093],{},[1784,66088,3759],{},[1788,66090,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,66092,3766],{},[1788,66094,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,66096,65762],{"encoding":1810},". To jim dá hodnotu mezního produktu, ne reálnou mzdu — a celá pointa monopsonu se ztrácí.",[4503,66099],{},[1077,66101,66103],{"id":66102},"_13-shrnutí","13. Shrnutí",[1030,66105,66106],{},"Monopson je strukturní zrcadlo monopolu. Jediný kupující — typicky zaměstnavatel — využívá toho, že čelí celé tržní nabídce vstupu, k tomu, aby platil méně, než kolik vstup přidává firmě k tržbě. Generuje to deadweight loss a transfer renty od prodávajících (pracovníků) ke kupujícímu (firmě). Nástroji jsou:",[1260,66108,66109,66201,66207,66212,66218],{},[1115,66110,66111,4058,66114,66135,66136,66163,66164,66181,66182,1075],{},[1047,66112,66113],{},"Geometrie",[1035,66115,66117],{"className":66116},[1772],[1774,66118,66119],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,66120,66121,66133],{},[1781,66122,66123,66125,66127,66129,66131],{},[1784,66124,1857],{},[1784,66126,1868],{},[1784,66128,3766],{},[1788,66130,2491],{},[1784,66132,3759],{},[1808,66134,62859],{"encoding":1810},", optimum ",[1035,66137,66139],{"className":66138},[1772],[1774,66140,66141],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,66142,66143,66161],{},[1781,66144,66145,66147,66149,66151,66153,66155,66157,66159],{},[1784,66146,1857],{},[1784,66148,1868],{},[1784,66150,3766],{},[1788,66152,1863],{},[1784,66154,1857],{},[1784,66156,1860],{},[1784,66158,2264],{},[1784,66160,3766],{},[1808,66162,65473],{"encoding":1810},", mzda čtená z ",[1035,66165,66167],{"className":66166},[1772],[1774,66168,66169],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,66170,66171,66179],{},[1781,66172,66173],{},[1792,66174,66175,66177],{},[1784,66176,3212],{},[1784,66178,3766],{},[1808,66180,62670],{"encoding":1810}," pod ",[1035,66183,66185],{"className":66184},[1772],[1774,66186,66187],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,66188,66189,66199],{},[1781,66190,66191,66193,66195,66197],{},[1784,66192,1857],{},[1784,66194,1860],{},[1784,66196,2264],{},[1784,66198,3766],{},[1808,66200,64002],{"encoding":1810},[1115,66202,66203,66206],{},[1047,66204,66205],{},"Faktory síly",": nízká elasticita nabídky, malý počet kupujících, nízká interakce mezi kupujícími.",[1115,66208,66209,66211],{},[1047,66210,62385],{}," (1.\u002F2.\u002F3. stupně) jako rozšiřující nástroj odčerpávání renty.",[1115,66213,66214,66217],{},[1047,66215,66216],{},"Empirické důkazy",": Manning (2003), Silicon Valley no-poach kauza, Card & Krueger (1994).",[1115,66219,66220,66223,66224,66227],{},[1047,66221,66222],{},"Protisíly",": minimální mzda (paradoxně může v monopsonu ",[1091,66225,66226],{},"zvýšit"," zaměstnanost), odbory jako bilaterální monopol s definovanými cíli (renta, wage bill, zaměstnanost).",[1030,66229,66230],{},"Pochopení monopsonu je klíčové pro analýzu trhů práce, regulace zdravotnictví, profesionálního sportu, obranných zakázek a vztahů mezi velkými řetězci a jejich dodavateli.",[1100,66232,66234],{"id":66233},"co-si-zapamatovat-ke-zkoušce","Co si zapamatovat ke zkoušce",[1023,66236,66238,66248],{"className":66237,"dataCallout":1608},[1026,1607],[1030,66239,66241,66244,66245],{"className":66240},[1033],[1035,66242],{"className":66243,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1615,1040],"Krátká ",[1091,66246,66247],{},"cheat sheet",[1260,66249,66250,66256,66300,66369,66393,66398,66404,66410],{},[1115,66251,66252,66255],{},[1047,66253,66254],{},"Monopson = jediný kupující."," Zrcadlo monopolu.",[1115,66257,66258,66260,66261,66278,66279,66296,66297,1075],{},[1047,66259,62859],{}," vždy (pro ",[1035,66262,66264],{"className":66263},[1772],[1774,66265,66266],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,66267,66268,66276],{},[1781,66269,66270,66272,66274],{},[1784,66271,3766],{},[1788,66273,2491],{},[2348,66275,2350],{},[1808,66277,62878],{"encoding":1810},", rostoucí ",[1035,66280,66282],{"className":66281},[1772],[1774,66283,66284],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,66285,66286,66294],{},[1781,66287,66288],{},[1792,66289,66290,66292],{},[1784,66291,3212],{},[1784,66293,3766],{},[1808,66295,62670],{"encoding":1810},"). Důvod: zvýšení mzdy při najmutí dalšího se týká ",[1091,66298,66299],{},"všech",[1115,66301,66302,4058,66305,66332,66333,66181,66350,1075],{},[1047,66303,66304],{},"Optimum",[1035,66306,66308],{"className":66307},[1772],[1774,66309,66310],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,66311,66312,66330],{},[1781,66313,66314,66316,66318,66320,66322,66324,66326,66328],{},[1784,66315,1857],{},[1784,66317,1868],{},[1784,66319,3766],{},[1788,66321,1863],{},[1784,66323,1857],{},[1784,66325,1860],{},[1784,66327,2264],{},[1784,66329,3766],{},[1808,66331,65473],{"encoding":1810},". Mzda se čte z ",[1035,66334,66336],{"className":66335},[1772],[1774,66337,66338],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,66339,66340,66348],{},[1781,66341,66342],{},[1792,66343,66344,66346],{},[1784,66345,3212],{},[1784,66347,3766],{},[1808,66349,62670],{"encoding":1810},[1035,66351,66353],{"className":66352},[1772],[1774,66354,66355],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,66356,66357,66367],{},[1781,66358,66359,66361,66363,66365],{},[1784,66360,1857],{},[1784,66362,1860],{},[1784,66364,2264],{},[1784,66366,3766],{},[1808,66368,64002],{"encoding":1810},[1115,66370,66371,66374,66375,66392],{},[1047,66372,66373],{},"Tři faktory síly",": nízká elasticita ",[1035,66376,66378],{"className":66377},[1772],[1774,66379,66380],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,66381,66382,66390],{},[1781,66383,66384],{},[1792,66385,66386,66388],{},[1784,66387,3212],{},[1784,66389,3766],{},[1808,66391,62670],{"encoding":1810},", málo kupujících, slabá konkurence mezi kupujícími.",[1115,66394,66395,66397],{},[1047,66396,62385],{},": 1. stupeň = perfect (rezervační mzda každého), 2. stupeň = balíčky, 3. stupeň = skupiny.",[1115,66399,66400,66403],{},[1047,66401,66402],{},"Cíle odborů",": renta (A), wage bill (B), zaměstnanost (C). Bilaterální monopol s monopsonistou.",[1115,66405,66406,66409],{},[1047,66407,66408],{},"Minimální mzda v monopsonu může současně zvýšit mzdu i zaměstnanost"," — to je hlavní teoretický bod, který se ptá ve zkouškách.",[1115,66411,66412,66415,66416,11150,66433,66077,66452,66471],{},[1047,66413,66414],{},"Klasická zkušební past",": dosadit ",[1035,66417,66419],{"className":66418},[1772],[1774,66420,66421],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,66422,66423,66431],{},[1781,66424,66425],{},[2467,66426,66427,66429],{},[1784,66428,3766],{},[1788,66430,7763],{},[1808,66432,63056],{"encoding":1810},[1035,66434,66436],{"className":66435},[1772],[1774,66437,66438],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,66439,66440,66450],{},[1781,66441,66442,66444,66446,66448],{},[1784,66443,1857],{},[1784,66445,1860],{},[1784,66447,2264],{},[1784,66449,3766],{},[1808,66451,64002],{"encoding":1810},[1035,66453,66455],{"className":66454},[1772],[1774,66456,66457],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,66458,66459,66469],{},[1781,66460,66461,66463,66465,66467],{},[1784,66462,3759],{},[1788,66464,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,66466,3766],{},[1788,66468,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,66470,65762],{"encoding":1810},". Nedělej to.",[4503,66473],{},[1030,66475,66476,4058,66478,66481,66482,66481,66485,66481,66489,66481,66492,66481,66495,66481,66498],{},[1047,66477,1646],{},[1068,66479,14],{"className":66480,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1680,"href":1681},[1071]," · ",[1068,66483,43033],{"className":66484,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1876,"href":1877},[1071],[1068,66486,66488],{"className":66487,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":43413,"href":43414},[1071],"Přirozený monopol a regulace",[1068,66490,7246],{"className":66491,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":7244,"href":7245},[1071],[1068,66493,10762],{"className":66494,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":2388,"href":2389},[1071],[1068,66496,19714],{"className":66497,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1832,"href":1833},[1071],[1068,66499,19721],{"className":66500,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":4279,"href":4280},[1071],{"title":1685,"searchDepth":141,"depth":141,"links":66502},[66503,66504,66505,66508,66513,66516,66517,66518,66522,66523,66524,66525,66528],{"id":62405,"depth":141,"text":62406},{"id":62474,"depth":141,"text":62475},{"id":62578,"depth":141,"text":62579,"children":66506},[66507],{"id":63355,"depth":96,"text":63356},{"id":63811,"depth":141,"text":63812,"children":66509},[66510,66511,66512],{"id":63826,"depth":96,"text":63827},{"id":64029,"depth":96,"text":64030},{"id":64041,"depth":96,"text":64042},{"id":64118,"depth":141,"text":64119,"children":66514},[66515],{"id":64207,"depth":96,"text":64208},{"id":64279,"depth":141,"text":64280},{"id":64383,"depth":141,"text":64384},{"id":64451,"depth":141,"text":64452,"children":66519},[66520,66521],{"id":64470,"depth":96,"text":64471},{"id":64599,"depth":96,"text":64600},{"id":64631,"depth":141,"text":64632},{"id":64707,"depth":141,"text":64708},{"id":65145,"depth":141,"text":65146},{"id":65387,"depth":141,"text":65388,"children":66526},[66527],{"id":65688,"depth":96,"text":65689},{"id":66102,"depth":141,"text":66103,"children":66529},[66530],{"id":66233,"depth":96,"text":66234},{},"\u002Ftopics\u002Fmikk-monopson-mzdova-diskriminace",{"title":55375,"description":1685},[10944,66535],"raw\u002Fmikk\u002Fmikro-FINAL-2-1.pdf","topics\u002Fmikk-monopson-mzdova-diskriminace",[13,28,718,730,936],"9UbUZpxGwametqZoQ_Gg02hZsuFX-mdQh6l_kziEOS8",{"id":66540,"title":66541,"body":66542,"course":13,"courses":1696,"created":1697,"description":1685,"extension":1698,"meta":72007,"navigation":1700,"path":72008,"seo":72009,"sources":72010,"stem":72011,"tags":72012,"type":4439,"updated":1697,"__hash__":72013},"topics\u002Ftopics\u002Fmikk-odhad-poptavky.md","Odhad a predikce poptávky",{"type":1016,"value":66543,"toc":71945},[66544,66547,66549,66596,66707,66768,66812,66816,66820,66847,66850,66900,66907,66911,66942,66964,66967,67097,67113,67117,67120,67152,67155,67159,67163,67166,67372,67374,67415,67432,67436,67439,67443,67522,67526,67560,67564,67571,67589,67593,67599,67644,67647,67669,67686,67690,67694,67700,67795,68063,68070,68074,68080,68172,68181,68302,68308,68401,68418,68422,68429,68523,68527,68531,68534,68622,68697,68701,68863,68889,68922,68926,68930,68969,68973,69030,69034,69101,69118,69122,69156,69196,69203,69207,69210,69638,69640,69705,69742,69746,69750,69753,69759,69765,69769,69772,69813,69939,69985,69989,70331,70335,70407,70410,70533,70567,70571,70601,70622,70626,70698,70705,70709,70750,70754,70797,70851,70855,70902,70905,70909,70954,70960,70964,71019,71026,71090,71094,71098,71108,71154,71160,71164,71167,71186,71189,71211,71268,71272,71279,71281,71296,71298,71316,71320,71326,71332,71338,71345,71350,71399,71403,71422,71431,71435,71440,71464,71469,71483,71488,71509,71518,71522,71592,71595,71681,71702,71706,71710,71738,71741,71788,71792,71812,71816,71928,71931],[1019,66545,66541],{"id":66546},"odhad-a-predikce-poptávky",[1077,66548,1042],{"id":1722},[1030,66550,66551,66552,66555,66556,66559,66560,66563,66564,66588,66589,6640,66592,1075],{},"Odhad poptávky a predikce poptávky jsou dvě ",[1047,66553,66554],{},"různé úlohy",": odhad kvantifikuje\n",[1047,66557,66558],{},"existující"," poptávkovou funkci na základě historických dat (typicky regresní\nanalýzou), zatímco predikce extrapoluje ",[1047,66561,66562],{},"budoucí"," poptávku s využitím\ntrendových a sezónních složek. Tržní potenciál ",[1035,66565,66567],{"className":66566},[1772],[1774,66568,66569],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,66570,66571,66585],{},[1781,66572,66573,66575,66577,66579,66581,66583],{},[1784,66574,1857],{},[1784,66576,2264],{},[1788,66578,1863],{},[1784,66580,2264],{},[1788,66582,2267],{},[1784,66584,2270],{},[1808,66586,66587],{"encoding":1810},"MP = P \\cdot Q"," je jejich\npřirozeným důsledkem a je ",[1047,66590,66591],{},"maximální tam, kde je cenová elasticita poptávky\nrovna jedné",[1068,66593,66595],{"className":66594,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":2388,"href":2389},[1071],"cenová elasticita",[1030,66597,66598,66599,66695,66696,1299,66699,66702,66703,66706],{},"Ekonometrický postup pracuje s vícefaktorovou poptávkovou funkcí\n",[1035,66600,66602],{"className":66601},[1772],[1774,66603,66604],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,66605,66606,66692],{},[1781,66607,66608,66614,66616,66618,66620,66626,66628,66634,66636,66642,66644,66650,66652,66654,66656,66662,66664,66670,66672,66678,66680,66682,66684,66686,66688,66690],{},[1792,66609,66610,66612],{},[1784,66611,2270],{},[1784,66613,2328],{},[1788,66615,1863],{},[1784,66617,2139],{},[1788,66619,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,66621,66622,66624],{},[1784,66623,2264],{},[1784,66625,2485],{},[1788,66627,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,66629,66630,66632],{},[1784,66631,2264],{},[1784,66633,9435],{},[1788,66635,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,66637,66638,66640],{},[1784,66639,2264],{},[1784,66641,9351],{},[1788,66643,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,66645,66646,66648],{},[1784,66647,21001],{},[1784,66649,2328],{},[1788,66651,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,66653,2257],{},[1788,66655,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,66657,66658,66660],{},[1784,66659,10292],{},[1784,66661,2485],{},[1788,66663,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,66665,66666,66668],{},[1784,66667,10292],{},[1784,66669,9435],{},[1788,66671,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,66673,66674,66676],{},[1784,66675,10292],{},[1784,66677,9351],{},[1788,66679,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,66681,3221],{},[1788,66683,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,66685,1868],{},[1788,66687,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,66689,2364],{},[1788,66691,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,66693,66694],{"encoding":1810},"Q_d = f(P_o, P_c, P_s, Y_d, T, A_o, A_c, A_s, I, C, E)"," ve třech standardních\nfunkčních formách: ",[1047,66697,66698],{},"lineární",[1047,66700,66701],{},"exponenciální"," (multiplikativní)\na ",[1047,66704,66705],{},"logaritmická",". V exponenciální a logaritmické formě jsou odhadované\nparametry rovnou interpretovatelné jako elasticity, což je jejich praktická\npřednost.",[1030,66708,66709,66710,66713,66755,66756,66759,66760,66763,66764,66767],{},"Pro predikci se nejčastěji používá ",[1047,66711,66712],{},"dekompozice časové řady",[1035,66714,66716],{"className":66715},[1772],[1774,66717,66718],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,66719,66720,66752],{},[1781,66721,66722,66728,66730,66736,66738,66744,66746],{},[1792,66723,66724,66726],{},[1784,66725,20998],{},[1784,66727,8827],{},[1788,66729,1863],{},[1792,66731,66732,66734],{},[1784,66733,2257],{},[1784,66735,8827],{},[1788,66737,2637],{},[1792,66739,66740,66742],{},[1784,66741,3212],{},[1784,66743,8827],{},[1788,66745,2637],{},[1792,66747,66748,66750],{},[1784,66749,3221],{},[1784,66751,8827],{},[1808,66753,66754],{"encoding":1810},"X_t = T_t + S_t + I_t"," (trend + sezóna + náhodná složka). Doplňkové metody\nzahrnují ",[1047,66757,66758],{},"Delphi"," (iterativní anonymní expertní dotazování), ",[1047,66761,66762],{},"market\ntesting"," (Sales Wave, Simulated Store, Test Marketing) a ",[1047,66765,66766],{},"Sales Force\nOpinion",". Volba metody závisí na typu produktu, dostupnosti dat a charakteru\ntrhu.",[1023,66769,66771,66778,66799],{"className":66770,"dataCallout":2090},[1026,2089],[1030,66772,66774,66777],{"className":66773},[1033],[1035,66775],{"className":66776,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,2097,1040],"Distinkce odhad vs. predikce",[1112,66779,66780,66790],{},[1115,66781,66782,66785,66786,66789],{},[1047,66783,66784],{},"Odhad (estimation)"," odpovídá na otázku „",[1047,66787,66788],{},"jaká poptávka je","?\" —\nkvantifikuje parametry stávající poptávkové funkce.",[1115,66791,66792,66785,66795,66798],{},[1047,66793,66794],{},"Predikce (forecasting)",[1047,66796,66797],{},"jaká poptávka bude","?\"\n— extrapoluje budoucí hodnoty.",[1030,66800,66801,66802,1299,66805,51447,66808,66811],{},"Tyto úlohy mají ",[1047,66803,66804],{},"odlišné metody",[1047,66806,66807],{},"odlišné předpoklady",[1047,66809,66810],{},"odlišné\nzdroje chyb",", a je nutné je v praxi rozlišovat.",[1077,66813,66815],{"id":66814},"_1-tržní-potenciál","1. Tržní potenciál",[1100,66817,66819],{"id":66818},"kotlerova-definice","Kotlerova definice",[1030,66821,66822,66823,1299,66839,66842,66843,66846],{},"Tržní potenciál (",[1035,66824,66826],{"className":66825},[1772],[1774,66827,66828],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,66829,66830,66836],{},[1781,66831,66832,66834],{},[1784,66833,1857],{},[1784,66835,2264],{},[1808,66837,66838],{"encoding":1810},"MP",[1091,66840,66841],{},"market potential",") je dle Kotlera (s. 261)\n",[1047,66844,66845],{},"maximální objem prodeje"," — měřený ve fyzických nebo peněžních jednotkách —\nkterý může být dosažen na určitém trhu v určitém čase, při dané úrovni\nmarketingového úsilí a při daných podmínkách prostředí.",[1030,66848,66849],{},"Klíčová formální vazba: tržní potenciál je funkcí poptávky, která je sama\nfunkcí ceny:",[1035,66851,66853],{"className":66852},[1772],[1774,66854,66855],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,66856,66857,66897],{},[1781,66858,66859,66861,66863,66865,66867,66869,66871,66873,66875,66877,66879,66881,66883,66885,66887,66889,66891,66893,66895],{},[1784,66860,1857],{},[1784,66862,2264],{},[1788,66864,1863],{},[1784,66866,2139],{},[1788,66868,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,66870,3224],{},[1788,66872,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,66874,1863],{},[1784,66876,2139],{},[1788,66878,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,66880,3224],{},[1788,66882,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,66884,2264],{},[1788,66886,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,66888,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,66890,1863],{},[1784,66892,2264],{},[1788,66894,2267],{},[1784,66896,2270],{},[1808,66898,66899],{"encoding":1810},"MP = f(D) = f(D(P)) = P \\cdot Q",[1030,66901,66902,66903,66906],{},"Tržní potenciál tedy ",[1047,66904,66905],{},"závisí na ceně"," a v důsledku se mění spolu s tím,\njak se firma pohybuje po poptávkové křivce.",[1100,66908,66910],{"id":66909},"maximalizace-tržního-potenciálu","Maximalizace tržního potenciálu",[1030,66912,66913,66914,66937,66938,66941],{},"Vzhledem k tomu, že ",[1035,66915,66917],{"className":66916},[1772],[1774,66918,66919],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,66920,66921,66935],{},[1781,66922,66923,66925,66927,66929,66931,66933],{},[1784,66924,1857],{},[1784,66926,2264],{},[1788,66928,1863],{},[1784,66930,2264],{},[1788,66932,2267],{},[1784,66934,2270],{},[1808,66936,66587],{"encoding":1810}," a poptávka má klesající průběh, existuje\n",[1047,66939,66940],{},"vnitřní optimum",": snížení ceny zvyšuje prodané množství, ale snižuje\njednotkovou tržbu, a naopak. Maximum nastává tam, kde se obě tendence\nvyrovnají — tedy kde:",[1035,66943,66945],{"className":66944},[1772],[1774,66946,66947],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,66948,66949,66961],{},[1781,66950,66951,66957,66959],{},[1792,66952,66953,66955],{},[1784,66954,2364],{},[1784,66956,3224],{},[1788,66958,1863],{},[2348,66960,2374],{},[1808,66962,66963],{"encoding":1810},"E_D = 1",[1030,66965,66966],{},"Tato podmínka odráží známý vztah z teorie celkových tržeb:",[1112,66968,66969,67017,67057],{},[1115,66970,66971,66993,66994,1075],{},[1035,66972,66974],{"className":66973},[1772],[1774,66975,66976],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,66977,66978,66990],{},[1781,66979,66980,66986,66988],{},[1792,66981,66982,66984],{},[1784,66983,2364],{},[1784,66985,3224],{},[1788,66987,2491],{},[2348,66989,2374],{},[1808,66991,66992],{"encoding":1810},"E_D > 1"," (pružná poptávka) — pokles ceny zvyšuje ",[1035,66995,66997],{"className":66996},[1772],[1774,66998,66999],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,67000,67001,67015],{},[1781,67002,67003,67005,67007,67009,67011,67013],{},[1784,67004,2257],{},[1784,67006,1860],{},[1788,67008,1863],{},[1784,67010,2264],{},[1788,67012,2267],{},[1784,67014,2270],{},[1808,67016,2273],{"encoding":1810},[1115,67018,67019,67041,67042,1075],{},[1035,67020,67022],{"className":67021},[1772],[1774,67023,67024],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,67025,67026,67038],{},[1781,67027,67028,67034,67036],{},[1792,67029,67030,67032],{},[1784,67031,2364],{},[1784,67033,3224],{},[1788,67035,2537],{},[2348,67037,2374],{},[1808,67039,67040],{"encoding":1810},"E_D \u003C 1"," (nepružná poptávka) — růst ceny zvyšuje ",[1035,67043,67045],{"className":67044},[1772],[1774,67046,67047],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,67048,67049,67055],{},[1781,67050,67051,67053],{},[1784,67052,2257],{},[1784,67054,1860],{},[1808,67056,3056],{"encoding":1810},[1115,67058,67059,67080,67081,67096],{},[1035,67060,67062],{"className":67061},[1772],[1774,67063,67064],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,67065,67066,67078],{},[1781,67067,67068,67074,67076],{},[1792,67069,67070,67072],{},[1784,67071,2364],{},[1784,67073,3224],{},[1788,67075,1863],{},[2348,67077,2374],{},[1808,67079,66963],{"encoding":1810}," (jednotková elasticita) — ",[1035,67082,67084],{"className":67083},[1772],[1774,67085,67086],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,67087,67088,67094],{},[1781,67089,67090,67092],{},[1784,67091,2257],{},[1784,67093,1860],{},[1808,67095,3056],{"encoding":1810}," je v lokálním maximu.",[1023,67098,67100,67106],{"className":67099,"dataCallout":1608},[1026,1607],[1030,67101,67103,63840],{"className":67102},[1033],[1035,67104],{"className":67105,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1615,1040],[1030,67107,67108,67109,67112],{},"Firma odhadující tržní potenciál ",[1047,67110,67111],{},"musí znát elasticitu"," (alespoň\nv okolí současné ceny). Bez ní nelze rozhodnout, zda zvyšovat nebo\nsnižovat cenu. Detail v [[mikk-elasticita-poptavky|cenové elasticitě\npoptávky]].",[1100,67114,67116],{"id":67115},"vyjádření-mp","Vyjádření MP",[1030,67118,67119],{},"MP se v praxi vyjadřuje:",[1112,67121,67122,67128],{},[1115,67123,67124,67127],{},[1047,67125,67126],{},"Ve fyzických jednotkách"," — kolik kusů (litrů, kWh) maximálně lze prodat.",[1115,67129,67130,67133,67134,1075],{},[1047,67131,67132],{},"V peněžních jednotkách"," — celkové tržby, ",[1035,67135,67137],{"className":67136},[1772],[1774,67138,67139],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,67140,67141,67149],{},[1781,67142,67143,67145,67147],{},[1784,67144,2264],{},[1788,67146,2267],{},[1784,67148,2270],{},[1808,67150,67151],{"encoding":1810},"P \\cdot Q",[1030,67153,67154],{},"Obě podoby jsou ekvivalentní pouze v daném bodě poptávkové křivky;\nmaximum peněžního MP nemusí ležet v bodě maxima fyzického MP.",[1077,67156,67158],{"id":67157},"_2-empirické-průzkumy-poptávky","2. Empirické průzkumy poptávky",[1100,67160,67162],{"id":67161},"demonstrace-jogurty-výrobců-a-b-c","Demonstrace — jogurty výrobců A, B, C",[1030,67164,67165],{},"Reálný marketingový průzkum tří výrobců mléčných výrobků (Bílek 2001, FP VUT\nBrno, cca 200 respondentů) na poptávku po bílém jogurtu při různých cenách:",[1153,67167,67168,67202],{},[1156,67169,67170],{},[1159,67171,67172,67175,67178,67181,67184,67187,67190,67193,67196,67199],{},[1162,67173,67174],{},"Cena (Kč)",[1162,67176,67177],{},"9{,}75",[1162,67179,67180],{},"10{,}25",[1162,67182,67183],{},"10{,}75",[1162,67185,67186],{},"11{,}25",[1162,67188,67189],{},"11{,}75",[1162,67191,67192],{},"12{,}25",[1162,67194,67195],{},"12{,}75",[1162,67197,67198],{},"13{,}25",[1162,67200,67201],{},"13{,}75",[1172,67203,67204,67234],{},[1159,67205,67206,67209,67212,67215,67218,67221,67223,67226,67229,67231],{},[1177,67207,67208],{},"Množství (ks)",[1177,67210,67211],{},"175",[1177,67213,67214],{},"185",[1177,67216,67217],{},"195",[1177,67219,67220],{},"190",[1177,67222,67211],{},[1177,67224,67225],{},"140",[1177,67227,67228],{},"130",[1177,67230,2605],{},[1177,67232,67233],{},"95",[1159,67235,67236,67239,67241,67259,67276,67293,67309,67324,67339,67356],{},[1177,67237,67238],{},"Bodová elasticita",[1177,67240,8975],{},[1177,67242,67243],{},[1035,67244,67246],{"className":67245},[1772],[1774,67247,67248],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,67249,67250,67256],{},[1781,67251,67252,67254],{},[1788,67253,2371],{},[2348,67255,45016],{},[1808,67257,67258],{"encoding":1810},"-1{,}1",[1177,67260,67261],{},[1035,67262,67264],{"className":67263},[1772],[1774,67265,67266],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,67267,67268,67274],{},[1781,67269,67270,67272],{},[1788,67271,2371],{},[2348,67273,45016],{},[1808,67275,67258],{"encoding":1810},[1177,67277,67278],{},[1035,67279,67281],{"className":67280},[1772],[1774,67282,67283],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,67284,67285,67290],{},[1781,67286,67287],{},[2348,67288,67289],{},"0,6",[1808,67291,67292],{"encoding":1810},"0{,}6",[1177,67294,67295],{},[1035,67296,67298],{"className":67297},[1772],[1774,67299,67300],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,67301,67302,67306],{},[1781,67303,67304],{},[2348,67305,25564],{},[1808,67307,67308],{"encoding":1810},"1{,}9",[1177,67310,67311],{},[1035,67312,67314],{"className":67313},[1772],[1774,67315,67316],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,67317,67318,67322],{},[1781,67319,67320],{},[2348,67321,9037],{},[1808,67323,9040],{"encoding":1810},[1177,67325,67326],{},[1035,67327,67329],{"className":67328},[1772],[1774,67330,67331],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,67332,67333,67337],{},[1781,67334,67335],{},[2348,67336,25564],{},[1808,67338,67308],{"encoding":1810},[1177,67340,67341],{},[1035,67342,67344],{"className":67343},[1772],[1774,67345,67346],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,67347,67348,67353],{},[1781,67349,67350],{},[2348,67351,67352],{},"6,8",[1808,67354,67355],{"encoding":1810},"6{,}8",[1177,67357,67358],{},[1035,67359,67361],{"className":67360},[1772],[1774,67362,67363],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,67364,67365,67369],{},[1781,67366,67367],{},[2348,67368,25512],{},[1808,67370,67371],{"encoding":1810},"1{,}4",[1030,67373,17660],{},[1112,67375,67376,67383,67389],{},[1115,67377,67378,67379,67382],{},"V dolním pásmu cen (9{,}75–10{,}75 Kč) je poptávka ",[1047,67380,67381],{},"anomální",":\ns rostoucí cenou roste i poptávané množství. Záporná „elasticita\" znamená,\nže průzkum zachytil oblast, kde se uplatňuje [[mikk-utility-preference|jiný\nmotiv]] než cena (kvalita, vnímané postavení produktu).",[1115,67384,67385,67386,1075],{},"Od 11{,}75 Kč výše roste elasticita strmě — typický ",[1047,67387,67388],{},"vysoce pružný\nsegment",[1115,67390,67391,67392,67414],{},"V krajním bodě (13{,}25 Kč) je elasticita ",[1035,67393,67395],{"className":67394},[1772],[1774,67396,67397],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,67398,67399,67411],{},[1781,67400,67401,67407,67409],{},[1792,67402,67403,67405],{},[1784,67404,2364],{},[1784,67406,3224],{},[1788,67408,1863],{},[2348,67410,67352],{},[1808,67412,67413],{"encoding":1810},"E_D = 6{,}8"," — pokles prodejů\nna 100 ks dokládá výrazný odliv zákazníků k substitutu.",[1023,67416,67418,67425],{"className":67417,"dataCallout":3501},[1026,3500],[1030,67419,67421,67424],{"className":67420},[1033],[1035,67422],{"className":67423,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,3508,1040],"Limit dotazníkového průzkumu",[1030,67426,67427,67428,67431],{},"Respondent uvádí, ",[1047,67429,67430],{},"kolik by koupil"," — ale skutečnou volbu provede až\nv obchodě. Sklon k nadhodnocení (deklarace ≠ realizace) je častý zdroj\nsystematické chyby empirických průzkumů.",[1077,67433,67435],{"id":67434},"_3-anomálie-poptávkové-křivky","3. Anomálie poptávkové křivky",[1030,67437,67438],{},"Reálná poptávková křivka se ne vždy chová jako ideální klesající funkce.\nTři důležité anomální případy:",[1100,67440,67442],{"id":67441},"vertikální-poptávka","Vertikální poptávka",[1112,67444,67445,67470,67482],{},[1115,67446,67447,67469],{},[1035,67448,67450],{"className":67449},[1772],[1774,67451,67452],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,67453,67454,67466],{},[1781,67455,67456,67462,67464],{},[1792,67457,67458,67460],{},[1784,67459,2364],{},[1784,67461,3224],{},[1788,67463,1863],{},[2348,67465,2350],{},[1808,67467,67468],{"encoding":1810},"E_D = 0"," — poptávané množství se s cenou prakticky nemění.",[1115,67471,67472,67473,1299,67476,1299,67479,1075],{},"Typické statky: ",[1047,67474,67475],{},"bydlení",[1047,67477,67478],{},"sůl",[1047,67480,67481],{},"léky bez náhrady",[1115,67483,67484,67485,67506,67507,67521],{},"Tabulkové hodnoty (Gwartney et al. 2005): ",[1035,67486,67488],{"className":67487},[1772],[1774,67489,67490],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,67491,67492,67504],{},[1781,67493,67494,67500,67502],{},[1792,67495,67496,67498],{},[1784,67497,2364],{},[1784,67499,3224],{},[1788,67501,8786],{},[2348,67503,2610],{},[1808,67505,25232],{"encoding":1810}," pro sůl,\n",[1035,67508,67510],{"className":67509},[1772],[1774,67511,67512],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,67513,67514,67518],{},[1781,67515,67516],{},[2348,67517,25493],{},[1808,67519,67520],{"encoding":1810},"0{,}01"," pro bydlení v krátkém období.",[1100,67523,67525],{"id":67524},"horizontální-poptávka","Horizontální poptávka",[1112,67527,67528,67553],{},[1115,67529,67530,67552],{},[1035,67531,67533],{"className":67532},[1772],[1774,67534,67535],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,67536,67537,67549],{},[1781,67538,67539,67545,67547],{},[1792,67540,67541,67543],{},[1784,67542,2364],{},[1784,67544,3224],{},[1788,67546,1863],{},[1784,67548,21408],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,67550,67551],{"encoding":1810},"E_D = \\infty"," — sebemenší zvýšení ceny vede k nulovému prodeji.",[1115,67554,67555,67556,67559],{},"Vzniká na ",[1047,67557,67558],{},"dokonale konkurenčním trhu"," s perfektními substituty:\njakmile firma nasadí cenu nad tržní rovnováhu, zákazníci přejdou\nk substitutu.",[1100,67561,67563],{"id":67562},"protnutí-osy-x","Protnutí osy X",[1030,67565,67566,67567,67570],{},"Otázka „",[1047,67568,67569],{},"může poptávka protnout osu X","?\" — tj. existuje konečná cena,\npři které je poptávané množství nulové i pro spotřebitele s libovolně\nvysokým rozpočtem? Ano:",[1112,67572,67573,67579],{},[1115,67574,67575,67576,67578],{},"Pro většinu nepostradatelných statků ",[1047,67577,1279],{}," — poptávka asymptoticky\nklesá k nule.",[1115,67580,67581,67582,67584,67585,67588],{},"Pro substituovatelné statky ",[1047,67583,1273],{}," — existuje ",[1047,67586,67587],{},"rezervační cena",",\nnad níž žádný spotřebitel statek nekoupí (přejde k substitutu).",[1077,67590,67592],{"id":67591},"_4-strategie-firmy-a-pružnost-nabídky","4. Strategie firmy a pružnost nabídky",[1030,67594,67595,67596,1310],{},"Pružnost nabídky firmy je úzce svázaná s její ",[1047,67597,67598],{},"strategií",[1153,67600,67601,67612],{},[1156,67602,67603],{},[1159,67604,67605,67607,67610],{},[1162,67606,8954],{},[1162,67608,67609],{},"Pružnost nabídky",[1162,67611,10782],{},[1172,67613,67614,67624,67634],{},[1159,67615,67616,67618,67621],{},[1177,67617,26109],{},[1177,67619,67620],{},"nízká",[1177,67622,67623],{},"optimalizace na úzkou produktovou škálu, vysoké fixní náklady, low-cost technologie",[1159,67625,67626,67629,67631],{},[1177,67627,67628],{},"Diferenciace",[1177,67630,58388],{},[1177,67632,67633],{},"příležitost reagovat na premium segmenty",[1159,67635,67636,67639,67641],{},[1177,67637,67638],{},"Flexibilita \u002F Niche",[1177,67640,56691],{},[1177,67642,67643],{},"nevyužité kapacity, modulární výroba, snadno dostupné zdroje",[1030,67645,67646],{},"Vysoká pružnost nabídky je dosažitelná pokud:",[1112,67648,67649,67652,67657,67663],{},[1115,67650,67651],{},"Jsou snadno dostupné výrobní zdroje a distribuční kanály.",[1115,67653,6812,67654,1075],{},[1047,67655,67656],{},"nevyužité kapacity",[1115,67658,67659,67660,1075],{},"Zboží lze vyrábět ",[1047,67661,67662],{},"na sklad",[1115,67664,67665,67668],{},[1047,67666,67667],{},"Fixní náklady"," nejsou vysoké.",[1023,67670,67672,67679],{"className":67671,"dataCallout":582},[1026,1225],[1030,67673,67675,67678],{"className":67674},[1033],[1035,67676],{"className":67677,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1232,1040],"Trade-off",[1030,67680,67681,67682,67685],{},"Pružnost je užitečná v období růstu poptávky, ale ",[1047,67683,67684],{},"drahá"," v období\nstagnace (nevyužité kapacity = sunk cost). Strategie Cost Leadership\nproto pružnost obvykle obětuje ve prospěch nákladové efektivity.",[1077,67687,67689],{"id":67688},"_5-ekonometrické-metody-obecná-forma","5. Ekonometrické metody — obecná forma",[1100,67691,67693],{"id":67692},"vícefaktorová-poptávková-funkce","Vícefaktorová poptávková funkce",[1030,67695,67696,67697,1310],{},"Obecný tvar jakékoliv poptávkové funkce zahrnuje ",[1047,67698,67699],{},"jedenáct typických\nfaktorů",[1035,67701,67703],{"className":67702},[1772],[1774,67704,67705],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,67706,67707,67793],{},[1781,67708,67709,67715,67717,67719,67721,67727,67729,67735,67737,67743,67745,67751,67753,67755,67757,67763,67765,67771,67773,67779,67781,67783,67785,67787,67789,67791],{},[1792,67710,67711,67713],{},[1784,67712,2270],{},[1784,67714,2328],{},[1788,67716,1863],{},[1784,67718,2139],{},[1788,67720,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,67722,67723,67725],{},[1784,67724,2264],{},[1784,67726,2485],{},[1788,67728,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,67730,67731,67733],{},[1784,67732,2264],{},[1784,67734,9435],{},[1788,67736,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,67738,67739,67741],{},[1784,67740,2264],{},[1784,67742,9351],{},[1788,67744,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,67746,67747,67749],{},[1784,67748,21001],{},[1784,67750,2328],{},[1788,67752,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,67754,2257],{},[1788,67756,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,67758,67759,67761],{},[1784,67760,10292],{},[1784,67762,2485],{},[1788,67764,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,67766,67767,67769],{},[1784,67768,10292],{},[1784,67770,9435],{},[1788,67772,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,67774,67775,67777],{},[1784,67776,10292],{},[1784,67778,9351],{},[1788,67780,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,67782,3221],{},[1788,67784,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,67786,1868],{},[1788,67788,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,67790,2364],{},[1788,67792,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,67794,66694],{"encoding":1810},[1153,67796,67797,67806],{},[1156,67798,67799],{},[1159,67800,67801,67804],{},[1162,67802,67803],{},"Symbol",[1162,67805,35104],{},[1172,67807,67808,67833,67858,67883,67908,67928,67953,67978,68003,68023,68043],{},[1159,67809,67810,67830],{},[1177,67811,67812],{},[1035,67813,67815],{"className":67814},[1772],[1774,67816,67817],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,67818,67819,67827],{},[1781,67820,67821],{},[1792,67822,67823,67825],{},[1784,67824,2264],{},[1784,67826,2485],{},[1808,67828,67829],{"encoding":1810},"P_o",[1177,67831,67832],{},"vlastní cena (own price)",[1159,67834,67835,67855],{},[1177,67836,67837],{},[1035,67838,67840],{"className":67839},[1772],[1774,67841,67842],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,67843,67844,67852],{},[1781,67845,67846],{},[1792,67847,67848,67850],{},[1784,67849,2264],{},[1784,67851,9435],{},[1808,67853,67854],{"encoding":1810},"P_c",[1177,67856,67857],{},"cena komplementu",[1159,67859,67860,67880],{},[1177,67861,67862],{},[1035,67863,67865],{"className":67864},[1772],[1774,67866,67867],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,67868,67869,67877],{},[1781,67870,67871],{},[1792,67872,67873,67875],{},[1784,67874,2264],{},[1784,67876,9351],{},[1808,67878,67879],{"encoding":1810},"P_s",[1177,67881,67882],{},"cena substitutu",[1159,67884,67885,67905],{},[1177,67886,67887],{},[1035,67888,67890],{"className":67889},[1772],[1774,67891,67892],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,67893,67894,67902],{},[1781,67895,67896],{},[1792,67897,67898,67900],{},[1784,67899,21001],{},[1784,67901,2328],{},[1808,67903,67904],{"encoding":1810},"Y_d",[1177,67906,67907],{},"disponibilní příjem (disposable income)",[1159,67909,67910,67925],{},[1177,67911,67912],{},[1035,67913,67915],{"className":67914},[1772],[1774,67916,67917],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,67918,67919,67923],{},[1781,67920,67921],{},[1784,67922,2257],{},[1808,67924,2257],{"encoding":1810},[1177,67926,67927],{},"preference \u002F vkus (taste)",[1159,67929,67930,67950],{},[1177,67931,67932],{},[1035,67933,67935],{"className":67934},[1772],[1774,67936,67937],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,67938,67939,67947],{},[1781,67940,67941],{},[1792,67942,67943,67945],{},[1784,67944,10292],{},[1784,67946,2485],{},[1808,67948,67949],{"encoding":1810},"A_o",[1177,67951,67952],{},"reklama vlastní (own advertising)",[1159,67954,67955,67975],{},[1177,67956,67957],{},[1035,67958,67960],{"className":67959},[1772],[1774,67961,67962],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,67963,67964,67972],{},[1781,67965,67966],{},[1792,67967,67968,67970],{},[1784,67969,10292],{},[1784,67971,9435],{},[1808,67973,67974],{"encoding":1810},"A_c",[1177,67976,67977],{},"reklama komplementu",[1159,67979,67980,68000],{},[1177,67981,67982],{},[1035,67983,67985],{"className":67984},[1772],[1774,67986,67987],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,67988,67989,67997],{},[1781,67990,67991],{},[1792,67992,67993,67995],{},[1784,67994,10292],{},[1784,67996,9351],{},[1808,67998,67999],{"encoding":1810},"A_s",[1177,68001,68002],{},"reklama substitutu",[1159,68004,68005,68020],{},[1177,68006,68007],{},[1035,68008,68010],{"className":68009},[1772],[1774,68011,68012],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,68013,68014,68018],{},[1781,68015,68016],{},[1784,68017,3221],{},[1808,68019,3221],{"encoding":1810},[1177,68021,68022],{},"imageové faktory",[1159,68024,68025,68040],{},[1177,68026,68027],{},[1035,68028,68030],{"className":68029},[1772],[1774,68031,68032],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,68033,68034,68038],{},[1781,68035,68036],{},[1784,68037,1868],{},[1808,68039,1868],{"encoding":1810},[1177,68041,68042],{},"klima \u002F sezónní podmínky",[1159,68044,68045,68060],{},[1177,68046,68047],{},[1035,68048,68050],{"className":68049},[1772],[1774,68051,68052],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,68053,68054,68058],{},[1781,68055,68056],{},[1784,68057,2364],{},[1808,68059,2364],{"encoding":1810},[1177,68061,68062],{},"očekávání (expectations)",[1030,68064,68065,68066,68069],{},"V praxi se modeluje obvykle ",[1047,68067,68068],{},"podmnožina"," — nelze odhadovat efekt všech\nfaktorů z omezeného vzorku dat (princip parsimony).",[1100,68071,68073],{"id":68072},"tři-standardní-funkční-formy","Tři standardní funkční formy",[1030,68075,68076,68079],{},[1047,68077,68078],{},"Lineární forma"," — nejjednodušší, koeficienty jsou marginální dopady:",[1035,68081,68083],{"className":68082},[1772],[1774,68084,68085],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,68086,68087,68169],{},[1781,68088,68089,68095,68097,68099,68101,68107,68113,68115,68121,68127,68129,68135,68141,68143,68149,68155,68157,68163,68165,68167],{},[1792,68090,68091,68093],{},[1784,68092,2270],{},[1784,68094,2328],{},[1788,68096,1863],{},[1784,68098,1068],{},[1788,68100,2637],{},[1792,68102,68103,68105],{},[1784,68104,8838],{},[2348,68106,2374],{},[1792,68108,68109,68111],{},[1784,68110,2264],{},[1784,68112,2485],{},[1788,68114,2637],{},[1792,68116,68117,68119],{},[1784,68118,8838],{},[2348,68120,4593],{},[1792,68122,68123,68125],{},[1784,68124,2264],{},[1784,68126,9435],{},[1788,68128,2637],{},[1792,68130,68131,68133],{},[1784,68132,8838],{},[2348,68134,5332],{},[1792,68136,68137,68139],{},[1784,68138,2264],{},[1784,68140,9351],{},[1788,68142,2637],{},[1792,68144,68145,68147],{},[1784,68146,8838],{},[2348,68148,5344],{},[1792,68150,68151,68153],{},[1784,68152,21001],{},[1784,68154,2328],{},[1788,68156,2637],{},[1792,68158,68159,68161],{},[1784,68160,8838],{},[2348,68162,5356],{},[1784,68164,2257],{},[1788,68166,2637],{},[1788,68168,12008],{},[1808,68170,68171],{"encoding":1810},"Q_d = a + b_1 P_o + b_2 P_c + b_3 P_s + b_4 Y_d + b_5 T + \\ldots",[1030,68173,68174,68177,68178,1310],{},[1047,68175,68176],{},"Exponenciální forma"," (multiplikativní, log-log model) — koeficienty jsou\n",[1047,68179,68180],{},"přímo elasticity",[1035,68182,68184],{"className":68183},[1772],[1774,68185,68186],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,68187,68188,68299],{},[1781,68189,68190,68196,68198,68206,68208,68216,68218,68226,68228,68236,68238,68244,68246,68254,68256,68265,68267,68275,68277,68283,68285,68291,68293],{},[1792,68191,68192,68194],{},[1784,68193,2270],{},[1784,68195,2328],{},[1788,68197,1863],{},[13587,68199,68200,68202,68204],{},[1784,68201,2264],{},[1784,68203,2485],{},[1784,68205,1068],{},[1788,68207,2267],{},[13587,68209,68210,68212,68214],{},[1784,68211,2264],{},[1784,68213,9435],{},[1784,68215,8838],{},[1788,68217,2267],{},[13587,68219,68220,68222,68224],{},[1784,68221,2264],{},[1784,68223,9351],{},[1784,68225,9435],{},[1788,68227,2267],{},[13587,68229,68230,68232,68234],{},[1784,68231,21001],{},[1784,68233,2328],{},[1784,68235,2328],{},[1788,68237,2267],{},[2467,68239,68240,68242],{},[1784,68241,2257],{},[1784,68243,9309],{},[1788,68245,2267],{},[13587,68247,68248,68250,68252],{},[1784,68249,10292],{},[1784,68251,2485],{},[1784,68253,2139],{},[1788,68255,2267],{},[13587,68257,68258,68260,68262],{},[1784,68259,10292],{},[1784,68261,9435],{},[1784,68263,68264],{},"g",[1788,68266,2267],{},[13587,68268,68269,68271,68273],{},[1784,68270,10292],{},[1784,68272,9351],{},[1784,68274,12129],{},[1788,68276,2267],{},[2467,68278,68279,68281],{},[1784,68280,3221],{},[1784,68282,1803],{},[1788,68284,2267],{},[2467,68286,68287,68289],{},[1784,68288,1868],{},[1784,68290,9312],{},[1788,68292,2267],{},[2467,68294,68295,68297],{},[1784,68296,2364],{},[1784,68298,9377],{},[1808,68300,68301],{"encoding":1810},"Q_d = P_o^{a} \\cdot P_c^{b} \\cdot P_s^{c} \\cdot Y_d^{d} \\cdot T^{e} \\cdot A_o^{f} \\cdot A_c^{g} \\cdot A_s^{h} \\cdot I^{i} \\cdot C^{j} \\cdot E^{k}",[1030,68303,68304,68307],{},[1047,68305,68306],{},"Logaritmická forma"," — linearizovaná verze exponenciální, přímo\nodhadovatelná OLS regresí:",[1035,68309,68311],{"className":68310},[1772],[1774,68312,68313],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,68314,68315,68398],{},[1781,68316,68317,68320,68322,68328,68330,68332,68334,68336,68342,68344,68346,68348,68350,68356,68358,68360,68362,68364,68370,68372,68374,68376,68378,68384,68386,68388,68390,68392,68394,68396],{},[1784,68318,68319],{},"log",[1788,68321,3350],{},[1792,68323,68324,68326],{},[1784,68325,2270],{},[1784,68327,2328],{},[1788,68329,1863],{},[1784,68331,1068],{},[1784,68333,68319],{},[1788,68335,3350],{},[1792,68337,68338,68340],{},[1784,68339,2264],{},[1784,68341,2485],{},[1788,68343,2637],{},[1784,68345,8838],{},[1784,68347,68319],{},[1788,68349,3350],{},[1792,68351,68352,68354],{},[1784,68353,2264],{},[1784,68355,9435],{},[1788,68357,2637],{},[1784,68359,9435],{},[1784,68361,68319],{},[1788,68363,3350],{},[1792,68365,68366,68368],{},[1784,68367,2264],{},[1784,68369,9351],{},[1788,68371,2637],{},[1784,68373,2328],{},[1784,68375,68319],{},[1788,68377,3350],{},[1792,68379,68380,68382],{},[1784,68381,21001],{},[1784,68383,2328],{},[1788,68385,2637],{},[1784,68387,9309],{},[1784,68389,68319],{},[1788,68391,3350],{},[1784,68393,2257],{},[1788,68395,2637],{},[1788,68397,12008],{},[1808,68399,68400],{"encoding":1810},"\\log Q_d = a \\log P_o + b \\log P_c + c \\log P_s + d \\log Y_d + e \\log T + \\ldots",[1023,68402,68404,68411],{"className":68403,"dataCallout":1608},[1026,1607],[1030,68405,68407,68410],{"className":68406},[1033],[1035,68408],{"className":68409,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1615,1040],"Volba formy",[1030,68412,68413,68414,68417],{},"Pro praktickou interpretaci je ",[1047,68415,68416],{},"logaritmická forma"," nejvýhodnější:\nkaždý koeficient je elasticita příslušného faktoru. To výrazně\nusnadňuje srovnání s tabulkovými hodnotami (Baye, Gwartney) a vstupy\ndo strategického rozhodování.",[1100,68419,68421],{"id":68420},"ekonometrický-postup","Ekonometrický postup",[1030,68423,68424],{},[2206,68425],{"alt":68426,"className":68427,"src":68428},"mikk-regrese-odhad-poptavky",[1071,2210],"\u002Fwiki-assets\u002Fmikk-regrese-odhad-poptavky.jpeg",[1260,68430,68431,68468,68474,68480,68518],{},[1115,68432,68433,68436,68437,68467],{},[1047,68434,68435],{},"Sběr dat"," — historické dvojice ",[1035,68438,68440],{"className":68439},[1772],[1774,68441,68442],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,68443,68444,68464],{},[1781,68445,68446,68448,68454,68456,68462],{},[1788,68447,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,68449,68450,68452],{},[1784,68451,2264],{},[1784,68453,8827],{},[1788,68455,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,68457,68458,68460],{},[1784,68459,2270],{},[1784,68461,8827],{},[1788,68463,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,68465,68466],{"encoding":1810},"(P_t, Q_t)"," a hodnoty ostatních\nregresorů.",[1115,68469,68470,68473],{},[1047,68471,68472],{},"Volba funkce"," — na základě teorie a tvaru bodového grafu.",[1115,68475,68476,68479],{},[1047,68477,68478],{},"Odhad parametrů"," — typicky OLS (ordinary least squares).",[1115,68481,68482,68485,68486,1299,68504,68517],{},[1047,68483,68484],{},"Diagnostika"," — koeficient determinace ",[1035,68487,68489],{"className":68488},[1772],[1774,68490,68491],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,68492,68493,68501],{},[1781,68494,68495],{},[2467,68496,68497,68499],{},[1784,68498,1860],{},[2348,68500,4593],{},[1808,68502,68503],{"encoding":1810},"R^2",[1035,68505,68507],{"className":68506},[1772],[1774,68508,68509],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,68510,68511,68515],{},[1781,68512,68513],{},[1784,68514,8827],{},[1808,68516,8827],{"encoding":1810},"-testy, F-test,\nreziduální analýza.",[1115,68519,68520,68522],{},[1047,68521,27192],{}," — elasticity, marginální dopady, význam dummy\nproměnných.",[1077,68524,68526],{"id":68525},"_6-příklad-poptávka-po-zemním-plynu-hong-kong","6. Příklad — poptávka po zemním plynu Hong-Kong",[1100,68528,68530],{"id":68529},"specifikace-modelu","Specifikace modelu",[1030,68532,68533],{},"Klasický příklad ekonometrického odhadu poptávkové funkce:",[1035,68535,68537],{"className":68536},[1772],[1774,68538,68539],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,68540,68541,68619],{},[1781,68542,68543,68546,68548,68554,68556,68562,68564,68567,68569,68575,68577,68580,68582,68588,68590,68593,68595,68601,68603,68606,68608,68614,68616],{},[2149,68544,68545],{},"QUANTITY",[1788,68547,1863],{},[1792,68549,68550,68552],{},[1784,68551,8838],{},[2348,68553,2350],{},[1788,68555,2637],{},[1792,68557,68558,68560],{},[1784,68559,8838],{},[2348,68561,2374],{},[1788,68563,2267],{},[2149,68565,68566],{},"PRICE",[1788,68568,2637],{},[1792,68570,68571,68573],{},[1784,68572,8838],{},[2348,68574,4593],{},[1788,68576,2267],{},[2149,68578,68579],{},"INCOME",[1788,68581,2637],{},[1792,68583,68584,68586],{},[1784,68585,8838],{},[2348,68587,5332],{},[1788,68589,2267],{},[2149,68591,68592],{},"LPGPRICE",[1788,68594,2637],{},[1792,68596,68597,68599],{},[1784,68598,8838],{},[2348,68600,5344],{},[1788,68602,2267],{},[2149,68604,68605],{},"CLPPRICE",[1788,68607,2637],{},[1792,68609,68610,68612],{},[1784,68611,8838],{},[2348,68613,5356],{},[1788,68615,2267],{},[2149,68617,68618],{},"DUMMY",[1808,68620,68621],{"encoding":1810},"\\text{QUANTITY} = b_0 + b_1 \\cdot \\text{PRICE} + b_2 \\cdot \\text{INCOME} + b_3 \\cdot \\text{LPGPRICE} + b_4 \\cdot \\text{CLPPRICE} + b_5 \\cdot \\text{DUMMY}",[1153,68623,68624,68633],{},[1156,68625,68626],{},[1159,68627,68628,68631],{},[1162,68629,68630],{},"Proměnná",[1162,68632,35104],{},[1172,68634,68635,68642,68649,68656,68663],{},[1159,68636,68637,68639],{},[1177,68638,68566],{},[1177,68640,68641],{},"cena zemního plynu (TownGas)",[1159,68643,68644,68646],{},[1177,68645,68579],{},[1177,68647,68648],{},"hrubý domácí důchod",[1159,68650,68651,68653],{},[1177,68652,68592],{},[1177,68654,68655],{},"cena LPG (substitut — propan-butan)",[1159,68657,68658,68660],{},[1177,68659,68605],{},[1177,68661,68662],{},"cena elektřiny (substitut)",[1159,68664,68665,68667],{},[1177,68666,68618],{},[1177,68668,68669,68682,68683,68696],{},[1035,68670,68672],{"className":68671},[1772],[1774,68673,68674],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,68675,68676,68680],{},[1781,68677,68678],{},[2348,68679,2350],{},[1808,68681,2350],{"encoding":1810}," před 1982, ",[1035,68684,68686],{"className":68685},[1772],[1774,68687,68688],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,68689,68690,68694],{},[1781,68691,68692],{},[2348,68693,2374],{},[1808,68695,2374],{"encoding":1810}," po 1982 (efekt bezpečnostní zprávy z roku 1981)",[1100,68698,68700],{"id":68699},"výsledky","Výsledky",[1153,68702,68703,68715],{},[1156,68704,68705],{},[1159,68706,68707,68710,68713],{},[1162,68708,68709],{},"Parametr",[1162,68711,68712],{},"Odhad",[1162,68714,35104],{},[1172,68716,68717,68743,68777,68803,68829],{},[1159,68718,68719,68721,68740],{},[1177,68720,68566],{},[1177,68722,68723],{},[1035,68724,68726],{"className":68725},[1772],[1774,68727,68728],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,68729,68730,68737],{},[1781,68731,68732,68734],{},[1788,68733,2371],{},[2348,68735,68736],{},"0,263",[1808,68738,68739],{"encoding":1810},"-0{,}263",[1177,68741,68742],{},"vlastní cenová elasticita (málo pružná poptávka)",[1159,68744,68745,68747,68774],{},[1177,68746,68579],{},[1177,68748,68749],{},[1035,68750,68752],{"className":68751},[1772],[1774,68753,68754],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,68755,68756,68771],{},[1781,68757,68758,68760],{},[1788,68759,2637],{},[2467,68761,68762,68765],{},[2348,68763,68764],{},"1,531",[1781,68766,68767,68769],{},[1788,68768,7763],{},[1788,68770,7763],{},[1808,68772,68773],{"encoding":1810},"+1{,}531^{**}",[1177,68775,68776],{},"důchodová elasticita — luxusní statek",[1159,68778,68779,68781,68800],{},[1177,68780,68592],{},[1177,68782,68783],{},[1035,68784,68786],{"className":68785},[1772],[1774,68787,68788],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,68789,68790,68797],{},[1781,68791,68792,68794],{},[1788,68793,2637],{},[2348,68795,68796],{},"0,059",[1808,68798,68799],{"encoding":1810},"+0{,}059",[1177,68801,68802],{},"substituční vazba na LPG, slabá",[1159,68804,68805,68807,68826],{},[1177,68806,68605],{},[1177,68808,68809],{},[1035,68810,68812],{"className":68811},[1772],[1774,68813,68814],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,68815,68816,68823],{},[1781,68817,68818,68820],{},[1788,68819,2371],{},[2348,68821,68822],{},"0,053",[1808,68824,68825],{"encoding":1810},"-0{,}053",[1177,68827,68828],{},"nezamítnutá komplementarita s elektřinou (slabě záporná)",[1159,68830,68831,68833,68860],{},[1177,68832,68618],{},[1177,68834,68835],{},[1035,68836,68838],{"className":68837},[1772],[1774,68839,68840],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,68841,68842,68857],{},[1781,68843,68844,68846],{},[1788,68845,2637],{},[2467,68847,68848,68851],{},[2348,68849,68850],{},"0,363",[1781,68852,68853,68855],{},[1788,68854,7763],{},[1788,68856,7763],{},[1808,68858,68859],{"encoding":1810},"+0{,}363^{**}",[1177,68861,68862],{},"bezpečnostní zpráva zvýšila poptávku",[1030,68864,68865,68888],{},[1035,68866,68868],{"className":68867},[1772],[1774,68869,68870],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,68871,68872,68885],{},[1781,68873,68874,68880,68882],{},[2467,68875,68876,68878],{},[1784,68877,1860],{},[2348,68879,4593],{},[1788,68881,1863],{},[2348,68883,68884],{},"0,993",[1808,68886,68887],{"encoding":1810},"R^2 = 0{,}993"," — model vysvětluje 99{,}3 % variability poptávaného množství.",[1023,68890,68892,68899],{"className":68891,"dataCallout":2090},[1026,2089],[1030,68893,68895,68898],{"className":68894},[1033],[1035,68896],{"className":68897,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,2097,1040],"Interpretace dummy proměnné",[1030,68900,68901,68902,68918,68919,1075],{},"Po 1981 (Safety report) se v Hong-Kongu zvýšila důvěra v zemní plyn\njako bezpečnou domácí energii. Skoková změna vnímání je v modelu\nzachycena jako konstantní posun křivky o ",[1035,68903,68905],{"className":68904},[1772],[1774,68906,68907],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,68908,68909,68915],{},[1781,68910,68911,68913],{},[1788,68912,2637],{},[2348,68914,68850],{},[1808,68916,68917],{"encoding":1810},"+0{,}363"," — typický\nuse-case dummy proměnné pro ",[1047,68920,68921],{},"regulační šok",[1077,68923,68925],{"id":68924},"_7-statistické-problémy-ekonometrické-aplikace","7. Statistické problémy ekonometrické aplikace",[1100,68927,68929],{"id":68928},"multikolinearita","Multikolinearita",[1112,68931,68932,68938,68957,68963],{},[1115,68933,68934,68937],{},[1047,68935,68936],{},"Definice:"," vstupní proměnné jsou silně vzájemně korelovány.",[1115,68939,68940,68942,68943,68956],{},[1047,68941,1285],{}," parametry jsou nestabilní — malá změna dat vyvolá velkou\nzměnu odhadu. Jednotlivé ",[1035,68944,68946],{"className":68945},[1772],[1774,68947,68948],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,68949,68950,68954],{},[1781,68951,68952],{},[1784,68953,8827],{},[1808,68955,8827],{"encoding":1810},"-testy mohou nevyjít jako významné, přestože\nmodel jako celek (F-test) vychází významně.",[1115,68958,68959,68962],{},[1047,68960,68961],{},"Příklad:"," v Hong-Kong modelu jsou LPGPRICE a CLPPRICE typicky\nkorelované — obě sledují inflaci energií.",[1115,68964,68965,68968],{},[1047,68966,68967],{},"Řešení:"," redukce proměnných, ridge regression, principal components.",[1100,68970,68972],{"id":68971},"heteroskedasticita","Heteroskedasticita",[1112,68974,68975,69002,69025],{},[1115,68976,68977,68979,68980,69001],{},[1047,68978,68936],{}," rozptyl reziduí ",[1035,68981,68983],{"className":68982},[1772],[1774,68984,68985],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,68986,68987,68998],{},[1781,68988,68989],{},[13587,68990,68991,68994,68996],{},[1784,68992,68993],{},"σ",[1784,68995,8827],{},[2348,68997,4593],{},[1808,68999,69000],{"encoding":1810},"\\sigma^2_t"," se mění v čase \u002F napříč\npozorováními.",[1115,69003,69004,69006,69007,69010,69011,69024],{},[1047,69005,1285],{}," OLS odhady zůstávají nestranné, ale ",[1047,69008,69009],{},"neefektivní"," —\nstandardní chyby jsou nesprávně odhadnuty, ",[1035,69012,69014],{"className":69013},[1772],[1774,69015,69016],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,69017,69018,69022],{},[1781,69019,69020],{},[1784,69021,8827],{},[1808,69023,8827],{"encoding":1810},"-testy jsou nespolehlivé.",[1115,69026,69027,69029],{},[1047,69028,68967],{}," WLS (weighted least squares), robustní standardní chyby\n(White \u002F HC).",[1100,69031,69033],{"id":69032},"autokorelace","Autokorelace",[1112,69035,69036,69084,69090,69096],{},[1115,69037,69038,69040,69041,1075],{},[1047,69039,68936],{}," sousední rezidua jsou korelovaná, ",[1035,69042,69044],{"className":69043},[1772],[1774,69045,69046],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,69047,69048,69081],{},[1781,69049,69050,69053,69055,69061,69063,69075,69077,69079],{},[2149,69051,69052],{},"cov",[1788,69054,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,69056,69057,69059],{},[1784,69058,61827],{},[1784,69060,8827],{},[1788,69062,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,69064,69065,69067],{},[1784,69066,61827],{},[1781,69068,69069,69071,69073],{},[1784,69070,8827],{},[1788,69072,2371],{},[2348,69074,2374],{},[1788,69076,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,69078,24130],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,69080,2350],{},[1808,69082,69083],{"encoding":1810},"\\text{cov}(\\varepsilon_t,\n\\varepsilon_{t-1}) \\neq 0",[1115,69085,69086,69089],{},[1047,69087,69088],{},"Časté u časových řad"," — pokud nezahrneme všechny dynamické faktory,\njejich efekt se „propisuje\" do reziduí.",[1115,69091,69092,69095],{},[1047,69093,69094],{},"Detekce:"," Durbin-Watson statistika.",[1115,69097,69098,69100],{},[1047,69099,68967],{}," lag operátory, ARIMA modely, Cochrane-Orcutt.",[1023,69102,69104,69111],{"className":69103,"dataCallout":3501},[1026,3500],[1030,69105,69107,69110],{"className":69106},[1033],[1035,69108],{"className":69109,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,3508,1040],"„Nelze modelovat vše!\"",[1030,69112,69113,69114,69117],{},"Klíčová zásada: ",[1047,69115,69116],{},"každý další regresor zatíží model",". Princip\nparsimony žádá najít nejmenší množinu proměnných, která zachytí\nsystematickou variabilitu. Nadměrná specifikace vede k overfittingu\na multikolinearitě.",[1100,69119,69121],{"id":69120},"problém-identifikace","Problém identifikace",[1030,69123,69124,69125,69128,69129,69142,69143,1075],{},"Z pozorování trhu známe pouze ",[1047,69126,69127],{},"rovnovážné body"," — průsečíky poptávky\na nabídky. Bez doplňkových informací nelze oddělit, zda pohyb je důsledkem\nposunu poptávky ",[1035,69130,69132],{"className":69131},[1772],[1774,69133,69134],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,69135,69136,69140],{},[1781,69137,69138],{},[1784,69139,3224],{},[1808,69141,3224],{"encoding":1810},", nebo posunu nabídky ",[1035,69144,69146],{"className":69145},[1772],[1774,69147,69148],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,69149,69150,69154],{},[1781,69151,69152],{},[1784,69153,3212],{},[1808,69155,3212],{"encoding":1810},[1082,69157,69158],{},[1030,69159,69160,69161,69164,69165,69195],{},"\"",[1047,69162,69163],{},"THIS IS WHAT WE THINK WE SEE","\" — pozorovaná data jsou rovnováhy\n",[1035,69166,69168],{"className":69167},[1772],[1774,69169,69170],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,69171,69172,69192],{},[1781,69173,69174,69176,69182,69184,69190],{},[1788,69175,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2467,69177,69178,69180],{},[1784,69179,2264],{},[1788,69181,7763],{},[1788,69183,1138],{"separator":1041},[2467,69185,69186,69188],{},[1784,69187,2270],{},[1788,69189,7763],{},[1788,69191,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,69193,69194],{"encoding":1810},"(P^*, Q^*)",", nikoliv samotná poptávková křivka.",[1030,69197,69198,69199,69202],{},"Řešení: ",[1047,69200,69201],{},"instrumentální proměnné"," — proměnná korelovaná s nabídkou,\nale nezávislá na poptávce, umožňuje izolovat poptávkový efekt.",[1077,69204,69206],{"id":69205},"_8-známé-hodnoty-elasticit-baye-et-al-1992","8. Známé hodnoty elasticit (Baye et al. 1992)",[1030,69208,69209],{},"Tabulka empiricky odhadnutých elasticit (USA, 1992):",[1153,69211,69212,69280],{},[1156,69213,69214],{},[1159,69215,69216,69219,69239,69260],{},[1162,69217,69218],{},"Produktová kategorie",[1162,69220,69221,69222],{},"Vlastní cenová ",[1035,69223,69225],{"className":69224},[1772],[1774,69226,69227],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,69228,69229,69237],{},[1781,69230,69231],{},[1792,69232,69233,69235],{},[1784,69234,2364],{},[1784,69236,3224],{},[1808,69238,21535],{"encoding":1810},[1162,69240,69241,69242],{},"Reklamní ",[1035,69243,69245],{"className":69244},[1772],[1774,69246,69247],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,69248,69249,69257],{},[1781,69250,69251],{},[1792,69252,69253,69255],{},[1784,69254,2364],{},[1784,69256,10292],{},[1808,69258,69259],{"encoding":1810},"E_A",[1162,69261,69262,69263],{},"Důchodová ",[1035,69264,69266],{"className":69265},[1772],[1774,69267,69268],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,69269,69270,69278],{},[1781,69271,69272],{},[1792,69273,69274,69276],{},[1784,69275,2364],{},[1784,69277,3221],{},[1808,69279,21026],{"encoding":1810},[1172,69281,69282,69342,69402,69462,69520,69578],{},[1159,69283,69284,69287,69306,69325],{},[1177,69285,69286],{},"Transport",[1177,69288,69289],{},[1035,69290,69292],{"className":69291},[1772],[1774,69293,69294],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,69295,69296,69303],{},[1781,69297,69298,69300],{},[1788,69299,2371],{},[2348,69301,69302],{},"0,559",[1808,69304,69305],{"encoding":1810},"-0{,}559",[1177,69307,69308],{},[1035,69309,69311],{"className":69310},[1772],[1774,69312,69313],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,69314,69315,69322],{},[1781,69316,69317,69319],{},[1788,69318,2371],{},[2348,69320,69321],{},"0,027",[1808,69323,69324],{"encoding":1810},"-0{,}027",[1177,69326,69327],{},[1035,69328,69330],{"className":69329},[1772],[1774,69331,69332],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,69333,69334,69339],{},[1781,69335,69336],{},[2348,69337,69338],{},"1,787",[1808,69340,69341],{"encoding":1810},"1{,}787",[1159,69343,69344,69347,69366,69385],{},[1177,69345,69346],{},"Food",[1177,69348,69349],{},[1035,69350,69352],{"className":69351},[1772],[1774,69353,69354],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,69355,69356,69363],{},[1781,69357,69358,69360],{},[1788,69359,2371],{},[2348,69361,69362],{},"0,672",[1808,69364,69365],{"encoding":1810},"-0{,}672",[1177,69367,69368],{},[1035,69369,69371],{"className":69370},[1772],[1774,69372,69373],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,69374,69375,69382],{},[1781,69376,69377,69379],{},[1788,69378,2371],{},[2348,69380,69381],{},"0,016",[1808,69383,69384],{"encoding":1810},"-0{,}016",[1177,69386,69387],{},[1035,69388,69390],{"className":69389},[1772],[1774,69391,69392],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,69393,69394,69399],{},[1781,69395,69396],{},[2348,69397,69398],{},"0,843",[1808,69400,69401],{"encoding":1810},"0{,}843",[1159,69403,69404,69407,69426,69445],{},[1177,69405,69406],{},"Alcohol & Tobacco",[1177,69408,69409],{},[1035,69410,69412],{"className":69411},[1772],[1774,69413,69414],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,69415,69416,69423],{},[1781,69417,69418,69420],{},[1788,69419,2371],{},[2348,69421,69422],{},"0,261",[1808,69424,69425],{"encoding":1810},"-0{,}261",[1177,69427,69428],{},[1035,69429,69431],{"className":69430},[1772],[1774,69432,69433],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,69434,69435,69442],{},[1781,69436,69437,69439],{},[1788,69438,2371],{},[2348,69440,69441],{},"0,051",[1808,69443,69444],{"encoding":1810},"-0{,}051",[1177,69446,69447],{},[1035,69448,69450],{"className":69449},[1772],[1774,69451,69452],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,69453,69454,69459],{},[1781,69455,69456],{},[2348,69457,69458],{},"1,220",[1808,69460,69461],{"encoding":1810},"1{,}220",[1159,69463,69464,69467,69486,69503],{},[1177,69465,69466],{},"Recreation",[1177,69468,69469],{},[1035,69470,69472],{"className":69471},[1772],[1774,69473,69474],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,69475,69476,69483],{},[1781,69477,69478,69480],{},[1788,69479,2371],{},[2348,69481,69482],{},"1,094",[1808,69484,69485],{"encoding":1810},"-1{,}094",[1177,69487,69488],{},[1035,69489,69491],{"className":69490},[1772],[1774,69492,69493],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,69494,69495,69500],{},[1781,69496,69497],{},[2348,69498,69499],{},"0,078",[1808,69501,69502],{"encoding":1810},"0{,}078",[1177,69504,69505],{},[1035,69506,69508],{"className":69507},[1772],[1774,69509,69510],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,69511,69512,69517],{},[1781,69513,69514],{},[2348,69515,69516],{},"1,067",[1808,69518,69519],{"encoding":1810},"1{,}067",[1159,69521,69522,69525,69544,69561],{},[1177,69523,69524],{},"Clothing",[1177,69526,69527],{},[1035,69528,69530],{"className":69529},[1772],[1774,69531,69532],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,69533,69534,69541],{},[1781,69535,69536,69538],{},[1788,69537,2371],{},[2348,69539,69540],{},"0,889",[1808,69542,69543],{"encoding":1810},"-0{,}889",[1177,69545,69546],{},[1035,69547,69549],{"className":69548},[1772],[1774,69550,69551],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,69552,69553,69558],{},[1781,69554,69555],{},[2348,69556,69557],{},"0,013",[1808,69559,69560],{"encoding":1810},"0{,}013",[1177,69562,69563],{},[1035,69564,69566],{"className":69565},[1772],[1774,69567,69568],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,69569,69570,69575],{},[1781,69571,69572],{},[2348,69573,69574],{},"1,024",[1808,69576,69577],{"encoding":1810},"1{,}024",[1159,69579,69580,69583,69602,69621],{},[1177,69581,69582],{},"Household & Personal Care",[1177,69584,69585],{},[1035,69586,69588],{"className":69587},[1772],[1774,69589,69590],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,69591,69592,69599],{},[1781,69593,69594,69596],{},[1788,69595,2371],{},[2348,69597,69598],{},"0,629",[1808,69600,69601],{"encoding":1810},"-0{,}629",[1177,69603,69604],{},[1035,69605,69607],{"className":69606},[1772],[1774,69608,69609],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,69610,69611,69618],{},[1781,69612,69613,69615],{},[1788,69614,2371],{},[2348,69616,69617],{},"0,023",[1808,69619,69620],{"encoding":1810},"-0{,}023",[1177,69622,69623],{},[1035,69624,69626],{"className":69625},[1772],[1774,69627,69628],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,69629,69630,69635],{},[1781,69631,69632],{},[2348,69633,69634],{},"0,086",[1808,69636,69637],{"encoding":1810},"0{,}086",[1030,69639,17110],{},[1112,69641,69642,69666,69672,69677],{},[1115,69643,69644,69647,69648,69665],{},[1047,69645,69646],{},"Transport, Food, Alcohol"," — nepružná poptávka (|",[1035,69649,69651],{"className":69650},[1772],[1774,69652,69653],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,69654,69655,69663],{},[1781,69656,69657],{},[1792,69658,69659,69661],{},[1784,69660,2364],{},[1784,69662,3224],{},[1808,69664,21535],{"encoding":1810},"| \u003C 1) —\nzvýšení ceny zvyšuje tržby.",[1115,69667,69668,69671],{},[1047,69669,69670],{},"Recreation, Clothing"," — pružná poptávka — citlivost spotřebitele\nna cenu, riziko poklesu tržeb při zdražení.",[1115,69673,69674,69676],{},[1047,69675,69466],{}," je jedinou kategorií s pozitivní reklamní elasticitou\nvyšší než marginální — reklama zde přináší přidanou hodnotu.",[1115,69678,69679,69682,69683,69704],{},[1047,69680,69681],{},"Transport a Recreation"," jsou typické luxusní kategorie (",[1035,69684,69686],{"className":69685},[1772],[1774,69687,69688],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,69689,69690,69702],{},[1781,69691,69692,69698,69700],{},[1792,69693,69694,69696],{},[1784,69695,2364],{},[1784,69697,3221],{},[1788,69699,2491],{},[2348,69701,2374],{},[1808,69703,32264],{"encoding":1810},"):\ns růstem příjmů domácností rostou výdaje na ně rychleji než příjem.",[1023,69706,69708,69715,69718],{"className":69707,"dataCallout":582},[1026,1225],[1030,69709,69711,69714],{"className":69710},[1033],[1035,69712],{"className":69713,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1232,1040],"Použitelnost odhadu elasticit",[1030,69716,69717],{},"Pro široké marketingové využití se obecné elasticity nehodí — čím\npřesněji je definován trh a produkt, tím přesnější odhad. Hlavní\naplikace tabulkových hodnot:",[1112,69719,69720,69726,69736],{},[1115,69721,69722,69725],{},[1047,69723,69724],{},"Daňová ekonomika"," — Ramseyho pravidlo zdanění: zdaňuj nepružná\nzboží.",[1115,69727,69728,69731,69732,1075],{},[1047,69729,69730],{},"Veřejné finance"," — odhad výnosu spotřební daně, viz\n",[1068,69733,69735],{"className":69734,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":55404,"href":55405},[1071],"zdanění trhu",[1115,69737,69738,69741],{},[1047,69739,69740],{},"Marketing"," — citlivost na cenu, vliv substitutů a komplementů.",[1077,69743,69745],{"id":69744},"_9-predikce-extrapolace-a-dekompozice","9. Predikce — extrapolace a dekompozice",[1100,69747,69749],{"id":69748},"nejjednodušší-metoda-extrapolace-trendu","Nejjednodušší metoda — extrapolace trendu",[1030,69751,69752],{},"Předpokládáme, že trend posledních období bude pokračovat. Vyhladíme křivku\nprodejů (lineárně, exponenciálně) a prodloužíme za poslední pozorování.",[1030,69754,69755,69758],{},[1047,69756,69757],{},"Předpoklad:"," stabilní prostředí, žádné strukturální změny.",[1030,69760,69761,69764],{},[1047,69762,69763],{},"Riziko:"," v období krize \u002F inflace \u002F regulace dává systematicky špatné\npředpovědi.",[1100,69766,69768],{"id":69767},"dekompozice-časové-řady","Dekompozice časové řady",[1030,69770,69771],{},"Aditivní model dekompozice:",[1035,69773,69775],{"className":69774},[1772],[1774,69776,69777],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,69778,69779,69811],{},[1781,69780,69781,69787,69789,69795,69797,69803,69805],{},[1792,69782,69783,69785],{},[1784,69784,20998],{},[1784,69786,8827],{},[1788,69788,1863],{},[1792,69790,69791,69793],{},[1784,69792,2257],{},[1784,69794,8827],{},[1788,69796,2637],{},[1792,69798,69799,69801],{},[1784,69800,3212],{},[1784,69802,8827],{},[1788,69804,2637],{},[1792,69806,69807,69809],{},[1784,69808,3221],{},[1784,69810,8827],{},[1808,69812,66754],{"encoding":1810},[1153,69814,69815,69824],{},[1156,69816,69817],{},[1159,69818,69819,69822],{},[1162,69820,69821],{},"Komponenta",[1162,69823,35104],{},[1172,69825,69826,69864,69889,69914],{},[1159,69827,69828,69848],{},[1177,69829,69830],{},[1035,69831,69833],{"className":69832},[1772],[1774,69834,69835],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,69836,69837,69845],{},[1781,69838,69839],{},[1792,69840,69841,69843],{},[1784,69842,20998],{},[1784,69844,8827],{},[1808,69846,69847],{"encoding":1810},"X_t",[1177,69849,69850,69851],{},"pozorovaná hodnota prodejů v čase ",[1035,69852,69854],{"className":69853},[1772],[1774,69855,69856],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,69857,69858,69862],{},[1781,69859,69860],{},[1784,69861,8827],{},[1808,69863,8827],{"encoding":1810},[1159,69865,69866,69886],{},[1177,69867,69868],{},[1035,69869,69871],{"className":69870},[1772],[1774,69872,69873],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,69874,69875,69883],{},[1781,69876,69877],{},[1792,69878,69879,69881],{},[1784,69880,2257],{},[1784,69882,8827],{},[1808,69884,69885],{"encoding":1810},"T_t",[1177,69887,69888],{},"trendová složka — dlouhodobý směr (regresní funkce)",[1159,69890,69891,69911],{},[1177,69892,69893],{},[1035,69894,69896],{"className":69895},[1772],[1774,69897,69898],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,69899,69900,69908],{},[1781,69901,69902],{},[1792,69903,69904,69906],{},[1784,69905,3212],{},[1784,69907,8827],{},[1808,69909,69910],{"encoding":1810},"S_t",[1177,69912,69913],{},"sezónní složka — pravidelné periodické výkyvy",[1159,69915,69916,69936],{},[1177,69917,69918],{},[1035,69919,69921],{"className":69920},[1772],[1774,69922,69923],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,69924,69925,69933],{},[1781,69926,69927],{},[1792,69928,69929,69931],{},[1784,69930,3221],{},[1784,69932,8827],{},[1808,69934,69935],{"encoding":1810},"I_t",[1177,69937,69938],{},"nepravidelná (irreguární) složka — náhodný šum",[1030,69940,69941,69942,69984],{},"V multiplikativním tvaru: ",[1035,69943,69945],{"className":69944},[1772],[1774,69946,69947],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,69948,69949,69981],{},[1781,69950,69951,69957,69959,69965,69967,69973,69975],{},[1792,69952,69953,69955],{},[1784,69954,20998],{},[1784,69956,8827],{},[1788,69958,1863],{},[1792,69960,69961,69963],{},[1784,69962,2257],{},[1784,69964,8827],{},[1788,69966,2267],{},[1792,69968,69969,69971],{},[1784,69970,3212],{},[1784,69972,8827],{},[1788,69974,2267],{},[1792,69976,69977,69979],{},[1784,69978,3221],{},[1784,69980,8827],{},[1808,69982,69983],{"encoding":1810},"X_t = T_t \\cdot S_t \\cdot I_t"," (vhodnější pro\ndata s rostoucí amplitudou výkyvů).",[1100,69986,69988],{"id":69987},"postup-dekompozice","Postup dekompozice",[1260,69990,69991,70108,70132,70194,70200,70244],{},[1115,69992,69993,70013,70014,70027,70028],{},[1047,69994,69995,69996,1075],{},"Odhad trendu ",[1035,69997,69999],{"className":69998},[1772],[1774,70000,70001],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,70002,70003,70011],{},[1781,70004,70005],{},[1792,70006,70007,70009],{},[1784,70008,2257],{},[1784,70010,8827],{},[1808,70012,69885],{"encoding":1810}," Regresní analýza s časem na ose ",[1035,70015,70017],{"className":70016},[1772],[1774,70018,70019],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,70020,70021,70025],{},[1781,70022,70023],{},[1784,70024,2508],{},[1808,70026,2508],{"encoding":1810}," a prodeji\njako závislá proměnná. Volba funkce:\n",[1112,70029,70030,70064,70102],{},[1115,70031,70032,1089,70035,70063],{},[1047,70033,70034],{},"Lineární",[1035,70036,70038],{"className":70037},[1772],[1774,70039,70040],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,70041,70042,70060],{},[1781,70043,70044,70050,70052,70054,70056,70058],{},[1792,70045,70046,70048],{},[1784,70047,2257],{},[1784,70049,8827],{},[1788,70051,1863],{},[1784,70053,38066],{},[1788,70055,2637],{},[1784,70057,38071],{},[1784,70059,8827],{},[1808,70061,70062],{"encoding":1810},"T_t = \\alpha + \\beta t"," — pro stabilní růst.",[1115,70065,70066,1089,70069,70101],{},[1047,70067,70068],{},"Exponenciální",[1035,70070,70072],{"className":70071},[1772],[1774,70073,70074],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,70075,70076,70098],{},[1781,70077,70078,70084,70086,70088],{},[1792,70079,70080,70082],{},[1784,70081,2257],{},[1784,70083,8827],{},[1788,70085,1863],{},[1784,70087,38066],{},[2467,70089,70090,70092],{},[1784,70091,9309],{},[1781,70093,70094,70096],{},[1784,70095,38071],{},[1784,70097,8827],{},[1808,70099,70100],{"encoding":1810},"T_t = \\alpha e^{\\beta t}"," — pro fáze růstu\nv životním cyklu výrobku.",[1115,70103,70104,70107],{},[1047,70105,70106],{},"Logistická"," — pro saturaci trhu.",[1115,70109,70110,70131],{},[1047,70111,70112,70113,70130],{},"Výpočet ",[1035,70114,70116],{"className":70115},[1772],[1774,70117,70118],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,70119,70120,70128],{},[1781,70121,70122],{},[1792,70123,70124,70126],{},[1784,70125,2257],{},[1784,70127,8827],{},[1808,70129,69885],{"encoding":1810}," pro každé období"," (interpolace + extrapolace).",[1115,70133,70134,62860,70137,70150,70151,70193],{},[1047,70135,70136],{},"Reziduum:",[1035,70138,70140],{"className":70139},[1772],[1774,70141,70142],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,70143,70144,70148],{},[1781,70145,70146],{},[1784,70147,8827],{},[1808,70149,8827],{"encoding":1810}," spočítej:\n",[1035,70152,70154],{"className":70153},[1772],[1774,70155,70156],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,70157,70158,70190],{},[1781,70159,70160,70166,70168,70174,70176,70182,70184],{},[1792,70161,70162,70164],{},[1784,70163,20998],{},[1784,70165,8827],{},[1788,70167,2371],{},[1792,70169,70170,70172],{},[1784,70171,2257],{},[1784,70173,8827],{},[1788,70175,1863],{},[1792,70177,70178,70180],{},[1784,70179,3212],{},[1784,70181,8827],{},[1788,70183,2637],{},[1792,70185,70186,70188],{},[1784,70187,3221],{},[1784,70189,8827],{},[1808,70191,70192],{"encoding":1810},"X_t - T_t = S_t + I_t","\ntj. odchylku pozorování od trendu.",[1115,70195,70196,70199],{},[1047,70197,70198],{},"Determinace sezónnosti."," Klasifikuj rezidua podle období (roční\nčtvrtletí, školní rok, daňové období atd.).",[1115,70201,70202,70205,70206,70225,70226,70243],{},[1047,70203,70204],{},"Průměrování."," Pro každé „období\" spočítej průměr reziduí — to je\nodhad sezónní složky ",[1035,70207,70209],{"className":70208},[1772],[1774,70210,70211],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,70212,70213,70222],{},[1781,70214,70215],{},[2160,70216,70217,70219],{"accent":1041},[1784,70218,3212],{},[1788,70220,70221],{},"^",[1808,70223,70224],{"encoding":1810},"\\hat{S}"," pro dané období. Náhodná složka ",[1035,70227,70229],{"className":70228},[1772],[1774,70230,70231],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,70232,70233,70241],{},[1781,70234,70235],{},[1792,70236,70237,70239],{},[1784,70238,3221],{},[1784,70240,8827],{},[1808,70242,69935],{"encoding":1810},"\nse v průměrování vykrátí.",[1115,70245,70246,70249,70250,2070,70268],{},[1047,70247,70248],{},"Predikce."," Pro budoucí čas ",[1035,70251,70253],{"className":70252},[1772],[1774,70254,70255],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,70256,70257,70265],{},[1781,70258,70259],{},[2467,70260,70261,70263],{},[1784,70262,8827],{},[1788,70264,7763],{},[1808,70266,70267],{"encoding":1810},"t^*",[1035,70269,70271],{"className":70270},[1772],[1774,70272,70273],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,70274,70275,70328],{},[1781,70276,70277,70291,70293,70303,70305],{},[1792,70278,70279,70285],{},[2160,70280,70281,70283],{"accent":1041},[1784,70282,20998],{},[1788,70284,70221],{},[2467,70286,70287,70289],{},[1784,70288,8827],{},[1788,70290,7763],{},[1788,70292,1863],{},[1792,70294,70295,70297],{},[1784,70296,2257],{},[2467,70298,70299,70301],{},[1784,70300,8827],{},[1788,70302,7763],{},[1788,70304,2637],{},[1792,70306,70307,70313],{},[2160,70308,70309,70311],{"accent":1041},[1784,70310,3212],{},[1788,70312,70221],{},[1781,70314,70315,70318,70320,70326],{},[2149,70316,70317],{},"period",[1788,70319,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2467,70321,70322,70324],{},[1784,70323,8827],{},[1788,70325,7763],{},[1788,70327,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,70329,70330],{"encoding":1810},"\\hat{X}_{t^*} = T_{t^*} + \\hat{S}_{\\text{period}(t^*)}",[1100,70332,70334],{"id":70333},"příklad-výkup-mléka-20092010","Příklad — výkup mléka 2009–2010",[1153,70336,70337,70350],{},[1156,70338,70339],{},[1159,70340,70341,70344,70347],{},[1162,70342,70343],{},"Období",[1162,70345,70346],{},"Q (mil. l)",[1162,70348,70349],{},"P (Kč\u002Fl)",[1172,70351,70352,70363,70374,70385,70396],{},[1159,70353,70354,70357,70360],{},[1177,70355,70356],{},"I\u002F2009",[1177,70358,70359],{},"568 836",[1177,70361,70362],{},"6{,}82",[1159,70364,70365,70368,70371],{},[1177,70366,70367],{},"II\u002F2009",[1177,70369,70370],{},"599 998",[1177,70372,70373],{},"6{,}24",[1159,70375,70376,70379,70382],{},[1177,70377,70378],{},"III\u002F2009",[1177,70380,70381],{},"579 263",[1177,70383,70384],{},"6{,}07",[1159,70386,70387,70390,70393],{},[1177,70388,70389],{},"IV\u002F2009",[1177,70391,70392],{},"543 573",[1177,70394,70395],{},"6{,}32",[1159,70397,70398,70401,70404],{},[1177,70399,70400],{},"I\u002F2010",[1177,70402,70403],{},"552 691",[1177,70405,70406],{},"6{,}92",[1030,70408,70409],{},"Z dat lze odhadnout:",[1112,70411,70412,70486],{},[1115,70413,70414,1089,70417,1733,70462,70485],{},[1047,70415,70416],{},"Lineární trend ceny:",[1035,70418,70420],{"className":70419},[1772],[1774,70421,70422],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,70423,70424,70459],{},[1781,70425,70426,70432,70434,70436,70438,70440,70450,70452,70454,70456],{},[1792,70427,70428,70430],{},[1784,70429,2264],{},[1784,70431,8827],{},[1788,70433,1863],{},[1788,70435,2371],{},[2348,70437,14632],{},[1788,70439,2267],{},[2467,70441,70442,70444],{},[2348,70443,3116],{},[1781,70445,70446,70448],{},[1788,70447,2371],{},[2348,70449,12017],{},[1788,70451,2267],{},[1784,70453,2270],{},[1788,70455,2637],{},[2348,70457,70458],{},"10,733",[1808,70460,70461],{"encoding":1810},"P_t = -7 \\cdot 10^{-6} \\cdot Q + 10{,}733",[1035,70463,70465],{"className":70464},[1772],[1774,70466,70467],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,70468,70469,70482],{},[1781,70470,70471,70477,70479],{},[2467,70472,70473,70475],{},[1784,70474,1860],{},[2348,70476,4593],{},[1788,70478,1863],{},[2348,70480,70481],{},"0,198",[1808,70483,70484],{"encoding":1810},"R^2 = 0{,}198"," — slabý (cena nezáleží primárně na množství v jednom\nroce).",[1115,70487,70488,1089,70505,70528,70529,70532],{},[1047,70489,70490,70491,70504],{},"Polynomický trend ",[1035,70492,70494],{"className":70493},[1772],[1774,70495,70496],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,70497,70498,70502],{},[1781,70499,70500],{},[2348,70501,19364],{},[1808,70503,19364],{"encoding":1810}," stupně:",[1035,70506,70508],{"className":70507},[1772],[1774,70509,70510],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,70511,70512,70525],{},[1781,70513,70514,70520,70522],{},[2467,70515,70516,70518],{},[1784,70517,1860],{},[2348,70519,4593],{},[1788,70521,1863],{},[2348,70523,70524],{},"0,9549",[1808,70526,70527],{"encoding":1810},"R^2 = 0{,}9549"," — výrazně lepší,\nale ",[1047,70530,70531],{},"přefitovaný"," (5 bodů, 4 parametry — přesnost je iluzorní).",[1023,70534,70536,70543],{"className":70535,"dataCallout":3501},[1026,3500],[1030,70537,70539,70542],{"className":70538},[1033],[1035,70540],{"className":70541,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,3508,1040],"Přefitování",[1030,70544,26119,70545,70562,70563,70566],{},[1035,70546,70548],{"className":70547},[1772],[1774,70549,70550],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,70551,70552,70560],{},[1781,70553,70554],{},[2467,70555,70556,70558],{},[1784,70557,1860],{},[2348,70559,4593],{},[1808,70561,68503],{"encoding":1810}," pro polynom vyššího stupně neznamená dobrou predikci —\ntypický příklad ",[1047,70564,70565],{},"overfittingu",". Pro predikci je vhodnější jednoduchý\ntrend s vyšší robustností.",[1100,70568,70570],{"id":70569},"slabé-stránky-dekompozice","Slabé stránky dekompozice",[1112,70572,70573,70585,70591],{},[1115,70574,70575,70577,70578,70581,70582,1075],{},[1047,70576,69757],{}," hlavním faktorem ovlivňujícím poptávku je ",[1047,70579,70580],{},"čas"," —\nvše ostatní zanedbatelné. To je v praxi často ",[1047,70583,70584],{},"silně nereálný\npředpoklad",[1115,70586,70587,70590],{},[1047,70588,70589],{},"Krize \u002F nestabilita:"," model se rozpadá právě tam, kde je predikce\nnejdůležitější.",[1115,70592,70593,70596,70597,70600],{},[1047,70594,70595],{},"Sofistikovanější metody"," (ARIMA, GARCH, state-space modely)\nposkytují jen marginálně lepší přesnost — ",[1047,70598,70599],{},"nákladově neefektivní","\npro běžnou praxi.",[1023,70602,70604,70611],{"className":70603,"dataCallout":582},[1026,1225],[1030,70605,70607,70610],{"className":70606},[1033],[1035,70608],{"className":70609,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1232,1040],"Praktická volba",[1030,70612,70613,70614,70617,70618,70621],{},"Pro plánování prodejů spotřebního zboží s ročním cyklem je dekompozice\nobvykle ",[1047,70615,70616],{},"dostatečně přesná a velmi levná"," — proto v praxi dominuje.\nARIMA má smysl tam, kde ",[1047,70619,70620],{},"přesnost přímo ovlivňuje rozhodnutí","\n(zásobování supermarketu, plánování energetiky).",[1077,70623,70625],{"id":70624},"_10-evaluace-predikce-6-kritérií","10. Evaluace predikce — 6 kritérií",[1153,70627,70628,70636],{},[1156,70629,70630],{},[1159,70631,70632,70634],{},[1162,70633,58279],{},[1162,70635,60566],{},[1172,70637,70638,70648,70658,70668,70678,70688],{},[1159,70639,70640,70645],{},[1177,70641,70642],{},[1047,70643,70644],{},"Objektivita",[1177,70646,70647],{},"Pokud změníme data či osobu provádějící predikci, jsou výsledky stejné?",[1159,70649,70650,70655],{},[1177,70651,70652],{},[1047,70653,70654],{},"Validita",[1177,70656,70657],{},"Jak moc se predikované hodnoty odlišují od skutečných? Zachycuje předpověď všechny známé parametry?",[1159,70659,70660,70665],{},[1177,70661,70662],{},[1047,70663,70664],{},"Spolehlivost",[1177,70666,70667],{},"Vezmeme-li rozdílné výchozí body, zůstávají výsledky přibližně stejné?",[1159,70669,70670,70675],{},[1177,70671,70672],{},[1047,70673,70674],{},"Přesnost",[1177,70676,70677],{},"Jak blízké jsou prognózy skutečným číslům za známá období? Jsou odchylky přijatelné?",[1159,70679,70680,70685],{},[1177,70681,70682],{},[1047,70683,70684],{},"Důvěra",[1177,70686,70687],{},"Existuje vysoká pravděpodobnost, že výsledky lze reálně využít?",[1159,70689,70690,70695],{},[1177,70691,70692],{},[1047,70693,70694],{},"Citlivost",[1177,70696,70697],{},"Pokud použijeme metodu pro různé typy dat, jak moc se změní výsledky?",[1030,70699,70700,70701,70704],{},"Tato kritéria jsou ",[1047,70702,70703],{},"vzájemně závislá"," — vysoká objektivita + spolehlivost\nposiluje důvěru, ale může jít na úkor citlivosti (model je „příliš\nkonzervativní\").",[1077,70706,70708],{"id":70707},"_11-měření-přesnosti-predikce","11. Měření přesnosti predikce",[1030,70710,70711,70712,1075],{},"Definujme chybu predikce ",[1035,70713,70715],{"className":70714},[1772],[1774,70716,70717],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,70718,70719,70747],{},[1781,70720,70721,70727,70729,70735,70737],{},[1792,70722,70723,70725],{},[1784,70724,9309],{},[1784,70726,8827],{},[1788,70728,1863],{},[1792,70730,70731,70733],{},[1784,70732,20998],{},[1784,70734,8827],{},[1788,70736,2371],{},[1792,70738,70739,70745],{},[2160,70740,70741,70743],{"accent":1041},[1784,70742,20998],{},[1788,70744,70221],{},[1784,70746,8827],{},[1808,70748,70749],{"encoding":1810},"e_t = X_t - \\hat{X}_t",[1100,70751,70753],{"id":70752},"průměrná-chyba-mean-error-me","Průměrná chyba (Mean Error, ME)",[1035,70755,70757],{"className":70756},[1772],[1774,70758,70759],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,70760,70761,70794],{},[1781,70762,70763,70766,70768,70774,70788],{},[2149,70764,70765],{},"ME",[1788,70767,1863],{},[2322,70769,70770,70772],{},[2348,70771,2374],{},[1784,70773,1806],{},[46791,70775,70776,70778,70786],{},[1788,70777,12866],{},[1781,70779,70780,70782,70784],{},[1784,70781,8827],{},[1788,70783,1863],{},[2348,70785,2374],{},[1784,70787,1806],{},[1792,70789,70790,70792],{},[1784,70791,9309],{},[1784,70793,8827],{},[1808,70795,70796],{"encoding":1810},"\\text{ME} = \\frac{1}{n} \\sum_{t=1}^{n} e_t",[1023,70798,70800,70807],{"className":70799,"dataCallout":3501},[1026,3500],[1030,70801,70803,70806],{"className":70802},[1033],[1035,70804],{"className":70805,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,3508,1040],"Pozor na střídání znamének",[1030,70808,70809,70810,70813,70814,1062,70830,70846,70847,70850],{},"Kladné a záporné chyby se v součtu ",[1047,70811,70812],{},"vykrátí",". Predikce systematicky\nchybující o ",[1035,70815,70817],{"className":70816},[1772],[1774,70818,70819],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,70820,70821,70827],{},[1781,70822,70823,70825],{},[1788,70824,2637],{},[2348,70826,3116],{},[1808,70828,70829],{"encoding":1810},"+10",[1035,70831,70833],{"className":70832},[1772],[1774,70834,70835],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,70836,70837,70843],{},[1781,70838,70839,70841],{},[1788,70840,2371],{},[2348,70842,3116],{},[1808,70844,70845],{"encoding":1810},"-10"," jednotek získá ME = 0 — jakoby byla bezchybná!\nME měří ",[1047,70848,70849],{},"bias",", ne přesnost.",[1100,70852,70854],{"id":70853},"průměrná-absolutní-chyba-mean-absolute-error-mae","Průměrná absolutní chyba (Mean Absolute Error, MAE)",[1035,70856,70858],{"className":70857},[1772],[1774,70859,70860],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,70861,70862,70899],{},[1781,70863,70864,70867,70869,70875,70889,70891,70897],{},[2149,70865,70866],{},"MAE",[1788,70868,1863],{},[2322,70870,70871,70873],{},[2348,70872,2374],{},[1784,70874,1806],{},[46791,70876,70877,70879,70887],{},[1788,70878,12866],{},[1781,70880,70881,70883,70885],{},[1784,70882,8827],{},[1788,70884,1863],{},[2348,70886,2374],{},[1784,70888,1806],{},[1784,70890,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,70892,70893,70895],{},[1784,70894,9309],{},[1784,70896,8827],{},[1784,70898,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,70900,70901],{"encoding":1810},"\\text{MAE} = \\frac{1}{n} \\sum_{t=1}^{n} |e_t|",[1030,70903,70904],{},"Robustní k znaménku, ale nezvýrazňuje velké chyby.",[1100,70906,70908],{"id":70907},"průměrná-kvadratická-chyba-mean-squared-error-mse","Průměrná kvadratická chyba (Mean Squared Error, MSE)",[1035,70910,70912],{"className":70911},[1772],[1774,70913,70914],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,70915,70916,70951],{},[1781,70917,70918,70921,70923,70929,70943],{},[2149,70919,70920],{},"MSE",[1788,70922,1863],{},[2322,70924,70925,70927],{},[2348,70926,2374],{},[1784,70928,1806],{},[46791,70930,70931,70933,70941],{},[1788,70932,12866],{},[1781,70934,70935,70937,70939],{},[1784,70936,8827],{},[1788,70938,1863],{},[2348,70940,2374],{},[1784,70942,1806],{},[13587,70944,70945,70947,70949],{},[1784,70946,9309],{},[1784,70948,8827],{},[2348,70950,4593],{},[1808,70952,70953],{"encoding":1810},"\\text{MSE} = \\frac{1}{n} \\sum_{t=1}^{n} e_t^2",[1030,70955,70956,70959],{},[1047,70957,70958],{},"Větší váha velkých chyb"," — preferovaná tam, kde jednotlivé velké\nchyby mají závažné důsledky (zásobování, kapacitní plánování).",[1100,70961,70963],{"id":70962},"směrodatná-odchylka-root-mean-squared-error-rmse","Směrodatná odchylka (Root Mean Squared Error, RMSE)",[1035,70965,70967],{"className":70966},[1772],[1774,70968,70969],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,70970,70971,71016],{},[1781,70972,70973,70976,70978,70982,70984],{},[2149,70974,70975],{},"RMSE",[1788,70977,1863],{},[22228,70979,70980],{},[2149,70981,70920],{},[1788,70983,1863],{},[22228,70985,70986],{},[1781,70987,70988,70994,71008],{},[2322,70989,70990,70992],{},[2348,70991,2374],{},[1784,70993,1806],{},[46791,70995,70996,70998,71006],{},[1788,70997,12866],{},[1781,70999,71000,71002,71004],{},[1784,71001,8827],{},[1788,71003,1863],{},[2348,71005,2374],{},[1784,71007,1806],{},[13587,71009,71010,71012,71014],{},[1784,71011,9309],{},[1784,71013,8827],{},[2348,71015,4593],{},[1808,71017,71018],{"encoding":1810},"\\text{RMSE} = \\sqrt{\\text{MSE}} = \\sqrt{\\frac{1}{n} \\sum_{t=1}^{n} e_t^2}",[1030,71020,71021,71022,71025],{},"Hodnota je ",[1047,71023,71024],{},"ve stejných jednotkách jako data"," (kusy, Kč) — nejvýhodnější\npro reportování.",[1153,71027,71028,71044],{},[1156,71029,71030],{},[1159,71031,71032,71035,71038,71041],{},[1162,71033,71034],{},"Metrika",[1162,71036,71037],{},"Bias?",[1162,71039,71040],{},"Velké chyby",[1162,71042,71043],{},"Jednotky",[1172,71045,71046,71058,71068,71080],{},[1159,71047,71048,71050,71052,71055],{},[1177,71049,70765],{},[1177,71051,1273],{},[1177,71053,71054],{},"nezvýraznění",[1177,71056,71057],{},"data",[1159,71059,71060,71062,71064,71066],{},[1177,71061,70866],{},[1177,71063,1279],{},[1177,71065,71054],{},[1177,71067,71057],{},[1159,71069,71070,71072,71074,71077],{},[1177,71071,70920],{},[1177,71073,1279],{},[1177,71075,71076],{},"zvýraznění",[1177,71078,71079],{},"data²",[1159,71081,71082,71084,71086,71088],{},[1177,71083,70975],{},[1177,71085,1279],{},[1177,71087,71076],{},[1177,71089,71057],{},[1077,71091,71093],{"id":71092},"_12-ostatní-metody-predikce","12. Ostatní metody predikce",[1100,71095,71097],{"id":71096},"barometric-forecasting-vedoucí-indikátory","Barometric forecasting (vedoucí indikátory)",[1030,71099,71100,71101,71104,71105,1310],{},"Poptávka je přímo ovlivněna ",[1047,71102,71103],{},"známým parametrem",", který lze pozorovat\nnebo přesně vypočítat ",[1047,71106,71107],{},"dříve",[1153,71109,71110,71120],{},[1156,71111,71112],{},[1159,71113,71114,71117],{},[1162,71115,71116],{},"Vedoucí indikátor",[1162,71118,71119],{},"Predikovaná poptávka",[1172,71121,71122,71130,71138,71146],{},[1159,71123,71124,71127],{},[1177,71125,71126],{},"Mezinárodní telefonní hovory",[1177,71128,71129],{},"Objem mezinárodního obchodu",[1159,71131,71132,71135],{},[1177,71133,71134],{},"Počet narozených dětí",[1177,71136,71137],{},"Poptávka po dětském oblečení, jeslích, školkách",[1159,71139,71140,71143],{},[1177,71141,71142],{},"Příjmy státního rozpočtu",[1177,71144,71145],{},"Investice do infrastruktury",[1159,71147,71148,71151],{},[1177,71149,71150],{},"Počet nově registrovaných firem",[1177,71152,71153],{},"Poptávka po komerčních prostorech",[1030,71155,71156,71157,1075],{},"Výhodné, pokud vedoucí indikátor předbíhá poptávku ",[1047,71158,71159],{},"o známý lag",[1100,71161,71163],{"id":71162},"průzkumy-trhu","Průzkumy trhu",[1030,71165,71166],{},"Použitelné, pokud:",[1112,71168,71169,71174,71180],{},[1115,71170,71171,1075],{},[1047,71172,71173],{},"Náklady na identifikaci zákazníka jsou přijatelné",[1115,71175,71176,71179],{},[1047,71177,71178],{},"Zákazníci poskytují reálné informace"," a chtějí je poskytovat.",[1115,71181,71182,71185],{},[1047,71183,71184],{},"Zákazníci realizují své záměry"," — nejde jen o sny.",[1030,71187,71188],{},"Nejlepší použitelnost:",[1112,71190,71191,71198,71205],{},[1115,71192,71193,71194,71197],{},"Produkty, kde ",[1047,71195,71196],{},"se nákup plánuje dopředu"," (auto, dovolená, byt).",[1115,71199,71200,71201,71204],{},"Produkty s ",[1047,71202,71203],{},"malou a přesně definovanou skupinou zákazníků"," (B2B\nspeciální stroje).",[1115,71206,71207,71210],{},[1047,71208,71209],{},"Úplně nový produkt",", kde nejsou data z minulosti.",[1023,71212,71214,71221,71265],{"className":71213,"dataCallout":25986},[1026,25985],[1030,71215,71217,71220],{"className":71216},[1033],[1035,71218],{"className":71219,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,25993,1040],"Dotazník pro identifikaci poptávky po banánech",[1153,71222,71223,71233],{},[1156,71224,71225],{},[1159,71226,71227,71230],{},[1162,71228,71229],{},"Cena (Kč\u002Fkg)",[1162,71231,71232],{},"Kolik byste koupil(a)?",[1172,71234,71235,71241,71247,71253,71259],{},[1159,71236,71237,71239],{},[1177,71238,23526],{},[1177,71240,12008],{},[1159,71242,71243,71245],{},[1177,71244,2605],{},[1177,71246,12008],{},[1159,71248,71249,71251],{},[1177,71250,9698],{},[1177,71252,12008],{},[1159,71254,71255,71257],{},[1177,71256,2709],{},[1177,71258,12008],{},[1159,71260,71261,71263],{},[1177,71262,9208],{},[1177,71264,12008],{},[1030,71266,71267],{},"Z odpovědí 200+ respondentů sestavíme agregovanou poptávkovou křivku\na odhadneme bodové elasticity.",[1100,71269,71271],{"id":71270},"sales-force-opinion","Sales Force Opinion",[1030,71273,71274,71275,71278],{},"Využití ",[1047,71276,71277],{},"prodejní síly"," (obchodních zástupců) jako zdroj predikce.",[1030,71280,53111],{},[1112,71282,71283,71289],{},[1115,71284,71285,71286,1075],{},"Úzká vazba na zákazníka — zachycuje ",[1047,71287,71288],{},"subtilní signály",[1115,71290,71291,71292,71295],{},"Šíře informací: nejen objem prodeje, ale i ",[1047,71293,71294],{},"nové kategorie zákazníků",",\ntlak na technologické změny, makroekonomické signály.",[1030,71297,53124],{},[1112,71299,71300,71310],{},[1115,71301,71302,71305,71306,71309],{},[1047,71303,71304],{},"Morální hazard"," — pokud jsou prodejci hodnoceni dle plnění plánu,\nsystematicky ",[1047,71307,71308],{},"podhodnocují"," odhady (aby snadněji přeplnili plán).",[1115,71311,71312,71315],{},[1047,71313,71314],{},"Regionální zkreslení"," — prodejce vidí svůj region, ne celkový trh.",[1100,71317,71319],{"id":71318},"expert-opinion-delphi-metoda","Expert Opinion + Delphi metoda",[1030,71321,71322,71325],{},[1047,71323,71324],{},"Expert Opinion:"," dotazování průmyslových analytiků, konzultantů,\nčlenů obchodních komor.",[1030,71327,71328,71331],{},[1047,71329,71330],{},"Riziko: groupthink"," — pokud experti diskutují společně, dominantní\nosobnost ovlivní ostatní a skupinová odpověď bude méně přesná než\nprůměr individuálních odpovědí.",[1030,71333,71334,71337],{},[1047,71335,71336],{},"Delphi metoda"," řeší groupthink:",[1082,71339,71340],{},[1030,71341,71342],{},[1091,71343,71344],{},"\"Delphi je metoda pro vytvoření skupinového komunikačního procesu tak,\nže je proces efektivní v ponechání skupiny jednotlivců jakožto celku\nřešícího komplexní problém. Je využita zpětná vazba, skupinový názor,\nrevize názorů, určitá anonymita.\"",[1030,71346,71347],{},[1047,71348,71349],{},"Postup Delphi:",[1260,71351,71352,71358,71368,71378,71387,71393],{},[1115,71353,71354,71357],{},[1047,71355,71356],{},"Formulace otázky"," — jasně definovaný problém s číselnou odpovědí.",[1115,71359,71360,71363,71364,71367],{},[1047,71361,71362],{},"První kolo"," — každý expert ",[1047,71365,71366],{},"anonymně"," poskytne odhad.",[1115,71369,71370,71373,71374,71377],{},[1047,71371,71372],{},"Sumarizace"," — facilitátor zveřejní distribuci odpovědí (medián,\nkvartily) ",[1047,71375,71376],{},"bez identifikace"," autorů.",[1115,71379,71380,71383,71384,1075],{},[1047,71381,71382],{},"Druhé kolo"," — experti vidí distribuci a mohou revidovat svůj odhad.\nPokud revize výrazně mění mínění, ",[1047,71385,71386],{},"zdůvodňují",[1115,71388,71389,71392],{},[1047,71390,71391],{},"Iterace"," — typicky 2–4 kola, dokud se distribuce nestabilizuje.",[1115,71394,71395,71398],{},[1047,71396,71397],{},"Konečný odhad"," — medián posledního kola.",[1030,71400,71401],{},[1047,71402,53111],{},[1112,71404,71405,71411,71416],{},[1115,71406,71407,71410],{},[1047,71408,71409],{},"Anonymita"," eliminuje groupthink a vliv autority.",[1115,71412,71413,71415],{},[1047,71414,71391],{}," umožňuje konvergenci k informovanému konsenzu.",[1115,71417,71418,71421],{},[1047,71419,71420],{},"Strukturovaná zpětná vazba"," dává prostor minoritním názorům.",[1030,71423,71424,71427,71428,1075],{},[1047,71425,71426],{},"Existují příznivci i odpůrci"," — kritici argumentují, že anonymita\nbrání skutečné argumentační diskusi a že konsensus může být ",[1047,71429,71430],{},"zdánlivý",[1100,71432,71434],{"id":71433},"test-marketing","Test Marketing",[1030,71436,71437],{},[1047,71438,71439],{},"Sales Wave Research",[1112,71441,71442,71445,71452],{},[1115,71443,71444],{},"Vybere se vzorek zákazníků.",[1115,71446,71447,71448,71451],{},"Sleduje se ",[1047,71449,71450],{},"rychlost opakovaného nákupu"," (re-purchase rate).",[1115,71453,71454,71455,1299,71458,1299,71461,1075],{},"Vliv změny ",[1047,71456,71457],{},"obalu",[1047,71459,71460],{},"složení",[1047,71462,71463],{},"vztahu ke komplementům\na substitutům",[1030,71465,71466],{},[1047,71467,71468],{},"Simulated Store Techniques",[1112,71470,71471,71477,71480],{},[1115,71472,71473,71474,1075],{},"Podobné Sales Wave, ale s důrazem na ",[1047,71475,71476],{},"účinnost reklamy",[1115,71478,71479],{},"Zákazníci dostanou peníze a pohybují se v simulovaném obchodě s pultem\nproduktů.",[1115,71481,71482],{},"Měří se míra konverze reklama → nákup.",[1030,71484,71485],{},[1047,71486,71487],{},"Test Marketing — „vyrob a prodej!\"",[1112,71489,71490,71497,71500,71503],{},[1115,71491,71492,71493,71496],{},"Produkt se uvede do prodeje na ",[1047,71494,71495],{},"omezeném lokálním trhu"," (1 město \u002F\nregion).",[1115,71498,71499],{},"Po definovaném období (3–12 měsíců) se vyhodnotí výsledky.",[1115,71501,71502],{},"Pokud jsou pozitivní → národní rozvinutí.",[1115,71504,71505,71506,1075],{},"Pokud negativní → zastavení projektu, ",[1047,71507,71508],{},"úspora vs. plné uvedení",[1030,71510,71511,71514,71515,71517],{},[1047,71512,71513],{},"Riziko Test Marketingu:"," konkurence vidí test a může reagovat\n",[1047,71516,71107],{},", než firma stihne plné uvedení (obranný cenový tah,\nsouběžný launch).",[1077,71519,71521],{"id":71520},"_13-volba-metody-dle-situace","13. Volba metody dle situace",[1153,71523,71524,71534],{},[1156,71525,71526],{},[1159,71527,71528,71531],{},[1162,71529,71530],{},"Typ produktu \u002F trhu",[1162,71532,71533],{},"Doporučená metoda",[1172,71535,71536,71550,71564,71578],{},[1159,71537,71538,71544],{},[1177,71539,71540,71543],{},[1047,71541,71542],{},"A."," Průmyslový produkt s omezeným trhem",[1177,71545,71546,71549],{},[1047,71547,71548],{},"Expert Opinion"," (B) — málo zákazníků, expert je zná individuálně",[1159,71551,71552,71558],{},[1177,71553,71554,71557],{},[1047,71555,71556],{},"B."," Spotřebitelský trh s dostatkem dat z minulých prodejů",[1177,71559,71560,71563],{},[1047,71561,71562],{},"Extrapolace trendů"," (A) — dekompozice časové řady",[1159,71565,71566,71572],{},[1177,71567,71568,71571],{},[1047,71569,71570],{},"C."," Nový produkt s plánovanou dlouhou životností (nikoliv spotřební zboží)",[1177,71573,71574,71577],{},[1047,71575,71576],{},"Market Testing"," (C) — postupné uvedení s měřením",[1159,71579,71580,71586],{},[1177,71581,71582,71585],{},[1047,71583,71584],{},"D."," Technologicky vyspělý produkt na globálním trhu",[1177,71587,71588,71591],{},[1047,71589,71590],{},"Průzkum trhu"," (D) — Delphi expertů z různých regionů",[1030,71593,71594],{},"Mapování:",[1112,71596,71597,71618,71639,71660],{},[1115,71598,71599,71617],{},[1035,71600,71602],{"className":71601},[1772],[1774,71603,71604],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,71605,71606,71614],{},[1781,71607,71608,71610,71612],{},[2348,71609,2374],{},[1788,71611,8824],{},[1784,71613,2475],{},[1808,71615,71616],{"encoding":1810},"1 \\rightarrow B"," (Expert Opinion)",[1115,71619,71620,71638],{},[1035,71621,71623],{"className":71622},[1772],[1774,71624,71625],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,71626,71627,71635],{},[1781,71628,71629,71631,71633],{},[2348,71630,4593],{},[1788,71632,8824],{},[1784,71634,10292],{},[1808,71636,71637],{"encoding":1810},"2 \\rightarrow A"," (Extrapolace)",[1115,71640,71641,71659],{},[1035,71642,71644],{"className":71643},[1772],[1774,71645,71646],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,71647,71648,71656],{},[1781,71649,71650,71652,71654],{},[2348,71651,5332],{},[1788,71653,8824],{},[1784,71655,1868],{},[1808,71657,71658],{"encoding":1810},"3 \\rightarrow C"," (Market Testing)",[1115,71661,71662,71680],{},[1035,71663,71665],{"className":71664},[1772],[1774,71666,71667],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,71668,71669,71677],{},[1781,71670,71671,71673,71675],{},[2348,71672,5344],{},[1788,71674,8824],{},[1784,71676,3224],{},[1808,71678,71679],{"encoding":1810},"4 \\rightarrow D"," (Průzkum trhu)",[1023,71682,71684,71691],{"className":71683,"dataCallout":1608},[1026,1607],[1030,71685,71687,71690],{"className":71686},[1033],[1035,71688],{"className":71689,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1615,1040],"Kombinace metod",[1030,71692,71693,71694,71697,71698,71701],{},"V praxi se metody ",[1047,71695,71696],{},"kombinují",": extrapolace dává základní scénář,\nDelphi koriguje na strukturální změny, market testing validuje\nna reálných zákaznících. Konečná predikce je ",[1047,71699,71700],{},"vážený průměr","\ns váhami dle důvěry.",[1077,71703,71705],{"id":71704},"_14-aplikace-odhadu-poptávky","14. Aplikace odhadu poptávky",[1100,71707,71709],{"id":71708},"daňová-ekonomika-a-veřejný-sektor","Daňová ekonomika a veřejný sektor",[1112,71711,71712,71721,71732],{},[1115,71713,71714,71717,71718,1075],{},[1047,71715,71716],{},"Ramseyho pravidlo zdanění"," — daňové zatížení by mělo být\ninverzně úměrné cenové elasticitě poptávky. Zdanění nepružných\nstatků (alkohol, tabák, benzín) maximalizuje výnos s minimálním\nefektem na kvantitu — viz ",[1068,71719,69735],{"className":71720,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":55404,"href":55405},[1071],[1115,71722,71723,71726,71727],{},[1047,71724,71725],{},"Predikce daňových výnosů"," — dekompozice historických příjmů\n",[1112,71728,71729],{},[1115,71730,71731],{},"makroekonomický scénář.",[1115,71733,71734,71737],{},[1047,71735,71736],{},"Kapacitní plánování"," veřejných služeb — školky, doprava,\nzdravotnictví.",[1100,71739,69740],{"id":71740},"marketing",[1112,71742,71743,71770,71776,71782],{},[1115,71744,71745,71748,71749,2440],{},[1047,71746,71747],{},"Cenová politika"," — odhad elasticity → cenová optimalizace\n(maximum tržeb tam, kde ",[1035,71750,71752],{"className":71751},[1772],[1774,71753,71754],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,71755,71756,71768],{},[1781,71757,71758,71764,71766],{},[1792,71759,71760,71762],{},[1784,71761,2364],{},[1784,71763,3224],{},[1788,71765,1863],{},[2348,71767,2374],{},[1808,71769,66963],{"encoding":1810},[1115,71771,71772,71775],{},[1047,71773,71774],{},"Segmentace"," — různé segmenty mají různé elasticity → diferencované\nceny (verzování, slevové programy).",[1115,71777,71778,71781],{},[1047,71779,71780],{},"Reklama"," — odhad reklamní elasticity rozhoduje o výši rozpočtu na\nmarketing.",[1115,71783,71784,71787],{},[1047,71785,71786],{},"Substituty a komplementy"," — křížová elasticita mapuje konkurenci\na komplementární prodej (cross-selling).",[1100,71789,71791],{"id":71790},"strategické-rozhodování-firmy","Strategické rozhodování firmy",[1112,71793,71794,71800,71806],{},[1115,71795,71796,71799],{},[1047,71797,71798],{},"Plánování kapacit"," — predikce poptávky určuje investice do\nvýrobních kapacit.",[1115,71801,71802,71805],{},[1047,71803,71804],{},"Životní cyklus produktu"," — fáze introduction \u002F growth \u002F maturity\n\u002F decline mají odlišné poptávkové dynamiky.",[1115,71807,71808,71811],{},[1047,71809,71810],{},"Vstup na nový trh"," — Delphi + market testing minimalizují riziko\nselhání.",[1077,71813,71815],{"id":71814},"_15-souvislosti","15. Souvislosti",[1112,71817,71818,71824,71831,71838,71845,71878,71884,71890,71896,71903,71912,71921],{},[1115,71819,71820,71823],{},[1068,71821,1682],{"className":71822,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1680,"href":1681},[1071]," — kurzová stránka",[1115,71825,71826,71830],{},[1068,71827,71829],{"className":71828,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":2388,"href":2389},[1071],"Cenová elasticita poptávky"," — vstup do\nvýpočtu tržního potenciálu a klíčový parametr ekonometrického modelu.",[1115,71832,71833,71837],{},[1068,71834,71836],{"className":71835,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":32404,"href":32402},[1071],"Užitečnost a preference"," — mikroekonomické\nzáklady poptávkové funkce.",[1115,71839,71840,71844],{},[1068,71841,71843],{"className":71842,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":33565,"href":33566},[1071],"Rovnováha spotřebitele"," — ze\nspotřebitelské optimalizace plyne tvar poptávkové funkce, kterou pak\nempiricky odhadujeme.",[1115,71846,71847,71850,71851,6007,71864,71877],{},[1068,71848,32120],{"className":71849,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":32119,"href":32117},[1071]," —\nkomparativní statika a problémy identifikace (",[1035,71852,71854],{"className":71853},[1772],[1774,71855,71856],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,71857,71858,71862],{},[1781,71859,71860],{},[1784,71861,3224],{},[1808,71863,3224],{"encoding":1810},[1035,71865,71867],{"className":71866},[1772],[1774,71868,71869],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,71870,71871,71875],{},[1781,71872,71873],{},[1784,71874,3212],{},[1808,71876,3212],{"encoding":1810}," z rovnovážných dat).",[1115,71879,71880,71883],{},[1068,71881,7013],{"className":71882,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":4348,"href":4349},[1071]," —\nodhad poptávky pro firmu s diferencovaným produktem.",[1115,71885,71886,71889],{},[1068,71887,25328],{"className":71888,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":25327,"href":25325},[1071]," —\nteoretický základ pro tvar poptávkové křivky.",[1115,71891,71892,71895],{},[1068,71893,22239],{"className":71894,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1832,"href":1833},[1071]," — referenční seznam.",[1115,71897,71898,71902],{},[1068,71899,71901],{"className":71900,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":4279,"href":4280},[1071],"Vzorové zkoušky a Předtermíny"," — Předtermín B\n(ekonometrické metody odhadu poptávky).",[1115,71904,71905,71911],{},[1068,71906,71910],{"className":71907,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":71908,"href":71909},[1071],"topics\u002Fpoptavka-nabidka.md","\u002Fwiki\u002Fpoptavka-nabidka","Poptávka a nabídka (ImeK)"," — komplementární\nmatematické pojetí poptávkové funkce.",[1115,71913,71914,71920],{},[1068,71915,71919],{"className":71916,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":71917,"href":71918},[1071],"topics\u002Fpredikce.md","\u002Fwiki\u002Fpredikce","Predikce v ekonomickém modelování"," — obecné metody\npredikce, soft computing alternativy.",[1115,71922,71923,71927],{},[1068,71924,71926],{"className":71925,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":55404,"href":55405},[1071],"Zdanění trhu"," — aplikace elasticit v daňové ekonomice.",[1077,71929,42897],{"id":71930},"zdroje",[1112,71932,71933,71936,71939,71942],{},[1115,71934,71935],{},"Bílek, L.: Analýza pružnosti poptávky. Brno, 2001, FP VUT v Brně,\npísemná práce doktorandského studia (data jogurty A, B, C).",[1115,71937,71938],{},"Baye et al. 1992 — tabulka elasticit dle produktové kategorie.",[1115,71940,71941],{},"Gwartney, J. D., Stroup, R. L., Macpherson, D., Sobel, R. S.:\nEconomics: Private and Public Choice. South-Western, 11. vydání, 2005.",[1115,71943,71944],{},"Kotler, P.: definice tržního potenciálu.",{"title":1685,"searchDepth":141,"depth":141,"links":71946},[71947,71948,71953,71956,71961,71962,71967,71971,71977,71978,71985,71986,71992,71999,72000,72005,72006],{"id":1722,"depth":141,"text":1042},{"id":66814,"depth":141,"text":66815,"children":71949},[71950,71951,71952],{"id":66818,"depth":96,"text":66819},{"id":66909,"depth":96,"text":66910},{"id":67115,"depth":96,"text":67116},{"id":67157,"depth":141,"text":67158,"children":71954},[71955],{"id":67161,"depth":96,"text":67162},{"id":67434,"depth":141,"text":67435,"children":71957},[71958,71959,71960],{"id":67441,"depth":96,"text":67442},{"id":67524,"depth":96,"text":67525},{"id":67562,"depth":96,"text":67563},{"id":67591,"depth":141,"text":67592},{"id":67688,"depth":141,"text":67689,"children":71963},[71964,71965,71966],{"id":67692,"depth":96,"text":67693},{"id":68072,"depth":96,"text":68073},{"id":68420,"depth":96,"text":68421},{"id":68525,"depth":141,"text":68526,"children":71968},[71969,71970],{"id":68529,"depth":96,"text":68530},{"id":68699,"depth":96,"text":68700},{"id":68924,"depth":141,"text":68925,"children":71972},[71973,71974,71975,71976],{"id":68928,"depth":96,"text":68929},{"id":68971,"depth":96,"text":68972},{"id":69032,"depth":96,"text":69033},{"id":69120,"depth":96,"text":69121},{"id":69205,"depth":141,"text":69206},{"id":69744,"depth":141,"text":69745,"children":71979},[71980,71981,71982,71983,71984],{"id":69748,"depth":96,"text":69749},{"id":69767,"depth":96,"text":69768},{"id":69987,"depth":96,"text":69988},{"id":70333,"depth":96,"text":70334},{"id":70569,"depth":96,"text":70570},{"id":70624,"depth":141,"text":70625},{"id":70707,"depth":141,"text":70708,"children":71987},[71988,71989,71990,71991],{"id":70752,"depth":96,"text":70753},{"id":70853,"depth":96,"text":70854},{"id":70907,"depth":96,"text":70908},{"id":70962,"depth":96,"text":70963},{"id":71092,"depth":141,"text":71093,"children":71993},[71994,71995,71996,71997,71998],{"id":71096,"depth":96,"text":71097},{"id":71162,"depth":96,"text":71163},{"id":71270,"depth":96,"text":71271},{"id":71318,"depth":96,"text":71319},{"id":71433,"depth":96,"text":71434},{"id":71520,"depth":141,"text":71521},{"id":71704,"depth":141,"text":71705,"children":72001},[72002,72003,72004],{"id":71708,"depth":96,"text":71709},{"id":71740,"depth":96,"text":69740},{"id":71790,"depth":96,"text":71791},{"id":71814,"depth":141,"text":71815},{"id":71930,"depth":141,"text":42897},{},"\u002Ftopics\u002Fmikk-odhad-poptavky",{"title":66541,"description":1685},[33347],"topics\u002Fmikk-odhad-poptavky",[13,28,762,100,450],"uiy4V1nKakOaU-WeZQCmmXDzTIBtw-THasUk3iM19CE",{"id":72015,"title":72016,"body":72017,"course":13,"courses":1696,"created":1697,"description":1685,"extension":1698,"meta":75380,"navigation":1700,"path":75381,"seo":75382,"sources":75383,"stem":75384,"tags":75385,"type":4439,"updated":1697,"__hash__":75386},"topics\u002Ftopics\u002Fmikk-oligopol-bertrand-cenova-konkurence.md","Oligopol — Bertrandův model cenové konkurence",{"type":1016,"value":72018,"toc":75362},[72019,72022,72024,72094,72112,72116,72126,72129,72240,72264,72268,72275,72298,72499,72502,72560,72563,72690,72758,72762,72765,72928,72978,72982,72985,73056,73060,73067,73085,73112,73122,73126,73133,73170,73177,73263,73309,73312,73378,73412,73439,73443,73446,73508,73511,73571,73633,73699,73703,73709,73855,73865,73869,73872,73886,73889,73909,73913,73923,73927,74018,74061,74084,74151,74156,74389,74394,74618,74669,74713,74718,74793,74835,74839,74886,74960,74969,74984,74986,75027,75031,75073,75249,75256,75260,75299,75301],[1019,72020,72016],{"id":72021},"oligopol-bertrandův-model-cenové-konkurence",[1077,72023,1042],{"id":1722},[1030,72025,72026,72029,72030,72033,72034,72038,72039,72042,72043,72046,72047,72066,72067,16506,72070,72073,72074,72093],{},[1047,72027,72028],{},"Bertrandův model"," popisuje oligopol, kde firmy soutěží ",[1047,72031,72032],{},"cenou",", ne množstvím (na rozdíl od ",[1068,72035,72037],{"className":72036,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":50627,"href":50628},[1071],"Cournotova a Stackelbergova modelu","). Při ",[1047,72040,72041],{},"homogenním produktu"," vzniká paradoxní výsledek: již ",[1047,72044,72045],{},"dvě firmy"," stačí k tomu, aby cena spadla na úroveň mezních nákladů, ",[1035,72048,72050],{"className":72049},[1772],[1774,72051,72052],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,72053,72054,72064],{},[1781,72055,72056,72058,72060,72062],{},[1784,72057,2264],{},[1788,72059,1863],{},[1784,72061,1857],{},[1784,72063,1868],{},[1808,72065,7608],{"encoding":1810},", a ekonomický zisk byl nulový — výsledek identický s dokonalou konkurencí. Tomu se říká ",[1047,72068,72069],{},"Bertrandův paradox",[1047,72071,72072],{},"diferenciaci produktu"," se model výrazně mění: firmy získávají určitou monopolní sílu z odlišnosti svých výrobků a v rovnováze platí ",[1035,72075,72077],{"className":72076},[1772],[1774,72078,72079],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,72080,72081,72091],{},[1781,72082,72083,72085,72087,72089],{},[1784,72084,2264],{},[1788,72086,2491],{},[1784,72088,1857],{},[1784,72090,1868],{},[1808,72092,7656],{"encoding":1810}," s pozitivním ziskem.",[1030,72095,72096,72097,72100,72101,72105,72106,1075],{},"V kurzu ",[1068,72098,14],{"className":72099,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1680,"href":1681},[1071]," je Bertrand jedním ze čtyř standardních modelů oligopolu (Cournot, Stackelberg, Bertrand, ",[1068,72102,72104],{"className":72103,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":55932,"href":55933},[1071],"cenový vůdce \u002F kartel","). Pro srovnání všech modelů viz ",[1068,72107,72111],{"className":72108,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":72109,"href":72110},[1071],"outputs\u002Fmikk-srovnani-modelu-oligopolu.md","\u002Fwiki\u002Fmikk-srovnani-modelu-oligopolu","Srovnání modelů oligopolu",[1077,72113,72115],{"id":72114},"bertrandova-hypotéza","Bertrandova hypotéza",[1030,72117,72118,72119,6603,72122,72125],{},"Joseph Bertrand v roce 1883 reagoval kritikou na Cournotův model. Jeho výchozí předpoklad zní: firmy v oligopolu obvykle ",[1047,72120,72121],{},"nestanovují množství",[1047,72123,72124],{},"ceny"," — a teprve podle poptávky se rozhoduje o vyrobeném množství.",[1030,72127,72128],{},"Základní předpoklady:",[1260,72130,72131,72137,72143,72174,72181,72215],{},[1115,72132,72133,72134,72136],{},"Na trhu jsou alespoň ",[1047,72135,72045],{}," (typicky duopol).",[1115,72138,72139,72140,72142],{},"Produkt je ",[1047,72141,61755],{}," (zákazník jej vnímá jako identický u obou firem).",[1115,72144,72145,72146,1089,72148,72173],{},"Firmy stanovují ",[1047,72147,72124],{},[1035,72149,72151],{"className":72150},[1772],[1774,72152,72153],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,72154,72155,72171],{},[1781,72156,72157,72163,72165],{},[1792,72158,72159,72161],{},[1784,72160,2264],{},[2348,72162,2374],{},[1788,72164,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,72166,72167,72169],{},[1784,72168,2264],{},[2348,72170,4593],{},[1808,72172,13237],{"encoding":1810}," současně a nezávisle.",[1115,72175,72176,72177,72180],{},"Zákazníci kupují u ",[1047,72178,72179],{},"nejlevnějšího"," prodejce.",[1115,72182,72183,72184,72210,72211,72214],{},"Pokud jsou ceny stejné (",[1035,72185,72187],{"className":72186},[1772],[1774,72188,72189],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,72190,72191,72207],{},[1781,72192,72193,72199,72201],{},[1792,72194,72195,72197],{},[1784,72196,2264],{},[2348,72198,2374],{},[1788,72200,1863],{},[1792,72202,72203,72205],{},[1784,72204,2264],{},[2348,72206,4593],{},[1808,72208,72209],{"encoding":1810},"P_1 = P_2","), trh se ",[1047,72212,72213],{},"dělí rovnoměrně"," (každá firma získá polovinu).",[1115,72216,72217,72218,1089,72221,1062,72236,72239],{},"Firmy mají ",[1047,72219,72220],{},"identické mezní náklady",[1035,72222,72224],{"className":72223},[1772],[1774,72225,72226],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,72227,72228,72234],{},[1781,72229,72230,72232],{},[1784,72231,1857],{},[1784,72233,1868],{},[1808,72235,11135],{"encoding":1810},[1047,72237,72238],{},"neomezenou kapacitu"," (mohou pokrýt celou poptávku).",[1023,72241,72243,72250],{"className":72242,"dataCallout":582},[1026,1225],[1030,72244,72246,72249],{"className":72245},[1033],[1035,72247],{"className":72248,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1232,1040],"Klíčový rozdíl proti Cournotovi",[1030,72251,25349,72252,72256,72257,72259,72260,72263],{},[1068,72253,72255],{"className":72254,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":50627,"href":50628},[1071],"Cournotově modelu"," je strategickou proměnnou ",[1047,72258,11393],{},", cena se dotvoří trhem. V Bertrandovi je strategickou proměnnou ",[1047,72261,72262],{},"cena"," a množství se dotvoří poptávkou. Tento zdánlivě drobný rozdíl vede k zásadně odlišné rovnováze.",[1077,72265,72267],{"id":72266},"bertrandův-paradox-homogenní-produkt","Bertrandův paradox — homogenní produkt",[1030,72269,72270],{},[2206,72271],{"alt":72272,"className":72273,"src":72274},"mikk-bertrand-konvergence",[1071,2210],"\u002Fwiki-assets\u002Fmikk-bertrand-konvergence.jpeg",[1030,72276,72277,72278,72281,72282,72297],{},"Nejpřekvapivější výsledek modelu: již ",[1047,72279,72280],{},"dva"," soutěžící podseknou cenu až na úroveň ",[1035,72283,72285],{"className":72284},[1772],[1774,72286,72287],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,72288,72289,72295],{},[1781,72290,72291,72293],{},[1784,72292,1857],{},[1784,72294,1868],{},[1808,72296,11135],{"encoding":1810},". Postup uvažování:",[1260,72299,72300,72351,72394,72429,72464],{},[1115,72301,72302,72303,12850,72332,72350],{},"Firma 1 stanoví počáteční cenu ",[1035,72304,72306],{"className":72305},[1772],[1774,72307,72308],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,72309,72310,72329],{},[1781,72311,72312,72318,72320,72322,72324,72326],{},[1792,72313,72314,72316],{},[1784,72315,2264],{},[2348,72317,2374],{},[1788,72319,1863],{},[1784,72321,1857],{},[1784,72323,1868],{},[1788,72325,2637],{},[1784,72327,72328],{},"ϵ",[1808,72330,72331],{"encoding":1810},"P_1 = MC + \\epsilon",[1035,72333,72335],{"className":72334},[1772],[1774,72336,72337],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,72338,72339,72347],{},[1781,72340,72341,72343,72345],{},[1784,72342,72328],{},[1788,72344,2491],{},[2348,72346,2350],{},[1808,72348,72349],{"encoding":1810},"\\epsilon > 0"," je malá kladná přirážka. Při této ceně by získala polovinu trhu a malý kladný zisk.",[1115,72352,72353,72354,72357,72358,72361,72362,1075],{},"Firma 2 ví, že stačí, aby šla ",[1047,72355,72356],{},"mírně pod"," firmu 1, a získá ",[1047,72359,72360],{},"celý trh",". Stanoví tedy ",[1035,72363,72365],{"className":72364},[1772],[1774,72366,72367],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,72368,72369,72391],{},[1781,72370,72371,72377,72379,72381,72383,72385,72387,72389],{},[1792,72372,72373,72375],{},[1784,72374,2264],{},[2348,72376,4593],{},[1788,72378,1863],{},[1784,72380,1857],{},[1784,72382,1868],{},[1788,72384,2637],{},[1784,72386,72328],{},[1784,72388,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,72390,4593],{},[1808,72392,72393],{"encoding":1810},"P_2 = MC + \\epsilon\u002F2",[1115,72395,72396,72397,1075],{},"Firma 1 reaguje stejnou logikou: ",[1035,72398,72400],{"className":72399},[1772],[1774,72401,72402],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,72403,72404,72426],{},[1781,72405,72406,72412,72414,72416,72418,72420,72422,72424],{},[1792,72407,72408,72410],{},[1784,72409,2264],{},[2348,72411,2374],{},[1788,72413,1863],{},[1784,72415,1857],{},[1784,72417,1868],{},[1788,72419,2637],{},[1784,72421,72328],{},[1784,72423,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,72425,5344],{},[1808,72427,72428],{"encoding":1810},"P_1 = MC + \\epsilon\u002F4",[1115,72430,72431,72432,1075],{},"Firma 2 znovu podsekne: ",[1035,72433,72435],{"className":72434},[1772],[1774,72436,72437],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,72438,72439,72461],{},[1781,72440,72441,72447,72449,72451,72453,72455,72457,72459],{},[1792,72442,72443,72445],{},[1784,72444,2264],{},[2348,72446,4593],{},[1788,72448,1863],{},[1784,72450,1857],{},[1784,72452,1868],{},[1788,72454,2637],{},[1784,72456,72328],{},[1784,72458,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,72460,9661],{},[1808,72462,72463],{"encoding":1810},"P_2 = MC + \\epsilon\u002F8",[1115,72465,72466,72467,1075],{},"Tato sestupná spirála (race to the bottom) končí teprve tehdy, kdy už není kam ustoupit — tedy v bodě ",[1035,72468,72470],{"className":72469},[1772],[1774,72471,72472],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,72473,72474,72496],{},[1781,72475,72476,72482,72484,72490,72492,72494],{},[1792,72477,72478,72480],{},[1784,72479,2264],{},[2348,72481,2374],{},[1788,72483,1863],{},[1792,72485,72486,72488],{},[1784,72487,2264],{},[2348,72489,4593],{},[1788,72491,1863],{},[1784,72493,1857],{},[1784,72495,1868],{},[1808,72497,72498],{"encoding":1810},"P_1 = P_2 = MC",[1030,72500,72501],{},"V Nashově rovnováze tedy platí:",[1035,72503,72505],{"className":72504},[1772],[1774,72506,72507],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,72508,72509,72557],{},[1781,72510,72511,72519,72521,72529,72531,72533,72535,72537,72539,72545,72547,72553,72555],{},[13587,72512,72513,72515,72517],{},[1784,72514,2264],{},[2348,72516,2374],{},[1788,72518,7763],{},[1788,72520,1863],{},[13587,72522,72523,72525,72527],{},[1784,72524,2264],{},[2348,72526,4593],{},[1788,72528,7763],{},[1788,72530,1863],{},[1784,72532,1857],{},[1784,72534,1868],{},[1788,72536,1138],{"separator":1041},[2352,72538],{"width":2354},[1792,72540,72541,72543],{},[1784,72542,1786],{},[2348,72544,2374],{},[1788,72546,1863],{},[1792,72548,72549,72551],{},[1784,72550,1786],{},[2348,72552,4593],{},[1788,72554,1863],{},[2348,72556,45234],{},[1808,72558,72559],{"encoding":1810},"P_1^* = P_2^* = MC, \\qquad \\pi_1 = \\pi_2 = 0.",[1030,72561,72562],{},"Důkaz, že žádný jiný stav rovnováhou není:",[1112,72564,72565,72625,72654],{},[1115,72566,72567,72593,72594,72624],{},[1047,72568,1270,72569,1310],{},[1035,72570,72572],{"className":72571},[1772],[1774,72573,72574],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,72575,72576,72590],{},[1781,72577,72578,72584,72586,72588],{},[1792,72579,72580,72582],{},[1784,72581,2264],{},[1784,72583,1803],{},[1788,72585,2491],{},[1784,72587,1857],{},[1784,72589,1868],{},[1808,72591,72592],{"encoding":1810},"P_i > MC"," druhá firma má motivaci nastavit ",[1035,72595,72597],{"className":72596},[1772],[1774,72598,72599],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,72600,72601,72621],{},[1781,72602,72603,72609,72611,72617,72619],{},[1792,72604,72605,72607],{},[1784,72606,2264],{},[1784,72608,9312],{},[1788,72610,1863],{},[1792,72612,72613,72615],{},[1784,72614,2264],{},[1784,72616,1803],{},[1788,72618,2371],{},[1784,72620,72328],{},[1808,72622,72623],{"encoding":1810},"P_j = P_i - \\epsilon"," a získat celý trh. Není to rovnováha.",[1115,72626,72627,72653],{},[1047,72628,1270,72629,1310],{},[1035,72630,72632],{"className":72631},[1772],[1774,72633,72634],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,72635,72636,72650],{},[1781,72637,72638,72644,72646,72648],{},[1792,72639,72640,72642],{},[1784,72641,2264],{},[1784,72643,1803],{},[1788,72645,2537],{},[1784,72647,1857],{},[1784,72649,1868],{},[1808,72651,72652],{"encoding":1810},"P_i \u003C MC"," firma vyrábí pod náklady a má motivaci zvednout cenu. Není to rovnováha.",[1115,72655,72656],{},[1047,72657,72658,72659,1075],{},"Jediný stabilní bod je ",[1035,72660,72662],{"className":72661},[1772],[1774,72663,72664],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,72665,72666,72688],{},[1781,72667,72668,72674,72676,72682,72684,72686],{},[1792,72669,72670,72672],{},[1784,72671,2264],{},[2348,72673,2374],{},[1788,72675,1863],{},[1792,72677,72678,72680],{},[1784,72679,2264],{},[2348,72681,4593],{},[1788,72683,1863],{},[1784,72685,1857],{},[1784,72687,1868],{},[1808,72689,72498],{"encoding":1810},[1023,72691,72693,72699],{"className":72692,"dataCallout":3501},[1026,3500],[1030,72694,72696,72069],{"className":72695},[1033],[1035,72697],{"className":72698,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,3508,1040],[1030,72700,72701,72702,72717,72718,1299,72737,20705,72754,72757],{},"Při dvou firmách s homogenním produktem a stejnými ",[1035,72703,72705],{"className":72704},[1772],[1774,72706,72707],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,72708,72709,72715],{},[1781,72710,72711,72713],{},[1784,72712,1857],{},[1784,72714,1868],{},[1808,72716,11135],{"encoding":1810}," vychází stejný výsledek jako u dokonalé konkurence: ",[1035,72719,72721],{"className":72720},[1772],[1774,72722,72723],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,72724,72725,72735],{},[1781,72726,72727,72729,72731,72733],{},[1784,72728,2264],{},[1788,72730,1863],{},[1784,72732,1857],{},[1784,72734,1868],{},[1808,72736,7608],{"encoding":1810},[1035,72738,72740],{"className":72739},[1772],[1774,72741,72742],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,72743,72744,72752],{},[1781,72745,72746,72748,72750],{},[1784,72747,1786],{},[1788,72749,1863],{},[2348,72751,2350],{},[1808,72753,52903],{"encoding":1810},[1047,72755,72756],{},"Stačí dvě firmy"," k vyloučení monopolního zisku — proto „paradox\": realita ukazuje, že duopol obvykle generuje zisk, takže model musí zachycovat něco zjednodušeně.",[1077,72759,72761],{"id":72760},"geometrie-a-reakční-funkce","Geometrie a reakční funkce",[1030,72763,72764],{},"Reakční funkce (best response) firmy 2 vzhledem k ceně firmy 1 má v homogenním Bertrandovi tvar:",[1035,72766,72768],{"className":72767},[1772],[1774,72769,72770],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,72771,72772,72925],{},[1781,72773,72774,72780,72782,72788,72790,72792],{},[1792,72775,72776,72778],{},[1784,72777,2264],{},[2348,72779,4593],{},[1788,72781,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,72783,72784,72786],{},[1784,72785,2264],{},[2348,72787,2374],{},[1788,72789,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,72791,1863],{},[1781,72793,72794,72796],{},[1788,72795,34972],{"fence":1041},[72797,72798,72801,72844,72878],"mtable",{"rowspacing":72799,"columnalign":72800,"columnspacing":2702},"0.36em","left left",[72802,72803,72804,72823],"mtr",{},[72805,72806,72807],"mtd",{},[14390,72808,72809],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[1781,72810,72811,72817,72819,72821],{},[1792,72812,72813,72815],{},[1784,72814,2264],{},[2348,72816,2374],{},[1788,72818,2371],{},[1784,72820,72328],{},[1788,72822,1138],{"separator":1041},[72805,72824,72825],{},[14390,72826,72827],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[1781,72828,72829,72832,72838,72840,72842],{},[2149,72830,72831],{},"pokud ",[1792,72833,72834,72836],{},[1784,72835,2264],{},[2348,72837,2374],{},[1788,72839,2491],{},[1784,72841,1857],{},[1784,72843,1868],{},[72802,72845,72846,72858],{},[72805,72847,72848],{},[14390,72849,72850],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[1781,72851,72852,72854,72856],{},[1784,72853,1857],{},[1784,72855,1868],{},[1788,72857,1138],{"separator":1041},[72805,72859,72860],{},[14390,72861,72862],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[1781,72863,72864,72866,72872,72874,72876],{},[2149,72865,72831],{},[1792,72867,72868,72870],{},[1784,72869,2264],{},[2348,72871,2374],{},[1788,72873,1863],{},[1784,72875,1857],{},[1784,72877,1868],{},[72802,72879,72880,72905],{},[72805,72881,72882],{},[14390,72883,72884],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[1781,72885,72886,72897,72899,72901,72903],{},[1781,72887,72888,72891],{},[2149,72889,72890],{},"libovoln",[2160,72892,72893,72895],{"accent":1041},[2149,72894,1068],{},[1788,72896,2181],{},[1788,72898,1790],{},[1784,72900,1857],{},[1784,72902,1868],{},[1788,72904,1138],{"separator":1041},[72805,72906,72907],{},[14390,72908,72909],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[1781,72910,72911,72913,72919,72921,72923],{},[2149,72912,72831],{},[1792,72914,72915,72917],{},[1784,72916,2264],{},[2348,72918,2374],{},[1788,72920,2537],{},[1784,72922,1857],{},[1784,72924,1868],{},[1808,72926,72927],{"encoding":1810},"P_2(P_1) = \\begin{cases} P_1 - \\epsilon, & \\text{pokud } P_1 > MC \\\\ MC, & \\text{pokud } P_1 = MC \\\\ \\text{libovolná} \\ge MC, & \\text{pokud } P_1 \u003C MC \\end{cases}",[1030,72929,72930,72931,72977],{},"Rovnováha leží na průniku obou reakčních křivek — symetrický bod ",[1035,72932,72934],{"className":72933},[1772],[1774,72935,72936],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,72937,72938,72974],{},[1781,72939,72940,72942,72948,72950,72956,72958,72960,72962,72964,72966,72968,72970,72972],{},[1788,72941,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,72943,72944,72946],{},[1784,72945,2264],{},[2348,72947,2374],{},[1788,72949,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,72951,72952,72954],{},[1784,72953,2264],{},[2348,72955,4593],{},[1788,72957,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,72959,1863],{},[1788,72961,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,72963,1857],{},[1784,72965,1868],{},[1788,72967,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,72969,1857],{},[1784,72971,1868],{},[1788,72973,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,72975,72976],{"encoding":1810},"(P_1, P_2) = (MC, MC)",". Geometricky tedy nejde o hladký průsečík dvou křivek jako u Cournota, ale o limitní bod sestupné posloupnosti.",[1077,72979,72981],{"id":72980},"kritika-bertrandova-modelu","Kritika Bertrandova modelu",[1030,72983,72984],{},"Hlavní kritické ohlasy:",[1260,72986,72987,72993,72999,73005,73050],{},[1115,72988,72989,72992],{},[1047,72990,72991],{},"Pokud existuje opravdu homogenní zboží, je výhodnější soutěžit množstvím"," (Cournot) než cenou. Proč by racionální firma šla do cenové války, když ví, že skončí s nulovým ziskem? Reálný oligopol se obvykle homogenitě vyhýbá.",[1115,72994,72995,72998],{},[1047,72996,72997],{},"Při stejné ceně nelze přesně určit tržní podíl."," Předpoklad „rozdělí se napůl\" je technický idealismus; ve skutečnosti zákazníci volí podle vzdálenosti, zvyklostí, dostupnosti.",[1115,73000,73001,73004],{},[1047,73002,73003],{},"Trh nelze přesně rozdělit"," — agregátní poptávka neumí říct, který konkrétní zákazník půjde ke které firmě.",[1115,73006,73007,73010,73011,73035,73036,73049],{},[1047,73008,73009],{},"Předpoklad neomezené kapacity"," je nereálný. Pokud firma 1 stanoví ",[1035,73012,73014],{"className":73013},[1772],[1774,73015,73016],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,73017,73018,73032],{},[1781,73019,73020,73026,73028,73030],{},[1792,73021,73022,73024],{},[1784,73023,2264],{},[2348,73025,2374],{},[1788,73027,1863],{},[1784,73029,1857],{},[1784,73031,1868],{},[1808,73033,73034],{"encoding":1810},"P_1 = MC"," a získá celý trh, musí být schopna vyrobit ",[1035,73037,73039],{"className":73038},[1772],[1774,73040,73041],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,73042,73043,73047],{},[1781,73044,73045],{},[1784,73046,2270],{},[1808,73048,2270],{"encoding":1810}," pro celou poptávku — ale výrobní kapacity jsou v praxi konečné.",[1115,73051,73052,73055],{},[1047,73053,73054],{},"Statická simultánnost"," ignoruje fakt, že firmy reagují na konkurenta v čase a mají historii.",[1077,73057,73059],{"id":73058},"bertrandedgeworth-rozšíření-o-kapacitní-omezení","Bertrand–Edgeworth — rozšíření o kapacitní omezení",[1030,73061,73062,73063,73066],{},"Pokud uvolníme předpoklad neomezené kapacity, paradox mizí. ",[1047,73064,73065],{},"Edgeworth (1925)"," ukázal, že při kapacitních omezeních:",[1112,73068,73069,73072,73078],{},[1115,73070,73071],{},"Firma s nízkou cenou nedokáže obsloužit celý trh.",[1115,73073,73074,73075,1075],{},"Druhá firma získá zbytkovou poptávku za ",[1047,73076,73077],{},"vlastní (vyšší) cenu",[1115,73079,73080,73081,73084],{},"Vzniká motivace mít cenu ",[1047,73082,73083],{},"nad MC",", protože se počítá s tím, že konkurent prodá svou kapacitu a zbytek půjde za vyšší cenu.",[1030,73086,73087,73088,73091,73092,73111],{},"Výsledek: ",[1047,73089,73090],{},"rovnováha smíšených strategií"," — firmy randomizují mezi několika cenovými hladinami a ",[1035,73093,73095],{"className":73094},[1772],[1774,73096,73097],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,73098,73099,73109],{},[1781,73100,73101,73103,73105,73107],{},[1784,73102,2264],{},[1788,73104,2491],{},[1784,73106,1857],{},[1784,73108,1868],{},[1808,73110,7656],{"encoding":1810}," je očekávaná cena. Bertrand–Edgeworthův model je most mezi čistým Bertrandem a Cournotem.",[1030,73113,73114,73115,73121],{},"Dalším rozšířením je ",[1068,73116,73120],{"className":73117,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":73118,"href":73119},[1071],"topics\u002Fmikk-oligopol-zalomena-poptavka.md","\u002Fwiki\u002Fmikk-oligopol-zalomena-poptavka","Sweezyho zalomená poptávková křivka"," — model rigidních cen v oligopolu.",[1077,73123,73125],{"id":73124},"cenová-konkurence-při-diferenciaci-produktu","Cenová konkurence při diferenciaci produktu",[1030,73127,73128,73129,73132],{},"Reálnější verze Bertranda předpokládá, že ",[1047,73130,73131],{},"produkty firem nejsou identické",". Tržní podíl pak nezávisí čistě na ceně, ale i na:",[1112,73134,73135,73140,73146,73152,73158,73164],{},[1115,73136,73137,73139],{},[1047,73138,61113],{}," (vzhled, ergonomie),",[1115,73141,73142,73145],{},[1047,73143,73144],{},"Užitných vlastnostech"," (funkce, výkon),",[1115,73147,73148,73151],{},[1047,73149,73150],{},"Životnosti"," výrobku,",[1115,73153,73154,73157],{},[1047,73155,73156],{},"Brandu"," a vnímané kvalitě,",[1115,73159,73160,73163],{},[1047,73161,73162],{},"Lokaci"," (vzdálenost, dostupnost),",[1115,73165,73166,73169],{},[1047,73167,73168],{},"Doplňkových službách"," (servis, záruka).",[1030,73171,73172,73173,73176],{},"Při diferenciaci se chování poptávky popisuje ",[1047,73174,73175],{},"lineárními poptávkovými funkcemi"," typu:",[1035,73178,73180],{"className":73179},[1772],[1774,73181,73182],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,73183,73184,73260],{},[1781,73185,73186,73192,73194,73196,73198,73200,73202,73208,73210,73212,73214,73220,73222,73224,73230,73232,73234,73236,73238,73240,73246,73248,73250,73252,73258],{},[1792,73187,73188,73190],{},[1784,73189,2270],{},[1784,73191,10292],{},[1788,73193,1863],{},[1784,73195,1068],{},[1788,73197,2371],{},[1784,73199,8838],{},[2149,73201,2769],{},[1792,73203,73204,73206],{},[1784,73205,2264],{},[1784,73207,10292],{},[1788,73209,2637],{},[1784,73211,9435],{},[2149,73213,2769],{},[1792,73215,73216,73218],{},[1784,73217,2264],{},[1784,73219,2475],{},[1788,73221,1138],{"separator":1041},[2352,73223],{"width":2354},[1792,73225,73226,73228],{},[1784,73227,2270],{},[1784,73229,2475],{},[1788,73231,1863],{},[1784,73233,1068],{},[1788,73235,2371],{},[1784,73237,8838],{},[2149,73239,2769],{},[1792,73241,73242,73244],{},[1784,73243,2264],{},[1784,73245,2475],{},[1788,73247,2637],{},[1784,73249,9435],{},[2149,73251,2769],{},[1792,73253,73254,73256],{},[1784,73255,2264],{},[1784,73257,10292],{},[1788,73259,1138],{"separator":1041},[1808,73261,73262],{"encoding":1810},"Q_A = a - b\\, P_A + c\\, P_B, \\qquad Q_B = a - b\\, P_B + c\\, P_A,",[1030,73264,7908,73265,73287,73288,1299,73291,73308],{},[1035,73266,73268],{"className":73267},[1772],[1774,73269,73270],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,73271,73272,73284],{},[1781,73273,73274,73276,73278,73280,73282],{},[1784,73275,8838],{},[1788,73277,2491],{},[1784,73279,9435],{},[1788,73281,2491],{},[2348,73283,2350],{},[1808,73285,73286],{"encoding":1810},"b > c > 0"," — vlastní cena má větší vliv než cena konkurenta (substituty, ne perfektní). Firmy maximalizují zisk vůči ",[1047,73289,73290],{},"vlastní ceně",[1035,73292,73294],{"className":73293},[1772],[1774,73295,73296],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,73297,73298,73306],{},[1781,73299,73300],{},[1792,73301,73302,73304],{},[1784,73303,2264],{},[1784,73305,2475],{},[1808,73307,10316],{"encoding":1810}," berou jako dané.",[1030,73310,73311],{},"Z FOC plyne reakční funkce, např.:",[1035,73313,73315],{"className":73314},[1772],[1774,73316,73317],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,73318,73319,73375],{},[1781,73320,73321,73327,73329,73335,73337,73339,73373],{},[1792,73322,73323,73325],{},[1784,73324,2264],{},[1784,73326,10292],{},[1788,73328,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,73330,73331,73333],{},[1784,73332,2264],{},[1784,73334,2475],{},[1788,73336,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,73338,1863],{},[2322,73340,73341,73367],{},[1781,73342,73343,73345,73347,73349,73351,73353,73355,73357,73359,73361],{},[1784,73344,1068],{},[1788,73346,2637],{},[1784,73348,8838],{},[2149,73350,2769],{},[1784,73352,1857],{},[1784,73354,1868],{},[1788,73356,2637],{},[1784,73358,9435],{},[2149,73360,2769],{},[1792,73362,73363,73365],{},[1784,73364,2264],{},[1784,73366,2475],{},[1781,73368,73369,73371],{},[2348,73370,4593],{},[1784,73372,8838],{},[1784,73374,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,73376,73377],{"encoding":1810},"P_A(P_B) = \\frac{a + b\\, MC + c\\, P_B}{2b}.",[1030,73379,73380,73381,12850,73384,73408,73409,1075],{},"Symetrické řešení dává ",[1047,73382,73383],{},"Bertrand–Nashovu rovnováhu s diferenciací",[1035,73385,73387],{"className":73386},[1772],[1774,73388,73389],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,73390,73391,73405],{},[1781,73392,73393,73399,73401,73403],{},[2467,73394,73395,73397],{},[1784,73396,2264],{},[1788,73398,7763],{},[1788,73400,2491],{},[1784,73402,1857],{},[1784,73404,1868],{},[1808,73406,73407],{"encoding":1810},"P^* > MC"," a obě firmy mají ",[1047,73410,73411],{},"kladný zisk",[1023,73413,73415,73422],{"className":73414,"dataCallout":1608},[1026,1607],[1030,73416,73418,73421],{"className":73417},[1033],[1035,73419],{"className":73420,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1615,1040],"Klíčový závěr",[1030,73423,73424,73425,73438],{},"Diferenciace dává firmám „kus monopolu\". Čím je ",[1035,73426,73428],{"className":73427},[1772],[1774,73429,73430],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,73431,73432,73436],{},[1781,73433,73434],{},[1784,73435,9435],{},[1808,73437,9435],{"encoding":1810}," menší (čím méně si firmy konkurují), tím větší je rovnovážná cenová přirážka nad MC.",[1077,73440,73442],{"id":73441},"příklad-diferencovaný-bertrand","Příklad — diferencovaný Bertrand",[1030,73444,73445],{},"Mějme dvě firmy A a B s reakčními funkcemi:",[1035,73447,73449],{"className":73448},[1772],[1774,73450,73451],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,73452,73453,73505],{},[1781,73454,73455,73461,73463,73465,73467,73469,73471,73477,73479,73481,73487,73489,73491,73493,73495,73497,73503],{},[1792,73456,73457,73459],{},[1784,73458,2264],{},[1784,73460,10292],{},[1788,73462,1863],{},[2348,73464,9189],{},[1788,73466,2637],{},[2348,73468,15984],{},[2149,73470,2769],{},[1792,73472,73473,73475],{},[1784,73474,2264],{},[1784,73476,2475],{},[1788,73478,1138],{"separator":1041},[2352,73480],{"width":2354},[1792,73482,73483,73485],{},[1784,73484,2264],{},[1784,73486,2475],{},[1788,73488,1863],{},[2348,73490,9189],{},[1788,73492,2637],{},[2348,73494,15984],{},[2149,73496,2769],{},[1792,73498,73499,73501],{},[1784,73500,2264],{},[1784,73502,10292],{},[1784,73504,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,73506,73507],{"encoding":1810},"P_A = 30 + 0{,}5\\, P_B, \\qquad P_B = 30 + 0{,}5\\, P_A.",[1030,73509,73510],{},"Symetrické řešení (z dosazení):",[1035,73512,73514],{"className":73513},[1772],[1774,73515,73516],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,73517,73518,73568],{},[1781,73519,73520,73526,73528,73530,73532,73534,73536,73538,73540,73542,73544,73550,73552,73554,73556,73558,73560,73562],{},[1792,73521,73522,73524],{},[1784,73523,2264],{},[1784,73525,10292],{},[1788,73527,1863],{},[2348,73529,9189],{},[1788,73531,2637],{},[2348,73533,15984],{},[1788,73535,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,73537,9189],{},[1788,73539,2637],{},[2348,73541,15984],{},[2149,73543,2769],{},[1792,73545,73546,73548],{},[1784,73547,2264],{},[1784,73549,10292],{},[1788,73551,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,73553,1863],{},[2348,73555,9227],{},[1788,73557,2637],{},[2348,73559,14363],{},[2149,73561,2769],{},[1792,73563,73564,73566],{},[1784,73565,2264],{},[1784,73567,10292],{},[1808,73569,73570],{"encoding":1810},"P_A = 30 + 0{,}5(30 + 0{,}5\\, P_A) = 45 + 0{,}25\\, P_A",[1035,73572,73574],{"className":73573},[1772],[1774,73575,73576],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,73577,73578,73630],{},[1781,73579,73580,73583,73585,73591,73593,73595,73597,73599,73601,73609,73611,73613,73615,73617,73625,73627],{},[2348,73581,73582],{},"0,75",[2149,73584,2769],{},[1792,73586,73587,73589],{},[1784,73588,2264],{},[1784,73590,10292],{},[1788,73592,1863],{},[2348,73594,9227],{},[2352,73596],{"width":2702},[1788,73598,2357],{},[2352,73600],{"width":2702},[13587,73602,73603,73605,73607],{},[1784,73604,2264],{},[1784,73606,10292],{},[1788,73608,7763],{},[1788,73610,1863],{},[2348,73612,2709],{},[1788,73614,1138],{"separator":1041},[2352,73616],{"width":2702},[13587,73618,73619,73621,73623],{},[1784,73620,2264],{},[1784,73622,2475],{},[1788,73624,7763],{},[1788,73626,1863],{},[2348,73628,73629],{},"60.",[1808,73631,73632],{"encoding":1810},"0{,}75\\, P_A = 45 \\quad\\Rightarrow\\quad P_A^* = 60, \\quad P_B^* = 60.",[1030,73634,1270,73635,73655,73656,73680,73681,1075],{},[1035,73636,73638],{"className":73637},[1772],[1774,73639,73640],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,73641,73642,73652],{},[1781,73643,73644,73646,73648,73650],{},[1784,73645,1857],{},[1784,73647,1868],{},[1788,73649,1863],{},[2348,73651,2640],{},[1808,73653,73654],{"encoding":1810},"MC = 20",", zisková marže je ",[1035,73657,73659],{"className":73658},[1772],[1774,73660,73661],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,73662,73663,73677],{},[1781,73664,73665,73667,73669,73671,73673,73675],{},[1784,73666,2264],{},[1788,73668,2371],{},[1784,73670,1857],{},[1784,73672,1868],{},[1788,73674,1863],{},[2348,73676,9208],{},[1808,73678,73679],{"encoding":1810},"P - MC = 40"," na jednotku — výsledek diametrálně odlišný od homogenního Bertranda, kde by bylo ",[1035,73682,73684],{"className":73683},[1772],[1774,73685,73686],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,73687,73688,73696],{},[1781,73689,73690,73692,73694],{},[1784,73691,2264],{},[1788,73693,1863],{},[2348,73695,2640],{},[1808,73697,73698],{"encoding":1810},"P = 20",[1077,73700,73702],{"id":73701},"bertrand-vs-cournot-kdy-který-model","Bertrand vs. Cournot — kdy který model",[1030,73704,73705,73706,1310],{},"Volba modelu závisí na ",[1047,73707,73708],{},"časové struktuře rozhodování",[1153,73710,73711,73724],{},[1156,73712,73713],{},[1159,73714,73715,73718,73721],{},[1162,73716,73717],{},"Charakteristika",[1162,73719,73720],{},"Cournot",[1162,73722,73723],{},"Bertrand",[1172,73725,73726,73736,73747,73796,73844],{},[1159,73727,73728,73731,73734],{},[1177,73729,73730],{},"Strategická proměnná",[1177,73732,73733],{},"Množství \u002F kapacita",[1177,73735,19259],{},[1159,73737,73738,73741,73744],{},[1177,73739,73740],{},"Typický kontext",[1177,73742,73743],{},"Dlouhý plánovací horizont, fyzická výroba",[1177,73745,73746],{},"Rychle nastavitelná cena, služby, software",[1159,73748,73749,73752,73774],{},[1177,73750,73751],{},"Výsledek (homogenní)",[1177,73753,73754,73773],{},[1035,73755,73757],{"className":73756},[1772],[1774,73758,73759],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,73760,73761,73771],{},[1781,73762,73763,73765,73767,73769],{},[1784,73764,2264],{},[1788,73766,2491],{},[1784,73768,1857],{},[1784,73770,1868],{},[1808,73772,7656],{"encoding":1810},", kladný zisk",[1177,73775,73776,73795],{},[1035,73777,73779],{"className":73778},[1772],[1774,73780,73781],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,73782,73783,73793],{},[1781,73784,73785,73787,73789,73791],{},[1784,73786,2264],{},[1788,73788,1863],{},[1784,73790,1857],{},[1784,73792,1868],{},[1808,73794,7608],{"encoding":1810},", nulový zisk",[1159,73797,73798,73801,73823],{},[1177,73799,73800],{},"Výsledek (diferenciace)",[1177,73802,73803,73822],{},[1035,73804,73806],{"className":73805},[1772],[1774,73807,73808],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,73809,73810,73820],{},[1781,73811,73812,73814,73816,73818],{},[1784,73813,2264],{},[1788,73815,2491],{},[1784,73817,1857],{},[1784,73819,1868],{},[1808,73821,7656],{"encoding":1810}," (intenzivnější)",[1177,73824,73825],{},[1035,73826,73828],{"className":73827},[1772],[1774,73829,73830],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,73831,73832,73842],{},[1781,73833,73834,73836,73838,73840],{},[1784,73835,2264],{},[1788,73837,2491],{},[1784,73839,1857],{},[1784,73841,1868],{},[1808,73843,7656],{"encoding":1810},[1159,73845,73846,73849,73852],{},[1177,73847,73848],{},"Realismus",[1177,73850,73851],{},"Vyšší pro výrobu",[1177,73853,73854],{},"Vyšší pro služby a digitální trhy",[1030,73856,73857,73860,73861,73864],{},[1047,73858,73859],{},"Kreps–Scheinkmanův výsledek (1983):"," dvoustupňová hra, kde firmy nejdříve zvolí kapacitu a pak cenu, ",[1047,73862,73863],{},"dává Cournotovský výsledek",". To teoreticky usmiřuje oba modely — Bertrand popisuje krátkodobou cenovou hru, Cournot dlouhodobou kapacitní.",[1077,73866,73868],{"id":73867},"empirické-testování","Empirické testování",[1030,73870,73871],{},"V mnoha trzích Cournot lépe vystihuje data:",[1112,73873,73874,73880],{},[1115,73875,73876,73879],{},[1047,73877,73878],{},"Genesove–Mullin (1998)",": trh s cukrem v USA — Cournotův model dobře předpovídá ceny.",[1115,73881,73882,73885],{},[1047,73883,73884],{},"Trh ropy (OPEC)",": kapacitní hra → bližší Cournotu \u002F kartelu.",[1030,73887,73888],{},"Naopak v některých trzích vítězí Bertrand:",[1112,73890,73891,73897,73903],{},[1115,73892,73893,73896],{},[1047,73894,73895],{},"Cloud computing"," (AWS vs. Azure vs. GCP) — dynamické cenotvorby, rychlé reakce.",[1115,73898,73899,73902],{},[1047,73900,73901],{},"Ad-tech aukce"," — cenová konkurence v reálném čase.",[1115,73904,73905,73908],{},[1047,73906,73907],{},"Generika po vypršení patentu"," — homogenní produkt → ceny rapidně padají, klasický Bertrandův paradox.",[1077,73910,73912],{"id":73911},"detailní-příklad-předtermín-b-zalomená-poptávka-s-prvkem-cenové-volby","Detailní příklad — Předtermín B (zalomená poptávka s prvkem cenové volby)",[1030,73914,73915,73916,73919,73920,1075],{},"Příklad ze zkouškového Předtermínu B kombinuje monopolistovo cenotvorné rozhodování se zalomenou poptávkou — ukazuje, jak firma volí ",[1047,73917,73918],{},"cenu",", když má před sebou ",[1047,73921,73922],{},"dvě poptávkové větve",[1030,73924,73925],{},[1047,73926,41400],{},[1035,73928,73930],{"className":73929},[1772],[1774,73931,73932],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,73933,73934,74015],{},[1781,73935,73936,73938,73940,73942,73944,73946,73948,73950,73952,73954,73960,73962,73964,73966,73968,73971,73973,73975,73981,73983,73985,73991,73993,73995,73997,73999,74001,74003,74005,74007,74013],{},[1784,73937,2257],{},[1784,73939,1868],{},[1788,73941,1863],{},[2348,73943,2605],{},[1788,73945,2637],{},[2348,73947,9189],{},[1784,73949,2270],{},[1788,73951,1138],{"separator":1041},[2352,73953],{"width":2354},[1792,73955,73956,73958],{},[1784,73957,2270],{},[2348,73959,2374],{},[1788,73961,1863],{},[2348,73963,2605],{},[1788,73965,2371],{},[1784,73967,2264],{},[2149,73969,73970],{}," pro ",[1784,73972,2264],{},[1788,73974,33669],{},[2467,73976,73977,73979],{},[1784,73978,2264],{},[1788,73980,7763],{},[1788,73982,1138],{"separator":1041},[2352,73984],{"width":2354},[1792,73986,73987,73989],{},[1784,73988,2270],{},[2348,73990,4593],{},[1788,73992,1863],{},[2348,73994,28645],{},[1788,73996,2371],{},[2348,73998,4593],{},[1784,74000,2264],{},[2149,74002,73970],{},[1784,74004,2264],{},[1788,74006,2491],{},[2467,74008,74009,74011],{},[1784,74010,2264],{},[1788,74012,7763],{},[1784,74014,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,74016,74017],{"encoding":1810},"TC = 100 + 30Q, \\qquad Q_1 = 100 - P \\text{ pro } P \\le P^*, \\qquad Q_2 = 160 - 2P \\text{ pro } P > P^*.",[1030,74019,74020,74021,1075],{},"Mezní náklady: ",[1035,74022,74024],{"className":74023},[1772],[1774,74025,74026],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,74027,74028,74058],{},[1781,74029,74030,74032,74034,74036,74054,74056],{},[1784,74031,1857],{},[1784,74033,1868],{},[1788,74035,1863],{},[14390,74037,74038],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,74039,74040,74048],{},[1781,74041,74042,74044,74046],{},[1784,74043,2328],{},[1784,74045,2257],{},[1784,74047,1868],{},[1781,74049,74050,74052],{},[1784,74051,2328],{},[1784,74053,2270],{},[1788,74055,1863],{},[2348,74057,9189],{},[1808,74059,74060],{"encoding":1810},"MC = \\dfrac{dTC}{dQ} = 30",[1030,74062,74063,74083],{},[1047,74064,74065,74066,1075],{},"Krok 1 — bod zlomu ",[1035,74067,74069],{"className":74068},[1772],[1774,74070,74071],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,74072,74073,74081],{},[1781,74074,74075],{},[2467,74076,74077,74079],{},[1784,74078,2264],{},[1788,74080,7763],{},[1808,74082,11034],{"encoding":1810}," V bodě zlomu se obě poptávky musí potkat:",[1035,74085,74087],{"className":74086},[1772],[1774,74088,74089],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,74090,74091,74148],{},[1781,74092,74093,74095,74097,74103,74105,74107,74109,74111,74117,74119,74121,74123,74129,74131,74133,74135,74137,74143,74145],{},[2348,74094,2605],{},[1788,74096,2371],{},[2467,74098,74099,74101],{},[1784,74100,2264],{},[1788,74102,7763],{},[1788,74104,1863],{},[2348,74106,28645],{},[1788,74108,2371],{},[2348,74110,4593],{},[2467,74112,74113,74115],{},[1784,74114,2264],{},[1788,74116,7763],{},[2352,74118],{"width":2702},[1788,74120,2357],{},[2352,74122],{"width":2702},[2467,74124,74125,74127],{},[1784,74126,2264],{},[1788,74128,7763],{},[1788,74130,1863],{},[2348,74132,2709],{},[1788,74134,1138],{"separator":1041},[2352,74136],{"width":2702},[2467,74138,74139,74141],{},[1784,74140,2270],{},[1788,74142,7763],{},[1788,74144,1863],{},[2348,74146,74147],{},"40.",[1808,74149,74150],{"encoding":1810},"100 - P^* = 160 - 2P^* \\quad\\Rightarrow\\quad P^* = 60, \\quad Q^* = 40.",[1030,74152,74153],{},[1047,74154,74155],{},"Krok 2 — inverzní poptávka v každé větvi.",[1112,74157,74158,74277],{},[1115,74159,25314,74160,4058,74178,28854,74199,1299,74247,1075],{},[1035,74161,74163],{"className":74162},[1772],[1774,74164,74165],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,74166,74167,74175],{},[1781,74168,74169,74171,74173],{},[1784,74170,2264],{},[1788,74172,33669],{},[2348,74174,2709],{},[1808,74176,74177],{"encoding":1810},"P \\le 60",[1035,74179,74181],{"className":74180},[1772],[1774,74182,74183],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,74184,74185,74197],{},[1781,74186,74187,74189,74191,74193,74195],{},[1784,74188,2264],{},[1788,74190,1863],{},[2348,74192,2605],{},[1788,74194,2371],{},[1784,74196,2270],{},[1808,74198,48087],{"encoding":1810},[1035,74200,74202],{"className":74201},[1772],[1774,74203,74204],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,74205,74206,74244],{},[1781,74207,74208,74210,74216,74218,74220,74222,74224,74226,74228,74230,74232,74234,74236,74238],{},[1784,74209,2257],{},[1792,74211,74212,74214],{},[1784,74213,1860],{},[2348,74215,2374],{},[1788,74217,1863],{},[1788,74219,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,74221,2605],{},[1788,74223,2371],{},[1784,74225,2270],{},[1788,74227,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,74229,2270],{},[1788,74231,1863],{},[2348,74233,2605],{},[1784,74235,2270],{},[1788,74237,2371],{},[2467,74239,74240,74242],{},[1784,74241,2270],{},[2348,74243,4593],{},[1808,74245,74246],{"encoding":1810},"TR_1 = (100 - Q)Q = 100Q - Q^2",[1035,74248,74250],{"className":74249},[1772],[1774,74251,74252],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,74253,74254,74274],{},[1781,74255,74256,74258,74264,74266,74268,74270,74272],{},[1784,74257,1857],{},[1792,74259,74260,74262],{},[1784,74261,1860],{},[2348,74263,2374],{},[1788,74265,1863],{},[2348,74267,2605],{},[1788,74269,2371],{},[2348,74271,4593],{},[1784,74273,2270],{},[1808,74275,74276],{"encoding":1810},"MR_1 = 100 - 2Q",[1115,74278,25314,74279,4058,74297,28854,74323,1299,74361,1075],{},[1035,74280,74282],{"className":74281},[1772],[1774,74283,74284],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,74285,74286,74294],{},[1781,74287,74288,74290,74292],{},[1784,74289,2264],{},[1788,74291,2491],{},[2348,74293,2709],{},[1808,74295,74296],{"encoding":1810},"P > 60",[1035,74298,74300],{"className":74299},[1772],[1774,74301,74302],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,74303,74304,74320],{},[1781,74305,74306,74308,74310,74312,74314,74316,74318],{},[1784,74307,2264],{},[1788,74309,1863],{},[2348,74311,9698],{},[1788,74313,2371],{},[2348,74315,15984],{},[2149,74317,2769],{},[1784,74319,2270],{},[1808,74321,74322],{"encoding":1810},"P = 80 - 0{,}5\\, Q",[1035,74324,74326],{"className":74325},[1772],[1774,74327,74328],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,74329,74330,74358],{},[1781,74331,74332,74334,74340,74342,74344,74346,74348,74350,74352],{},[1784,74333,2257],{},[1792,74335,74336,74338],{},[1784,74337,1860],{},[2348,74339,4593],{},[1788,74341,1863],{},[2348,74343,9698],{},[1784,74345,2270],{},[1788,74347,2371],{},[2348,74349,15984],{},[2149,74351,2769],{},[2467,74353,74354,74356],{},[1784,74355,2270],{},[2348,74357,4593],{},[1808,74359,74360],{"encoding":1810},"TR_2 = 80Q - 0{,}5\\, Q^2",[1035,74362,74364],{"className":74363},[1772],[1774,74365,74366],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,74367,74368,74386],{},[1781,74369,74370,74372,74378,74380,74382,74384],{},[1784,74371,1857],{},[1792,74373,74374,74376],{},[1784,74375,1860],{},[2348,74377,4593],{},[1788,74379,1863],{},[2348,74381,9698],{},[1788,74383,2371],{},[1784,74385,2270],{},[1808,74387,74388],{"encoding":1810},"MR_2 = 80 - Q",[1030,74390,74391],{},[1047,74392,74393],{},"Krok 3 — kandidáti na optimum.",[1112,74395,74396,74505],{},[1115,74397,74398,74399,29538,74416,1299,74464,20705,74483,74486,74487,74504],{},"Větev 1 (",[1035,74400,74402],{"className":74401},[1772],[1774,74403,74404],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,74405,74406,74414],{},[1781,74407,74408,74410,74412],{},[1784,74409,2264],{},[1788,74411,33669],{},[2348,74413,2709],{},[1808,74415,74177],{"encoding":1810},[1035,74417,74419],{"className":74418},[1772],[1774,74420,74421],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,74422,74423,74461],{},[1781,74424,74425,74427,74433,74435,74437,74439,74441,74443,74445,74447,74449,74451,74453,74455,74457,74459],{},[1784,74426,1857],{},[1792,74428,74429,74431],{},[1784,74430,1860],{},[2348,74432,2374],{},[1788,74434,1863],{},[1784,74436,1857],{},[1784,74438,1868],{},[1788,74440,2357],{},[2348,74442,2605],{},[1788,74444,2371],{},[2348,74446,4593],{},[1784,74448,2270],{},[1788,74450,1863],{},[2348,74452,9189],{},[1788,74454,2357],{},[1784,74456,2270],{},[1788,74458,1863],{},[2348,74460,15493],{},[1808,74462,74463],{"encoding":1810},"MR_1 = MC \\Rightarrow 100 - 2Q = 30 \\Rightarrow Q = 35",[1035,74465,74467],{"className":74466},[1772],[1774,74468,74469],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,74470,74471,74480],{},[1781,74472,74473,74475,74477],{},[1784,74474,2264],{},[1788,74476,1863],{},[2348,74478,74479],{},"65",[1808,74481,74482],{"encoding":1810},"P = 65",[1047,74484,74485],{},"Spor:"," vyšlo ",[1035,74488,74490],{"className":74489},[1772],[1774,74491,74492],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,74493,74494,74502],{},[1781,74495,74496,74498,74500],{},[1784,74497,2264],{},[1788,74499,2491],{},[2348,74501,2709],{},[1808,74503,74296],{"encoding":1810},", takže optimum v této větvi neexistuje a leží buď v bodě zlomu, nebo v druhé větvi.",[1115,74506,74507,74508,29538,74525,1299,74571,20705,74597,74486,74599,74617],{},"Větev 2 (",[1035,74509,74511],{"className":74510},[1772],[1774,74512,74513],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,74514,74515,74523],{},[1781,74516,74517,74519,74521],{},[1784,74518,2264],{},[1788,74520,2491],{},[2348,74522,2709],{},[1808,74524,74296],{"encoding":1810},[1035,74526,74528],{"className":74527},[1772],[1774,74529,74530],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,74531,74532,74568],{},[1781,74533,74534,74536,74542,74544,74546,74548,74550,74552,74554,74556,74558,74560,74562,74564,74566],{},[1784,74535,1857],{},[1792,74537,74538,74540],{},[1784,74539,1860],{},[2348,74541,4593],{},[1788,74543,1863],{},[1784,74545,1857],{},[1784,74547,1868],{},[1788,74549,2357],{},[2348,74551,9698],{},[1788,74553,2371],{},[1784,74555,2270],{},[1788,74557,1863],{},[2348,74559,9189],{},[1788,74561,2357],{},[1784,74563,2270],{},[1788,74565,1863],{},[2348,74567,2853],{},[1808,74569,74570],{"encoding":1810},"MR_2 = MC \\Rightarrow 80 - Q = 30 \\Rightarrow Q = 50",[1035,74572,74574],{"className":74573},[1772],[1774,74575,74576],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,74577,74578,74594],{},[1781,74579,74580,74582,74584,74586,74588,74590,74592],{},[1784,74581,2264],{},[1788,74583,1863],{},[2348,74585,9698],{},[1788,74587,2371],{},[2348,74589,2882],{},[1788,74591,1863],{},[2348,74593,15898],{},[1808,74595,74596],{"encoding":1810},"P = 80 - 25 = 55",[1047,74598,74485],{},[1035,74600,74602],{"className":74601},[1772],[1774,74603,74604],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,74605,74606,74614],{},[1781,74607,74608,74610,74612],{},[1784,74609,2264],{},[1788,74611,2537],{},[2348,74613,2709],{},[1808,74615,74616],{"encoding":1810},"P \u003C 60",", takže optimum v této větvi taky neexistuje.",[1030,74619,74620,74623,74624,74646,74647,74668],{},[1047,74621,74622],{},"Krok 4 — optimum je v bodě zlomu."," Protože v jedné větvi ",[1035,74625,74627],{"className":74626},[1772],[1774,74628,74629],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,74630,74631,74643],{},[1781,74632,74633,74635,74637,74639,74641],{},[1784,74634,1857],{},[1784,74636,1860],{},[1788,74638,2491],{},[1784,74640,1857],{},[1784,74642,1868],{},[1808,74644,74645],{"encoding":1810},"MR > MC"," a ve druhé ",[1035,74648,74650],{"className":74649},[1772],[1774,74651,74652],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,74653,74654,74666],{},[1781,74655,74656,74658,74660,74662,74664],{},[1784,74657,1857],{},[1784,74659,1860],{},[1788,74661,2537],{},[1784,74663,1857],{},[1784,74665,1868],{},[1808,74667,2544],{"encoding":1810},", monopolista volí přesně bod zlomu:",[1035,74670,74672],{"className":74671},[1772],[1774,74673,74674],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,74675,74676,74710],{},[1781,74677,74678,74688,74690,74692,74694,74696,74706,74708],{},[2467,74679,74680,74682],{},[1784,74681,2264],{},[1781,74683,74684,74686],{},[1788,74685,7763],{},[1788,74687,7763],{},[1788,74689,1863],{},[2348,74691,2709],{},[1788,74693,1138],{"separator":1041},[2352,74695],{"width":2354},[2467,74697,74698,74700],{},[1784,74699,2270],{},[1781,74701,74702,74704],{},[1788,74703,7763],{},[1788,74705,7763],{},[1788,74707,1863],{},[2348,74709,74147],{},[1808,74711,74712],{"encoding":1810},"P^{**} = 60, \\qquad Q^{**} = 40.",[1030,74714,74715],{},[1047,74716,74717],{},"Krok 5 — zisk.",[1035,74719,74721],{"className":74720},[1772],[1774,74722,74723],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,74724,74725,74790],{},[1781,74726,74727,74729,74731,74733,74735,74737,74739,74741,74743,74745,74747,74749,74751,74753,74755,74757,74759,74761,74763,74765,74767,74769,74771,74773,74775,74777,74779,74781,74783,74785,74787],{},[1784,74728,2257],{},[1784,74730,1860],{},[1788,74732,1863],{},[2348,74734,2709],{},[1788,74736,2267],{},[2348,74738,9208],{},[1788,74740,1863],{},[2348,74742,4593],{},[2149,74744,2769],{},[2348,74746,2697],{},[1788,74748,1138],{"separator":1041},[2352,74750],{"width":2702},[1784,74752,2257],{},[1784,74754,1868],{},[1788,74756,1863],{},[2348,74758,2605],{},[1788,74760,2637],{},[2348,74762,9189],{},[1788,74764,2267],{},[2348,74766,9208],{},[1788,74768,1863],{},[2348,74770,2374],{},[2149,74772,2769],{},[2348,74774,9272],{},[1788,74776,1138],{"separator":1041},[2352,74778],{"width":2702},[1784,74780,1786],{},[1788,74782,1863],{},[2348,74784,2374],{},[2149,74786,2769],{},[2348,74788,74789],{},"100.",[1808,74791,74792],{"encoding":1810},"TR = 60 \\cdot 40 = 2\\,400, \\quad TC = 100 + 30 \\cdot 40 = 1\\,300, \\quad \\pi = 1\\,100.",[1023,74794,74796,74803],{"className":74795,"dataCallout":2090},[1026,2089],[1030,74797,74799,74802],{"className":74798},[1033],[1035,74800],{"className":74801,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,2097,1040],"Souvislost s Bertrandem",[1030,74804,74805,74806,74809,74810,74834],{},"Tento příklad není čistě Bertrandův (jde o jednu firmu se dvěma poptávkovými segmenty), ale ilustruje ",[1047,74807,74808],{},"rozhodování o ceně",", které je jádrem Bertrandovy logiky. Pokud by stejnou poptávku obsluhovaly dvě homogenní firmy, paradox by je vtáhl k ",[1035,74811,74813],{"className":74812},[1772],[1774,74814,74815],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,74816,74817,74831],{},[1781,74818,74819,74821,74823,74825,74827,74829],{},[1784,74820,2264],{},[1788,74822,1863],{},[1784,74824,1857],{},[1784,74826,1868],{},[1788,74828,1863],{},[2348,74830,9189],{},[1808,74832,74833],{"encoding":1810},"P = MC = 30"," a zisk by byl nulový. Vidíme tedy, jak silně samotný počet a typ konkurentů ovlivňuje cenu i zisk.",[1077,74836,74838],{"id":74837},"edge-cases","Edge cases",[1030,74840,74841,74844,74845,74869,74870,74885],{},[1047,74842,74843],{},"1. Diskrétní ceny."," Pokud lze cenu měnit jen po haléřích \u002F centech, rovnováha může být ",[1035,74846,74848],{"className":74847},[1772],[1774,74849,74850],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,74851,74852,74866],{},[1781,74853,74854,74856,74858,74860,74862,74864],{},[1784,74855,2264],{},[1788,74857,1863],{},[1784,74859,1857],{},[1784,74861,1868],{},[1788,74863,2637],{},[2348,74865,25493],{},[1808,74867,74868],{"encoding":1810},"P = MC + 0{,}01"," — firmy se nedostanou až na ",[1035,74871,74873],{"className":74872},[1772],[1774,74874,74875],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,74876,74877,74883],{},[1781,74878,74879,74881],{},[1784,74880,1857],{},[1784,74882,1868],{},[1808,74884,11135],{"encoding":1810},", protože je nelze podseknout o méně než nejmenší cenovou jednotku. V praxi se to projevuje jako mírně kladný zisk.",[1030,74887,74888,74891,74892,74922,74923,74926,74927,74955,74956,74959],{},[1047,74889,74890],{},"2. Asymetrické MC."," Pokud má firma 1 nižší ",[1035,74893,74895],{"className":74894},[1772],[1774,74896,74897],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,74898,74899,74919],{},[1781,74900,74901,74903,74909,74911,74913],{},[1784,74902,1857],{},[1792,74904,74905,74907],{},[1784,74906,1868],{},[2348,74908,2374],{},[1788,74910,2537],{},[1784,74912,1857],{},[1792,74914,74915,74917],{},[1784,74916,1868],{},[2348,74918,4593],{},[1808,74920,74921],{"encoding":1810},"MC_1 \u003C MC_2",", výsledek se posune k ",[1047,74924,74925],{},"limit pricingu",": firma 1 stanoví ",[1035,74928,74930],{"className":74929},[1772],[1774,74931,74932],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,74933,74934,74952],{},[1781,74935,74936,74938,74940,74942,74948,74950],{},[1784,74937,2264],{},[1788,74939,1863],{},[1784,74941,1857],{},[1792,74943,74944,74946],{},[1784,74945,1868],{},[2348,74947,4593],{},[1788,74949,2371],{},[1784,74951,72328],{},[1808,74953,74954],{"encoding":1810},"P = MC_2 - \\epsilon",", firma 2 nedokáže ziskově konkurovat a opouští trh (nebo prodává nulu). Firma 1 se stává ",[1047,74957,74958],{},"kvazi-monopolem"," s cenou těsně pod náklady konkurenta.",[1030,74961,74962,74965,74966,2440],{},[1047,74963,74964],{},"3. Více než dvě firmy."," S rostoucím počtem firem je výsledek stejný — paradox neslábne. To je další argument proti realismu: ve skutečnosti zisk monotónně klesá s počtem firem (jak ukazuje ",[1068,74967,73720],{"className":74968,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":50627,"href":50628},[1071],[1030,74970,74971,74974,74975,74978,74979,74983],{},[1047,74972,74973],{},"4. Dynamická hra (opakovaný Bertrand)."," Pokud firmy hrají hru opakovaně, je možná ",[1047,74976,74977],{},"tichá koluze"," — udržování ceny nad MC pomocí trigger strategií. Souvisí s ",[1068,74980,74982],{"className":74981,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":6644,"href":6645},[1071],"vězňovým dilematem"," a teorií her.",[1077,74985,10442],{"id":10441},[1112,74987,74988,74994,74999,75005,75015,75021],{},[1115,74989,74990,74993],{},[1047,74991,74992],{},"Benzinky"," v jednom městě — diferencovaný Bertrand. Lokace, značka a doplňkové služby (myčka, občerstvení) drží ceny mírně nad mezními náklady.",[1115,74995,74996,74998],{},[1047,74997,73907],{}," — klasický homogenní Bertrand. Po expiraci patentu vstupují na trh generika, cena padá blízko k variabilním nákladům.",[1115,75000,75001,75004],{},[1047,75002,75003],{},"E-commerce platformy a bot pricing"," — algoritmy automaticky podsekávají konkurenta, dokud nedosáhnou minimální marže. Dynamický Bertrand v praxi.",[1115,75006,75007,75010,75011,75014],{},[1047,75008,75009],{},"Ride-sharing"," (Uber vs. Lyft) — diferencovaný Bertrand s ",[1047,75012,75013],{},"síťovými efekty"," (větší platforma → kratší čekací doba → vyšší ochota platit).",[1115,75016,75017,75020],{},[1047,75018,75019],{},"Aerolinie na konkurenční trase"," — krátkodobá cenová válka, dlouhodobě kapacitní (Cournot–Edgeworth).",[1115,75022,75023,75026],{},[1047,75024,75025],{},"Cloud computing a SaaS"," — rychlé cenové reakce, ale silná diferenciace přes ekosystém a integrace.",[1077,75028,75030],{"id":75029},"srovnání-cenových-výsledků-v-modelech-oligopolu","Srovnání cenových výsledků v modelech oligopolu",[1030,75032,75033,75034,1062,75058,1310],{},"Pro stejnou poptávku ",[1035,75035,75037],{"className":75036},[1772],[1774,75038,75039],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,75040,75041,75055],{},[1781,75042,75043,75045,75047,75049,75051,75053],{},[1784,75044,2264],{},[1788,75046,1863],{},[1784,75048,1068],{},[1788,75050,2371],{},[1784,75052,8838],{},[1784,75054,2270],{},[1808,75056,75057],{"encoding":1810},"P = a - b Q",[1035,75059,75061],{"className":75060},[1772],[1774,75062,75063],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,75064,75065,75071],{},[1781,75066,75067,75069],{},[1784,75068,1857],{},[1784,75070,1868],{},[1808,75072,11135],{"encoding":1810},[1153,75074,75075,75089],{},[1156,75076,75077],{},[1159,75078,75079,75082,75084,75087],{},[1162,75080,75081],{},"Model",[1162,75083,19259],{},[1162,75085,75086],{},"Množství",[1162,75088,3656],{},[1172,75090,75091,75123,75155,75186,75219],{},[1159,75092,75093,75096,75099,75120],{},[1177,75094,75095],{},"[[mikk",[1177,75097,75098],{},"Dokonalá konkurence]]",[1177,75100,75101],{},[1035,75102,75104],{"className":75103},[1772],[1774,75105,75106],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,75107,75108,75118],{},[1781,75109,75110,75112,75114,75116],{},[1784,75111,2264],{},[1788,75113,1863],{},[1784,75115,1857],{},[1784,75117,1868],{},[1808,75119,7608],{"encoding":1810},[1177,75121,75122],{},"maximální",[1159,75124,75125,75130,75151,75153],{},[1177,75126,75127],{},[1047,75128,75129],{},"Bertrand (homogenní)",[1177,75131,75132],{},[1035,75133,75135],{"className":75134},[1772],[1774,75136,75137],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,75138,75139,75149],{},[1781,75140,75141,75143,75145,75147],{},[1784,75142,2264],{},[1788,75144,1863],{},[1784,75146,1857],{},[1784,75148,1868],{},[1808,75150,7608],{"encoding":1810},[1177,75152,75122],{},[1177,75154,58399],{},[1159,75156,75157,75160,75163,75184],{},[1177,75158,75159],{},"[[mikk-oligopol-cournot-stackelberg",[1177,75161,75162],{},"Cournot]]",[1177,75164,75165],{},[1035,75166,75168],{"className":75167},[1772],[1774,75169,75170],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,75171,75172,75182],{},[1781,75173,75174,75176,75178,75180],{},[1784,75175,2264],{},[1788,75177,2491],{},[1784,75179,1857],{},[1784,75181,1868],{},[1808,75183,7656],{"encoding":1810},[1177,75185,58388],{},[1159,75187,75188,75191,75194,75217],{},[1177,75189,75190],{},"[[mikk-oligopol-cenovy-vudce-kartel",[1177,75192,75193],{},"Kartel \u002F monopol]]",[1177,75195,75196],{},[1035,75197,75199],{"className":75198},[1772],[1774,75200,75201],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,75202,75203,75214],{},[1781,75204,75205,75207,75210,75212],{},[1784,75206,2264],{},[1788,75208,75209],{},"≫",[1784,75211,1857],{},[1784,75213,1868],{},[1808,75215,75216],{"encoding":1810},"P \\gg MC",[1177,75218,9138],{},[1159,75220,75221,75224,75245,75247],{},[1177,75222,75223],{},"Bertrand (diferencovaný)",[1177,75225,75226],{},[1035,75227,75229],{"className":75228},[1772],[1774,75230,75231],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,75232,75233,75243],{},[1781,75234,75235,75237,75239,75241],{},[1784,75236,2264],{},[1788,75238,2491],{},[1784,75240,1857],{},[1784,75242,1868],{},[1808,75244,7656],{"encoding":1810},[1177,75246,58388],{},[1177,75248,58406],{},[1030,75250,75251,75252,1075],{},"Detailní vzorce viz ",[1068,75253,75255],{"className":75254,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1832,"href":1833},[1071],"Přehled vzorců mikk",[1077,75257,75259],{"id":75258},"kontrolní-otázky","Kontrolní otázky",[1260,75261,75262,75265,75284,75287,75290,75293,75296],{},[1115,75263,75264],{},"Proč je v Bertrandově modelu s homogenním produktem zisk nulový, přestože jsou na trhu jen dvě firmy?",[1115,75266,75267,75268,75283],{},"Co se stane, pokud má jedna firma nižší ",[1035,75269,75271],{"className":75270},[1772],[1774,75272,75273],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,75274,75275,75281],{},[1781,75276,75277,75279],{},[1784,75278,1857],{},[1784,75280,1868],{},[1808,75282,11135],{"encoding":1810}," než druhá? Jak se výsledek změní oproti symetrickému případu?",[1115,75285,75286],{},"Jak diferenciace produktu mění Bertrandovu rovnováhu?",[1115,75288,75289],{},"Proč Kreps–Scheinkmanův výsledek smiřuje Bertranda a Cournota? Jakou roli hraje volba kapacity?",[1115,75291,75292],{},"Vysvětlete, proč Bertrandův paradox neplatí při kapacitních omezeních (Bertrand–Edgeworth).",[1115,75294,75295],{},"V jakých reálných odvětvích lépe popisuje data Bertrand a v jakých Cournot? Uveďte alespoň jeden příklad pro každý.",[1115,75297,75298],{},"Kdyby v Předtermínu B byly na trhu dvě homogenní firmy soutěžící Bertrandovsky, jaká by byla rovnovážná cena a zisk?",[1077,75300,1646],{"id":1645},[1112,75302,75303,75309,75316,75323,75330,75337,75343,75350,75356],{},[1115,75304,75305,75308],{},[1068,75306,14],{"className":75307,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1680,"href":1681},[1071]," — kurzová hubová stránka.",[1115,75310,75311,75315],{},[1068,75312,75314],{"className":75313,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":50627,"href":50628},[1071],"mikk-oligopol-cournot-stackelberg"," — Cournotův a Stackelbergův model (množstevní konkurence).",[1115,75317,75318,75322],{},[1068,75319,75321],{"className":75320,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":55932,"href":55933},[1071],"mikk-oligopol-cenovy-vudce-kartel"," — model cenového vůdce a koluze \u002F kartel.",[1115,75324,75325,75329],{},[1068,75326,75328],{"className":75327,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":73118,"href":73119},[1071],"mikk-oligopol-zalomena-poptavka"," — Sweezyho zalomená poptávková křivka, rigidita cen.",[1115,75331,75332,75336],{},[1068,75333,75335],{"className":75334,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":6644,"href":6645},[1071],"Vězňovo dilema"," — teoreticko-herní rámec pro koluzi a opakovaný Bertrand.",[1115,75338,75339,75342],{},[1068,75340,4350],{"className":75341,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":4348,"href":4349},[1071]," — diferenciace produktu v širším kontextu.",[1115,75344,75345,75349],{},[1068,75346,75348],{"className":75347,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":72109,"href":72110},[1071],"mikk-srovnani-modelu-oligopolu"," — souhrnné srovnání všech modelů.",[1115,75351,75352,75355],{},[1068,75353,1834],{"className":75354,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1832,"href":1833},[1071]," — přehled klíčových vzorců.",[1115,75357,75358,75361],{},[1068,75359,4281],{"className":75360,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":4279,"href":4280},[1071]," — vzorové zkouškové úlohy (včetně Předtermínu B).",{"title":1685,"searchDepth":141,"depth":141,"links":75363},[75364,75365,75366,75367,75368,75369,75370,75371,75372,75373,75374,75375,75376,75377,75378,75379],{"id":1722,"depth":141,"text":1042},{"id":72114,"depth":141,"text":72115},{"id":72266,"depth":141,"text":72267},{"id":72760,"depth":141,"text":72761},{"id":72980,"depth":141,"text":72981},{"id":73058,"depth":141,"text":73059},{"id":73124,"depth":141,"text":73125},{"id":73441,"depth":141,"text":73442},{"id":73701,"depth":141,"text":73702},{"id":73867,"depth":141,"text":73868},{"id":73911,"depth":141,"text":73912},{"id":74837,"depth":141,"text":74838},{"id":10441,"depth":141,"text":10442},{"id":75029,"depth":141,"text":75030},{"id":75258,"depth":141,"text":75259},{"id":1645,"depth":141,"text":1646},{},"\u002Ftopics\u002Fmikk-oligopol-bertrand-cenova-konkurence",{"title":72016,"description":1685},[10944,66535],"topics\u002Fmikk-oligopol-bertrand-cenova-konkurence",[13,28,43,159,404],"HXusKFjbB49Ca7Dsfr3yg_f-HXMGk9jyH_3919Ki3yQ",{"id":75388,"title":75389,"body":75390,"course":13,"courses":1696,"created":1697,"description":1685,"extension":1698,"meta":79052,"navigation":1700,"path":79053,"seo":79054,"sources":79055,"stem":79056,"tags":79057,"type":4439,"updated":1697,"__hash__":79058},"topics\u002Ftopics\u002Fmikk-oligopol-cenovy-vudce-kartel.md","Oligopol — model cenového vůdce a kartely",{"type":1016,"value":75391,"toc":78984},[75392,75395,75397,75476,75482,75508,75510,75514,75518,75528,75579,75599,75603,75610,75613,75777,75825,75832,75998,76002,76022,76189,76209,76363,76892,76896,76974,76976,76980,76983,76987,77018,77022,77036,77053,77057,77067,77078,77081,77085,77111,77113,77117,77121,77130,77141,77155,77159,77162,77186,77190,77288,77308,77310,77314,77316,77324,77343,77346,77369,77373,77376,77417,77436,77438,77442,77446,77544,77548,77619,77632,77634,77638,77642,77647,77661,77665,77671,77914,77918,77956,78009,78058,78062,78106,78127,78129,78133,78137,78142,78146,78149,78298,78302,78308,78329,78331,78335,78339,78346,78393,78404,78408,78411,78436,78440,78454,78456,78460,78464,78478,78482,78502,78506,78526,78543,78545,78549,78553,78577,78581,78604,78608,78635,78639,78649,78655,78657,78661,78665,78675,78679,78686,78690,78693,78713,78717,78720,78724,78727,78729,78733,78737,78761,78765,78785,78787,78791,78895,78920,78922,78924],[1019,75393,75389],{"id":75394},"oligopol-model-cenového-vůdce-a-kartely",[1077,75396,1042],{"id":1722},[1030,75398,75399,75402,75403,75406,75407,1089,75410,75440,75441,75471,75472,75475],{},[1047,75400,75401],{},"Model dominantní firmy"," popisuje oligopolní trh, kde jeden velký hráč drží rozhodující tržní podíl a kolem něj operuje ",[1047,75404,75405],{},"konkurenční lem"," (fringe) drobných firem. Dominantní firma stanovuje cenu na základě ",[1047,75408,75409],{},"zbytkové poptávky",[1035,75411,75413],{"className":75412},[1772],[1774,75414,75415],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,75416,75417,75437],{},[1781,75418,75419,75425,75427,75429,75431],{},[1792,75420,75421,75423],{},[1784,75422,3224],{},[1784,75424,3224],{},[1788,75426,1863],{},[1784,75428,3224],{},[1788,75430,2371],{},[1792,75432,75433,75435],{},[1784,75434,3212],{},[1784,75436,3817],{},[1808,75438,75439],{"encoding":1810},"D_D = D - S_F"," a maximalizuje zisk přes ",[1035,75442,75444],{"className":75443},[1772],[1774,75445,75446],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,75447,75448,75468],{},[1781,75449,75450,75452,75458,75460,75462],{},[1784,75451,1857],{},[1792,75453,75454,75456],{},[1784,75455,1860],{},[1784,75457,3224],{},[1788,75459,1863],{},[1784,75461,1857],{},[1792,75463,75464,75466],{},[1784,75465,1868],{},[1784,75467,3224],{},[1808,75469,75470],{"encoding":1810},"MR_D = MC_D","; lem cenu ",[1047,75473,75474],{},"bere jako given"," a chová se jako dokonalá konkurence.",[1030,75477,75478,75481],{},[1047,75479,75480],{},"Barometrická firma"," je proměnlivý cenový vůdce, který reaguje jako první na tržní změny a plní pro ostatní funkci „barometru\" tržních podmínek. Vzniká často jako reakce na bezohlednou konkurenci a fluktuaci cen.",[1030,75483,75484,75487,75488,75491,75492,75495,75496,75499,75500,75503,75504,75507],{},[1047,75485,75486],{},"Kartel"," = explicitní dohoda firem o ceně a\u002Fnebo výstupu. Úspěch závisí na (i) ",[1047,75489,75490],{},"neelastické tržní poptávce",", (ii) ",[1047,75493,75494],{},"neelastické nabídce lemu",", (iii) ",[1047,75497,75498],{},"vnitřní soudržnosti"," s mechanismem postihu za podvádění a (iv) kontrole rozhodující části zdrojů. ",[1047,75501,75502],{},"OPEC"," je úspěšný (ropa má málo substitutů, lem ne-OPEC reaguje pomalu); ",[1047,75505,75506],{},"CIPEC"," (měď) selhal, protože poptávka i nabídka substitutů (hliník, železo) jsou elastické.",[4503,75509],{},[1077,75511,75513],{"id":75512},"_1-model-s-dominantní-firmou","1. Model s dominantní firmou",[1100,75515,75517],{"id":75516},"_11-předpoklady","1.1 Předpoklady",[1030,75519,75520,75521,5985,75524,75527],{},"Model dominantní firmy (dominant-firm model) je zjednodušený model oligopolu, který kombinuje ",[1047,75522,75523],{},"monopolní chování velkého hráče",[1047,75525,75526],{},"chováním lemu jako v dokonalé konkurenci",". Předpoklady jsou:",[1260,75529,75530,75536,75545,75551,75573],{},[1115,75531,75532,75535],{},[1047,75533,75534],{},"Jedna velká firma"," s rozhodujícím tržním podílem (typicky 40–80 %).",[1115,75537,75538,75541,75542,75544],{},[1047,75539,75540],{},"Mnoho malých firem"," dohromady tvořících ",[1047,75543,75405],{}," (fringe firms). Každá z nich je sama o sobě cenovým příjemcem.",[1115,75546,75547,75550],{},[1047,75548,75549],{},"Zboží téměř homogenní"," — diferenciace je malá, kupující rozhoduje hlavně podle ceny.",[1115,75552,75553,75556,75557,75572],{},[1047,75554,75555],{},"Asymetrie informací a nákladů"," — dominantní firma má typicky nižší ",[1035,75558,75560],{"className":75559},[1772],[1774,75561,75562],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,75563,75564,75570],{},[1781,75565,75566,75568],{},[1784,75567,1857],{},[1784,75569,1868],{},[1808,75571,11135],{"encoding":1810}," (úspory z rozsahu, lepší technologie, kapitálová převaha).",[1115,75574,75575,75578],{},[1047,75576,75577],{},"Volný vstup do lemu"," — drobné firmy mohou vstoupit, ale nikdy nedosáhnou rozsahu dominantní firmy.",[1023,75580,75582,75589],{"className":75581,"dataCallout":2090},[1026,2089],[1030,75583,75585,75588],{"className":75584},[1033],[1035,75586],{"className":75587,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,2097,1040],"Klíčový rozdíl od monopolu",[1030,75590,75591,75592,75594,75595,75598],{},"Dominantní firma ",[1047,75593,41251],{}," monopol — nedrží 100 % trhu. Kolem ní existuje konkurenční lem, který reaguje na cenu. Proto poptávka, které dominantní firma čelí, ",[1047,75596,75597],{},"není totožná"," s tržní poptávkou.",[1100,75600,75602],{"id":75601},"_12-geometrické-odvození-zbytkové-poptávky","1.2 Geometrické odvození zbytkové poptávky",[1030,75604,75605],{},[2206,75606],{"alt":75607,"className":75608,"src":75609},"mikk-cenovy-vudce-dominantni-firma",[1071,2210],"\u002Fwiki-assets\u002Fmikk-cenovy-vudce-dominantni-firma.jpeg",[1030,75611,75612],{},"Postup konstrukce poptávky dominantní firmy:",[1260,75614,75615,75634,75741],{},[1115,75616,75617,75633],{},[1047,75618,75619,75620],{},"Tržní poptávka ",[1035,75621,75623],{"className":75622},[1772],[1774,75624,75625],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,75626,75627,75631],{},[1781,75628,75629],{},[1784,75630,3224],{},[1808,75632,3224],{"encoding":1810}," — celková poptávka po produktu na trhu.",[1115,75635,75636,75657,75658,75678,75679,75692,75693,59824,75717,1075],{},[1047,75637,75638,75639],{},"Nabídka konkurenčního lemu ",[1035,75640,75642],{"className":75641},[1772],[1774,75643,75644],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,75645,75646,75654],{},[1781,75647,75648],{},[1792,75649,75650,75652],{},[1784,75651,3212],{},[1784,75653,3817],{},[1808,75655,75656],{"encoding":1810},"S_F"," — horizontální součet ",[1035,75659,75661],{"className":75660},[1772],[1774,75662,75663],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,75664,75665,75675],{},[1781,75666,75667,75669],{},[1784,75668,1857],{},[1792,75670,75671,75673],{},[1784,75672,1868],{},[1784,75674,1803],{},[1808,75676,75677],{"encoding":1810},"MC_i"," křivek malých firem nad jejich AVC. Lem se chová jako dokonale konkurenční odvětví: při ceně ",[1035,75680,75682],{"className":75681},[1772],[1774,75683,75684],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,75685,75686,75690],{},[1781,75687,75688],{},[1784,75689,2264],{},[1808,75691,2264],{"encoding":1810}," vyrobí ",[1035,75694,75696],{"className":75695},[1772],[1774,75697,75698],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,75699,75700,75714],{},[1781,75701,75702,75708,75710,75712],{},[1792,75703,75704,75706],{},[1784,75705,2270],{},[1784,75707,3817],{},[1788,75709,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,75711,2264],{},[1788,75713,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,75715,75716],{"encoding":1810},"Q_F(P)",[1035,75718,75720],{"className":75719},[1772],[1774,75721,75722],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,75723,75724,75738],{},[1781,75725,75726,75728,75730,75732],{},[1784,75727,2264],{},[1788,75729,1863],{},[1784,75731,1857],{},[1792,75733,75734,75736],{},[1784,75735,1868],{},[1784,75737,1803],{},[1808,75739,75740],{"encoding":1810},"P = MC_i",[1115,75742,75743,46105,75764,1310],{},[1047,75744,75745,75746],{},"Zbytková poptávka ",[1035,75747,75749],{"className":75748},[1772],[1774,75750,75751],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,75752,75753,75761],{},[1781,75754,75755],{},[1792,75756,75757,75759],{},[1784,75758,3224],{},[1784,75760,3224],{},[1808,75762,75763],{"encoding":1810},"D_D",[1035,75765,75767],{"className":75766},[1772],[1774,75768,75769],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,75770,75771,75775],{},[1781,75772,75773],{},[1784,75774,2264],{},[1808,75776,2264],{"encoding":1810},[1035,75778,75780],{"className":75779},[1772],[1774,75781,75782],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,75783,75784,75822],{},[1781,75785,75786,75792,75794,75796,75798,75800,75802,75804,75806,75808,75810,75816,75818,75820],{},[1792,75787,75788,75790],{},[1784,75789,3224],{},[1784,75791,3224],{},[1788,75793,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,75795,2264],{},[1788,75797,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,75799,1863],{},[1784,75801,3224],{},[1788,75803,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,75805,2264],{},[1788,75807,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,75809,2371],{},[1792,75811,75812,75814],{},[1784,75813,3212],{},[1784,75815,3817],{},[1788,75817,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,75819,2264],{},[1788,75821,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,75823,75824],{"encoding":1810},"D_D(P) = D(P) - S_F(P)",[1030,75826,75827,75828,75831],{},"To je množství, které ",[1047,75829,75830],{},"zbude"," dominantní firmě poté, co lem prodá své množství při dané ceně.",[1023,75833,75835,75859],{"className":75834,"dataCallout":4153},[1026,3500],[1030,75836,75838,75841,75842],{"className":75837},[1033],[1035,75839],{"className":75840,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,3508,1040],"Vlastnosti ",[1035,75843,75845],{"className":75844},[1772],[1774,75846,75847],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,75848,75849,75857],{},[1781,75850,75851],{},[1792,75852,75853,75855],{},[1784,75854,3224],{},[1784,75856,3224],{},[1808,75858,75763],{"encoding":1810},[1112,75860,75861,75910,75958],{},[1115,75862,75863,75864,75886,75887,75909],{},"Při ceně, kdy ",[1035,75865,75867],{"className":75866},[1772],[1774,75868,75869],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,75870,75871,75883],{},[1781,75872,75873,75879,75881],{},[1792,75874,75875,75877],{},[1784,75876,3212],{},[1784,75878,3817],{},[1788,75880,1863],{},[1784,75882,3224],{},[1808,75884,75885],{"encoding":1810},"S_F = D"," (lem pokryje celý trh), platí ",[1035,75888,75890],{"className":75889},[1772],[1774,75891,75892],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,75893,75894,75906],{},[1781,75895,75896,75902,75904],{},[1792,75897,75898,75900],{},[1784,75899,3224],{},[1784,75901,3224],{},[1788,75903,1863],{},[2348,75905,2350],{},[1808,75907,75908],{"encoding":1810},"D_D = 0"," — dominantní firma vůbec neprodá.",[1115,75911,75912,75913,22625,75935,75957],{},"Při velmi nízké ceně (kdy lem nedodává nic, ",[1035,75914,75916],{"className":75915},[1772],[1774,75917,75918],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,75919,75920,75932],{},[1781,75921,75922,75928,75930],{},[1792,75923,75924,75926],{},[1784,75925,3212],{},[1784,75927,3817],{},[1788,75929,1863],{},[2348,75931,2350],{},[1808,75933,75934],{"encoding":1810},"S_F = 0",[1035,75936,75938],{"className":75937},[1772],[1774,75939,75940],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,75941,75942,75954],{},[1781,75943,75944,75950,75952],{},[1792,75945,75946,75948],{},[1784,75947,3224],{},[1784,75949,3224],{},[1788,75951,1863],{},[1784,75953,3224],{},[1808,75955,75956],{"encoding":1810},"D_D = D"," — dominantní firma má celou poptávku pro sebe.",[1115,75959,75960,75977,75978,75980,75981,26563,75984,75997],{},[1035,75961,75963],{"className":75962},[1772],[1774,75964,75965],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,75966,75967,75975],{},[1781,75968,75969],{},[1792,75970,75971,75973],{},[1784,75972,3224],{},[1784,75974,3224],{},[1808,75976,75763],{"encoding":1810}," je obecně ",[1047,75979,40727],{}," (méně elastická?) NE — naopak typicky ",[1047,75982,75983],{},"elastičtější",[1035,75985,75987],{"className":75986},[1772],[1774,75988,75989],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,75990,75991,75995],{},[1781,75992,75993],{},[1784,75994,3224],{},[1808,75996,3224],{"encoding":1810},", protože lem nahradí část objemu, pokud dominantní firma zvedne cenu. To je důležitý detail.",[1100,75999,76001],{"id":76000},"_13-maximalizace-zisku-dominantní-firmy","1.3 Maximalizace zisku dominantní firmy",[1030,76003,76004,76005,1310],{},"Dominantní firma se chová jako monopol vůči své zbytkové poptávce ",[1035,76006,76008],{"className":76007},[1772],[1774,76009,76010],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,76011,76012,76020],{},[1781,76013,76014],{},[1792,76015,76016,76018],{},[1784,76017,3224],{},[1784,76019,3224],{},[1808,76021,75763],{"encoding":1810},[1260,76023,76024,76085,76135],{},[1115,76025,26487,76026,76043,76044,1089,76047,50784,76067,76084],{},[1035,76027,76029],{"className":76028},[1772],[1774,76030,76031],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,76032,76033,76041],{},[1781,76034,76035],{},[1792,76036,76037,76039],{},[1784,76038,3224],{},[1784,76040,3224],{},[1808,76042,75763],{"encoding":1810}," odvodí ",[1047,76045,76046],{},"mezní příjem",[1035,76048,76050],{"className":76049},[1772],[1774,76051,76052],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,76053,76054,76064],{},[1781,76055,76056,76058],{},[1784,76057,1857],{},[1792,76059,76060,76062],{},[1784,76061,1860],{},[1784,76063,3224],{},[1808,76065,76066],{"encoding":1810},"MR_D",[1035,76068,76070],{"className":76069},[1772],[1774,76071,76072],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,76073,76074,76082],{},[1781,76075,76076],{},[1792,76077,76078,76080],{},[1784,76079,3224],{},[1784,76081,3224],{},[1808,76083,75763],{"encoding":1810},", stejné pravidlo dvojnásobného sklonu u lineární poptávky).",[1115,76086,59080,76087,76116,76117,1075],{},[1035,76088,76090],{"className":76089},[1772],[1774,76091,76092],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,76093,76094,76114],{},[1781,76095,76096,76098,76104,76106,76108],{},[1784,76097,1857],{},[1792,76099,76100,76102],{},[1784,76101,1860],{},[1784,76103,3224],{},[1788,76105,1863],{},[1784,76107,1857],{},[1792,76109,76110,76112],{},[1784,76111,1868],{},[1784,76113,3224],{},[1808,76115,75470],{"encoding":1810}," → optimální množství ",[1035,76118,76120],{"className":76119},[1772],[1774,76121,76122],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,76123,76124,76132],{},[1781,76125,76126],{},[1792,76127,76128,76130],{},[1784,76129,2270],{},[1784,76131,3224],{},[1808,76133,76134],{"encoding":1810},"Q_D",[1115,76136,3018,76137,50961,76154,76171,76172,1075],{},[1035,76138,76140],{"className":76139},[1772],[1774,76141,76142],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,76143,76144,76152],{},[1781,76145,76146],{},[2467,76147,76148,76150],{},[1784,76149,2264],{},[1788,76151,7763],{},[1808,76153,11034],{"encoding":1810},[1035,76155,76157],{"className":76156},[1772],[1774,76158,76159],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,76160,76161,76169],{},[1781,76162,76163],{},[1792,76164,76165,76167],{},[1784,76166,3224],{},[1784,76168,3224],{},[1808,76170,75763],{"encoding":1810}," při množství ",[1035,76173,76175],{"className":76174},[1772],[1774,76176,76177],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,76178,76179,76187],{},[1781,76180,76181],{},[1792,76182,76183,76185],{},[1784,76184,2270],{},[1784,76186,3224],{},[1808,76188,76134],{"encoding":1810},[1030,76190,76191,76192,1310],{},"Při ceně ",[1035,76193,76195],{"className":76194},[1772],[1774,76196,76197],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,76198,76199,76207],{},[1781,76200,76201],{},[2467,76202,76203,76205],{},[1784,76204,2264],{},[1788,76206,7763],{},[1808,76208,11034],{"encoding":1810},[1112,76210,76211,76271,76293],{},[1115,76212,76213,76216,76217,76253,76254,2440],{},[1047,76214,76215],{},"Lem"," prodává ",[1035,76218,76220],{"className":76219},[1772],[1774,76221,76222],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,76223,76224,76250],{},[1781,76225,76226,76232,76234,76240,76242,76248],{},[1792,76227,76228,76230],{},[1784,76229,2270],{},[1784,76231,3817],{},[1788,76233,1863],{},[1792,76235,76236,76238],{},[1784,76237,3212],{},[1784,76239,3817],{},[1788,76241,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2467,76243,76244,76246],{},[1784,76245,2264],{},[1788,76247,7763],{},[1788,76249,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,76251,76252],{"encoding":1810},"Q_F = S_F(P^*)"," (vyplývá z ",[1035,76255,76257],{"className":76256},[1772],[1774,76258,76259],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,76260,76261,76269],{},[1781,76262,76263],{},[1792,76264,76265,76267],{},[1784,76266,3212],{},[1784,76268,3817],{},[1808,76270,75656],{"encoding":1810},[1115,76272,76273,76216,76276,1075],{},[1047,76274,76275],{},"Dominantní firma",[1035,76277,76279],{"className":76278},[1772],[1774,76280,76281],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,76282,76283,76291],{},[1781,76284,76285],{},[1792,76286,76287,76289],{},[1784,76288,2270],{},[1784,76290,3224],{},[1808,76292,76134],{"encoding":1810},[1115,76294,76295,24775,76298,76332,76333,52413,76346,1075],{},[1047,76296,76297],{},"Celkový tržní výstup",[1035,76299,76301],{"className":76300},[1772],[1774,76302,76303],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,76304,76305,76329],{},[1781,76306,76307,76313,76315,76321,76323],{},[1792,76308,76309,76311],{},[1784,76310,2270],{},[1784,76312,2257],{},[1788,76314,1863],{},[1792,76316,76317,76319],{},[1784,76318,2270],{},[1784,76320,3224],{},[1788,76322,2637],{},[1792,76324,76325,76327],{},[1784,76326,2270],{},[1784,76328,3817],{},[1808,76330,76331],{"encoding":1810},"Q_T = Q_D + Q_F",", ležící na ",[1035,76334,76336],{"className":76335},[1772],[1774,76337,76338],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,76339,76340,76344],{},[1781,76341,76342],{},[1784,76343,3224],{},[1808,76345,3224],{"encoding":1810},[1035,76347,76349],{"className":76348},[1772],[1774,76350,76351],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,76352,76353,76361],{},[1781,76354,76355],{},[2467,76356,76357,76359],{},[1784,76358,2264],{},[1788,76360,7763],{},[1808,76362,11034],{"encoding":1810},[1023,76364,76366,76373,76500],{"className":76365,"dataCallout":25986},[1026,25985],[1030,76367,76369,76372],{"className":76368},[1033],[1035,76370],{"className":76371,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,25993,1040],"Numerický příklad",[1030,76374,75619,76375,76401,76402,76438,76439,76467,76468,1075],{},[1035,76376,76378],{"className":76377},[1772],[1774,76379,76380],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,76381,76382,76398],{},[1781,76383,76384,76386,76388,76390,76392,76394,76396],{},[1784,76385,3224],{},[1788,76387,1310],{},[1784,76389,2264],{},[1788,76391,1863],{},[2348,76393,2605],{},[1788,76395,2371],{},[1784,76397,2270],{},[1808,76399,76400],{"encoding":1810},"D: P = 100 - Q",". Nabídka lemu ",[1035,76403,76405],{"className":76404},[1772],[1774,76406,76407],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,76408,76409,76435],{},[1781,76410,76411,76417,76419,76421,76423,76425,76427,76429],{},[1792,76412,76413,76415],{},[1784,76414,3212],{},[1784,76416,3817],{},[1788,76418,1310],{},[1784,76420,2264],{},[1788,76422,1863],{},[2348,76424,2640],{},[1788,76426,2637],{},[2348,76428,15984],{},[1792,76430,76431,76433],{},[1784,76432,2270],{},[1784,76434,3817],{},[1808,76436,76437],{"encoding":1810},"S_F: P = 20 + 0{,}5 Q_F"," (tedy ",[1035,76440,76442],{"className":76441},[1772],[1774,76443,76444],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,76445,76446,76464],{},[1781,76447,76448,76454,76456,76458,76460,76462],{},[1792,76449,76450,76452],{},[1784,76451,2270],{},[1784,76453,3817],{},[1788,76455,1863],{},[2348,76457,4593],{},[1784,76459,2264],{},[1788,76461,2371],{},[2348,76463,9208],{},[1808,76465,76466],{"encoding":1810},"Q_F = 2P - 40","). Náklady dominantní firmy ",[1035,76469,76471],{"className":76470},[1772],[1774,76472,76473],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,76474,76475,76497],{},[1781,76476,76477,76479,76485,76487,76489,76491],{},[1784,76478,1857],{},[1792,76480,76481,76483],{},[1784,76482,1868],{},[1784,76484,3224],{},[1788,76486,1863],{},[2348,76488,3116],{},[1788,76490,2637],{},[1792,76492,76493,76495],{},[1784,76494,2270],{},[1784,76496,3224],{},[1808,76498,76499],{"encoding":1810},"MC_D = 10 + Q_D",[1260,76501,76502,76612,76656,76791,76832],{},[1115,76503,76504,28854,76578,1075],{},[1035,76505,76507],{"className":76506},[1772],[1774,76508,76509],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,76510,76511,76575],{},[1781,76512,76513,76519,76521,76527,76529,76531,76533,76539,76541,76543,76545,76547,76549,76551,76553,76555,76557,76559,76561,76563,76565,76567,76569,76571,76573],{},[1792,76514,76515,76517],{},[1784,76516,3224],{},[1784,76518,3224],{},[1788,76520,1310],{},[1792,76522,76523,76525],{},[1784,76524,2270],{},[1784,76526,3224],{},[1788,76528,1863],{},[1784,76530,3224],{},[1788,76532,2371],{},[1792,76534,76535,76537],{},[1784,76536,2270],{},[1784,76538,3817],{},[1788,76540,1863],{},[1788,76542,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,76544,2605],{},[1788,76546,2371],{},[1784,76548,2264],{},[1788,76550,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,76552,2371],{},[1788,76554,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,76556,4593],{},[1784,76558,2264],{},[1788,76560,2371],{},[2348,76562,9208],{},[1788,76564,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,76566,1863],{},[2348,76568,67225],{},[1788,76570,2371],{},[2348,76572,5332],{},[1784,76574,2264],{},[1808,76576,76577],{"encoding":1810},"D_D: Q_D = D - Q_F = (100 - P) - (2P - 40) = 140 - 3P",[1035,76579,76581],{"className":76580},[1772],[1774,76582,76583],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,76584,76585,76609],{},[1781,76586,76587,76589,76591,76593,76595,76597,76603,76605,76607],{},[1784,76588,2264],{},[1788,76590,1863],{},[1788,76592,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,76594,67225],{},[1788,76596,2371],{},[1792,76598,76599,76601],{},[1784,76600,2270],{},[1784,76602,3224],{},[1788,76604,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,76606,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,76608,5332],{},[1808,76610,76611],{"encoding":1810},"P = (140 - Q_D)\u002F3",[1115,76613,76614,1075],{},[1035,76615,76617],{"className":76616},[1772],[1774,76618,76619],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,76620,76621,76653],{},[1781,76622,76623,76625,76631,76633,76635,76637,76639,76641,76647,76649,76651],{},[1784,76624,1857],{},[1792,76626,76627,76629],{},[1784,76628,1860],{},[1784,76630,3224],{},[1788,76632,1863],{},[1788,76634,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,76636,67225],{},[1788,76638,2371],{},[2348,76640,4593],{},[1792,76642,76643,76645],{},[1784,76644,2270],{},[1784,76646,3224],{},[1788,76648,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,76650,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,76652,5332],{},[1808,76654,76655],{"encoding":1810},"MR_D = (140 - 2Q_D)\u002F3",[1115,76657,26487,76658,4058,76687,4752,76731,4752,76769,1075],{},[1035,76659,76661],{"className":76660},[1772],[1774,76662,76663],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,76664,76665,76685],{},[1781,76666,76667,76669,76675,76677,76679],{},[1784,76668,1857],{},[1792,76670,76671,76673],{},[1784,76672,1860],{},[1784,76674,3224],{},[1788,76676,1863],{},[1784,76678,1857],{},[1792,76680,76681,76683],{},[1784,76682,1868],{},[1784,76684,3224],{},[1808,76686,75470],{"encoding":1810},[1035,76688,76690],{"className":76689},[1772],[1774,76691,76692],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,76693,76694,76728],{},[1781,76695,76696,76698,76700,76702,76704,76710,76712,76714,76716,76718,76720,76722],{},[1788,76697,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,76699,67225],{},[1788,76701,2371],{},[2348,76703,4593],{},[1792,76705,76706,76708],{},[1784,76707,2270],{},[1784,76709,3224],{},[1788,76711,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,76713,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,76715,5332],{},[1788,76717,1863],{},[2348,76719,3116],{},[1788,76721,2637],{},[1792,76723,76724,76726],{},[1784,76725,2270],{},[1784,76727,3224],{},[1808,76729,76730],{"encoding":1810},"(140 - 2Q_D)\u002F3 = 10 + Q_D",[1035,76732,76734],{"className":76733},[1772],[1774,76735,76736],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,76737,76738,76766],{},[1781,76739,76740,76742,76744,76746,76752,76754,76756,76758,76760],{},[2348,76741,67225],{},[1788,76743,2371],{},[2348,76745,4593],{},[1792,76747,76748,76750],{},[1784,76749,2270],{},[1784,76751,3224],{},[1788,76753,1863],{},[2348,76755,9189],{},[1788,76757,2637],{},[2348,76759,5332],{},[1792,76761,76762,76764],{},[1784,76763,2270],{},[1784,76765,3224],{},[1808,76767,76768],{"encoding":1810},"140 - 2Q_D = 30 + 3Q_D",[1035,76770,76772],{"className":76771},[1772],[1774,76773,76774],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,76775,76776,76788],{},[1781,76777,76778,76784,76786],{},[1792,76779,76780,76782],{},[1784,76781,2270],{},[1784,76783,3224],{},[1788,76785,1863],{},[2348,76787,15333],{},[1808,76789,76790],{"encoding":1810},"Q_D = 22",[1115,76792,76793,1075],{},[1035,76794,76796],{"className":76795},[1772],[1774,76797,76798],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,76799,76800,76829],{},[1781,76801,76802,76808,76810,76812,76814,76816,76818,76820,76822,76824,76826],{},[2467,76803,76804,76806],{},[1784,76805,2264],{},[1788,76807,7763],{},[1788,76809,1863],{},[1788,76811,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,76813,67225],{},[1788,76815,2371],{},[2348,76817,15333],{},[1788,76819,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,76821,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,76823,5332],{},[1788,76825,8786],{},[2348,76827,76828],{},"39,3",[1808,76830,76831],{"encoding":1810},"P^* = (140 - 22)\u002F3 \\approx 39{,}3",[1115,76833,76834,1299,76869,1075],{},[1035,76835,76837],{"className":76836},[1772],[1774,76838,76839],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,76840,76841,76866],{},[1781,76842,76843,76849,76851,76853,76855,76857,76859,76861,76863],{},[1792,76844,76845,76847],{},[1784,76846,2270],{},[1784,76848,3817],{},[1788,76850,1863],{},[2348,76852,4593],{},[1788,76854,2267],{},[2348,76856,76828],{},[1788,76858,2371],{},[2348,76860,9208],{},[1788,76862,8786],{},[2348,76864,76865],{},"38,7",[1808,76867,76868],{"encoding":1810},"Q_F = 2 \\cdot 39{,}3 - 40 \\approx 38{,}7",[1035,76870,76872],{"className":76871},[1772],[1774,76873,76874],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,76875,76876,76889],{},[1781,76877,76878,76884,76886],{},[1792,76879,76880,76882],{},[1784,76881,2270],{},[1784,76883,2257],{},[1788,76885,8786],{},[2348,76887,76888],{},"60,7",[1808,76890,76891],{"encoding":1810},"Q_T \\approx 60{,}7",[1100,76893,76895],{"id":76894},"_14-implikace-modelu","1.4 Implikace modelu",[1112,76897,76898,76905,76929],{},[1115,76899,76900,76901,76904],{},"Dominantní firma má ",[1047,76902,76903],{},"menší tržní moc"," než monopolista — lem reaguje na cenu a může absorbovat poptávku.",[1115,76906,76907,76908,76911,76912,1075],{},"Existence lemu ",[1047,76909,76910],{},"omezuje cenu"," dominantní firmy: pokud by zvedla cenu příliš, lem rozšíří produkci a sníží ",[1035,76913,76915],{"className":76914},[1772],[1774,76916,76917],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,76918,76919,76927],{},[1781,76920,76921],{},[1792,76922,76923,76925],{},[1784,76924,3224],{},[1784,76926,3224],{},[1808,76928,75763],{"encoding":1810},[1115,76930,76931,76932,76935,76936,76951,76952,76969,76970,76973],{},"Lem typicky ",[1047,76933,76934],{},"vydělá více na jednotku"," (operuje při vyšším ",[1035,76937,76939],{"className":76938},[1772],[1774,76940,76941],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,76942,76943,76949],{},[1781,76944,76945,76947],{},[1784,76946,1857],{},[1784,76948,1868],{},[1808,76950,11135],{"encoding":1810},", ale za stejnou cenu ",[1035,76953,76955],{"className":76954},[1772],[1774,76956,76957],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,76958,76959,76967],{},[1781,76960,76961],{},[2467,76962,76963,76965],{},[1784,76964,2264],{},[1788,76966,7763],{},[1808,76968,11034],{"encoding":1810},"), kdežto dominantní firma vydělá více ",[1047,76971,76972],{},"v absolutních číslech"," kvůli rozsahu.",[4503,76975],{},[1077,76977,76979],{"id":76978},"_2-strategie-dominantní-firmy-vůči-lemu","2. Strategie dominantní firmy vůči lemu",[1030,76981,76982],{},"Dominantní firma si může cíleně volit cenovou strategii podle dlouhodobých záměrů.",[1100,76984,76986],{"id":76985},"_21-limit-pricing","2.1 Limit pricing",[1030,76988,76989,76992,76993,76996,76997,77017],{},[1047,76990,76991],{},"Limit pricing"," = záměrně nízká cena, která ",[1047,76994,76995],{},"odradí vstup nových firem"," do lemu nebo nutí stávající firmy odejít. Cena leží pod ziskově maximalizační úrovní, ale stále nad ",[1035,76998,77000],{"className":76999},[1772],[1774,77001,77002],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,77003,77004,77014],{},[1781,77005,77006,77008],{},[1784,77007,1857],{},[1792,77009,77010,77012],{},[1784,77011,1868],{},[1784,77013,3224],{},[1808,77015,77016],{"encoding":1810},"MC_D",". Logika: vstupující firma s vyššími náklady by při této ceně neuhájila pozitivní zisk.",[1100,77019,77021],{"id":77020},"_22-predatory-pricing","2.2 Predatory pricing",[1030,77023,77024,77027,77028,77031,77032,77035],{},[1047,77025,77026],{},"Predatory pricing"," = cena dočasně ",[1047,77029,77030],{},"pod úrovní MC"," (nebo i AVC) s cílem ",[1047,77033,77034],{},"vytlačit lem",". Po jeho odchodu dominantní firma cenu zvýší a vybere monopolní zisk.",[1023,77037,77039,77046],{"className":77038,"dataCallout":3501},[1026,3500],[1030,77040,77042,77045],{"className":77041},[1033],[1035,77043],{"className":77044,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,3508,1040],"Právní aspekt",[1030,77047,77048,77049,77052],{},"Predatory pricing je ve většině jurisdikcí ",[1047,77050,77051],{},"nezákonný"," — porušuje antimonopolní právo (USA: Sherman Act §2; EU: článek 102 SFEU; ČR: §11 zákona 143\u002F2001 Sb.). Důkazní břemeno je ale obtížné — žalobce musí prokázat (a) cenu pod nákladem a (b) pravděpodobnost pozdějšího \"recoupment\" zisku.",[1100,77054,77056],{"id":77055},"_23-price-umbrella","2.3 Price umbrella",[1030,77058,77059,77062,77063,77066],{},[1047,77060,77061],{},"Price umbrella"," = dominantní firma cenu ",[1047,77064,77065],{},"úmyslně udržuje vysoko"," tak, aby lem mohl přežívat. Důvody:",[1112,77068,77069,77072,77075],{},[1115,77070,77071],{},"vyhnutí se obvinění z monopolu,",[1115,77073,77074],{},"zachování obrazu „konkurenčního trhu\",",[1115,77076,77077],{},"udržení odběratelské základny pro celé odvětví.",[1030,77079,77080],{},"Nevýhoda: lem se může postupně rozrůstat a převzít část tržního podílu.",[1100,77082,77084],{"id":77083},"_24-reálné-příklady","2.4 Reálné příklady",[1112,77086,77087,77093,77099,77105],{},[1115,77088,77089,77092],{},[1047,77090,77091],{},"Saudi Arabia v OPEC"," — největší producent, často jednostranně tlumí těžbu (cenový umbrella) nebo naopak zvyšuje (price war proti shale).",[1115,77094,77095,77098],{},[1047,77096,77097],{},"Walmart v US retailu"," — limit pricing v menších městech, kde vytlačí lokální obchody.",[1115,77100,77101,77104],{},[1047,77102,77103],{},"Microsoft Office v 90. letech"," — Office tvořil cenový strop, IBM Lotus a Corel WordPerfect žily jako lem, ale postupně byly zatlačeny.",[1115,77106,77107,77110],{},[1047,77108,77109],{},"De Beers v diamantech"," — historicky kontroloval ~80 % trhu, dnes ~30 % (ztratil dominanci, viz kapitola 8).",[4503,77112],{},[1077,77114,77116],{"id":77115},"_3-model-s-barometrickou-firmou","3. Model s barometrickou firmou",[1100,77118,77120],{"id":77119},"_31-charakteristika","3.1 Charakteristika",[1030,77122,77123,77125,77126,77129],{},[1047,77124,75480],{}," (barometric price leader) je ",[1047,77127,77128],{},"proměnlivý cenový vůdce",". Na rozdíl od dominantní firmy:",[1112,77131,77132,77135,77138],{},[1115,77133,77134],{},"Nemá rozhodující tržní podíl.",[1115,77136,77137],{},"Nemá nutně nejnižší náklady.",[1115,77139,77140],{},"Mění se v čase — různé firmy v různých obdobích.",[1030,77142,77143,77144,77147,77148,77151,77152,1075],{},"Barometrická firma ",[1047,77145,77146],{},"uskutečňuje cenové změny jako první"," a plní pro ostatní firmy úlohu ",[1047,77149,77150],{},"barometru tržních podmínek",". Ostatní firmy ji následují, ",[1047,77153,77154],{},"pokud její strategie odráží podmínky společné celému odvětví",[1100,77156,77158],{"id":77157},"_32-vznik-barometrického-vůdcovství","3.2 Vznik barometrického vůdcovství",[1030,77160,77161],{},"Empirické studie ukazují, že barometrické vůdcovství vzniká jako reakce na:",[1112,77163,77164,77170,77180],{},[1115,77165,77166,77169],{},[1047,77167,77168],{},"Značnou fluktuaci cen"," — firmy jsou unaveny chaosem a hledají referenční bod.",[1115,77171,77172,77175,77176,77179],{},[1047,77173,77174],{},"Bezohlednou konkurenci"," s velkými ztrátami — potřeba ",[1047,77177,77178],{},"stabilizace"," odvětví.",[1115,77181,77182,77185],{},[1047,77183,77184],{},"Nejistotu o tržních podmínkách"," — barometr přebírá náklady na sběr informací.",[1100,77187,77189],{"id":77188},"_33-rozdíl-oproti-dominantní-firmě","3.3 Rozdíl oproti dominantní firmě",[1153,77191,77192,77203],{},[1156,77193,77194],{},[1159,77195,77196,77199,77201],{},[1162,77197,77198],{},"Aspekt",[1162,77200,76275],{},[1162,77202,75480],{},[1172,77204,77205,77216,77227,77238,77277],{},[1159,77206,77207,77210,77213],{},[1177,77208,77209],{},"Tržní podíl",[1177,77211,77212],{},"Velký (40–80 %)",[1177,77214,77215],{},"Variabilní, střední",[1159,77217,77218,77221,77224],{},[1177,77219,77220],{},"Náklady",[1177,77222,77223],{},"Typicky nejnižší",[1177,77225,77226],{},"Nejsou nutně nejnižší",[1159,77228,77229,77232,77235],{},[1177,77230,77231],{},"Stabilita vůdce",[1177,77233,77234],{},"Stabilní v čase",[1177,77236,77237],{},"Mění se",[1159,77239,77240,77242,77274],{},[1177,77241,12583],{},[1177,77243,77244,77245],{},"Cílí ",[1035,77246,77248],{"className":77247},[1772],[1774,77249,77250],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,77251,77252,77272],{},[1781,77253,77254,77256,77262,77264,77266],{},[1784,77255,1857],{},[1792,77257,77258,77260],{},[1784,77259,1860],{},[1784,77261,3224],{},[1788,77263,1863],{},[1784,77265,1857],{},[1792,77267,77268,77270],{},[1784,77269,1868],{},[1784,77271,3224],{},[1808,77273,75470],{"encoding":1810},[1177,77275,77276],{},"Reaguje na podmínky a signalizuje",[1159,77278,77279,77282,77285],{},[1177,77280,77281],{},"Reálné příklady",[1177,77283,77284],{},"Saudi Arabia, Walmart",[1177,77286,77287],{},"US Steel (historicky), banky v ČR po 2020",[1023,77289,77291,77298],{"className":77290,"dataCallout":1608},[1026,1607],[1030,77292,77294,77297],{"className":77293},[1033],[1035,77295],{"className":77296,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1615,1040],"Klíč k rozlišení",[1030,77299,75591,77300,77303,77304,77307],{},[1047,77301,77302],{},"stanovuje cenu z vlastní pozice síly",". Barometrická firma ",[1047,77305,77306],{},"odhaduje, kam se trh hýbe, a vede ostatní k novému rovnovážnému bodu",". V praxi jde často o tichou koluzi — viz kapitola 9.",[4503,77309],{},[1077,77311,77313],{"id":77312},"_4-kartel-definice-a-charakteristika","4. Kartel — definice a charakteristika",[1100,77315,12321],{"id":12320},[1030,77317,77318,24775,77320,77323],{},[1047,77319,75486],{},[1047,77321,77322],{},"zřejmá (explicitní) dohoda firem"," o:",[1112,77325,77326,77332,77338],{},[1115,77327,77328,77331],{},[1047,77329,77330],{},"výstupu"," (kvótě produkce každého člena),",[1115,77333,77334,77337],{},[1047,77335,77336],{},"ceně"," (minimální či cílové),",[1115,77339,77340,1075],{},[1047,77341,77342],{},"nebo obojím",[1030,77344,77345],{},"Charakteristické znaky:",[1260,77347,77348,77354,77363],{},[1115,77349,77350,77353],{},[1047,77351,77352],{},"Zřejmá dohoda"," — písemná či ústní, ale prokazatelná. Liší se od tiché koluze (kapitola 9).",[1115,77355,77356,77359,77360,1075],{},[1047,77357,77358],{},"Nemusí zahrnovat všechny firmy"," v odvětví — typicky existuje ",[1047,77361,77362],{},"konkurenční lem nečlenů",[1115,77364,77365,77368],{},[1047,77366,77367],{},"Velmi často mezinárodní"," — vyhne se národní antimonopolní legislativě (např. OPEC operuje mimo americký Sherman Act).",[1100,77370,77372],{"id":77371},"_42-podmínky-úspěchu-kartelu","4.2 Podmínky úspěchu kartelu",[1030,77374,77375],{},"Podmínky úspěchu:",[1260,77377,77378,77384,77393,77399,77405,77411],{},[1115,77379,77380,77383],{},[1047,77381,77382],{},"Síla zabraňující podvádění"," — mechanismus enforcement (postih za porušení kvóty). Bez něj má každý člen motivaci vyrobit nad kvótu a vydělat na vyšší ceně.",[1115,77385,77386,3250,77389,77392],{},[1047,77387,77388],{},"Aspoň částečná monopolní síla",[1047,77390,77391],{},"neelastická tržní poptávka",". Pokud poptávka silně reaguje na cenu, zvýšení ceny kartelem vede k velké ztrátě objemu.",[1115,77394,77395,77398],{},[1047,77396,77397],{},"Kontrola rozhodující části zdrojů"," ovlivňujících nabídku — kartel musí pokrýt téměř celé odvětví, jinak lem vyplní mezeru.",[1115,77400,77401,77404],{},[1047,77402,77403],{},"Neelastická nabídka nekartelových firem"," (lemu) — pokud lem rychle reaguje na vyšší cenu zvýšenou produkcí, kartel ztrácí podíl.",[1115,77406,77407,77410],{},[1047,77408,77409],{},"Stabilní složení členů"," — častá fluktuace členství zvyšuje koordinační náklady.",[1115,77412,77413,77416],{},[1047,77414,77415],{},"Nízké koordinační náklady"," — geograficky blízké firmy, podobná struktura nákladů.",[1023,77418,77420,77427],{"className":77419,"dataCallout":3501},[1026,3500],[1030,77421,77423,77426],{"className":77422},[1033],[1035,77424],{"className":77425,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,3508,1040],"Pozor — častý překlep",[1030,77428,77429,77430,77432,77433,77435],{},"Některé prameny uvádějí, že „celková poptávka musí být velmi cenově ",[1047,77431,30102],{},"\" — jde o chybu. Správně musí být ",[1047,77434,22535],{},". Neelastická poptávka znamená, že kartel zvedne cenu, aniž by ztratil mnoho zákazníků — to je samotný princip monopolní síly.",[4503,77437],{},[1077,77439,77441],{"id":77440},"_5-úspěšné-a-neúspěšné-kartely","5. Úspěšné a neúspěšné kartely",[1100,77443,77445],{"id":77444},"_51-příklady-úspěšných-kartelů","5.1 Příklady úspěšných kartelů",[1153,77447,77448,77463],{},[1156,77449,77450],{},[1159,77451,77452,77454,77457,77460],{},[1162,77453,75486],{},[1162,77455,77456],{},"Komodita",[1162,77458,77459],{},"Aktivní",[1162,77461,77462],{},"Klíč úspěchu",[1172,77464,77465,77480,77496,77512,77528],{},[1159,77466,77467,77471,77474,77477],{},[1177,77468,77469],{},[1047,77470,75502],{},[1177,77472,77473],{},"ropa",[1177,77475,77476],{},"1960–",[1177,77478,77479],{},"nízká elasticita poptávky, rozhodující podíl",[1159,77481,77482,77487,77490,77493],{},[1177,77483,77484],{},[1047,77485,77486],{},"International Bauxite Association",[1177,77488,77489],{},"bauxit",[1177,77491,77492],{},"1974–1994",[1177,77494,77495],{},"omezený zdroj, vysoká koncentrace",[1159,77497,77498,77503,77506,77509],{},[1177,77499,77500],{},[1047,77501,77502],{},"Mercurio Europeo",[1177,77504,77505],{},"rtuť",[1177,77507,77508],{},"historicky",[1177,77510,77511],{},"omezené světové zdroje",[1159,77513,77514,77519,77522,77525],{},[1177,77515,77516],{},[1047,77517,77518],{},"De Beers",[1177,77520,77521],{},"diamanty",[1177,77523,77524],{},"1888–~2000",[1177,77526,77527],{},"kontrola těžby + marketing",[1159,77529,77530,77535,77538,77541],{},[1177,77531,77532],{},[1047,77533,77534],{},"OPEC+",[1177,77536,77537],{},"ropa (rozšíření)",[1177,77539,77540],{},"2016–",[1177,77542,77543],{},"OPEC + Rusko a další",[1100,77545,77547],{"id":77546},"_52-příklady-neúspěšných-kartelů","5.2 Příklady neúspěšných kartelů",[1153,77549,77550,77562],{},[1156,77551,77552],{},[1159,77553,77554,77557,77559],{},[1162,77555,77556],{},"Pokus o kartel",[1162,77558,77456],{},[1162,77560,77561],{},"Důvod selhání",[1172,77563,77564,77576,77587,77597,77608],{},[1159,77565,77566,77570,77573],{},[1177,77567,77568],{},[1047,77569,75506],{},[1177,77571,77572],{},"měď",[1177,77574,77575],{},"substituty (hliník, ocel), elastická poptávka",[1159,77577,77578,77581,77584],{},[1177,77579,77580],{},"Cín",[1177,77582,77583],{},"cín",[1177,77585,77586],{},"rozpad ITC v 1985",[1159,77588,77589,77591,77594],{},[1177,77590,25595],{},[1177,77592,77593],{},"káva",[1177,77595,77596],{},"mnoho zemí, nemožnost kontroly nabídky",[1159,77598,77599,77602,77605],{},[1177,77600,77601],{},"Čaj",[1177,77603,77604],{},"čaj",[1177,77606,77607],{},"různé regiony, rozdílná kvalita",[1159,77609,77610,77613,77616],{},[1177,77611,77612],{},"Kakao",[1177,77614,77615],{},"kakao",[1177,77617,77618],{},"volatilní úroda, nelze koordinovat",[1030,77620,77621,77624,77625,1062,77628,77631],{},[1047,77622,77623],{},"Příčina rozdílu",": u úspěšných kartelů je ",[1047,77626,77627],{},"tržní poptávka neelastická",[1047,77629,77630],{},"konkurenční lem slabý","; u neúspěšných je obojí silně elastické.",[4503,77633],{},[1077,77635,77637],{"id":77636},"_6-opec-analýza-úspěšného-kartelu","6. OPEC — analýza úspěšného kartelu",[1100,77639,77641],{"id":77640},"_61-pozadí","6.1 Pozadí",[1030,77643,77644,77646],{},[1047,77645,75502],{}," = Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, založen 1960 v Bagdádu. Zakládající členové: Írán, Irák, Kuvajt, Saudská Arábie, Venezuela. Dnes ~13 členů.",[1030,77648,77649,77650,1062,77653,77656,77657,77660],{},"OPEC kontroluje cca ",[1047,77651,77652],{},"40 % světové produkce ropy",[1047,77654,77655],{},"70 % prokázaných rezerv",". Není ovšem monopolista — existuje rozsáhlý ",[1047,77658,77659],{},"lem ne-OPEC"," (USA shale, Norsko, Kanada, Brazílie, Rusko před OPEC+).",[1100,77662,77664],{"id":77663},"_62-geometrická-konstrukce","6.2 Geometrická konstrukce",[1030,77666,77667,77668,1310],{},"OPEC se modeluje ",[1047,77669,77670],{},"přesně jako dominantní firma",[1260,77672,77673,77699,77726,77789,77823],{},[1115,77674,77675,77694,77695,77698],{},[1047,77676,77677,77678],{},"Tržní poptávka po ropě ",[1035,77679,77681],{"className":77680},[1772],[1774,77682,77683],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,77684,77685,77691],{},[1781,77686,77687,77689],{},[1784,77688,2257],{},[1784,77690,3224],{},[1808,77692,77693],{"encoding":1810},"TD"," — světová poptávka, ",[1047,77696,77697],{},"velmi neelastická"," v krátkodobu (ropa nemá v dopravě rychlé substituty).",[1115,77700,77701,77721,77722,77725],{},[1047,77702,75638,77703],{},[1035,77704,77706],{"className":77705},[1772],[1774,77707,77708],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,77709,77710,77718],{},[1781,77711,77712],{},[1792,77713,77714,77716],{},[1784,77715,3212],{},[1784,77717,1868],{},[1808,77719,77720],{"encoding":1810},"S_C"," — ne-OPEC produkce, ",[1047,77723,77724],{},"neelastická v krátkodobu"," (těžební infrastruktura má dlouhou návratnost).",[1115,77727,77728,77772,77773,77788],{},[1047,77729,77730,77731],{},"Poptávka po OPEC ropě ",[1035,77732,77734],{"className":77733},[1772],[1774,77735,77736],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,77737,77738,77769],{},[1781,77739,77740,77755,77757,77759,77761,77763],{},[1792,77741,77742,77744],{},[1784,77743,3224],{},[1781,77745,77746,77749,77751,77753],{},[1784,77747,77748],{},"O",[1784,77750,2264],{},[1784,77752,2364],{},[1784,77754,1868],{},[1788,77756,1863],{},[1784,77758,2257],{},[1784,77760,3224],{},[1788,77762,2371],{},[1792,77764,77765,77767],{},[1784,77766,3212],{},[1784,77768,1868],{},[1808,77770,77771],{"encoding":1810},"D_{OPEC} = TD - S_C"," — relativně elastičtější než ",[1035,77774,77776],{"className":77775},[1772],[1774,77777,77778],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,77779,77780,77786],{},[1781,77781,77782,77784],{},[1784,77783,2257],{},[1784,77785,3224],{},[1808,77787,77693],{"encoding":1810},", ale stále s prostorem pro tržní moc.",[1115,77790,77791,77822],{},[1047,77792,77793,77821],{},[1035,77794,77796],{"className":77795},[1772],[1774,77797,77798],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,77799,77800,77818],{},[1781,77801,77802,77804],{},[1784,77803,1857],{},[1792,77805,77806,77808],{},[1784,77807,1868],{},[1781,77809,77810,77812,77814,77816],{},[1784,77811,77748],{},[1784,77813,2264],{},[1784,77815,2364],{},[1784,77817,1868],{},[1808,77819,77820],{"encoding":1810},"MC_{OPEC}"," velmi nízké"," — Saudi Arabia má těžební náklady ~10 USD\u002Fbarel, někteří členové (Venezuela) dražší.",[1115,77824,59080,77825,4752,77871,50942,77897,1075],{},[1035,77826,77828],{"className":77827},[1772],[1774,77829,77830],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,77831,77832,77868],{},[1781,77833,77834,77836,77850,77852,77854],{},[1784,77835,1857],{},[1792,77837,77838,77840],{},[1784,77839,1860],{},[1781,77841,77842,77844,77846,77848],{},[1784,77843,77748],{},[1784,77845,2264],{},[1784,77847,2364],{},[1784,77849,1868],{},[1788,77851,1863],{},[1784,77853,1857],{},[1792,77855,77856,77858],{},[1784,77857,1868],{},[1781,77859,77860,77862,77864,77866],{},[1784,77861,77748],{},[1784,77863,2264],{},[1784,77865,2364],{},[1784,77867,1868],{},[1808,77869,77870],{"encoding":1810},"MR_{OPEC} = MC_{OPEC}",[1035,77872,77874],{"className":77873},[1772],[1774,77875,77876],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,77877,77878,77894],{},[1781,77879,77880],{},[1792,77881,77882,77884],{},[1784,77883,2270],{},[1781,77885,77886,77888,77890,77892],{},[1784,77887,77748],{},[1784,77889,2264],{},[1784,77891,2364],{},[1784,77893,1868],{},[1808,77895,77896],{"encoding":1810},"Q_{OPEC}",[1035,77898,77900],{"className":77899},[1772],[1774,77901,77902],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,77903,77904,77912],{},[1781,77905,77906],{},[2467,77907,77908,77910],{},[1784,77909,2264],{},[1788,77911,7763],{},[1808,77913,11034],{"encoding":1810},[1100,77915,77917],{"id":77916},"_63-srovnání-s-konkurenční-cenou","6.3 Srovnání s konkurenční cenou",[1030,77919,77920,1089,77923,77940,77941,1310],{},[1047,77921,77922],{},"Konkurenční cena",[1035,77924,77926],{"className":77925},[1772],[1774,77927,77928],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,77929,77930,77938],{},[1781,77931,77932],{},[1792,77933,77934,77936],{},[1784,77935,2264],{},[1784,77937,1868],{},[1808,77939,51066],{"encoding":1810}," by nastala, kdyby OPEC nekoordinoval a každá země vyráběla podle vlastního ",[1035,77942,77944],{"className":77943},[1772],[1774,77945,77946],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,77947,77948,77954],{},[1781,77949,77950,77952],{},[1784,77951,1857],{},[1784,77953,1868],{},[1808,77955,11135],{"encoding":1810},[1035,77957,77959],{"className":77958},[1772],[1774,77960,77961],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,77962,77963,78006],{},[1781,77964,77965,77971,77974,77988,77990,77992],{},[1792,77966,77967,77969],{},[1784,77968,2264],{},[1784,77970,1868],{},[2149,77972,77973],{}," tam, kde ",[1792,77975,77976,77978],{},[1784,77977,3224],{},[1781,77979,77980,77982,77984,77986],{},[1784,77981,77748],{},[1784,77983,2264],{},[1784,77985,2364],{},[1784,77987,1868],{},[1788,77989,1863],{},[1784,77991,1857],{},[1792,77993,77994,77996],{},[1784,77995,1868],{},[1781,77997,77998,78000,78002,78004],{},[1784,77999,77748],{},[1784,78001,2264],{},[1784,78003,2364],{},[1784,78005,1868],{},[1808,78007,78008],{"encoding":1810},"P_C \\text{ tam, kde } D_{OPEC} = MC_{OPEC}",[1030,78010,78011,78012,1299,78038,78057],{},"OPEC dokáže udržet ",[1035,78013,78015],{"className":78014},[1772],[1774,78016,78017],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,78018,78019,78035],{},[1781,78020,78021,78027,78029],{},[2467,78022,78023,78025],{},[1784,78024,2264],{},[1788,78026,7763],{},[1788,78028,75209],{},[1792,78030,78031,78033],{},[1784,78032,2264],{},[1784,78034,1868],{},[1808,78036,78037],{"encoding":1810},"P^* \\gg P_C",[1047,78039,78040,78041,78056],{},"protože ",[1035,78042,78044],{"className":78043},[1772],[1774,78045,78046],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,78047,78048,78054],{},[1781,78049,78050,78052],{},[1784,78051,2257],{},[1784,78053,3224],{},[1808,78055,77693],{"encoding":1810}," je málo elastická"," — zvýšení ceny nezpůsobí dramatický pokles spotřeby.",[1100,78059,78061],{"id":78060},"_64-historické-cenové-epizody","6.4 Historické cenové epizody",[1112,78063,78064,78070,78076,78082,78088,78094,78100],{},[1115,78065,78066,78069],{},[1047,78067,78068],{},"1973"," — embargo proti USA, cena ropy 4× za rok.",[1115,78071,78072,78075],{},[1047,78073,78074],{},"1979–1980"," — íránská revoluce, cena ropy z 14 na 35 USD\u002Fbarel.",[1115,78077,78078,78081],{},[1047,78079,78080],{},"1986"," — Saudská Arábie zvedla těžbu („price war\"), cena spadla z 27 na 10 USD.",[1115,78083,78084,78087],{},[1047,78085,78086],{},"2008"," — vrchol 147 USD\u002Fbarel, pak finanční krize a propad pod 40.",[1115,78089,78090,78093],{},[1047,78091,78092],{},"2014–2016"," — Saudi vs. shale: OPEC nesnížil těžbu, cena z 110 na 30 USD; cílem bylo vytlačit americký shale (částečně se podařilo, mnoho firem zkrachovalo).",[1115,78095,78096,78099],{},[1047,78097,78098],{},"2020 (COVID)"," — krátkodobě záporná cena WTI futures.",[1115,78101,78102,78105],{},[1047,78103,78104],{},"2022"," — invaze na Ukrajinu, sankce na ruskou ropu, cena 120+ USD.",[1023,78107,78109,78116],{"className":78108,"dataCallout":2090},[1026,2089],[1030,78110,78112,78115],{"className":78111},[1033],[1035,78113],{"className":78114,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,2097,1040],"OPEC+ od 2016",[1030,78117,78118,78119,78122,78123,78126],{},"Po krizi 2014–2016 OPEC rozšířil koordinaci o ",[1047,78120,78121],{},"ne-OPEC"," producenty, hlavně ",[1047,78124,78125],{},"Rusko",". Tím se kartel stal silnějším — pokrývá ~50 % světové produkce.",[4503,78128],{},[1077,78130,78132],{"id":78131},"_7-cipec-analýza-neúspěšného-kartelu","7. CIPEC — analýza neúspěšného kartelu",[1100,78134,78136],{"id":78135},"_71-pozadí","7.1 Pozadí",[1030,78138,78139,78141],{},[1047,78140,75506],{}," = Conseil Intergouvernemental des Pays Exportateurs de Cuivre (Mezivládní rada zemí vyvážejících měď), založen 1967. Členové: Chile, Peru, Zair (DRC), Zambie. Pokus o „měďový OPEC\".",[1100,78143,78145],{"id":78144},"_72-proč-selhal","7.2 Proč selhal",[1030,78147,78148],{},"Geometrická analýza odhalí příčinu:",[1260,78150,78151,78195,78219,78266],{},[1115,78152,78153,78172,78173,2070,78175],{},[1047,78154,78155,78156,78171],{},"Tržní poptávka po mědi ",[1035,78157,78159],{"className":78158},[1772],[1774,78160,78161],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,78162,78163,78169],{},[1781,78164,78165,78167],{},[1784,78166,2257],{},[1784,78168,3224],{},[1808,78170,77693],{"encoding":1810}," je elastická"," — měď má ",[1047,78174,26891],{},[1112,78176,78177,78183,78189],{},[1115,78178,78179,78182],{},[1047,78180,78181],{},"Hliník"," v elektrickém vedení a kabeláži.",[1115,78184,78185,78188],{},[1047,78186,78187],{},"Železo a ocel"," v konstrukci.",[1115,78190,78191,78194],{},[1047,78192,78193],{},"Optická vlákna"," v telekomunikacích (od 80. let).",[1115,78196,78197,78218],{},[1047,78198,78199,78200,78217],{},"Nabídka lemu ",[1035,78201,78203],{"className":78202},[1772],[1774,78204,78205],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,78206,78207,78215],{},[1781,78208,78209],{},[1792,78210,78211,78213],{},[1784,78212,3212],{},[1784,78214,1868],{},[1808,78216,77720],{"encoding":1810}," elastická"," — produkce mimo CIPEC (USA, Kanada, Austrálie) reaguje na cenu rychle.",[1115,78220,78221,1075],{},[1047,78222,78223,78265],{},[1035,78224,78226],{"className":78225},[1772],[1774,78227,78228],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,78229,78230,78262],{},[1781,78231,78232,78248,78250,78252,78254,78256],{},[1792,78233,78234,78236],{},[1784,78235,3224],{},[1781,78237,78238,78240,78242,78244,78246],{},[1784,78239,1868],{},[1784,78241,3221],{},[1784,78243,2264],{},[1784,78245,2364],{},[1784,78247,1868],{},[1788,78249,1863],{},[1784,78251,2257],{},[1784,78253,3224],{},[1788,78255,2371],{},[1792,78257,78258,78260],{},[1784,78259,3212],{},[1784,78261,1868],{},[1808,78263,78264],{"encoding":1810},"D_{CIPEC} = TD - S_C"," je velmi elastická",[1115,78267,78268,78269,4058,78272,1075],{},"CIPEC tudíž ",[1047,78270,78271],{},"má malou monopolní sílu",[1035,78273,78275],{"className":78274},[1772],[1774,78276,78277],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,78278,78279,78295],{},[1781,78280,78281,78287,78289],{},[2467,78282,78283,78285],{},[1784,78284,2264],{},[1788,78286,7763],{},[1788,78288,8786],{},[1792,78290,78291,78293],{},[1784,78292,2264],{},[1784,78294,1868],{},[1808,78296,78297],{"encoding":1810},"P^* \\approx P_C",[1100,78299,78301],{"id":78300},"_73-závěr","7.3 Závěr",[1030,78303,78304,78307],{},[1047,78305,78306],{},"CIPEC fakticky nedokázal udržet cenu nad konkurenční úrovní."," Dohoda existovala formálně, ale ekonomické podmínky pro úspěch nebyly splněny. CIPEC formálně existoval do roku 1992, kdy byl rozpuštěn.",[1023,78309,78311,78318],{"className":78310,"dataCallout":4153},[1026,3500],[1030,78312,78314,78317],{"className":78313},[1033],[1035,78315],{"className":78316,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,3508,1040],"Univerzální poučení",[1030,78319,78320,78321,78324,78325,78328],{},"Úspěch kartelu ",[1047,78322,78323],{},"není volbou"," — je to důsledek ",[1047,78326,78327],{},"strukturálních vlastností trhu",": elasticit poptávky a lemu. Žádná dohoda neudrží cenu, pokud trh „chce\" konkurenční rovnováhu.",[4503,78330],{},[1077,78332,78334],{"id":78333},"_8-vnitřní-problém-kartelu-podvádění","8. Vnitřní problém kartelu — podvádění",[1100,78336,78338],{"id":78337},"_81-pobídka-k-porušení-dohody","8.1 Pobídka k porušení dohody",[1030,78340,78341,78342,78345],{},"Jednotlivá firma má ",[1047,78343,78344],{},"silnou motivaci"," porušit kartelovou kvótu:",[1112,78347,78348,78383,78386],{},[1115,78349,78350,78351,78379,78380,1075],{},"Při kartelové ceně ",[1035,78352,78354],{"className":78353},[1772],[1774,78355,78356],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,78357,78358,78376],{},[1781,78359,78360,78366,78368,78370],{},[2467,78361,78362,78364],{},[1784,78363,2264],{},[1788,78365,7763],{},[1788,78367,2491],{},[1784,78369,1857],{},[1792,78371,78372,78374],{},[1784,78373,1868],{},[1784,78375,1803],{},[1808,78377,78378],{"encoding":1810},"P^* > MC_i"," je vyrábět víc ",[1047,78381,78382],{},"velmi výnosné",[1115,78384,78385],{},"Pokud podvádí jen jedna firma (a ostatní drží kvóty), cena se prakticky nezmění.",[1115,78387,78388,78389,78392],{},"Jakmile ale podvádí ",[1047,78390,78391],{},"mnoho firem současně",", nabídka prudce roste a cena padá ke konkurenční úrovni.",[1030,78394,78395,78396,78399,78400,1075],{},"To je klasické ",[1047,78397,78398],{},"vězňovo dilema"," v opakované hře — viz ",[1068,78401,78403],{"className":78402,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":6644,"href":6645},[1071],"mikk-vezno-dilema-teorie-her",[1100,78405,78407],{"id":78406},"_82-mechanismy-enforcement","8.2 Mechanismy enforcement",[1030,78409,78410],{},"Aby kartel přežil, musí mít systém:",[1260,78412,78413,78419,78425,78431],{},[1115,78414,78415,78418],{},[1047,78416,78417],{},"Kvóty produkce"," — explicitní limit pro každého člena.",[1115,78420,78421,78424],{},[1047,78422,78423],{},"Monitoring"," — sledování skutečné produkce (satelitní snímky terminálů, exportní statistiky).",[1115,78426,78427,78430],{},[1047,78428,78429],{},"Postihy"," — sankce za překročení kvóty (snížení budoucí kvóty, vyloučení).",[1115,78432,78433,78435],{},[1047,78434,6668],{}," — pokud jeden poruší, ostatní dočasně také vyrábějí nad kvótu, dokud se viník nevrátí.",[1100,78437,78439],{"id":78438},"_83-reálné-případy-podvádění","8.3 Reálné případy podvádění",[1112,78441,78442,78448],{},[1115,78443,78444,78447],{},[1047,78445,78446],{},"OPEC v 80. letech"," — Saudi Arabia opakovaně tolerovala překračování kvót; v 1985 ztratila trpělivost a sama zaplavila trh (cenový propad 1986).",[1115,78449,78450,78453],{},[1047,78451,78452],{},"Vitamíny (Roche, BASF, Aventis)"," — globální kartel 1990–1999, pravidelná setkání, ale Roche přesto podváděla na některých substancích.",[4503,78455],{},[1077,78457,78459],{"id":78458},"_9-tichá-koluze-tacit-collusion","9. Tichá koluze (tacit collusion)",[1100,78461,78463],{"id":78462},"_91-definice","9.1 Definice",[1030,78465,78466,78469,78470,78473,78474,78477],{},[1047,78467,78468],{},"Tichá koluze"," = firmy ",[1047,78471,78472],{},"bez explicitní dohody"," koordinují cenové chování pouhým ",[1047,78475,78476],{},"sledováním a napodobováním",". Není to kartel, protože chybí prokazatelná komunikace.",[1100,78479,78481],{"id":78480},"_92-mechanismy","9.2 Mechanismy",[1112,78483,78484,78490,78496],{},[1115,78485,78486,78489],{},[1047,78487,78488],{},"Cenový vůdce signalizuje změnu",", ostatní následují.",[1115,78491,78492,78495],{},[1047,78493,78494],{},"Veřejné cenové oznámení"," (v energetice, telekomunikacích).",[1115,78497,78498,78501],{},[1047,78499,78500],{},"Repeated game equilibria"," — firmy implicitně rozumí, že porušení vyvolá odvetu.",[1100,78503,78505],{"id":78504},"_93-příklady","9.3 Příklady",[1112,78507,78508,78514,78520],{},[1115,78509,78510,78513],{},[1047,78511,78512],{},"Telekomunikace v ČR"," — 3 operátoři (T-Mobile, O2, Vodafone), ceny tarifů velmi podobné, žádná prokazatelná dohoda.",[1115,78515,78516,78519],{},[1047,78517,78518],{},"Letecké linky"," na konkurenčních trasách — dynamic pricing často konverguje k podobným hladinám.",[1115,78521,78522,78525],{},[1047,78523,78524],{},"Benzínové pumpy"," — synchronizované týdenní cenové cykly v Kanadě, Austrálii.",[1023,78527,78529,78536],{"className":78528,"dataCallout":3501},[1026,3500],[1030,78530,78532,78535],{"className":78531},[1033],[1035,78533],{"className":78534,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,3508,1040],"Právní hranice",[1030,78537,78538,78539,78542],{},"Tichá koluze je ",[1047,78540,78541],{},"obtížně postihovatelná",", protože antimonopolní právo typicky vyžaduje důkaz dohody. ÚOHS i Evropská komise se snaží postihovat „concerted practice\" (jednání ve shodě), ale důkazní břemeno je vysoké.",[4503,78544],{},[1077,78546,78548],{"id":78547},"_10-antitrust-legislativa-a-sankce","10. Antitrust legislativa a sankce",[1100,78550,78552],{"id":78551},"_101-usa","10.1 USA",[1112,78554,78555,78561,78567],{},[1115,78556,78557,78560],{},[1047,78558,78559],{},"Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)"," — §1 zakazuje „every contract, combination, or conspiracy in restraint of trade\", §2 zakazuje monopolizaci.",[1115,78562,78563,78566],{},[1047,78564,78565],{},"Clayton Act (1914)"," — doplňuje fúze a cenovou diskriminaci.",[1115,78568,78569,78572,78573,78576],{},[1047,78570,78571],{},"Sankce",": pokuty do 100 mil. USD pro firmy, 1 mil. USD a 10 let vězení pro jednotlivce. ",[1047,78574,78575],{},"Treble damages"," v civilních žalobách.",[1100,78578,78580],{"id":78579},"_102-eu","10.2 EU",[1112,78582,78583,78589,78595],{},[1115,78584,78585,78588],{},[1047,78586,78587],{},"Článek 101 SFEU"," — zákaz dohod narušujících soutěž.",[1115,78590,78591,78594],{},[1047,78592,78593],{},"Článek 102 SFEU"," — zákaz zneužití dominantního postavení.",[1115,78596,78597,78599,78600,78603],{},[1047,78598,78571],{},": pokuty až ",[1047,78601,78602],{},"10 % celosvětového obratu",". Rekord: Google (2018, 4,34 mld. €).",[1100,78605,78607],{"id":78606},"_103-čr","10.3 ČR",[1112,78609,78610,78616,78626,78632],{},[1115,78611,78612,78615],{},[1047,78613,78614],{},"Zákon č. 143\u002F2001 Sb."," o ochraně hospodářské soutěže.",[1115,78617,78618,78621,78622,78625],{},[1047,78619,78620],{},"§3"," zákaz kartelových dohod, ",[1047,78623,78624],{},"§11"," zákaz zneužití dominance.",[1115,78627,78628,78631],{},[1047,78629,78630],{},"ÚOHS"," (Úřad pro ochranu hospodářské soutěže) — pokuty do 10 % obratu.",[1115,78633,78634],{},"Trestní postih dle §248 trestního zákoníku (porušení předpisů o pravidlech hospodářské soutěže).",[1100,78636,78638],{"id":78637},"_104-leniency-programs","10.4 Leniency programs",[1030,78640,78641,78644,78645,78648],{},[1047,78642,78643],{},"Program shovívavosti"," = první firma, která sama oznámí kartel a poskytne důkazy, dostane ",[1047,78646,78647],{},"úplné prominutí pokuty",". Druhá ~50 % slevu, třetí ~30 %.",[1030,78650,78651,78652,1075],{},"Mechanismus rozkládá kartely zevnitř — vytváří ",[1047,78653,78654],{},"závod kdo dřív zradí",[4503,78656],{},[1077,78658,78660],{"id":78659},"_11-slavné-kartelové-kauzy","11. Slavné kartelové kauzy",[1100,78662,78664],{"id":78663},"_111-vitaminový-kartel-19901999","11.1 Vitaminový kartel (1990–1999)",[1030,78666,78667,78668,1299,78671,78674],{},"Globální kartel výrobců vitaminů (Roche, BASF, Aventis, Takeda). Pravidelná tajná setkání, kvóty, ceny. Odhalen v 1999. Sankce: ",[1047,78669,78670],{},"EU 855 mil. €",[1047,78672,78673],{},"USA ~1 mld. USD",", pokuty pro vrcholné manažery.",[1100,78676,78678],{"id":78677},"_112-libor-20072012","11.2 LIBOR (2007–2012)",[1030,78680,78681,78682,78685],{},"Banky (Barclays, UBS, Deutsche Bank, RBS) manipulovaly ",[1047,78683,78684],{},"LIBOR"," (London Interbank Offered Rate) — referenční úrokovou sazbu. Zaměstnanci si posílali zprávy s žádostmi o úpravu kotací. Sankce: ~9 mld. USD globálně.",[1100,78687,78689],{"id":78688},"_113-auto-component-kartely-eu","11.3 Auto-component kartely (EU)",[1030,78691,78692],{},"Sériové kartely výrobců součástek pro auta v EU 2010–2020:",[1112,78694,78695,78701,78707],{},[1115,78696,78697,78700],{},[1047,78698,78699],{},"Ložiska"," (NSK, NTN, JTEKT, SKF) — pokuta 953 mil. €.",[1115,78702,78703,78706],{},[1047,78704,78705],{},"Bezpečnostní pásy a airbagy"," (Takata, TRW) — 368 mil. €.",[1115,78708,78709,78712],{},[1047,78710,78711],{},"Zapalovací svíčky"," (Bosch, Denso, NGK) — 76 mil. €.",[1100,78714,78716],{"id":78715},"_114-generické-léky-usa-2010s","11.4 Generické léky (USA, 2010s)",[1030,78718,78719],{},"Kartel výrobců generik (Mylan, Teva, Sandoz) — koordinace cen léků na hypertenzi, cholesterol. DOJ vznesl trestní obvinění; pokuty miliardy USD.",[1100,78721,78723],{"id":78722},"_115-čr-pohonné-hmoty","11.5 ČR — pohonné hmoty",[1030,78725,78726],{},"ÚOHS opakovaně sankcionoval čerpací stanice za jednání ve shodě (synchronizované zvýšení cen). Poslední velký případ 2018: pokuta ~80 mil. Kč.",[4503,78728],{},[1077,78730,78732],{"id":78731},"_12-aplikace-v-reálném-světě","12. Aplikace v reálném světě",[1100,78734,78736],{"id":78735},"_121-aktuální-kartely-a-koluzní-podezření","12.1 Aktuální kartely a koluzní podezření",[1112,78738,78739,78744,78750,78755],{},[1115,78740,78741,78743],{},[1047,78742,77534],{}," — formální kartel, právně chráněný (suverenita států, mimo Sherman Act).",[1115,78745,78746,78749],{},[1047,78747,78748],{},"Námořní kontejnerová doprava"," — aliance (2M, Ocean Alliance, THE Alliance) sdílí kapacitu na linkách. Formálně právně povoleny, ale fakticky koordinují kapacitu.",[1115,78751,78752,78754],{},[1047,78753,77518],{}," — historicky dominantní, dnes diverzifikovaný trh (Rio Tinto, Alrosa, kanadské doly), formální kartel rozpuštěn.",[1115,78756,78757,78760],{},[1047,78758,78759],{},"Aerolinky na transatlantických linkách"," — antitrust immunity pro joint ventures (např. Star Alliance + ATI).",[1100,78762,78764],{"id":78763},"_122-případy-v-čr","12.2 Případy v ČR",[1112,78766,78767,78773,78779],{},[1115,78768,78769,78772],{},[1047,78770,78771],{},"Pekárny"," (2003) — kartel 7 pekáren, pokuta 51 mil. Kč.",[1115,78774,78775,78778],{},[1047,78776,78777],{},"Stavební společnosti"," (2014) — bid rigging na dálničních zakázkách.",[1115,78780,78781,78784],{},[1047,78782,78783],{},"Distributoři léků"," (2019) — koordinace marží.",[4503,78786],{},[1077,78788,78790],{"id":78789},"_13-shrnutí-kdy-kartel-funguje","13. Shrnutí — kdy kartel funguje",[1153,78792,78793,78807],{},[1156,78794,78795],{},[1159,78796,78797,78800,78803,78805],{},[1162,78798,78799],{},"Podmínka",[1162,78801,78802],{},"Vliv",[1162,78804,75502],{},[1162,78806,75506],{},[1172,78808,78809,78823,78836,78849,78862,78876],{},[1159,78810,78811,78814,78817,78820],{},[1177,78812,78813],{},"Tržní poptávka neelastická",[1177,78815,78816],{},"Nutná",[1177,78818,78819],{},"ANO (ropa nemá rychlý substitut)",[1177,78821,78822],{},"NE (hliník, ocel)",[1159,78824,78825,78828,78830,78833],{},[1177,78826,78827],{},"Lem nabídky neelastický",[1177,78829,78816],{},[1177,78831,78832],{},"ANO (krátkodobě)",[1177,78834,78835],{},"NE",[1159,78837,78838,78841,78843,78846],{},[1177,78839,78840],{},"Kontrola zdrojů",[1177,78842,78816],{},[1177,78844,78845],{},"40 % produkce, 70 % rezerv",[1177,78847,78848],{},"\u003C50 %, snadný vstup",[1159,78850,78851,78854,78856,78859],{},[1177,78852,78853],{},"Vnitřní soudržnost",[1177,78855,78816],{},[1177,78857,78858],{},"Saudi enforcement, OPEC+",[1177,78860,78861],{},"Slabá",[1159,78863,78864,78867,78870,78873],{},[1177,78865,78866],{},"Mezinárodní rámec",[1177,78868,78869],{},"Pomáhá",[1177,78871,78872],{},"ANO (suverenita)",[1177,78874,78875],{},"ANO, ale to nestačilo",[1159,78877,78878,78883,78885,78890],{},[1177,78879,78880],{},[1047,78881,78882],{},"Výsledek",[1177,78884],{},[1177,78886,78887],{},[1047,78888,78889],{},"Úspěšný",[1177,78891,78892],{},[1047,78893,78894],{},"Selhání",[1023,78896,78898,78905],{"className":78897,"dataCallout":1608},[1026,1607],[1030,78899,78901,78904],{"className":78900},[1033],[1035,78902],{"className":78903,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1615,1040],"Praktická heuristika",[1030,78906,78907,78908,78911,78912,78915,78916,78919],{},"Když se v médiích mluví o „novém kartelu\", zeptej se: (a) ",[1047,78909,78910],{},"kolik substitutů"," má produkt? (b) ",[1047,78913,78914],{},"jak rychle"," může lem zvednout produkci? (c) ",[1047,78917,78918],{},"má kartel mechanismus enforcement","? Pokud odpověď není „málo \u002F pomalu \u002F silný\", kartel je odsouzen ke krátké životnosti.",[4503,78921],{},[1077,78923,10852],{"id":10851},[1112,78925,78926,78931,78938,78946,78953,78959,78966,78972,78978],{},[1115,78927,78928],{},[1068,78929,14],{"className":78930,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1680,"href":1681},[1071],[1115,78932,78933,78937],{},[1068,78934,78936],{"className":78935,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":50627,"href":50628},[1071],"Cournotův a Stackelbergův model"," — modely množstevní konkurence v oligopolu",[1115,78939,78940],{},[1068,78941,78945],{"className":78942,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":78943,"href":78944},[1071],"topics\u002Fmikk-oligopol-bertrand-cenova-konkurence.md","\u002Fwiki\u002Fmikk-oligopol-bertrand-cenova-konkurence","Bertrandův model — cenová konkurence",[1115,78947,78948,78952],{},[1068,78949,78951],{"className":78950,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":73118,"href":73119},[1071],"Model zalomené poptávky"," — alternativní vysvětlení cenové rigidity",[1115,78954,78955,78958],{},[1068,78956,6646],{"className":78957,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":6644,"href":6645},[1071]," — formální základ pro analýzu podvádění v kartelu",[1115,78960,78961,78965],{},[1068,78962,78964],{"className":78963,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1876,"href":1877},[1071],"Monopol — pokročilé téma"," — kartel jako kolektivní monopol",[1115,78967,78968,78971],{},[1068,78969,10762],{"className":78970,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":2388,"href":2389},[1071]," — klíčový faktor úspěchu kartelu",[1115,78973,78974,78977],{},[1068,78975,72111],{"className":78976,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":72109,"href":72110},[1071]," — přehledová tabulka",[1115,78979,78980],{},[1068,78981,78983],{"className":78982,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1832,"href":1833},[1071],"Přehled vzorců Mikroekonomie 2",{"title":1685,"searchDepth":141,"depth":141,"links":78985},[78986,78987,78993,78999,79004,79008,79012,79018,79023,79028,79033,79039,79046,79050,79051],{"id":1722,"depth":141,"text":1042},{"id":75512,"depth":141,"text":75513,"children":78988},[78989,78990,78991,78992],{"id":75516,"depth":96,"text":75517},{"id":75601,"depth":96,"text":75602},{"id":76000,"depth":96,"text":76001},{"id":76894,"depth":96,"text":76895},{"id":76978,"depth":141,"text":76979,"children":78994},[78995,78996,78997,78998],{"id":76985,"depth":96,"text":76986},{"id":77020,"depth":96,"text":77021},{"id":77055,"depth":96,"text":77056},{"id":77083,"depth":96,"text":77084},{"id":77115,"depth":141,"text":77116,"children":79000},[79001,79002,79003],{"id":77119,"depth":96,"text":77120},{"id":77157,"depth":96,"text":77158},{"id":77188,"depth":96,"text":77189},{"id":77312,"depth":141,"text":77313,"children":79005},[79006,79007],{"id":12320,"depth":96,"text":12321},{"id":77371,"depth":96,"text":77372},{"id":77440,"depth":141,"text":77441,"children":79009},[79010,79011],{"id":77444,"depth":96,"text":77445},{"id":77546,"depth":96,"text":77547},{"id":77636,"depth":141,"text":77637,"children":79013},[79014,79015,79016,79017],{"id":77640,"depth":96,"text":77641},{"id":77663,"depth":96,"text":77664},{"id":77916,"depth":96,"text":77917},{"id":78060,"depth":96,"text":78061},{"id":78131,"depth":141,"text":78132,"children":79019},[79020,79021,79022],{"id":78135,"depth":96,"text":78136},{"id":78144,"depth":96,"text":78145},{"id":78300,"depth":96,"text":78301},{"id":78333,"depth":141,"text":78334,"children":79024},[79025,79026,79027],{"id":78337,"depth":96,"text":78338},{"id":78406,"depth":96,"text":78407},{"id":78438,"depth":96,"text":78439},{"id":78458,"depth":141,"text":78459,"children":79029},[79030,79031,79032],{"id":78462,"depth":96,"text":78463},{"id":78480,"depth":96,"text":78481},{"id":78504,"depth":96,"text":78505},{"id":78547,"depth":141,"text":78548,"children":79034},[79035,79036,79037,79038],{"id":78551,"depth":96,"text":78552},{"id":78579,"depth":96,"text":78580},{"id":78606,"depth":96,"text":78607},{"id":78637,"depth":96,"text":78638},{"id":78659,"depth":141,"text":78660,"children":79040},[79041,79042,79043,79044,79045],{"id":78663,"depth":96,"text":78664},{"id":78677,"depth":96,"text":78678},{"id":78688,"depth":96,"text":78689},{"id":78715,"depth":96,"text":78716},{"id":78722,"depth":96,"text":78723},{"id":78731,"depth":141,"text":78732,"children":79047},[79048,79049],{"id":78735,"depth":96,"text":78736},{"id":78763,"depth":96,"text":78764},{"id":78789,"depth":141,"text":78790},{"id":10851,"depth":141,"text":10852},{},"\u002Ftopics\u002Fmikk-oligopol-cenovy-vudce-kartel",{"title":75389,"description":1685},[10944],"topics\u002Fmikk-oligopol-cenovy-vudce-kartel",[13,28,43,630,408,770,120],"mPHfPWo3DvgxJ0VTlAV0haxuz7aRNqYS9Du_SpOFG2I",{"id":79060,"title":79061,"body":79062,"course":13,"courses":1696,"created":1697,"description":1685,"extension":1698,"meta":91169,"navigation":1700,"path":91170,"seo":91171,"sources":91172,"stem":91173,"tags":91174,"type":4439,"updated":1697,"__hash__":91175},"topics\u002Ftopics\u002Fmikk-oligopol-cournot-stackelberg.md","Oligopol — Cournotův a Stackelbergův model",{"type":1016,"value":79063,"toc":91112},[79064,79067,79069,79081,79084,79180,79239,79466,79504,79554,79558,79562,79565,79627,79631,79634,79666,79669,79673,79677,79680,79688,79691,79698,79702,79706,79711,79714,79719,79725,79730,79775,79804,79847,79853,79857,79861,79872,79875,80070,80077,80081,80118,80448,80542,80546,80582,80587,80687,80730,80800,80827,80921,80927,80999,81002,81074,81163,81167,81174,81181,81279,81282,81382,81472,81517,81544,81546,81616,81639,81643,81673,82007,82033,82037,82040,82201,82208,82212,82216,82324,82378,82406,82409,82473,82528,82532,82710,82827,82856,82889,83031,83036,83039,83043,83047,83053,83164,83196,83200,83242,83300,83304,83367,83431,83434,83574,83624,83626,83686,83688,83766,83769,83819,83822,83875,83877,83921,83964,83968,83971,84091,84096,84099,84219,84223,84228,84264,84311,84316,84319,84339,84342,84346,84352,84468,84472,84475,84543,84582,84620,84624,84643,84671,84724,84786,84789,84825,84921,84977,85159,85163,85210,85217,85331,85335,85381,85384,86253,86294,86502,86505,86509,86558,86622,86811,86817,86905,86908,87062,87148,87326,87457,87507,87639,87727,87775,87864,87976,87978,88094,88130,88134,88367,88370,88374,88378,88427,88801,88834,88838,88841,88911,88914,88918,88965,88969,88973,89031,89034,89133,89191,89194,89309,89416,89495,89499,89502,89591,89708,89788,89792,89968,89974,89978,90048,90051,90113,90175,90178,90278,90386,90457,90460,90464,90470,90476,90482,90488,90525,90602,90606,90609,90899,90998,91002],[1019,79065,79061],{"id":79066},"oligopol-cournotův-a-stackelbergův-model",[1077,79068,1042],{"id":1722},[1030,79070,79071,55784,79073,79076,79077,79080],{},[1047,79072,61727],{},[1047,79074,79075],{},"malým počtem firem",", jejichž rozhodnutí jsou\n",[1047,79078,79079],{},"strategicky závislá"," — každá firma musí explicitně počítat s reakcí konkurentů,\nprotože její vlastní volba množství nebo ceny mění tržní výsledek pro všechny.\nTím se oligopol zásadně liší od dokonalé konkurence (kde je firma cenovým\npříjemcem), monopolu (kde firma žádnou konkurenci nemá) a monopolistické\nkonkurence (kde je firem tolik, že individuální reakce zanedbáváme).",[1030,79082,79083],{},"Dva základní modely množstevní konkurence v duopolu:",[1112,79085,79086,79141],{},[1115,79087,79088,79091,79092,1062,79109,1089,79126,79129,79130,79133,79134,79137,79138,1075],{},[1047,79089,79090],{},"Cournotův model (1838):"," firmy si volí výstup ",[1035,79093,79095],{"className":79094},[1772],[1774,79096,79097],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,79098,79099,79107],{},[1781,79100,79101],{},[1792,79102,79103,79105],{},[1784,79104,2270],{},[2348,79106,2374],{},[1808,79108,12370],{"encoding":1810},[1035,79110,79112],{"className":79111},[1772],[1774,79113,79114],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,79115,79116,79124],{},[1781,79117,79118],{},[1792,79119,79120,79122],{},[1784,79121,2270],{},[2348,79123,4593],{},[1808,79125,12429],{"encoding":1810},[1047,79127,79128],{},"simultánně",";\nkaždá při svém rozhodování považuje výstup konkurenta za ",[1047,79131,79132],{},"fixní",". Z první\npodmínky maximalizace zisku vyplývají ",[1047,79135,79136],{},"reakční křivky",", jejichž průsečík\nje ",[1047,79139,79140],{},"Cournot-Nashova rovnováha",[1115,79142,79143,79146,79147,20705,79150,79153,79154,79171,79172,79175,79176,79179],{},[1047,79144,79145],{},"Stackelbergův model:"," rozhodování je ",[1047,79148,79149],{},"sekvenční",[1047,79151,79152],{},"Lider"," volí ",[1035,79155,79157],{"className":79156},[1772],[1774,79158,79159],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,79160,79161,79169],{},[1781,79162,79163],{},[1792,79164,79165,79167],{},[1784,79166,2270],{},[2348,79168,2374],{},[1808,79170,12370],{"encoding":1810},"\njako první a ví, že ",[1047,79173,79174],{},"follower"," zareaguje podle své Cournotovy reakční křivky.\nLider si tuto reakci dosadí do svého TR a maximalizuje. Dostává ",[1047,79177,79178],{},"first-mover\nadvantage"," — vyrábí dvojnásobek followera a má dvojnásobný zisk.",[1030,79181,79182,79183,1299,79205,1310],{},"Pro symetrický příklad ",[1035,79184,79186],{"className":79185},[1772],[1774,79187,79188],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,79189,79190,79202],{},[1781,79191,79192,79194,79196,79198,79200],{},[1784,79193,2264],{},[1788,79195,1863],{},[2348,79197,9189],{},[1788,79199,2371],{},[1784,79201,2270],{},[1808,79203,79204],{"encoding":1810},"P = 30 - Q",[1035,79206,79208],{"className":79207},[1772],[1774,79209,79210],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,79211,79212,79236],{},[1781,79213,79214,79216,79222,79224,79226,79232,79234],{},[1784,79215,1857],{},[1792,79217,79218,79220],{},[1784,79219,1868],{},[2348,79221,2374],{},[1788,79223,1863],{},[1784,79225,1857],{},[1792,79227,79228,79230],{},[1784,79229,1868],{},[2348,79231,4593],{},[1788,79233,1863],{},[2348,79235,2350],{},[1808,79237,79238],{"encoding":1810},"MC_1 = MC_2 = 0",[1153,79240,79241,79373],{},[1156,79242,79243],{},[1159,79244,79245,79247,79266,79285,79300,79315,79335,79355],{},[1162,79246,75081],{},[1162,79248,79249],{},[1035,79250,79252],{"className":79251},[1772],[1774,79253,79254],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,79255,79256,79264],{},[1781,79257,79258],{},[1792,79259,79260,79262],{},[1784,79261,2270],{},[2348,79263,2374],{},[1808,79265,12370],{"encoding":1810},[1162,79267,79268],{},[1035,79269,79271],{"className":79270},[1772],[1774,79272,79273],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,79274,79275,79283],{},[1781,79276,79277],{},[1792,79278,79279,79281],{},[1784,79280,2270],{},[2348,79282,4593],{},[1808,79284,12429],{"encoding":1810},[1162,79286,79287],{},[1035,79288,79290],{"className":79289},[1772],[1774,79291,79292],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,79293,79294,79298],{},[1781,79295,79296],{},[1784,79297,2270],{},[1808,79299,2270],{"encoding":1810},[1162,79301,79302],{},[1035,79303,79305],{"className":79304},[1772],[1774,79306,79307],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,79308,79309,79313],{},[1781,79310,79311],{},[1784,79312,2264],{},[1808,79314,2264],{"encoding":1810},[1162,79316,79317],{},[1035,79318,79320],{"className":79319},[1772],[1774,79321,79322],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,79323,79324,79332],{},[1781,79325,79326],{},[1792,79327,79328,79330],{},[1784,79329,1786],{},[2348,79331,2374],{},[1808,79333,79334],{"encoding":1810},"\\pi_1",[1162,79336,79337],{},[1035,79338,79340],{"className":79339},[1772],[1774,79341,79342],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,79343,79344,79352],{},[1781,79345,79346],{},[1792,79347,79348,79350],{},[1784,79349,1786],{},[2348,79351,4593],{},[1808,79353,79354],{"encoding":1810},"\\pi_2",[1162,79356,79357],{},[1035,79358,79360],{"className":79359},[1772],[1774,79361,79362],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,79363,79364,79370],{},[1781,79365,79366,79368],{},[1788,79367,12866],{},[1784,79369,1786],{},[1808,79371,79372],{"encoding":1810},"\\sum\\pi",[1172,79374,79375,79400,79425,79445],{},[1159,79376,79377,79382,79385,79387,79389,79391,79394,79396],{},[1177,79378,79379],{},[1047,79380,79381],{},"Koluze (sdílený monopol)",[1177,79383,79384],{},"7,5",[1177,79386,79384],{},[1177,79388,2786],{},[1177,79390,2786],{},[1177,79392,79393],{},"112,5",[1177,79395,79393],{},[1177,79397,79398],{},[1047,79399,56449],{},[1159,79401,79402,79408,79410,79412,79415,79417,79419,79422],{},[1177,79403,79404,79407],{},[1047,79405,79406],{},"Stackelberg"," (1 = lider)",[1177,79409,2786],{},[1177,79411,79384],{},[1177,79413,79414],{},"22,5",[1177,79416,79384],{},[1177,79418,79393],{},[1177,79420,79421],{},"56,25",[1177,79423,79424],{},"168,75",[1159,79426,79427,79431,79433,79435,79437,79439,79441,79443],{},[1177,79428,79429],{},[1047,79430,73720],{},[1177,79432,3116],{},[1177,79434,3116],{},[1177,79436,2640],{},[1177,79438,3116],{},[1177,79440,2605],{},[1177,79442,2605],{},[1177,79444,28338],{},[1159,79446,79447,79452,79454,79456,79458,79460,79462,79464],{},[1177,79448,79449],{},[1047,79450,79451],{},"Bertrand \u002F DK",[1177,79453,2786],{},[1177,79455,2786],{},[1177,79457,9189],{},[1177,79459,2350],{},[1177,79461,2350],{},[1177,79463,2350],{},[1177,79465,2350],{},[1030,79467,79468,79469,79472,79473,79476,79477,79490,79491,1075],{},"Pro firmy platí pořadí výhodnosti ",[1047,79470,79471],{},"koluze > Stackelberg-lider > Cournot >\nStackelberg-follower > Bertrand",". Pro spotřebitele přesně naopak: ",[1047,79474,79475],{},"Bertrand >\nStackelberg > Cournot > koluze",", protože s vyšším ",[1035,79478,79480],{"className":79479},[1772],[1774,79481,79482],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,79483,79484,79488],{},[1781,79485,79486],{},[1784,79487,2270],{},[1808,79489,2270],{"encoding":1810}," klesá ",[1035,79492,79494],{"className":79493},[1772],[1774,79495,79496],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,79497,79498,79502],{},[1781,79499,79500],{},[1784,79501,2264],{},[1808,79503,2264],{"encoding":1810},[1030,79505,79506,79507,1299,79530,79549,79550,1075],{},"Detailní srovnávací tabulka pro obecné ",[1035,79508,79510],{"className":79509},[1772],[1774,79511,79512],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,79513,79514,79528],{},[1781,79515,79516,79518,79520,79522,79524,79526],{},[1784,79517,2264],{},[1788,79519,1863],{},[1784,79521,1068],{},[1788,79523,2371],{},[1784,79525,8838],{},[1784,79527,2270],{},[1808,79529,22593],{"encoding":1810},[1035,79531,79533],{"className":79532},[1772],[1774,79534,79535],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,79536,79537,79547],{},[1781,79538,79539,79541,79543,79545],{},[1784,79540,1857],{},[1784,79542,1868],{},[1788,79544,1863],{},[2348,79546,2350],{},[1808,79548,45415],{"encoding":1810}," je v sekci\n",[1068,79551,79553],{"href":79552},"#srovn%C3%A1vac%C3%AD-tabulka-4-model%C5%AF","Srovnávací tabulka",[1077,79555,79557],{"id":79556},"_1-definice-oligopolu","1. Definice oligopolu",[1100,79559,79561],{"id":79560},"_11-charakteristika","1.1 Charakteristika",[1030,79563,79564],{},"Oligopol je tržní struktura s těmito znaky:",[1112,79566,79567,79609,79615,79621],{},[1115,79568,79569,79572,79573,79591,79592,79594,79595,79608],{},[1047,79570,79571],{},"Malý počet firem"," — typicky 2 až ~10 hráčů. Pro ",[1035,79574,79576],{"className":79575},[1772],[1774,79577,79578],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,79579,79580,79588],{},[1781,79581,79582,79584,79586],{},[1784,79583,1806],{},[1788,79585,1863],{},[2348,79587,4593],{},[1808,79589,79590],{"encoding":1810},"n=2"," mluvíme o ",[1047,79593,60835],{},".\nS rostoucím ",[1035,79596,79598],{"className":79597},[1772],[1774,79599,79600],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,79601,79602,79606],{},[1781,79603,79604],{},[1784,79605,1806],{},[1808,79607,1806],{"encoding":1810}," se oligopol blíží monopolistické konkurenci (kdy je firem\ntolik, že vzájemnou reakci přestává mít smysl modelovat).",[1115,79610,79611,79614],{},[1047,79612,79613],{},"Diferenciace produktu existuje, ale není příliš velká."," Typicky jsou\nprodukty blízké substituty, někdy přímo homogenní (komodity — ocel, cement,\nropa).",[1115,79616,79617,79620],{},[1047,79618,79619],{},"Může jít i o homogenní produkt"," — viz Cournotův a Bertrandův model\n(předpokládají homogenitu).",[1115,79622,79623,79626],{},[1047,79624,79625],{},"Existují bariéry vstupu"," — bez nich by se nadprůměrné zisky brzy\nrozplynuly tlakem nově vstupujících firem.",[1100,79628,79630],{"id":79629},"_12-bariéry-vstupu","1.2 Bariéry vstupu",[1030,79632,79633],{},"Standardní seznam:",[1112,79635,79636,79642,79648,79654,79660],{},[1115,79637,79638,79641],{},[1047,79639,79640],{},"Přirozené bariéry — úspory z rozsahu (scale economies)."," Pokud minimální\nefektivní velikost závodu je velký zlomek tržní poptávky, na trh se vejde\njen několik firem. Klasický příklad: výroba dopravních letadel (Boeing,\nAirbus), železnice, energetika.",[1115,79643,79644,79647],{},[1047,79645,79646],{},"Patenty."," Farmaceutické firmy chrání molekuly desítky let, technologické\nfirmy klíčové vynálezy. Konkurence vstoupit nesmí, dokud patent nevyprší.",[1115,79649,79650,79653],{},[1047,79651,79652],{},"Speciální technologie \u002F know-how."," Některé výrobní procesy se nedají\njednoduše replikovat — TSMC v polovodičích, ASML v litografických strojích.",[1115,79655,79656,79659],{},[1047,79657,79658],{},"Síla značky \u002F dobré jméno."," Coca-Cola, Apple, BMW — i kdyby konkurent\nvyráběl identický produkt, prémiovou cenu by neuhrál.",[1115,79661,79662,79665],{},[1047,79663,79664],{},"Síťové efekty."," Sociální sítě, platební systémy, marketplace — hodnota\nproduktu pro uživatele roste s počtem ostatních uživatelů. Nový hráč nemá\njak doběhnout.",[1030,79667,79668],{},"V oligopolu se kombinují vícero bariér současně. Telekomunikace v ČR (3 hlavní\nmobilní operátoři) jsou kombinací úspor z rozsahu, regulovaného přístupu ke\nspektru a zákaznických nákladů na přechod.",[1077,79670,79672],{"id":79671},"_2-strategická-interdependence","2. Strategická interdependence",[1100,79674,79676],{"id":79675},"_21-klíčový-rozdíl-od-ostatních-tržních-struktur","2.1 Klíčový rozdíl od ostatních tržních struktur",[1030,79678,79679],{},"Klíčové pravidlo:",[1082,79681,79682,79685],{},[1030,79683,79684],{},"V dokonalé konkurenci, monopolu a monopolistické konkurenci producenti\nnepředpokládají žádnou reakci ostatních firem ohledně výstupu a ceny.",[1030,79686,79687],{},"V oligopolu firmy musí zohlednit reakce konkurentů při volbě výstupu a ceny.",[1030,79689,79690],{},"V dokonalé konkurenci je firma cenový příjemce — její individuální výstup je\nnulový zlomek trhu, takže její rozhodnutí cenu nemění a o reakci ostatních\nnemusí přemýšlet. Monopol naopak žádnou konkurenci nemá. V monopolistické\nkonkurenci je firem tolik, že efekt jejich vzájemné reakce je zanedbatelný\n(každá vystupuje přibližně jako monopolista na své „diferencované niche\").",[1030,79692,79693,79694,79697],{},"V oligopolu je situace fundamentálně jiná. Pokud firma zvýší výstup, sníží to\ntržní cenu znatelně, a tedy ovlivní zisky konkurentů. Konkurent na to bude\nchtít zareagovat. Při volbě svého výstupu tedy musíme zohlednit, jak konkurent\nzareaguje — a nevyhnutelně se dostáváme k ",[1047,79695,79696],{},"teorii her"," a Nashově rovnováze.",[1100,79699,79701],{"id":79700},"_22-nashova-rovnováha","2.2 Nashova rovnováha",[1030,79703,79704],{},[1047,79705,68936],{},[1082,79707,79708],{},[1030,79709,79710],{},"Nashova rovnováha je stav, kdy žádný z hráčů nemůže jednostranným krokem\nzlepšit svoji situaci.",[1030,79712,79713],{},"Operativní formulace:",[1082,79715,79716],{},[1030,79717,79718],{},"Firmy dělají to nejlepší co mohou a nemají žádný důvod pro změnu výstupu\nnebo ceny. Všechny firmy předpokládají, že všichni zúčastnění zohledňují\nchování konkurentů do svých rozhodnutí.",[1030,79720,79721,79722,1310],{},"A slavný citát z filmu ",[1091,79723,79724],{},"A Beautiful Mind",[1082,79726,79727],{},[1030,79728,79729],{},"„Individuální ambice? Ano — jsou bezesporu nutné. Dělejme však to, co je\nnejlepší pro nás jako jednotlivce, a zároveň nechť je naše počínání v co\nmožná největším souladu s potřebami kolektivu.\"",[1030,79731,79732,79733,79771,79772,1075],{},"Nashova rovnováha je matematická formalizace takové situace: každý hráč hraje\nnejlepší odpověď (",[1035,79734,79736],{"className":79735},[1772],[1774,79737,79738],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,79739,79740,79768],{},[1781,79741,79742,79744,79746,79748,79750,79752,79754,79756,79758,79760,79762,79764,79766],{},[1784,79743,8838],{},[1784,79745,9309],{},[1784,79747,9351],{},[1784,79749,8827],{},[2149,79751,2769],{},[1784,79753,3794],{},[1784,79755,9309],{},[1784,79757,9351],{},[1784,79759,1030],{},[1784,79761,2485],{},[1784,79763,1806],{},[1784,79765,9351],{},[1784,79767,9309],{},[1808,79769,79770],{"encoding":1810},"best\\,response",") na strategie ostatních. Pokud by někdo\nmohl jednostrannou změnou své strategie získat víc, ",[1047,79773,79774],{},"nebyli bychom v\nrovnováze",[1030,79776,79777,79778,79795,79796,79799,79800,79803],{},"V Cournotově duopolu hraje firma 1 nejlepší odpověď na ",[1035,79779,79781],{"className":79780},[1772],[1774,79782,79783],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,79784,79785,79793],{},[1781,79786,79787],{},[1792,79788,79789,79791],{},[1784,79790,2270],{},[2348,79792,4593],{},[1808,79794,12429],{"encoding":1810}," (a naopak). Tato\nnejlepší odpověď se zobrazí jako ",[1047,79797,79798],{},"reakční křivka",". Cournotova rovnováha je\nprůsečík obou reakčních křivek — místo, kde ",[1047,79801,79802],{},"každá"," firma hraje nejlepší\nodpověď na to, co druhá skutečně dělá.",[1030,79805,79806,79807,79810,79811,79828,79829,79846],{},"Pro Stackelberga je Nashův koncept rozšířen — hovoříme o ",[1047,79808,79809],{},"subgame perfect\nNash equilibrium",". Lider očekává, že follower zahraje nejlepší odpověď\nv podhře po ",[1035,79812,79814],{"className":79813},[1772],[1774,79815,79816],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,79817,79818,79826],{},[1781,79819,79820],{},[1792,79821,79822,79824],{},[1784,79823,2270],{},[2348,79825,2374],{},[1808,79827,12370],{"encoding":1810},", a optimalizuje svůj ",[1035,79830,79832],{"className":79831},[1772],[1774,79833,79834],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,79835,79836,79844],{},[1781,79837,79838],{},[1792,79839,79840,79842],{},[1784,79841,2270],{},[2348,79843,2374],{},[1808,79845,12370],{"encoding":1810}," s touto reakční křivkou v hlavě.",[1030,79848,79849,79850,1075],{},"Viz též podrobněji ",[1068,79851,6646],{"href":6645,"className":79852,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":6644},[1071],[1077,79854,79856],{"id":79855},"_3-cournotův-model","3. Cournotův model",[1100,79858,79860],{"id":79859},"_31-předpoklady","3.1 Předpoklady",[1030,79862,79863,79864,79867,79868,79871],{},"Autorem je francouzský matematik ",[1047,79865,79866],{},"Antoine Augustin Cournot"," (1838 —\n",[1091,79869,79870],{},"Recherches sur les principes mathématiques de la théorie des richesses",").\nJde o jeden z prvních formálních modelů strategické konkurence vůbec.",[1030,79873,79874],{},"Předpoklady modelu:",[1260,79876,79877,79914,79920,79939,79961,80018,80023,80029],{},[1115,79878,79879,79882,79883,79896,79897,18042],{},[1047,79880,79881],{},"Duopol"," — dvě firmy. (Model lze zobecnit na ",[1035,79884,79886],{"className":79885},[1772],[1774,79887,79888],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,79889,79890,79894],{},[1781,79891,79892],{},[1784,79893,1806],{},[1808,79895,1806],{"encoding":1810}," firem; zde řešíme ",[1035,79898,79900],{"className":79899},[1772],[1774,79901,79902],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,79903,79904,79912],{},[1781,79905,79906,79908,79910],{},[1784,79907,1806],{},[1788,79909,1863],{},[2348,79911,4593],{},[1808,79913,79590],{"encoding":1810},[1115,79915,79916,79919],{},[1047,79917,79918],{},"Homogenní produkt"," — výrobky obou firem jsou dokonalé substituty;\nspotřebitel kupuje od kohokoli za nižší cenu, ale na trhu se ustaví jediná\ntržní cena.",[1115,79921,79922,79938],{},[1047,79923,79924,79925],{},"Konkurence přes množství ",[1035,79926,79928],{"className":79927},[1772],[1774,79929,79930],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,79931,79932,79936],{},[1781,79933,79934],{},[1784,79935,2270],{},[1808,79937,2270],{"encoding":1810}," — strategickou proměnnou je výstup, ne cena.\n(Pokud by konkurence šla přes cenu, dostali bychom Bertrandův model.)",[1115,79940,79941,79944,79945,79960],{},[1047,79942,79943],{},"Stejně silné firmy"," — symetrický případ; budeme uvažovat shodné mezní\nnáklady. Asymetrický Cournot s různými ",[1035,79946,79948],{"className":79947},[1772],[1774,79949,79950],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,79951,79952,79958],{},[1781,79953,79954,79956],{},[1784,79955,1857],{},[1784,79957,1868],{},[1808,79959,11135],{"encoding":1810}," je v sekci 6.",[1115,79962,79963,1089,79966,12850,79989,1075],{},[1047,79964,79965],{},"Lineární tržní poptávka",[1035,79967,79969],{"className":79968},[1772],[1774,79970,79971],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,79972,79973,79987],{},[1781,79974,79975,79977,79979,79981,79983,79985],{},[1784,79976,2264],{},[1788,79978,1863],{},[1784,79980,1068],{},[1788,79982,2371],{},[1784,79984,8838],{},[1784,79986,2270],{},[1808,79988,22593],{"encoding":1810},[1035,79990,79992],{"className":79991},[1772],[1774,79993,79994],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,79995,79996,80016],{},[1781,79997,79998,80000,80002,80008,80010],{},[1784,79999,2270],{},[1788,80001,1863],{},[1792,80003,80004,80006],{},[1784,80005,2270],{},[2348,80007,2374],{},[1788,80009,2637],{},[1792,80011,80012,80014],{},[1784,80013,2270],{},[2348,80015,4593],{},[1808,80017,14207],{"encoding":1810},[1115,80019,80020],{},[1047,80021,80022],{},"Obě firmy maximalizují zisk.",[1115,80024,80025,80028],{},[1047,80026,80027],{},"Simultánní rozhodnutí"," — žádná firma neví, co konkurent zvolí, a obě se\nrozhodují najednou.",[1115,80030,80031,80034,80035,22594,80052,80069],{},[1047,80032,80033],{},"Každá firma považuje výstup konkurenta za fixní"," — při svém rozhodování\nbere ",[1035,80036,80038],{"className":80037},[1772],[1774,80039,80040],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,80041,80042,80050],{},[1781,80043,80044],{},[1792,80045,80046,80048],{},[1784,80047,2270],{},[2348,80049,4593],{},[1808,80051,12429],{"encoding":1810},[1035,80053,80055],{"className":80054},[1772],[1774,80056,80057],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,80058,80059,80067],{},[1781,80060,80061],{},[1792,80062,80063,80065],{},[1784,80064,2270],{},[2348,80066,2374],{},[1808,80068,12370],{"encoding":1810},") jako parametr, ne jako reakci.",[1030,80071,80072,80073,80076],{},"Tento osmý bod je kontroverzní:\nv rovnováze totiž obě firmy správně ",[1047,80074,80075],{},"odhadnou"," výstup konkurenta, ale\nběhem derivace optimální podmínky ho považují za nezávislé na vlastní volbě\n— jako kdyby Q₂ bylo jen číslo. Stackelberg tento předpoklad upouští u lidera.",[1100,80078,80080],{"id":80079},"_32-intuice-posuny-poptávky-firmy-1","3.2 Intuice — posuny poptávky firmy 1",[1030,80082,80083,80084,8234,80101,1310],{},"Nejdřív získáme intuici, jak optimální ",[1035,80085,80087],{"className":80086},[1772],[1774,80088,80089],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,80090,80091,80099],{},[1781,80092,80093],{},[1792,80094,80095,80097],{},[1784,80096,2270],{},[2348,80098,2374],{},[1808,80100,12370],{"encoding":1810},[1035,80102,80104],{"className":80103},[1772],[1774,80105,80106],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,80107,80108,80116],{},[1781,80109,80110],{},[1792,80111,80112,80114],{},[1784,80113,2270],{},[2348,80115,4593],{},[1808,80117,12429],{"encoding":1810},[1112,80119,80120,80240,80349,80398],{},[1115,80121,80122,80146,80147,80173,80174,42795,80177,1299,80198,80217,80218,1075],{},[1047,80123,1270,80124,1310],{},[1035,80125,80127],{"className":80126},[1772],[1774,80128,80129],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,80130,80131,80143],{},[1781,80132,80133,80139,80141],{},[1792,80134,80135,80137],{},[1784,80136,2270],{},[2348,80138,4593],{},[1788,80140,1863],{},[2348,80142,2350],{},[1808,80144,80145],{"encoding":1810},"Q_2 = 0"," firma 1 čelí celé tržní poptávce ",[1035,80148,80150],{"className":80149},[1772],[1774,80151,80152],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,80153,80154,80170],{},[1781,80155,80156,80162,80164,80166,80168],{},[1792,80157,80158,80160],{},[1784,80159,3224],{},[2348,80161,2374],{},[1788,80163,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,80165,2350],{},[1788,80167,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,80169,1863],{},[1808,80171,80172],{"encoding":1810},"D_1(0) = "," tržní\npoptávka. Chová se jako ",[1047,80175,80176],{},"monopolista",[1035,80178,80180],{"className":80179},[1772],[1774,80181,80182],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,80183,80184,80196],{},[1781,80185,80186,80188,80190,80192,80194],{},[1784,80187,2264],{},[1788,80189,1863],{},[2348,80191,9189],{},[1788,80193,2371],{},[1784,80195,2270],{},[1808,80197,79204],{"encoding":1810},[1035,80199,80201],{"className":80200},[1772],[1774,80202,80203],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,80204,80205,80215],{},[1781,80206,80207,80209,80211,80213],{},[1784,80208,1857],{},[1784,80210,1868],{},[1788,80212,1863],{},[2348,80214,2350],{},[1808,80216,45415],{"encoding":1810}," je\nmonopolní výstup ",[1035,80219,80221],{"className":80220},[1772],[1774,80222,80223],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,80224,80225,80237],{},[1781,80226,80227,80233,80235],{},[1792,80228,80229,80231],{},[1784,80230,2270],{},[2348,80232,2374],{},[1788,80234,1863],{},[2348,80236,2786],{},[1808,80238,80239],{"encoding":1810},"Q_1 = 15",[1115,80241,80242,80266,80267,80287,80288,80301,80302,80326,80327,1075],{},[1047,80243,1270,80244,1310],{},[1035,80245,80247],{"className":80246},[1772],[1774,80248,80249],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,80250,80251,80263],{},[1781,80252,80253,80259,80261],{},[1792,80254,80255,80257],{},[1784,80256,2270],{},[2348,80258,4593],{},[1788,80260,1863],{},[2348,80262,2853],{},[1808,80264,80265],{"encoding":1810},"Q_2 = 50"," poptávka, kterou vidí firma 1, se posouvá doleva o\n50 jednotek (každá cena platí pro ",[1035,80268,80270],{"className":80269},[1772],[1774,80271,80272],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,80273,80274,80284],{},[1781,80275,80276,80282],{},[1792,80277,80278,80280],{},[1784,80279,2270],{},[2348,80281,2374],{},[1788,80283,1863],{},[1808,80285,80286],{"encoding":1810},"Q_1 = "," tržní ",[1035,80289,80291],{"className":80290},[1772],[1774,80292,80293],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,80294,80295,80299],{},[1781,80296,80297],{},[1784,80298,2270],{},[1808,80300,2270],{"encoding":1810}," minus 50). Firma 1\ntedy dostane ",[1035,80303,80305],{"className":80304},[1772],[1774,80306,80307],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,80308,80309,80323],{},[1781,80310,80311,80317,80319,80321],{},[1792,80312,80313,80315],{},[1784,80314,3224],{},[2348,80316,2374],{},[1788,80318,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,80320,2853],{},[1788,80322,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,80324,80325],{"encoding":1810},"D_1(50)"," a optimalizuje proti ní. Optimum je nižší — řekněme\n",[1035,80328,80330],{"className":80329},[1772],[1774,80331,80332],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,80333,80334,80346],{},[1781,80335,80336,80342,80344],{},[1792,80337,80338,80340],{},[1784,80339,2270],{},[2348,80341,2374],{},[1788,80343,1863],{},[2348,80345,2882],{},[1808,80347,80348],{"encoding":1810},"Q_1 = 25",[1115,80350,80351,80375,80376,1075],{},[1047,80352,1270,80353,1310],{},[1035,80354,80356],{"className":80355},[1772],[1774,80357,80358],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,80359,80360,80372],{},[1781,80361,80362,80368,80370],{},[1792,80363,80364,80366],{},[1784,80365,2270],{},[2348,80367,4593],{},[1788,80369,1863],{},[2348,80371,15605],{},[1808,80373,80374],{"encoding":1810},"Q_2 = 75"," ještě další posun doleva. Firma 1 vyrábí ještě méně,\n",[1035,80377,80379],{"className":80378},[1772],[1774,80380,80381],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,80382,80383,80395],{},[1781,80384,80385,80391,80393],{},[1792,80386,80387,80389],{},[1784,80388,2270],{},[2348,80390,2374],{},[1788,80392,1863],{},[2348,80394,53697],{},[1808,80396,80397],{"encoding":1810},"Q_1 = 12{,}5",[1115,80399,80400,80424,80425,80447],{},[1047,80401,1270,80402,1310],{},[1035,80403,80405],{"className":80404},[1772],[1774,80406,80407],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,80408,80409,80421],{},[1781,80410,80411,80417,80419],{},[1792,80412,80413,80415],{},[1784,80414,2270],{},[2348,80416,4593],{},[1788,80418,1863],{},[2348,80420,2605],{},[1808,80422,80423],{"encoding":1810},"Q_2 = 100"," poptávka pro firmu 1 je už tak nízko, že její optimum\nje ",[1035,80426,80428],{"className":80427},[1772],[1774,80429,80430],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,80431,80432,80444],{},[1781,80433,80434,80440,80442],{},[1792,80435,80436,80438],{},[1784,80437,2270],{},[2348,80439,2374],{},[1788,80441,1863],{},[2348,80443,2350],{},[1808,80445,80446],{"encoding":1810},"Q_1 = 0"," — zachycení trhu by si nevyplatilo.",[1030,80449,80450,80451,47327,80483,80486,80487,80523,80524,80541],{},"Mapováním všech těchto bodů ",[1035,80452,80454],{"className":80453},[1772],[1774,80455,80456],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,80457,80458,80480],{},[1781,80459,80460,80462,80468,80470,80478],{},[1788,80461,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,80463,80464,80466],{},[1784,80465,2270],{},[2348,80467,4593],{},[1788,80469,1138],{"separator":1041},[13587,80471,80472,80474,80476],{},[1784,80473,2270],{},[2348,80475,2374],{},[1788,80477,7763],{},[1788,80479,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,80481,80482],{"encoding":1810},"(Q_2, Q_1^*)",[1047,80484,80485],{},"reakční křivku firmy 1",":\nfunkci ",[1035,80488,80490],{"className":80489},[1772],[1774,80491,80492],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,80493,80494,80520],{},[1781,80495,80496,80502,80504,80510,80512,80518],{},[1792,80497,80498,80500],{},[1784,80499,2270],{},[2348,80501,2374],{},[1788,80503,1863],{},[1792,80505,80506,80508],{},[1784,80507,1860],{},[2348,80509,2374],{},[1788,80511,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,80513,80514,80516],{},[1784,80515,2270],{},[2348,80517,4593],{},[1788,80519,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,80521,80522],{"encoding":1810},"Q_1 = R_1(Q_2)",", která říká, kolik firma 1 vyrobí jako nejlepší odpověď,\npokud bere ",[1035,80525,80527],{"className":80526},[1772],[1774,80528,80529],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,80530,80531,80539],{},[1781,80532,80533],{},[1792,80534,80535,80537],{},[1784,80536,2270],{},[2348,80538,4593],{},[1808,80540,12429],{"encoding":1810}," jako dané.",[1100,80543,80545],{"id":80544},"_33-reakční-křivka-formální-odvození","3.3 Reakční křivka — formální odvození",[1030,80547,48065,80548,1075],{},[1035,80549,80551],{"className":80550},[1772],[1774,80552,80553],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,80554,80555,80579],{},[1781,80556,80557,80559,80561,80563,80565,80571,80573],{},[1784,80558,2264],{},[1788,80560,1863],{},[2348,80562,9189],{},[1788,80564,2371],{},[1792,80566,80567,80569],{},[1784,80568,2270],{},[2348,80570,2374],{},[1788,80572,2371],{},[1792,80574,80575,80577],{},[1784,80576,2270],{},[2348,80578,4593],{},[1808,80580,80581],{"encoding":1810},"P = 30 - Q_1 - Q_2",[1030,80583,80584],{},[1047,80585,80586],{},"Total Revenue firmy 1:",[1035,80588,80590],{"className":80589},[1772],[1774,80591,80592],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,80593,80594,80684],{},[1781,80595,80596,80598,80604,80606,80608,80610,80616,80618,80620,80622,80624,80630,80632,80638,80640,80642,80648,80650,80652,80658,80660,80668,80670,80676,80682],{},[1784,80597,2257],{},[1792,80599,80600,80602],{},[1784,80601,1860],{},[2348,80603,2374],{},[1788,80605,1863],{},[1784,80607,2264],{},[1788,80609,2267],{},[1792,80611,80612,80614],{},[1784,80613,2270],{},[2348,80615,2374],{},[1788,80617,1863],{},[1788,80619,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,80621,9189],{},[1788,80623,2371],{},[1792,80625,80626,80628],{},[1784,80627,2270],{},[2348,80629,2374],{},[1788,80631,2371],{},[1792,80633,80634,80636],{},[1784,80635,2270],{},[2348,80637,4593],{},[1788,80639,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[2149,80641,2769],{},[1792,80643,80644,80646],{},[1784,80645,2270],{},[2348,80647,2374],{},[1788,80649,1863],{},[2348,80651,9189],{},[1792,80653,80654,80656],{},[1784,80655,2270],{},[2348,80657,2374],{},[1788,80659,2371],{},[13587,80661,80662,80664,80666],{},[1784,80663,2270],{},[2348,80665,2374],{},[2348,80667,4593],{},[1788,80669,2371],{},[1792,80671,80672,80674],{},[1784,80673,2270],{},[2348,80675,2374],{},[1792,80677,80678,80680],{},[1784,80679,2270],{},[2348,80681,4593],{},[1784,80683,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,80685,80686],{"encoding":1810},"TR_1 = P \\cdot Q_1 = (30 - Q_1 - Q_2)\\,Q_1 = 30 Q_1 - Q_1^2 - Q_1 Q_2.",[1030,80688,80689,80692,80693,1299,80710,29726],{},[1047,80690,80691],{},"Marginal Revenue firmy 1"," (parciální derivace podle ",[1035,80694,80696],{"className":80695},[1772],[1774,80697,80698],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,80699,80700,80708],{},[1781,80701,80702],{},[1792,80703,80704,80706],{},[1784,80705,2270],{},[2348,80707,2374],{},[1808,80709,12370],{"encoding":1810},[1047,80711,80712,80713],{},"při fixním ",[1035,80714,80716],{"className":80715},[1772],[1774,80717,80718],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,80719,80720,80728],{},[1781,80721,80722],{},[1792,80723,80724,80726],{},[1784,80725,2270],{},[2348,80727,4593],{},[1808,80729,12429],{"encoding":1810},[1035,80731,80733],{"className":80732},[1772],[1774,80734,80735],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,80736,80737,80797],{},[1781,80738,80739,80741,80747,80749,80773,80775,80777,80779,80781,80787,80789,80795],{},[1784,80740,1857],{},[1792,80742,80743,80745],{},[1784,80744,1860],{},[2348,80746,2374],{},[1788,80748,1863],{},[2322,80750,80751,80763],{},[1781,80752,80753,80755,80757],{},[1784,80754,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,80756,2257],{},[1792,80758,80759,80761],{},[1784,80760,1860],{},[2348,80762,2374],{},[1781,80764,80765,80767],{},[1784,80766,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,80768,80769,80771],{},[1784,80770,2270],{},[2348,80772,2374],{},[1788,80774,1863],{},[2348,80776,9189],{},[1788,80778,2371],{},[2348,80780,4593],{},[1792,80782,80783,80785],{},[1784,80784,2270],{},[2348,80786,2374],{},[1788,80788,2371],{},[1792,80790,80791,80793],{},[1784,80792,2270],{},[2348,80794,4593],{},[1784,80796,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,80798,80799],{"encoding":1810},"MR_1 = \\frac{\\partial TR_1}{\\partial Q_1} = 30 - 2 Q_1 - Q_2.",[1030,80801,80802,80803,29726],{},"Podmínka maximalizace zisku (mezní příjem rovný mezním nákladům, ",[1035,80804,80806],{"className":80805},[1772],[1774,80807,80808],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,80809,80810,80824],{},[1781,80811,80812,80814,80820,80822],{},[1784,80813,1857],{},[1792,80815,80816,80818],{},[1784,80817,1868],{},[2348,80819,2374],{},[1788,80821,1863],{},[2348,80823,2350],{},[1808,80825,80826],{"encoding":1810},"MC_1 = 0",[1035,80828,80830],{"className":80829},[1772],[1774,80831,80832],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,80833,80834,80918],{},[1781,80835,80836,80838,80844,80846,80848,80854,80856,80858,80860,80862,80864,80866,80872,80874,80880,80882,80884,80886,80888,80890,80896,80898,80900,80902,80910,80916],{},[1784,80837,1857],{},[1792,80839,80840,80842],{},[1784,80841,1860],{},[2348,80843,2374],{},[1788,80845,1863],{},[1784,80847,1857],{},[1792,80849,80850,80852],{},[1784,80851,1868],{},[2348,80853,2374],{},[2149,80855,21702],{},[1788,80857,15911],{},[2149,80859,21702],{},[2348,80861,9189],{},[1788,80863,2371],{},[2348,80865,4593],{},[1792,80867,80868,80870],{},[1784,80869,2270],{},[2348,80871,2374],{},[1788,80873,2371],{},[1792,80875,80876,80878],{},[1784,80877,2270],{},[2348,80879,4593],{},[1788,80881,1863],{},[2348,80883,2350],{},[2149,80885,21702],{},[1788,80887,15911],{},[2149,80889,21702],{},[1792,80891,80892,80894],{},[1784,80893,2270],{},[2348,80895,2374],{},[1788,80897,1863],{},[2348,80899,2786],{},[1788,80901,2371],{},[14390,80903,80904],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,80905,80906,80908],{},[2348,80907,2374],{},[2348,80909,4593],{},[1792,80911,80912,80914],{},[1784,80913,2270],{},[2348,80915,4593],{},[1784,80917,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,80919,80920],{"encoding":1810},"MR_1 = MC_1 \\;\\Leftrightarrow\\; 30 - 2 Q_1 - Q_2 = 0 \\;\\Leftrightarrow\\; Q_1 = 15 - \\tfrac{1}{2} Q_2.",[1030,80922,80923,80924,1310],{},"To je ",[1047,80925,80926],{},"reakční křivka firmy 1",[1035,80928,80930],{"className":80929},[1772],[1774,80931,80932],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,80933,80934,80996],{},[1781,80935,80936],{},[21766,80937,80938],{"notation":21768},[14390,80939,80940],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,80941,80942],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,80943,80944],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[1781,80945,80946,80948,80954,80956,80962,80964,80970,80972,80974,80976,80978,80986,80992,80994],{},[2149,80947,2769],{},[1792,80949,80950,80952],{},[1784,80951,2270],{},[2348,80953,2374],{},[1788,80955,1863],{},[1792,80957,80958,80960],{},[1784,80959,1860],{},[2348,80961,2374],{},[1788,80963,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,80965,80966,80968],{},[1784,80967,2270],{},[2348,80969,4593],{},[1788,80971,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,80973,1863],{},[2348,80975,2786],{},[1788,80977,2371],{},[14390,80979,80980],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,80981,80982,80984],{},[2348,80983,2374],{},[2348,80985,4593],{},[1792,80987,80988,80990],{},[1784,80989,2270],{},[2348,80991,4593],{},[1784,80993,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[2149,80995,2769],{},[1808,80997,80998],{"encoding":1810},"\\boxed{\\,Q_1 = R_1(Q_2) = 15 - \\tfrac{1}{2} Q_2.\\,}",[1030,81000,81001],{},"Symetricky pro firmu 2:",[1035,81003,81005],{"className":81004},[1772],[1774,81006,81007],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,81008,81009,81071],{},[1781,81010,81011],{},[21766,81012,81013],{"notation":21768},[14390,81014,81015],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,81016,81017],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,81018,81019],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[1781,81020,81021,81023,81029,81031,81037,81039,81045,81047,81049,81051,81053,81061,81067,81069],{},[2149,81022,2769],{},[1792,81024,81025,81027],{},[1784,81026,2270],{},[2348,81028,4593],{},[1788,81030,1863],{},[1792,81032,81033,81035],{},[1784,81034,1860],{},[2348,81036,4593],{},[1788,81038,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,81040,81041,81043],{},[1784,81042,2270],{},[2348,81044,2374],{},[1788,81046,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,81048,1863],{},[2348,81050,2786],{},[1788,81052,2371],{},[14390,81054,81055],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,81056,81057,81059],{},[2348,81058,2374],{},[2348,81060,4593],{},[1792,81062,81063,81065],{},[1784,81064,2270],{},[2348,81066,2374],{},[1784,81068,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[2149,81070,2769],{},[1808,81072,81073],{"encoding":1810},"\\boxed{\\,Q_2 = R_2(Q_1) = 15 - \\tfrac{1}{2} Q_1.\\,}",[1030,81075,81076,81078,81079,81100,81101,81122,81123,81140,81141,81162],{},[1047,81077,17110],{}," Když konkurent nevyrábí (",[1035,81080,81082],{"className":81081},[1772],[1774,81083,81084],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,81085,81086,81098],{},[1781,81087,81088,81094,81096],{},[1792,81089,81090,81092],{},[1784,81091,2270],{},[2348,81093,4593],{},[1788,81095,1863],{},[2348,81097,2350],{},[1808,81099,80145],{"encoding":1810},"), firma 1 jede jako\nmonopolista a vyrábí ",[1035,81102,81104],{"className":81103},[1772],[1774,81105,81106],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,81107,81108,81120],{},[1781,81109,81110,81116,81118],{},[1792,81111,81112,81114],{},[1784,81113,2270],{},[2348,81115,2374],{},[1788,81117,1863],{},[2348,81119,2786],{},[1808,81121,80239],{"encoding":1810},". Každá jednotka navíc, kterou konkurent vyrobí,\nsníží optimální ",[1035,81124,81126],{"className":81125},[1772],[1774,81127,81128],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,81129,81130,81138],{},[1781,81131,81132],{},[1792,81133,81134,81136],{},[1784,81135,2270],{},[2348,81137,2374],{},[1808,81139,12370],{"encoding":1810}," o ½ jednotky. Když konkurent zaplaví trh (",[1035,81142,81144],{"className":81143},[1772],[1774,81145,81146],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,81147,81148,81160],{},[1781,81149,81150,81156,81158],{},[1792,81151,81152,81154],{},[1784,81153,2270],{},[2348,81155,4593],{},[1788,81157,1863],{},[2348,81159,9189],{},[1808,81161,53423],{"encoding":1810},"),\nfirma 1 nedělá nic.",[1100,81164,81166],{"id":81165},"_34-cournotova-rovnováha-průsečík","3.4 Cournotova rovnováha — průsečík",[1030,81168,81169],{},[2206,81170],{"alt":81171,"className":81172,"src":81173},"mikk-cournot-best-response",[1071,2210],"\u002Fwiki-assets\u002Fmikk-cournot-best-response.jpeg",[1030,81175,81176,81177,81180],{},"Rovnováha je bod, kde ",[1047,81178,81179],{},"obě reakční křivky"," jsou splněny současně:",[1035,81182,81184],{"className":81183},[1772],[1774,81185,81186],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,81187,81188,81276],{},[72797,81189,81192,81234],{"rowspacing":81190,"columnalign":81191,"columnspacing":7861},"0.25em","right left",[72802,81193,81194,81204],{},[72805,81195,81196],{},[14390,81197,81198],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[1792,81199,81200,81202],{},[1784,81201,2270],{},[2348,81203,2374],{},[72805,81205,81206],{},[14390,81207,81208],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[1781,81209,81210,81212,81214,81216,81218,81226,81232],{},[1781,81211],{},[1788,81213,1863],{},[2348,81215,2786],{},[1788,81217,2371],{},[14390,81219,81220],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,81221,81222,81224],{},[2348,81223,2374],{},[2348,81225,4593],{},[1792,81227,81228,81230],{},[1784,81229,2270],{},[2348,81231,4593],{},[1788,81233,1138],{"separator":1041},[72802,81235,81236,81246],{},[72805,81237,81238],{},[14390,81239,81240],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[1792,81241,81242,81244],{},[1784,81243,2270],{},[2348,81245,4593],{},[72805,81247,81248],{},[14390,81249,81250],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[1781,81251,81252,81254,81256,81258,81260,81268,81274],{},[1781,81253],{},[1788,81255,1863],{},[2348,81257,2786],{},[1788,81259,2371],{},[14390,81261,81262],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,81263,81264,81266],{},[2348,81265,2374],{},[2348,81267,4593],{},[1792,81269,81270,81272],{},[1784,81271,2270],{},[2348,81273,2374],{},[1784,81275,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,81277,81278],{"encoding":1810},"\\begin{aligned}\nQ_1 &= 15 - \\tfrac{1}{2} Q_2, \\\\\nQ_2 &= 15 - \\tfrac{1}{2} Q_1.\n\\end{aligned}",[1030,81280,81281],{},"Dosadíme druhou rovnici do první:",[1035,81283,81285],{"className":81284},[1772],[1774,81286,81287],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,81288,81289,81379],{},[1781,81290,81291,81297,81299,81301,81303,81311,81313,81315,81317,81325,81331,81333,81335,81337,81339,81341,81343,81351,81357,81359,81361,81363,81371,81377],{},[1792,81292,81293,81295],{},[1784,81294,2270],{},[2348,81296,2374],{},[1788,81298,1863],{},[2348,81300,2786],{},[1788,81302,2371],{},[14390,81304,81305],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,81306,81307,81309],{},[2348,81308,2374],{},[2348,81310,4593],{},[1788,81312,2143],{"fence":1041,"stretchy":1041,"minsize":35018,"maxsize":35018},[2348,81314,2786],{},[1788,81316,2371],{},[14390,81318,81319],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,81320,81321,81323],{},[2348,81322,2374],{},[2348,81324,4593],{},[1792,81326,81327,81329],{},[1784,81328,2270],{},[2348,81330,2374],{},[1788,81332,2192],{"fence":1041,"stretchy":1041,"minsize":35018,"maxsize":35018},[1788,81334,1863],{},[2348,81336,2786],{},[1788,81338,2371],{},[2348,81340,79384],{},[1788,81342,2637],{},[14390,81344,81345],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,81346,81347,81349],{},[2348,81348,2374],{},[2348,81350,5344],{},[1792,81352,81353,81355],{},[1784,81354,2270],{},[2348,81356,2374],{},[1788,81358,1863],{},[2348,81360,79384],{},[1788,81362,2637],{},[14390,81364,81365],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,81366,81367,81369],{},[2348,81368,2374],{},[2348,81370,5344],{},[1792,81372,81373,81375],{},[1784,81374,2270],{},[2348,81376,2374],{},[1784,81378,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,81380,81381],{"encoding":1810},"Q_1 = 15 - \\tfrac{1}{2}\\bigl(15 - \\tfrac{1}{2} Q_1\\bigr) = 15 - 7{,}5 + \\tfrac{1}{4} Q_1 = 7{,}5 + \\tfrac{1}{4} Q_1.",[1035,81383,81385],{"className":81384},[1772],[1774,81386,81387],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,81388,81389,81469],{},[1781,81390,81391,81397,81399,81407,81413,81415,81417,81419,81421,81423,81431,81437,81439,81441,81443,81445,81447,81467],{},[1792,81392,81393,81395],{},[1784,81394,2270],{},[2348,81396,2374],{},[1788,81398,2371],{},[14390,81400,81401],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,81402,81403,81405],{},[2348,81404,2374],{},[2348,81406,5344],{},[1792,81408,81409,81411],{},[1784,81410,2270],{},[2348,81412,2374],{},[1788,81414,1863],{},[2348,81416,79384],{},[2149,81418,21702],{},[1788,81420,2357],{},[2149,81422,21702],{},[14390,81424,81425],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,81426,81427,81429],{},[2348,81428,5332],{},[2348,81430,5344],{},[1792,81432,81433,81435],{},[1784,81434,2270],{},[2348,81436,2374],{},[1788,81438,1863],{},[2348,81440,79384],{},[2149,81442,21702],{},[1788,81444,2357],{},[2149,81446,21702],{},[21766,81448,81449],{"notation":21768},[14390,81450,81451],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,81452,81453],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,81454,81455],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[1781,81456,81457,81463,81465],{},[1792,81458,81459,81461],{},[1784,81460,2270],{},[2348,81462,2374],{},[1788,81464,1863],{},[2348,81466,3116],{},[1784,81468,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,81470,81471],{"encoding":1810},"Q_1 - \\tfrac{1}{4} Q_1 = 7{,}5 \\;\\Rightarrow\\; \\tfrac{3}{4} Q_1 = 7{,}5 \\;\\Rightarrow\\; \\boxed{Q_1 = 10}.",[1030,81473,81474,81475,81497,81498,81516],{},"Symetrií ",[1035,81476,81478],{"className":81477},[1772],[1774,81479,81480],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,81481,81482,81494],{},[1781,81483,81484,81490,81492],{},[1792,81485,81486,81488],{},[1784,81487,2270],{},[2348,81489,4593],{},[1788,81491,1863],{},[2348,81493,3116],{},[1808,81495,81496],{"encoding":1810},"Q_2 = 10",". Celkový tržní výstup ",[1035,81499,81501],{"className":81500},[1772],[1774,81502,81503],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,81504,81505,81513],{},[1781,81506,81507,81509,81511],{},[1784,81508,2270],{},[1788,81510,1863],{},[2348,81512,2640],{},[1808,81514,81515],{"encoding":1810},"Q = 20",", cena:",[1035,81518,81520],{"className":81519},[1772],[1774,81521,81522],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,81523,81524,81541],{},[1781,81525,81526,81528,81530,81532,81534,81536,81538],{},[1784,81527,2264],{},[1788,81529,1863],{},[2348,81531,9189],{},[1788,81533,2371],{},[2348,81535,2640],{},[1788,81537,1863],{},[2348,81539,81540],{},"10.",[1808,81542,81543],{"encoding":1810},"P = 30 - 20 = 10.",[1030,81545,16259],{},[1035,81547,81549],{"className":81548},[1772],[1774,81550,81551],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,81552,81553,81613],{},[1781,81554,81555,81561,81563,81565,81567,81569,81571,81577,81579,81581,81587,81589,81591,81593,81595,81597,81599,81601,81603,81609,81611],{},[1792,81556,81557,81559],{},[1784,81558,1786],{},[2348,81560,2374],{},[1788,81562,1863],{},[1788,81564,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,81566,2264],{},[1788,81568,2371],{},[1784,81570,1857],{},[1792,81572,81573,81575],{},[1784,81574,1868],{},[2348,81576,2374],{},[1788,81578,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,81580,2267],{},[1792,81582,81583,81585],{},[1784,81584,2270],{},[2348,81586,2374],{},[1788,81588,1863],{},[2348,81590,3116],{},[1788,81592,2267],{},[2348,81594,3116],{},[1788,81596,1863],{},[2348,81598,2605],{},[1788,81600,1138],{"separator":1041},[2352,81602],{"width":2354},[1792,81604,81605,81607],{},[1784,81606,1786],{},[2348,81608,4593],{},[1788,81610,1863],{},[2348,81612,74789],{},[1808,81614,81615],{"encoding":1810},"\\pi_1 = (P - MC_1) \\cdot Q_1 = 10 \\cdot 10 = 100, \\qquad \\pi_2 = 100.",[1030,81617,81618,81619,1075],{},"Celkem ",[1035,81620,81622],{"className":81621},[1772],[1774,81623,81624],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,81625,81626,81636],{},[1781,81627,81628,81630,81632,81634],{},[1788,81629,12866],{},[1784,81631,1786],{},[1788,81633,1863],{},[2348,81635,28338],{},[1808,81637,81638],{"encoding":1810},"\\sum \\pi = 200",[1100,81640,81642],{"id":81641},"_35-geometrie-reakčních-křivek","3.5 Geometrie reakčních křivek",[1030,81644,81645,81646,1310],{},"V rovině ",[1035,81647,81649],{"className":81648},[1772],[1774,81650,81651],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,81652,81653,81670],{},[1781,81654,81655,81661,81664],{},[1792,81656,81657,81659],{},[1784,81658,2270],{},[2348,81660,2374],{},[1788,81662,81663],{},"×",[1792,81665,81666,81668],{},[1784,81667,2270],{},[2348,81669,4593],{},[1808,81671,81672],{"encoding":1810},"Q_1 \\times Q_2",[1112,81674,81675,81804],{},[1115,81676,81677,81680,81681,81723,81724,81746,81747,81769,81770,33713,81787,2440],{},[1047,81678,81679],{},"Reakční křivka firmy 1"," je přímka klesající z ",[1035,81682,81684],{"className":81683},[1772],[1774,81685,81686],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,81687,81688,81720],{},[1781,81689,81690,81692,81698,81700,81706,81708,81710,81712,81714,81716,81718],{},[1788,81691,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,81693,81694,81696],{},[1784,81695,2270],{},[2348,81697,4593],{},[1788,81699,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,81701,81702,81704],{},[1784,81703,2270],{},[2348,81705,2374],{},[1788,81707,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,81709,1863],{},[1788,81711,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,81713,2350],{},[1788,81715,1138],{"separator":1041},[2348,81717,2786],{},[1788,81719,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,81721,81722],{"encoding":1810},"(Q_2, Q_1) = (0, 15)"," do\n",[1035,81725,81727],{"className":81726},[1772],[1774,81728,81729],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,81730,81731,81743],{},[1781,81732,81733,81735,81737,81739,81741],{},[1788,81734,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,81736,9189],{},[1788,81738,1138],{"separator":1041},[2348,81740,2350],{},[1788,81742,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,81744,81745],{"encoding":1810},"(30, 0)",". Sklon ",[1035,81748,81750],{"className":81749},[1772],[1774,81751,81752],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,81753,81754,81766],{},[1781,81755,81756,81758],{},[1788,81757,2371],{},[14390,81759,81760],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,81761,81762,81764],{},[2348,81763,2374],{},[2348,81765,4593],{},[1808,81767,81768],{"encoding":1810},"-\\tfrac{1}{2}"," (po vyjádření ",[1035,81771,81773],{"className":81772},[1772],[1774,81774,81775],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,81776,81777,81785],{},[1781,81778,81779],{},[1792,81780,81781,81783],{},[1784,81782,2270],{},[2348,81784,2374],{},[1808,81786,12370],{"encoding":1810},[1035,81788,81790],{"className":81789},[1772],[1774,81791,81792],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,81793,81794,81802],{},[1781,81795,81796],{},[1792,81797,81798,81800],{},[1784,81799,2270],{},[2348,81801,4593],{},[1808,81803,12429],{"encoding":1810},[1115,81805,81806,81680,81809,81723,81851,81872,81873,81902,81903,81941,81942,11150,81964,81985,81986,1075],{},[1047,81807,81808],{},"Reakční křivka firmy 2",[1035,81810,81812],{"className":81811},[1772],[1774,81813,81814],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,81815,81816,81848],{},[1781,81817,81818,81820,81826,81828,81834,81836,81838,81840,81842,81844,81846],{},[1788,81819,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,81821,81822,81824],{},[1784,81823,2270],{},[2348,81825,2374],{},[1788,81827,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,81829,81830,81832],{},[1784,81831,2270],{},[2348,81833,4593],{},[1788,81835,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,81837,1863],{},[1788,81839,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,81841,2350],{},[1788,81843,1138],{"separator":1041},[2348,81845,2786],{},[1788,81847,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,81849,81850],{"encoding":1810},"(Q_1, Q_2) = (0, 15)",[1035,81852,81854],{"className":81853},[1772],[1774,81855,81856],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,81857,81858,81870],{},[1781,81859,81860,81862,81864,81866,81868],{},[1788,81861,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,81863,9189],{},[1788,81865,1138],{"separator":1041},[2348,81867,2350],{},[1788,81869,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,81871,81745],{"encoding":1810},", ale „čtena\" pod úhlem 90° — v rovině ",[1035,81874,81876],{"className":81875},[1772],[1774,81877,81878],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,81879,81880,81900],{},[1781,81881,81882,81884,81890,81892,81898],{},[1788,81883,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,81885,81886,81888],{},[1784,81887,2270],{},[2348,81889,2374],{},[1788,81891,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,81893,81894,81896],{},[1784,81895,2270],{},[2348,81897,4593],{},[1788,81899,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,81901,55137],{"encoding":1810}," jí odpovídá\npřímka ",[1035,81904,81906],{"className":81905},[1772],[1774,81907,81908],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,81909,81910,81938],{},[1781,81911,81912,81918,81920,81922,81924,81932],{},[1792,81913,81914,81916],{},[1784,81915,2270],{},[2348,81917,4593],{},[1788,81919,1863],{},[2348,81921,2786],{},[1788,81923,2371],{},[14390,81925,81926],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,81927,81928,81930],{},[2348,81929,2374],{},[2348,81931,4593],{},[1792,81933,81934,81936],{},[1784,81935,2270],{},[2348,81937,2374],{},[1808,81939,81940],{"encoding":1810},"Q_2 = 15 - \\tfrac{1}{2} Q_1",", tedy klesající z ",[1035,81943,81945],{"className":81944},[1772],[1774,81946,81947],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,81948,81949,81961],{},[1781,81950,81951,81953,81955,81957,81959],{},[1788,81952,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,81954,2350],{},[1788,81956,1138],{"separator":1041},[2348,81958,2786],{},[1788,81960,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,81962,81963],{"encoding":1810},"(0, 15)",[1035,81965,81967],{"className":81966},[1772],[1774,81968,81969],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,81970,81971,81983],{},[1781,81972,81973,81975,81977,81979,81981],{},[1788,81974,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,81976,9189],{},[1788,81978,1138],{"separator":1041},[2348,81980,2350],{},[1788,81982,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,81984,81745],{"encoding":1810},"\nsklonem ",[1035,81987,81989],{"className":81988},[1772],[1774,81990,81991],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,81992,81993,82005],{},[1781,81994,81995,81997],{},[1788,81996,2371],{},[14390,81998,81999],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,82000,82001,82003],{},[2348,82002,2374],{},[2348,82004,4593],{},[1808,82006,81768],{"encoding":1810},[1030,82008,82009,82010,82032],{},"Obě se protínají v bodě ",[1035,82011,82013],{"className":82012},[1772],[1774,82014,82015],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,82016,82017,82029],{},[1781,82018,82019,82021,82023,82025,82027],{},[1788,82020,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,82022,3116],{},[1788,82024,1138],{"separator":1041},[2348,82026,3116],{},[1788,82028,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,82030,82031],{"encoding":1810},"(10, 10)"," — Cournotova rovnováha.",[1100,82034,82036],{"id":82035},"_36-stabilita-rovnováhy-a-tâtonnement","3.6 Stabilita rovnováhy a tâtonnement",[1030,82038,82039],{},"Klademe dvě otázky:",[1260,82041,82042,82144],{},[1115,82043,82044,3250,82047,82050,82051,82068,82069,82104,82105,82143],{},[1091,82045,82046],{},"Jestliže firma neprodukuje v rovnováze, bude se firma snažit rovnováhy\ndosáhnout?",[1047,82048,82049],{},"Ano."," Jakákoli volba mimo reakční křivku znamená, že firma\nnemaximalizuje zisk při daném ",[1035,82052,82054],{"className":82053},[1772],[1774,82055,82056],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,82057,82058,82066],{},[1781,82059,82060],{},[1792,82061,82062,82064],{},[1784,82063,2270],{},[2348,82065,4593],{},[1808,82067,12429],{"encoding":1810},". Jednostranná korekce ji k vyššímu zisku\npřivede. Pokud se obě firmy postupně přizpůsobují (firma 1 nejdřív nastaví\n",[1035,82070,82072],{"className":82071},[1772],[1774,82073,82074],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,82075,82076,82102],{},[1781,82077,82078,82084,82086,82092,82094,82100],{},[1792,82079,82080,82082],{},[1784,82081,2270],{},[2348,82083,2374],{},[1788,82085,1863],{},[1792,82087,82088,82090],{},[1784,82089,1860],{},[2348,82091,2374],{},[1788,82093,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,82095,82096,82098],{},[1784,82097,2270],{},[2348,82099,4593],{},[1788,82101,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,82103,80522],{"encoding":1810},", pak firma 2 odpoví ",[1035,82106,82108],{"className":82107},[1772],[1774,82109,82110],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,82111,82112,82140],{},[1781,82113,82114,82122,82124,82130,82132,82138],{},[13587,82115,82116,82118,82120],{},[1784,82117,2270],{},[2348,82119,4593],{},[1788,82121,7862],{"mathvariant":7829,"lspace":7861,"rspace":7861},[1788,82123,1863],{},[1792,82125,82126,82128],{},[1784,82127,1860],{},[2348,82129,4593],{},[1788,82131,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,82133,82134,82136],{},[1784,82135,2270],{},[2348,82137,2374],{},[1788,82139,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,82141,82142],{"encoding":1810},"Q_2' = R_2(Q_1)"," atd.), iterace\nkonverguje k Cournotově rovnováze.",[1115,82145,82146,82149,82150,82153,82154,82174,82175,82178,82179,82196,82197,82200],{},[1091,82147,82148],{},"Je vůbec racionální, že se výstup konkurenta předpokládá fixní?"," —\n",[1047,82151,82152],{},"Striktně vzato ne."," V rovnováze je předpoklad správný (konkurent\nskutečně fixně drží svůj ",[1035,82155,82157],{"className":82156},[1772],[1774,82158,82159],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,82160,82161,82171],{},[1781,82162,82163],{},[13587,82164,82165,82167,82169],{},[1784,82166,2270],{},[2348,82168,4593],{},[1788,82170,7763],{},[1808,82172,82173],{"encoding":1810},"Q_2^*","), ale ",[1047,82176,82177],{},"při derivaci"," firma ignoruje, že\nzměna jejího ",[1035,82180,82182],{"className":82181},[1772],[1774,82183,82184],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,82185,82186,82194],{},[1781,82187,82188],{},[1792,82189,82190,82192],{},[1784,82191,2270],{},[2348,82193,2374],{},[1808,82195,12370],{"encoding":1810}," by konkurenta vlastně vyprovokovala k revizi. To je\nCournotův „zjednodušující předpoklad\" a Stackelbergův model jej u lidera\nopouští. Modernější přístupy (modely s ",[1047,82198,82199],{},"conjectured variations",") zavádějí\nparametr, jak moc firma očekává reakci konkurenta — Cournot je pak speciální\npřípad s nulovou domnělou variací.",[1030,82202,82203,82204,82207],{},"Viz též ",[1068,82205,72028],{"href":78944,"className":82206,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":78943},[1071]," pro\nanalogickou diskusi v cenové variantě.",[1077,82209,82211],{"id":82210},"_4-koluze-sdílený-monopol","4. Koluze (sdílený monopol)",[1100,82213,82215],{"id":82214},"_41-maximalizace-společného-zisku","4.1 Maximalizace společného zisku",[1030,82217,82218,82219,82222,82223,1089,82226,82252,82253,82282,82283,82304,82305,1075],{},"Pokud se firmy domluví a chovají se ",[1047,82220,82221],{},"jako jeden monopolista",", maximalizují\n",[1047,82224,82225],{},"celkový zisk",[1035,82227,82229],{"className":82228},[1772],[1774,82230,82231],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,82232,82233,82249],{},[1781,82234,82235,82241,82243],{},[1792,82236,82237,82239],{},[1784,82238,1786],{},[2348,82240,2374],{},[1788,82242,2637],{},[1792,82244,82245,82247],{},[1784,82246,1786],{},[2348,82248,4593],{},[1808,82250,82251],{"encoding":1810},"\\pi_1 + \\pi_2"," vůči celkovému ",[1035,82254,82256],{"className":82255},[1772],[1774,82257,82258],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,82259,82260,82280],{},[1781,82261,82262,82264,82266,82272,82274],{},[1784,82263,2270],{},[1788,82265,1863],{},[1792,82267,82268,82270],{},[1784,82269,2270],{},[2348,82271,2374],{},[1788,82273,2637],{},[1792,82275,82276,82278],{},[1784,82277,2270],{},[2348,82279,4593],{},[1808,82281,14207],{"encoding":1810},". Tržní poptávka\nzůstává ",[1035,82284,82286],{"className":82285},[1772],[1774,82287,82288],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,82289,82290,82302],{},[1781,82291,82292,82294,82296,82298,82300],{},[1784,82293,2264],{},[1788,82295,1863],{},[2348,82297,9189],{},[1788,82299,2371],{},[1784,82301,2270],{},[1808,82303,79204],{"encoding":1810},", mezní náklady jsou ",[1035,82306,82308],{"className":82307},[1772],[1774,82309,82310],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,82311,82312,82322],{},[1781,82313,82314,82316,82318,82320],{},[1784,82315,1857],{},[1784,82317,1868],{},[1788,82319,1863],{},[2348,82321,2350],{},[1808,82323,45415],{"encoding":1810},[1035,82325,82327],{"className":82326},[1772],[1774,82328,82329],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,82330,82331,82375],{},[1781,82332,82333,82335,82337,82339,82341,82343,82345,82347,82349,82351,82353,82355,82357,82359,82361,82363,82365,82367,82373],{},[1784,82334,2257],{},[1784,82336,1860],{},[1788,82338,1863],{},[1784,82340,2264],{},[1788,82342,2267],{},[1784,82344,2270],{},[1788,82346,1863],{},[1788,82348,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,82350,9189],{},[1788,82352,2371],{},[1784,82354,2270],{},[1788,82356,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,82358,2270],{},[1788,82360,1863],{},[2348,82362,9189],{},[1784,82364,2270],{},[1788,82366,2371],{},[2467,82368,82369,82371],{},[1784,82370,2270],{},[2348,82372,4593],{},[1784,82374,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,82376,82377],{"encoding":1810},"TR = P \\cdot Q = (30 - Q) Q = 30 Q - Q^2.",[1035,82379,82381],{"className":82380},[1772],[1774,82382,82383],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,82384,82385,82403],{},[1781,82386,82387,82389,82391,82393,82395,82397,82399,82401],{},[1784,82388,1857],{},[1784,82390,1860],{},[1788,82392,1863],{},[2348,82394,9189],{},[1788,82396,2371],{},[2348,82398,4593],{},[1784,82400,2270],{},[1784,82402,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,82404,82405],{"encoding":1810},"MR = 30 - 2 Q.",[1030,82407,82408],{},"Optimum:",[1035,82410,82412],{"className":82411},[1772],[1774,82413,82414],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,82415,82416,82470],{},[1781,82417,82418,82420,82422,82424,82426,82428,82430,82432,82434,82436,82438,82440,82442,82444,82446,82448,82450,82452,82468],{},[1784,82419,1857],{},[1784,82421,1860],{},[1788,82423,1863],{},[1784,82425,1857],{},[1784,82427,1868],{},[2149,82429,21702],{},[1788,82431,15911],{},[2149,82433,21702],{},[2348,82435,9189],{},[1788,82437,2371],{},[2348,82439,4593],{},[1784,82441,2270],{},[1788,82443,1863],{},[2348,82445,2350],{},[2149,82447,21702],{},[1788,82449,15911],{},[2149,82451,21702],{},[21766,82453,82454],{"notation":21768},[14390,82455,82456],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,82457,82458],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,82459,82460],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[1781,82461,82462,82464,82466],{},[1784,82463,2270],{},[1788,82465,1863],{},[2348,82467,2786],{},[1784,82469,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,82471,82472],{"encoding":1810},"MR = MC \\;\\Leftrightarrow\\; 30 - 2 Q = 0 \\;\\Leftrightarrow\\; \\boxed{Q = 15}.",[1030,82474,3018,82475,82501,82502,1075],{},[1035,82476,82478],{"className":82477},[1772],[1774,82479,82480],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,82481,82482,82498],{},[1781,82483,82484,82486,82488,82490,82492,82494,82496],{},[1784,82485,2264],{},[1788,82487,1863],{},[2348,82489,9189],{},[1788,82491,2371],{},[2348,82493,2786],{},[1788,82495,1863],{},[2348,82497,2786],{},[1808,82499,82500],{"encoding":1810},"P = 30 - 15 = 15",", celkový zisk ",[1035,82503,82505],{"className":82504},[1772],[1774,82506,82507],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,82508,82509,82525],{},[1781,82510,82511,82513,82515,82517,82519,82521,82523],{},[1784,82512,1786],{},[1788,82514,1863],{},[2348,82516,2786],{},[1788,82518,2267],{},[2348,82520,2786],{},[1788,82522,1863],{},[2348,82524,56449],{},[1808,82526,82527],{"encoding":1810},"\\pi = 15 \\cdot 15 = 225",[1100,82529,82531],{"id":82530},"_42-křivka-kontraktu","4.2 Křivka kontraktu",[1030,82533,82534,82535,1089,82538,82555,82556,5985,82585,82615,82616,82645,82646,82649,82650,1299,82680,1075],{},"Otázka, ",[1047,82536,82537],{},"jak rozdělit",[1035,82539,82541],{"className":82540},[1772],[1774,82542,82543],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,82544,82545,82553],{},[1781,82546,82547,82549,82551],{},[1784,82548,2270],{},[1788,82550,1863],{},[2348,82552,2786],{},[1808,82554,14510],{"encoding":1810}," mezi dvě firmy, není určena maximalizací zisku.\nVšechny kombinace ",[1035,82557,82559],{"className":82558},[1772],[1774,82560,82561],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,82562,82563,82583],{},[1781,82564,82565,82567,82573,82575,82581],{},[1788,82566,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,82568,82569,82571],{},[1784,82570,2270],{},[2348,82572,2374],{},[1788,82574,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,82576,82577,82579],{},[1784,82578,2270],{},[2348,82580,4593],{},[1788,82582,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,82584,55137],{"encoding":1810},[1035,82586,82588],{"className":82587},[1772],[1774,82589,82590],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,82591,82592,82612],{},[1781,82593,82594,82600,82602,82608,82610],{},[1792,82595,82596,82598],{},[1784,82597,2270],{},[2348,82599,2374],{},[1788,82601,2637],{},[1792,82603,82604,82606],{},[1784,82605,2270],{},[2348,82607,4593],{},[1788,82609,1863],{},[2348,82611,2786],{},[1808,82613,82614],{"encoding":1810},"Q_1 + Q_2 = 15"," dávají stejný celkový zisk.\nTato přímka v ",[1035,82617,82619],{"className":82618},[1772],[1774,82620,82621],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,82622,82623,82643],{},[1781,82624,82625,82627,82633,82635,82641],{},[1788,82626,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,82628,82629,82631],{},[1784,82630,2270],{},[2348,82632,2374],{},[1788,82634,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,82636,82637,82639],{},[1784,82638,2270],{},[2348,82640,4593],{},[1788,82642,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,82644,55137],{"encoding":1810}," rovině se nazývá ",[1047,82647,82648],{},"křivka kontraktu",". Nejčastější\nvolba je rovnoměrné rozdělení ",[1035,82651,82653],{"className":82652},[1772],[1774,82654,82655],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,82656,82657,82677],{},[1781,82658,82659,82665,82667,82673,82675],{},[1792,82660,82661,82663],{},[1784,82662,2270],{},[2348,82664,2374],{},[1788,82666,1863],{},[1792,82668,82669,82671],{},[1784,82670,2270],{},[2348,82672,4593],{},[1788,82674,1863],{},[2348,82676,79384],{},[1808,82678,82679],{"encoding":1810},"Q_1 = Q_2 = 7{,}5",[1035,82681,82683],{"className":82682},[1772],[1774,82684,82685],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,82686,82687,82707],{},[1781,82688,82689,82695,82697,82703,82705],{},[1792,82690,82691,82693],{},[1784,82692,1786],{},[2348,82694,2374],{},[1788,82696,1863],{},[1792,82698,82699,82701],{},[1784,82700,1786],{},[2348,82702,4593],{},[1788,82704,1863],{},[2348,82706,79393],{},[1808,82708,82709],{"encoding":1810},"\\pi_1 = \\pi_2 = 112{,}5",[1030,82711,82712,82713,4010,82716,82734,82735,82738,82739,82761,82762,82808,82809,82822,82823,1075],{},"Pro firmy je koluze ",[1047,82714,82715],{},"lepší než Cournot",[1035,82717,82719],{"className":82718},[1772],[1774,82720,82721],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,82722,82723,82731],{},[1781,82724,82725,82727,82729],{},[2348,82726,79393],{},[1788,82728,2491],{},[2348,82730,2605],{},[1808,82732,82733],{"encoding":1810},"112{,}5 > 100",") — proto vznikají\nkartely. Problém je ",[1047,82736,82737],{},"nestabilita",": pokud firma 1 dodrží ",[1035,82740,82742],{"className":82741},[1772],[1774,82743,82744],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,82745,82746,82758],{},[1781,82747,82748,82754,82756],{},[1792,82749,82750,82752],{},[1784,82751,2270],{},[2348,82753,2374],{},[1788,82755,1863],{},[2348,82757,79384],{},[1808,82759,82760],{"encoding":1810},"Q_1 = 7{,}5",", má\nfirma 2 silnou motivaci podvádět. Z reakční křivky ",[1035,82763,82765],{"className":82764},[1772],[1774,82766,82767],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,82768,82769,82805],{},[1781,82770,82771,82777,82779,82785,82787,82789,82791,82793,82795,82797,82800,82802],{},[1792,82772,82773,82775],{},[1784,82774,2270],{},[2348,82776,4593],{},[1788,82778,1863],{},[1792,82780,82781,82783],{},[1784,82782,1860],{},[2348,82784,4593],{},[1788,82786,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,82788,79384],{},[1788,82790,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,82792,1863],{},[2348,82794,2786],{},[1788,82796,2371],{},[2348,82798,82799],{},"3,75",[1788,82801,1863],{},[2348,82803,82804],{},"11,25",[1808,82806,82807],{"encoding":1810},"Q_2 = R_2(7{,}5) =\n15 - 3{,}75 = 11{,}25",", tedy firma 2 by jednostranným zvýšením na ",[1035,82810,82812],{"className":82811},[1772],[1774,82813,82814],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,82815,82816,82820],{},[1781,82817,82818],{},[2348,82819,82804],{},[1808,82821,67186],{"encoding":1810},"\nzískala vyšší okamžitý zisk. Antimonopolní legislativa (kartelové dohody jsou\nv EU i ČR zakázané) i nestabilní pobídky drží reálné kartely při zemi —\nviz ",[1068,82824,82826],{"href":55933,"className":82825,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":55932},[1071],"Kartely a cenové vůdcovství",[1100,82828,82830,82831],{"id":82829},"_43-srovnání-4-modelů-v-rovině-q1q2q_1-times-q_2","4.3 Srovnání 4 modelů v rovině ",[1035,82832,82834],{"className":82833},[1772],[1774,82835,82836],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,82837,82838,82854],{},[1781,82839,82840,82846,82848],{},[1792,82841,82842,82844],{},[1784,82843,2270],{},[2348,82845,2374],{},[1788,82847,81663],{},[1792,82849,82850,82852],{},[1784,82851,2270],{},[2348,82853,4593],{},[1808,82855,81672],{"encoding":1810},[1030,82857,82858,82859,82888],{},"V grafu ",[1035,82860,82862],{"className":82861},[1772],[1774,82863,82864],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,82865,82866,82886],{},[1781,82867,82868,82870,82876,82878,82884],{},[1788,82869,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,82871,82872,82874],{},[1784,82873,2270],{},[2348,82875,2374],{},[1788,82877,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,82879,82880,82882],{},[1784,82881,2270],{},[2348,82883,4593],{},[1788,82885,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,82887,55137],{"encoding":1810}," leží:",[1112,82890,82891,82925,82955],{},[1115,82892,82893,1089,82896,82920,82921,82924],{},[1047,82894,82895],{},"Bod koluze",[1035,82897,82899],{"className":82898},[1772],[1774,82900,82901],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,82902,82903,82917],{},[1781,82904,82905,82907,82909,82911,82913,82915],{},[1788,82906,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,82908,79384],{},[1788,82910,49448],{"separator":1041},[2149,82912,2769],{},[2348,82914,79384],{},[1788,82916,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,82918,82919],{"encoding":1810},"(7{,}5;\\,7{,}5)"," — na křivce kontraktu, ",[1047,82922,82923],{},"uvnitř"," obou\nreakčních křivek (každá firma by samostatně chtěla vyrobit víc).",[1115,82926,82927,1089,82930,82954],{},[1047,82928,82929],{},"Cournot equilibrium",[1035,82931,82933],{"className":82932},[1772],[1774,82934,82935],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,82936,82937,82951],{},[1781,82938,82939,82941,82943,82945,82947,82949],{},[1788,82940,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,82942,3116],{},[1788,82944,49448],{"separator":1041},[2149,82946,2769],{},[2348,82948,3116],{},[1788,82950,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,82952,82953],{"encoding":1810},"(10;\\,10)"," — průsečík reakčních křivek.",[1115,82956,82957,1089,82960,82984,82985,83009,83010,83027,83028,83030],{},[1047,82958,82959],{},"Bertrand \u002F dokonalá konkurence",[1035,82961,82963],{"className":82962},[1772],[1774,82964,82965],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,82966,82967,82981],{},[1781,82968,82969,82971,82973,82975,82977,82979],{},[1788,82970,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,82972,2786],{},[1788,82974,49448],{"separator":1041},[2149,82976,2769],{},[2348,82978,2786],{},[1788,82980,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,82982,82983],{"encoding":1810},"(15;\\,15)"," — bod, kde ",[1035,82986,82988],{"className":82987},[1772],[1774,82989,82990],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,82991,82992,83006],{},[1781,82993,82994,82996,82998,83000,83002,83004],{},[1784,82995,2264],{},[1788,82997,1863],{},[1784,82999,1857],{},[1784,83001,1868],{},[1788,83003,1863],{},[2348,83005,2350],{},[1808,83007,83008],{"encoding":1810},"P = MC = 0"," a\n",[1035,83011,83013],{"className":83012},[1772],[1774,83014,83015],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,83016,83017,83025],{},[1781,83018,83019,83021,83023],{},[1784,83020,1786],{},[1788,83022,1863],{},[2348,83024,2350],{},[1808,83026,52903],{"encoding":1810},". (Tento bod ",[1047,83029,41251],{}," rovnováhou žádného z dosud popsaných modelů\nv duopolu s množstevní konkurencí, ale je referencí pro extrém — odpovídá\nceně rovné MC.)",[1082,83032,83033],{},[1030,83034,83035],{},"Pro firmu je nejvýhodnější koluze, potom Cournot a nakonec dokonalá\nkonkurence.",[1030,83037,83038],{},"Pro spotřebitele je hierarchie obrácená.",[1077,83040,83042],{"id":83041},"_5-stackelbergův-model-sekvenční-konkurence","5. Stackelbergův model (sekvenční konkurence)",[1100,83044,83046],{"id":83045},"_51-předpoklady","5.1 Předpoklady",[1030,83048,83049,83050,1075],{},"Heinrich von Stackelberg (1934) modifikoval Cournotův model jednou změnou:\n",[1047,83051,83052],{},"rozhodování není simultánní, ale sekvenční",[1112,83054,83055,83080,83106],{},[1115,83056,83057,83060,83061,13999,83078,1075],{},[1047,83058,83059],{},"Firma 1 (lider)"," zvolí svůj výstup ",[1035,83062,83064],{"className":83063},[1772],[1774,83065,83066],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,83067,83068,83076],{},[1781,83069,83070],{},[1792,83071,83072,83074],{},[1784,83073,2270],{},[2348,83075,2374],{},[1808,83077,12370],{"encoding":1810},[1047,83079,5410],{},[1115,83081,83082,83085,83086,79153,83089,1075],{},[1047,83083,83084],{},"Firma 2 (follower)"," výstup pozoruje a teprve ",[1047,83087,83088],{},"potom",[1035,83090,83092],{"className":83091},[1772],[1774,83093,83094],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,83095,83096,83104],{},[1781,83097,83098],{},[1792,83099,83100,83102],{},[1784,83101,2270],{},[2348,83103,4593],{},[1808,83105,12429],{"encoding":1810},[1115,83107,83108,83109,83142,83143,1075],{},"Mezní náklady jsou stále ",[1035,83110,83112],{"className":83111},[1772],[1774,83113,83114],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,83115,83116,83140],{},[1781,83117,83118,83120,83126,83128,83130,83136,83138],{},[1784,83119,1857],{},[1792,83121,83122,83124],{},[1784,83123,1868],{},[2348,83125,2374],{},[1788,83127,1863],{},[1784,83129,1857],{},[1792,83131,83132,83134],{},[1784,83133,1868],{},[2348,83135,4593],{},[1788,83137,1863],{},[2348,83139,2350],{},[1808,83141,79238],{"encoding":1810}," a poptávka ",[1035,83144,83146],{"className":83145},[1772],[1774,83147,83148],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,83149,83150,83162],{},[1781,83151,83152,83154,83156,83158,83160],{},[1784,83153,2264],{},[1788,83155,1863],{},[2348,83157,9189],{},[1788,83159,2371],{},[1784,83161,2270],{},[1808,83163,79204],{"encoding":1810},[1030,83165,83166,83167,83170,83171,83188,83189,83192,83193,1075],{},"Z toho plyne ",[1047,83168,83169],{},"klíčový rozdíl od Cournota",": firma 2 nedělá předpoklad o\nnějakém fixním ",[1035,83172,83174],{"className":83173},[1772],[1774,83175,83176],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,83177,83178,83186],{},[1781,83179,83180],{},[1792,83181,83182,83184],{},[1784,83183,2270],{},[2348,83185,2374],{},[1808,83187,12370],{"encoding":1810}," — ona ho ",[1047,83190,83191],{},"vidí",". A firma 1 ví, že firma 2 ho uvidí, takže\nsi musí domyslet, ",[1047,83194,83195],{},"jak firma 2 zareaguje",[1100,83197,83199],{"id":83198},"_52-followerova-úvaha","5.2 Followerova úvaha",[1030,83201,83202,83203,83220,83221,83238,83239,1310],{},"Firma 2 stojí přesně před Cournotovým problémem: ",[1035,83204,83206],{"className":83205},[1772],[1774,83207,83208],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,83209,83210,83218],{},[1781,83211,83212],{},[1792,83213,83214,83216],{},[1784,83215,2270],{},[2348,83217,2374],{},[1808,83219,12370],{"encoding":1810}," je daný (teď opravdu\nfixní, protože už byl zvolen). Firma 2 maximalizuje svůj zisk vůči ",[1035,83222,83224],{"className":83223},[1772],[1774,83225,83226],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,83227,83228,83236],{},[1781,83229,83230],{},[1792,83231,83232,83234],{},[1784,83233,2270],{},[2348,83235,2374],{},[1808,83237,12370],{"encoding":1810}," —\nto je ",[1047,83240,83241],{},"Cournotova reakční křivka firmy 2",[1035,83243,83245],{"className":83244},[1772],[1774,83246,83247],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,83248,83249,83297],{},[1781,83250,83251,83257,83259,83265,83267,83273,83275,83277,83279,83281,83289,83295],{},[1792,83252,83253,83255],{},[1784,83254,2270],{},[2348,83256,4593],{},[1788,83258,1863],{},[1792,83260,83261,83263],{},[1784,83262,1860],{},[2348,83264,4593],{},[1788,83266,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,83268,83269,83271],{},[1784,83270,2270],{},[2348,83272,2374],{},[1788,83274,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,83276,1863],{},[2348,83278,2786],{},[1788,83280,2371],{},[14390,83282,83283],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,83284,83285,83287],{},[2348,83286,2374],{},[2348,83288,4593],{},[1792,83290,83291,83293],{},[1784,83292,2270],{},[2348,83294,2374],{},[1784,83296,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,83298,83299],{"encoding":1810},"Q_2 = R_2(Q_1) = 15 - \\tfrac{1}{2} Q_1.",[1100,83301,83303],{"id":83302},"_53-liderova-úvaha","5.3 Liderova úvaha",[1030,83305,83306,83307,83310,83311,83328,83329,83366],{},"Firma 1 ví, jak firma 2 zareaguje, a tuto reakci ",[1047,83308,83309],{},"dosadí"," do svého TR.\nMísto aby brala ",[1035,83312,83314],{"className":83313},[1772],[1774,83315,83316],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,83317,83318,83326],{},[1781,83319,83320],{},[1792,83321,83322,83324],{},[1784,83323,2270],{},[2348,83325,4593],{},[1808,83327,12429],{"encoding":1810}," jako parametr (jak by udělal Cournotův hráč), vidí ji\njako funkci ",[1035,83330,83332],{"className":83331},[1772],[1774,83333,83334],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,83335,83336,83364],{},[1781,83337,83338,83344,83346,83348,83350,83358],{},[1792,83339,83340,83342],{},[1784,83341,2270],{},[2348,83343,4593],{},[1788,83345,1863],{},[2348,83347,2786],{},[1788,83349,2371],{},[14390,83351,83352],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,83353,83354,83356],{},[2348,83355,2374],{},[2348,83357,4593],{},[1792,83359,83360,83362],{},[1784,83361,2270],{},[2348,83363,2374],{},[1808,83365,81940],{"encoding":1810}," své vlastní volby.",[1035,83368,83370],{"className":83369},[1772],[1774,83371,83372],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,83373,83374,83428],{},[1781,83375,83376,83378,83384,83386,83388,83390,83396,83398,83400,83402,83404,83410,83412,83418,83420,83426],{},[1784,83377,2257],{},[1792,83379,83380,83382],{},[1784,83381,1860],{},[2348,83383,2374],{},[1788,83385,1863],{},[1784,83387,2264],{},[1788,83389,2267],{},[1792,83391,83392,83394],{},[1784,83393,2270],{},[2348,83395,2374],{},[1788,83397,1863],{},[1788,83399,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,83401,9189],{},[1788,83403,2371],{},[1792,83405,83406,83408],{},[1784,83407,2270],{},[2348,83409,2374],{},[1788,83411,2371],{},[1792,83413,83414,83416],{},[1784,83415,2270],{},[2348,83417,4593],{},[1788,83419,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,83421,83422,83424],{},[1784,83423,2270],{},[2348,83425,2374],{},[1784,83427,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,83429,83430],{"encoding":1810},"TR_1 = P \\cdot Q_1 = (30 - Q_1 - Q_2) Q_1.",[1030,83432,83433],{},"Dosaďme followerovu reakci:",[1035,83435,83437],{"className":83436},[1772],[1774,83438,83439],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,83440,83441,83571],{},[1781,83442,83443,83445,83451,83453,83455,83457,83459,83465,83467,83469,83471,83473,83481,83487,83489,83491,83497,83499,83501,83503,83505,83511,83513,83515,83517,83525,83531,83533,83539,83541,83543,83545,83547,83555,83561,83563,83569],{},[1784,83444,2257],{},[1792,83446,83447,83449],{},[1784,83448,1860],{},[2348,83450,2374],{},[1788,83452,1863],{},[1788,83454,2143],{"fence":1041,"stretchy":1041,"minsize":35018,"maxsize":35018},[2348,83456,9189],{},[1788,83458,2371],{},[1792,83460,83461,83463],{},[1784,83462,2270],{},[2348,83464,2374],{},[1788,83466,2371],{},[1788,83468,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,83470,2786],{},[1788,83472,2371],{},[14390,83474,83475],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,83476,83477,83479],{},[2348,83478,2374],{},[2348,83480,4593],{},[1792,83482,83483,83485],{},[1784,83484,2270],{},[2348,83486,2374],{},[1788,83488,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,83490,2192],{"fence":1041,"stretchy":1041,"minsize":35018,"maxsize":35018},[1792,83492,83493,83495],{},[1784,83494,2270],{},[2348,83496,2374],{},[1788,83498,1863],{},[1788,83500,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,83502,9189],{},[1788,83504,2371],{},[1792,83506,83507,83509],{},[1784,83508,2270],{},[2348,83510,2374],{},[1788,83512,2371],{},[2348,83514,2786],{},[1788,83516,2637],{},[14390,83518,83519],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,83520,83521,83523],{},[2348,83522,2374],{},[2348,83524,4593],{},[1792,83526,83527,83529],{},[1784,83528,2270],{},[2348,83530,2374],{},[1788,83532,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,83534,83535,83537],{},[1784,83536,2270],{},[2348,83538,2374],{},[1788,83540,1863],{},[1788,83542,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,83544,2786],{},[1788,83546,2371],{},[14390,83548,83549],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,83550,83551,83553],{},[2348,83552,2374],{},[2348,83554,4593],{},[1792,83556,83557,83559],{},[1784,83558,2270],{},[2348,83560,2374],{},[1788,83562,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,83564,83565,83567],{},[1784,83566,2270],{},[2348,83568,2374],{},[1784,83570,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,83572,83573],{"encoding":1810},"TR_1 = \\bigl(30 - Q_1 - (15 - \\tfrac{1}{2} Q_1)\\bigr) Q_1 = (30 - Q_1 - 15 + \\tfrac{1}{2} Q_1) Q_1 = (15 - \\tfrac{1}{2} Q_1) Q_1.",[1035,83575,83577],{"className":83576},[1772],[1774,83578,83579],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,83580,83581,83621],{},[1781,83582,83583,83585,83591,83593,83595,83601,83603,83611,83619],{},[1784,83584,2257],{},[1792,83586,83587,83589],{},[1784,83588,1860],{},[2348,83590,2374],{},[1788,83592,1863],{},[2348,83594,2786],{},[1792,83596,83597,83599],{},[1784,83598,2270],{},[2348,83600,2374],{},[1788,83602,2371],{},[14390,83604,83605],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,83606,83607,83609],{},[2348,83608,2374],{},[2348,83610,4593],{},[13587,83612,83613,83615,83617],{},[1784,83614,2270],{},[2348,83616,2374],{},[2348,83618,4593],{},[1784,83620,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,83622,83623],{"encoding":1810},"TR_1 = 15 Q_1 - \\tfrac{1}{2} Q_1^2.",[1030,83625,30832],{},[1035,83627,83629],{"className":83628},[1772],[1774,83630,83631],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,83632,83633,83683],{},[1781,83634,83635,83637,83643,83645,83669,83671,83673,83675,83681],{},[1784,83636,1857],{},[1792,83638,83639,83641],{},[1784,83640,1860],{},[2348,83642,2374],{},[1788,83644,1863],{},[2322,83646,83647,83659],{},[1781,83648,83649,83651,83653],{},[1784,83650,2328],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,83652,2257],{},[1792,83654,83655,83657],{},[1784,83656,1860],{},[2348,83658,2374],{},[1781,83660,83661,83663],{},[1784,83662,2328],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,83664,83665,83667],{},[1784,83666,2270],{},[2348,83668,2374],{},[1788,83670,1863],{},[2348,83672,2786],{},[1788,83674,2371],{},[1792,83676,83677,83679],{},[1784,83678,2270],{},[2348,83680,2374],{},[1784,83682,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,83684,83685],{"encoding":1810},"MR_1 = \\frac{\\mathrm{d} TR_1}{\\mathrm{d} Q_1} = 15 - Q_1.",[1030,83687,82408],{},[1035,83689,83691],{"className":83690},[1772],[1774,83692,83693],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,83694,83695,83763],{},[1781,83696,83697,83699,83705,83707,83709,83715,83717,83719,83721,83723,83725,83731,83733,83735,83737,83739,83741,83761],{},[1784,83698,1857],{},[1792,83700,83701,83703],{},[1784,83702,1860],{},[2348,83704,2374],{},[1788,83706,1863],{},[1784,83708,1857],{},[1792,83710,83711,83713],{},[1784,83712,1868],{},[2348,83714,2374],{},[2149,83716,21702],{},[1788,83718,15911],{},[2149,83720,21702],{},[2348,83722,2786],{},[1788,83724,2371],{},[1792,83726,83727,83729],{},[1784,83728,2270],{},[2348,83730,2374],{},[1788,83732,1863],{},[2348,83734,2350],{},[2149,83736,21702],{},[1788,83738,15911],{},[2149,83740,21702],{},[21766,83742,83743],{"notation":21768},[14390,83744,83745],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,83746,83747],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,83748,83749],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[1781,83750,83751,83757,83759],{},[1792,83752,83753,83755],{},[1784,83754,2270],{},[2348,83756,2374],{},[1788,83758,1863],{},[2348,83760,2786],{},[1784,83762,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,83764,83765],{"encoding":1810},"MR_1 = MC_1 \\;\\Leftrightarrow\\; 15 - Q_1 = 0 \\;\\Leftrightarrow\\; \\boxed{Q_1 = 15}.",[1030,83767,83768],{},"Reakce followera:",[1035,83770,83772],{"className":83771},[1772],[1774,83773,83774],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,83775,83776,83816],{},[1781,83777,83778,83784,83786,83788,83790,83798,83800,83802,83804,83814],{},[1792,83779,83780,83782],{},[1784,83781,2270],{},[2348,83783,4593],{},[1788,83785,1863],{},[2348,83787,2786],{},[1788,83789,2371],{},[14390,83791,83792],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,83793,83794,83796],{},[2348,83795,2374],{},[2348,83797,4593],{},[1788,83799,2267],{},[2348,83801,2786],{},[1788,83803,1863],{},[21766,83805,83806],{"notation":21768},[14390,83807,83808],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,83809,83810],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,83811,83812],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2348,83813,79384],{},[1784,83815,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,83817,83818],{"encoding":1810},"Q_2 = 15 - \\tfrac{1}{2} \\cdot 15 = \\boxed{7{,}5}.",[1030,83820,83821],{},"Tržní výstup a cena:",[1035,83823,83825],{"className":83824},[1772],[1774,83826,83827],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,83828,83829,83872],{},[1781,83830,83831,83833,83835,83841,83843,83849,83851,83853,83855,83857,83859,83861,83863,83865,83867,83869],{},[1784,83832,2270],{},[1788,83834,1863],{},[1792,83836,83837,83839],{},[1784,83838,2270],{},[2348,83840,2374],{},[1788,83842,2637],{},[1792,83844,83845,83847],{},[1784,83846,2270],{},[2348,83848,4593],{},[1788,83850,1863],{},[2348,83852,79414],{},[1788,83854,1138],{"separator":1041},[2352,83856],{"width":2354},[1784,83858,2264],{},[1788,83860,1863],{},[2348,83862,9189],{},[1788,83864,2371],{},[2348,83866,79414],{},[1788,83868,1863],{},[2348,83870,83871],{},"7,5.",[1808,83873,83874],{"encoding":1810},"Q = Q_1 + Q_2 = 22{,}5, \\qquad P = 30 - 22{,}5 = 7{,}5.",[1030,83876,16259],{},[1035,83878,83880],{"className":83879},[1772],[1774,83881,83882],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,83883,83884,83918],{},[1781,83885,83886,83892,83894,83896,83898,83904,83906,83908,83910,83912,83914,83916],{},[1792,83887,83888,83890],{},[1784,83889,1786],{},[2348,83891,2374],{},[1788,83893,1863],{},[1784,83895,2264],{},[1788,83897,2267],{},[1792,83899,83900,83902],{},[1784,83901,2270],{},[2348,83903,2374],{},[1788,83905,1863],{},[2348,83907,79384],{},[1788,83909,2267],{},[2348,83911,2786],{},[1788,83913,1863],{},[2348,83915,79393],{},[1788,83917,1138],{"separator":1041},[1808,83919,83920],{"encoding":1810},"\\pi_1 = P \\cdot Q_1 = 7{,}5 \\cdot 15 = 112{,}5,",[1035,83922,83924],{"className":83923},[1772],[1774,83925,83926],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,83927,83928,83961],{},[1781,83929,83930,83936,83938,83940,83942,83948,83950,83952,83954,83956,83958],{},[1792,83931,83932,83934],{},[1784,83933,1786],{},[2348,83935,4593],{},[1788,83937,1863],{},[1784,83939,2264],{},[1788,83941,2267],{},[1792,83943,83944,83946],{},[1784,83945,2270],{},[2348,83947,4593],{},[1788,83949,1863],{},[2348,83951,79384],{},[1788,83953,2267],{},[2348,83955,79384],{},[1788,83957,1863],{},[2348,83959,83960],{},"56,25.",[1808,83962,83963],{"encoding":1810},"\\pi_2 = P \\cdot Q_2 = 7{,}5 \\cdot 7{,}5 = 56{,}25.",[1100,83965,83967],{"id":83966},"_54-shrnutí-first-mover-advantage","5.4 Shrnutí — first-mover advantage",[1030,83969,83970],{},"Stackelbergova rovnováha:",[1153,83972,83973,83985],{},[1156,83974,83975],{},[1159,83976,83977,83979,83982],{},[1162,83978],{},[1162,83980,83981],{},"Lider (firma 1)",[1162,83983,83984],{},"Follower (firma 2)",[1172,83986,83987,84039],{},[1159,83988,83989,83992,84015],{},[1177,83990,83991],{},"Výstup",[1177,83993,83994],{},[1035,83995,83997],{"className":83996},[1772],[1774,83998,83999],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,84000,84001,84013],{},[1781,84002,84003,84009,84011],{},[1792,84004,84005,84007],{},[1784,84006,2270],{},[2348,84008,2374],{},[1788,84010,1863],{},[2348,84012,2786],{},[1808,84014,80239],{"encoding":1810},[1177,84016,84017],{},[1035,84018,84020],{"className":84019},[1772],[1774,84021,84022],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,84023,84024,84036],{},[1781,84025,84026,84032,84034],{},[1792,84027,84028,84030],{},[1784,84029,2270],{},[2348,84031,4593],{},[1788,84033,1863],{},[2348,84035,79384],{},[1808,84037,84038],{"encoding":1810},"Q_2 = 7{,}5",[1159,84040,84041,84043,84067],{},[1177,84042,3656],{},[1177,84044,84045],{},[1035,84046,84048],{"className":84047},[1772],[1774,84049,84050],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,84051,84052,84064],{},[1781,84053,84054,84060,84062],{},[1792,84055,84056,84058],{},[1784,84057,1786],{},[2348,84059,2374],{},[1788,84061,1863],{},[2348,84063,79393],{},[1808,84065,84066],{"encoding":1810},"\\pi_1 = 112{,}5",[1177,84068,84069],{},[1035,84070,84072],{"className":84071},[1772],[1774,84073,84074],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,84075,84076,84088],{},[1781,84077,84078,84084,84086],{},[1792,84079,84080,84082],{},[1784,84081,1786],{},[2348,84083,4593],{},[1788,84085,1863],{},[2348,84087,79421],{},[1808,84089,84090],{"encoding":1810},"\\pi_2 = 56{,}25",[1082,84092,84093],{},[1030,84094,84095],{},"Výstup firmy 1 je dvakrát větší než firmy 2.\nZisk firmy 1 je dvakrát větší než firmy 2.",[1030,84097,84098],{},"A to jsou klíčové numerické výsledky, na kterých se pozná Stackelberg ze\nzadání zkoušky:",[1112,84100,84101,84135,84169],{},[1115,84102,84103,1075],{},[1047,84104,84105],{},[1035,84106,84108],{"className":84107},[1772],[1774,84109,84110],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,84111,84112,84132],{},[1781,84113,84114,84120,84122,84128,84130],{},[1792,84115,84116,84118],{},[1784,84117,2270],{},[2348,84119,2374],{},[1784,84121,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,84123,84124,84126],{},[1784,84125,2270],{},[2348,84127,4593],{},[1788,84129,1863],{},[2348,84131,4593],{},[1808,84133,84134],{"encoding":1810},"Q_1 \u002F Q_2 = 2",[1115,84136,84137,1075],{},[1047,84138,84139],{},[1035,84140,84142],{"className":84141},[1772],[1774,84143,84144],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,84145,84146,84166],{},[1781,84147,84148,84154,84156,84162,84164],{},[1792,84149,84150,84152],{},[1784,84151,1786],{},[2348,84153,2374],{},[1784,84155,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,84157,84158,84160],{},[1784,84159,1786],{},[2348,84161,4593],{},[1788,84163,1863],{},[2348,84165,4593],{},[1808,84167,84168],{"encoding":1810},"\\pi_1 \u002F \\pi_2 = 2",[1115,84170,84171,1089,84190,84193,84194,84218],{},[1035,84172,84174],{"className":84173},[1772],[1774,84175,84176],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,84177,84178,84188],{},[1781,84179,84180,84186],{},[1792,84181,84182,84184],{},[1784,84183,2270],{},[2348,84185,2374],{},[1788,84187,1863],{},[1808,84189,80286],{"encoding":1810},[1047,84191,84192],{},"monopolnímu výstupu"," (15 = ",[1035,84195,84197],{"className":84196},[1772],[1774,84198,84199],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,84200,84201,84215],{},[1781,84202,84203,84205,84207,84209,84211,84213],{},[1784,84204,1068],{},[1784,84206,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,84208,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,84210,4593],{},[1784,84212,8838],{},[1788,84214,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,84216,84217],{"encoding":1810},"a\u002F(2b)","). To není náhoda: lider se\nfakticky chová jako monopolista, ale s upravenou poptávkovou funkcí, která\nzohledňuje, že follower „ukrojí\" půl jeho marginální jednotky.",[1100,84220,84222],{"id":84221},"_55-otázky-k-zamyšlení","5.5 Otázky k zamyšlení",[1030,84224,84225],{},[1047,84226,84227],{},"Proč je výhodnější moci reagovat?",[1030,84229,84230,84231,1089,84234,84251,84252,84255,84256,84259,84260,84263],{},"Intuice říká, že informace navíc je vždy lepší — follower přece reaguje na\n",[1047,84232,84233],{},"známý",[1035,84235,84237],{"className":84236},[1772],[1774,84238,84239],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,84240,84241,84249],{},[1781,84242,84243],{},[1792,84244,84245,84247],{},[1784,84246,2270],{},[2348,84248,2374],{},[1808,84250,12370],{"encoding":1810},", což zní jako výhoda. Ale ",[1047,84253,84254],{},"paradoxně to výhoda není",".\nFirst-mover advantage znamená, že lider svým rozhodnutím ",[1047,84257,84258],{},"omezuje"," prostor\nfollowera. Lider ví, že vyrobí-li hodně, follower bude muset omezit svůj\nvýstup (jinak by si zhroutil cenu pod své MC). Lider tedy ",[1047,84261,84262],{},"commitne"," vysoký\nvýstup a follower se musí přizpůsobit.",[1030,84265,84266,84267,84288,84289,84310],{},"V Stackelbergu je ",[1035,84268,84270],{"className":84269},[1772],[1774,84271,84272],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,84273,84274,84286],{},[1781,84275,84276,84282,84284],{},[1792,84277,84278,84280],{},[1784,84279,2270],{},[2348,84281,2374],{},[1788,84283,1863],{},[2348,84285,2786],{},[1808,84287,80239],{"encoding":1810}," (více než cournotových 10), což followera\n„odežene\" na ",[1035,84290,84292],{"className":84291},[1772],[1774,84293,84294],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,84295,84296,84308],{},[1781,84297,84298,84304,84306],{},[1792,84299,84300,84302],{},[1784,84301,2270],{},[2348,84303,4593],{},[1788,84305,1863],{},[2348,84307,79384],{},[1808,84309,84038],{"encoding":1810}," (méně než cournotových 10). Lider získává tu část\nzisku, kterou by si jinak follower vzal v Cournotu.",[1030,84312,84313],{},[1047,84314,84315],{},"Který model je realističtější?",[1030,84317,84318],{},"Záleží na trhu:",[1112,84320,84321,84330],{},[1115,84322,84323,84325,84326,84329],{},[1047,84324,73720],{}," je vhodný pro trhy, kde se ",[1047,84327,84328],{},"rozhodování opravdu děje\nsimultánně"," — typicky homogenní komodity, dlouhý plánovací cyklus, vysoký\nfixní investiční horizont. Příklady: zemědělství (osevní plán na sezonu),\nropa (OPEC kvóty), těžební průmysl.",[1115,84331,84332,84334,84335,84338],{},[1047,84333,79406],{}," je vhodný pro trhy s ",[1047,84336,84337],{},"jasným tržním lídrem",", který\nrozhoduje první a ostatní reagují. Příklady: Microsoft v 90. letech\n(operační systém Windows určuje pravidla, ostatní se přizpůsobí), Google\nv internetovém vyhledávání, Apple v segmentu prémiových smartphonů\n(uvádí novou generaci a Samsung reaguje).",[1030,84340,84341],{},"V realitě bývá interakce mnohem komplexnější — opakované hraní, nedokonalá\ninformace, dynamická vstupní hra. Cournot a Stackelberg jsou referenční\nbenchmarky, ne přesné popisy.",[1077,84343,84345],{"id":84344},"_6-asymetrický-cournot-s-rostoucími-mc","6. Asymetrický Cournot s rostoucími MC",[1030,84347,84348,84349,1310],{},"Varianta duopolu se ",[1047,84350,84351],{},"dvěma různými nákladovými funkcemi",[1112,84353,84354,84406,84435],{},[1115,84355,48065,84356,12850,84377,1075],{},[1035,84357,84359],{"className":84358},[1772],[1774,84360,84361],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,84362,84363,84375],{},[1781,84364,84365,84367,84369,84371,84373],{},[1784,84366,2264],{},[1788,84368,1863],{},[2348,84370,2605],{},[1788,84372,2371],{},[1784,84374,2270],{},[1808,84376,48087],{"encoding":1810},[1035,84378,84380],{"className":84379},[1772],[1774,84381,84382],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,84383,84384,84404],{},[1781,84385,84386,84388,84390,84396,84398],{},[1784,84387,2270],{},[1788,84389,1863],{},[1792,84391,84392,84394],{},[1784,84393,2270],{},[2348,84395,2374],{},[1788,84397,2637],{},[1792,84399,84400,84402],{},[1784,84401,2270],{},[2348,84403,4593],{},[1808,84405,14207],{"encoding":1810},[1115,84407,84408,4058,84411,84434],{},[1047,84409,84410],{},"Firma 1",[1035,84412,84414],{"className":84413},[1772],[1774,84415,84416],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,84417,84418,84432],{},[1781,84419,84420,84422,84428,84430],{},[1784,84421,1857],{},[1792,84423,84424,84426],{},[1784,84425,1868],{},[2348,84427,2374],{},[1788,84429,1863],{},[2348,84431,5344],{},[1808,84433,48143],{"encoding":1810}," (konstantní, levná technologie).",[1115,84436,84437,4058,84440,84467],{},[1047,84438,84439],{},"Firma 2",[1035,84441,84443],{"className":84442},[1772],[1774,84444,84445],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,84446,84447,84465],{},[1781,84448,84449,84451,84457,84459],{},[1784,84450,1857],{},[1792,84452,84453,84455],{},[1784,84454,1868],{},[2348,84456,4593],{},[1788,84458,1863],{},[1792,84460,84461,84463],{},[1784,84462,2270],{},[2348,84464,4593],{},[1808,84466,48178],{"encoding":1810}," (lineárně rostoucí — výrobní omezení, nedostatek\nkapacity).",[1100,84469,84471],{"id":84470},"_61-heuristika-analogie-s-vícezávodním-monopolem","6.1 Heuristika — analogie s vícezávodním monopolem",[1030,84473,84474],{},"Ve standardní (symetrické) Cournotově analýze bychom psali dvě reakční křivky\na hledali jejich průsečík. Tady se ale využije šikovnější trik:",[1082,84476,84477],{},[1030,84478,84479,84480,84493,84494,1075],{},"Pravidlo: při ",[1035,84481,84483],{"className":84482},[1772],[1774,84484,84485],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,84486,84487,84491],{},[1781,84488,84489],{},[1784,84490,1806],{},[1808,84492,1806],{"encoding":1810}," závodech monopolisty platí ",[1035,84495,84497],{"className":84496},[1772],[1774,84498,84499],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,84500,84501,84541],{},[1781,84502,84503,84505,84511,84513,84515,84521,84523,84525,84527,84529,84535,84537,84539],{},[1784,84504,1857],{},[1792,84506,84507,84509],{},[1784,84508,1868],{},[2348,84510,2374],{},[1788,84512,1863],{},[1784,84514,1857],{},[1792,84516,84517,84519],{},[1784,84518,1868],{},[2348,84520,4593],{},[1788,84522,1863],{},[1788,84524,12008],{},[1788,84526,1863],{},[1784,84528,1857],{},[1792,84530,84531,84533],{},[1784,84532,1868],{},[1784,84534,1806],{},[1788,84536,1863],{},[1784,84538,1857],{},[1784,84540,1860],{},[1808,84542,43271],{"encoding":1810},[1030,84544,84545,84546,84561,84562,84565,84566,84581],{},"Stejná logika platí, pokud chceme najít, jak by se dvě „firmy\" s různými\nnákladovými funkcemi rozdělily o monopolní zisk: každá vyrábí do bodu, kde se\njejí ",[1035,84547,84549],{"className":84548},[1772],[1774,84550,84551],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,84552,84553,84559],{},[1781,84554,84555,84557],{},[1784,84556,1857],{},[1784,84558,1868],{},[1808,84560,11135],{"encoding":1810}," vyrovná se ",[1047,84563,84564],{},"společným"," mezním příjmem ",[1035,84567,84569],{"className":84568},[1772],[1774,84570,84571],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,84572,84573,84579],{},[1781,84574,84575,84577],{},[1784,84576,1857],{},[1784,84578,1860],{},[1808,84580,13044],{"encoding":1810}," na celkovém výstupu.",[1030,84583,84584,84585,84615,84616,2440],{},"Tato úloha v originále využívá heuristiku Cournotovy rovnováhy přes podmínku\n",[1035,84586,84588],{"className":84587},[1772],[1774,84589,84590],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,84591,84592,84612],{},[1781,84593,84594,84596,84602,84604,84606],{},[1784,84595,1857],{},[1792,84597,84598,84600],{},[1784,84599,1868],{},[2348,84601,2374],{},[1788,84603,1863],{},[1784,84605,1857],{},[1792,84607,84608,84610],{},[1784,84609,1868],{},[2348,84611,4593],{},[1808,84613,84614],{"encoding":1810},"MC_1 = MC_2"," (každá firma vyrovnává své MC se společným MR — viz též\n",[1068,84617,84619],{"href":1877,"className":84618,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1876},[1071],"Monopol s více závody",[1100,84621,84623],{"id":84622},"_62-výpočet","6.2 Výpočet",[1030,84625,84626,84627,1089,84630,1310],{},"Mezní příjem na ",[1047,84628,84629],{},"celkovém",[1035,84631,84633],{"className":84632},[1772],[1774,84634,84635],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,84636,84637,84641],{},[1781,84638,84639],{},[1784,84640,2270],{},[1808,84642,2270],{"encoding":1810},[1035,84644,84646],{"className":84645},[1772],[1774,84647,84648],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,84649,84650,84668],{},[1781,84651,84652,84654,84656,84658,84660,84662,84664,84666],{},[1784,84653,1857],{},[1784,84655,1860],{},[1788,84657,1863],{},[2348,84659,2605],{},[1788,84661,2371],{},[2348,84663,4593],{},[1784,84665,2270],{},[1784,84667,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,84669,84670],{"encoding":1810},"MR = 100 - 2 Q.",[1030,84672,84673,84674,84700,84701,29726],{},"Z podmínky ",[1035,84675,84677],{"className":84676},[1772],[1774,84678,84679],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,84680,84681,84697],{},[1781,84682,84683,84685,84691,84693,84695],{},[1784,84684,1857],{},[1792,84686,84687,84689],{},[1784,84688,1868],{},[2348,84690,2374],{},[1788,84692,1863],{},[1784,84694,1857],{},[1784,84696,1860],{},[1808,84698,84699],{"encoding":1810},"MC_1 = MR"," pro firmu 1 (s konstantní ",[1035,84702,84704],{"className":84703},[1772],[1774,84705,84706],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,84707,84708,84722],{},[1781,84709,84710,84712,84718,84720],{},[1784,84711,1857],{},[1792,84713,84714,84716],{},[1784,84715,1868],{},[2348,84717,2374],{},[1788,84719,1863],{},[2348,84721,5344],{},[1808,84723,48143],{"encoding":1810},[1035,84725,84727],{"className":84726},[1772],[1774,84728,84729],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,84730,84731,84783],{},[1781,84732,84733,84735,84737,84739,84741,84743,84745,84747,84749,84751,84753,84755,84757,84759,84761,84763,84765,84781],{},[2348,84734,5344],{},[1788,84736,1863],{},[2348,84738,2605],{},[1788,84740,2371],{},[2348,84742,4593],{},[1784,84744,2270],{},[2149,84746,21702],{},[1788,84748,2357],{},[2149,84750,21702],{},[2348,84752,4593],{},[1784,84754,2270],{},[1788,84756,1863],{},[2348,84758,51794],{},[2149,84760,21702],{},[1788,84762,2357],{},[2149,84764,21702],{},[21766,84766,84767],{"notation":21768},[14390,84768,84769],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,84770,84771],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,84772,84773],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[1781,84774,84775,84777,84779],{},[1784,84776,2270],{},[1788,84778,1863],{},[2348,84780,48550],{},[1784,84782,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,84784,84785],{"encoding":1810},"4 = 100 - 2 Q \\;\\Rightarrow\\; 2 Q = 96 \\;\\Rightarrow\\; \\boxed{Q = 48}.",[1030,84787,84788],{},"Cena:",[1035,84790,84792],{"className":84791},[1772],[1774,84793,84794],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,84795,84796,84822],{},[1781,84797,84798,84800,84802,84804,84806,84808,84810,84820],{},[1784,84799,2264],{},[1788,84801,1863],{},[2348,84803,2605],{},[1788,84805,2371],{},[2348,84807,48550],{},[1788,84809,1863],{},[21766,84811,84812],{"notation":21768},[14390,84813,84814],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,84815,84816],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,84817,84818],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2348,84819,48719],{},[1784,84821,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,84823,84824],{"encoding":1810},"P = 100 - 48 = \\boxed{52}.",[1030,84826,84827,84828,84851,84852,84871,84872,84899,84900,1075],{},"Rozdělení mezi firmy: musí platit ",[1035,84829,84831],{"className":84830},[1772],[1774,84832,84833],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,84834,84835,84849],{},[1781,84836,84837,84839,84845,84847],{},[1784,84838,1857],{},[1792,84840,84841,84843],{},[1784,84842,1868],{},[2348,84844,4593],{},[1788,84846,1863],{},[2348,84848,5344],{},[1808,84850,48985],{"encoding":1810}," (vyrovnáno se společným MR\nprostřednictvím ",[1035,84853,84855],{"className":84854},[1772],[1774,84856,84857],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,84858,84859,84869],{},[1781,84860,84861,84863],{},[1784,84862,1857],{},[1792,84864,84865,84867],{},[1784,84866,1868],{},[2348,84868,2374],{},[1808,84870,47265],{"encoding":1810},"). Z ",[1035,84873,84875],{"className":84874},[1772],[1774,84876,84877],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,84878,84879,84897],{},[1781,84880,84881,84883,84889,84891],{},[1784,84882,1857],{},[1792,84884,84885,84887],{},[1784,84886,1868],{},[2348,84888,4593],{},[1788,84890,1863],{},[1792,84892,84893,84895],{},[1784,84894,2270],{},[2348,84896,4593],{},[1808,84898,48178],{"encoding":1810}," tedy ",[1035,84901,84903],{"className":84902},[1772],[1774,84904,84905],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,84906,84907,84919],{},[1781,84908,84909,84915,84917],{},[1792,84910,84911,84913],{},[1784,84912,2270],{},[2348,84914,4593],{},[1788,84916,1863],{},[2348,84918,5344],{},[1808,84920,48617],{"encoding":1810},[1030,84922,84923,84924,84954,84955,1075],{},"A z ",[1035,84925,84927],{"className":84926},[1772],[1774,84928,84929],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,84930,84931,84951],{},[1781,84932,84933,84939,84941,84947,84949],{},[1792,84934,84935,84937],{},[1784,84936,2270],{},[2348,84938,2374],{},[1788,84940,2637],{},[1792,84942,84943,84945],{},[1784,84944,2270],{},[2348,84946,4593],{},[1788,84948,1863],{},[2348,84950,48550],{},[1808,84952,84953],{"encoding":1810},"Q_1 + Q_2 = 48"," dostaneme ",[1035,84956,84958],{"className":84957},[1772],[1774,84959,84960],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,84961,84962,84974],{},[1781,84963,84964,84970,84972],{},[1792,84965,84966,84968],{},[1784,84967,2270],{},[2348,84969,2374],{},[1788,84971,1863],{},[2348,84973,30898],{},[1808,84975,84976],{"encoding":1810},"Q_1 = 44",[1153,84978,84979,84994],{},[1156,84980,84981],{},[1159,84982,84983,84985,84988,84991],{},[1162,84984],{},[1162,84986,84987],{},"Firma 1 (levná)",[1162,84989,84990],{},"Firma 2 (drahá)",[1162,84992,84993],{},"Celkem",[1172,84995,84996,85062,85131],{},[1159,84997,84998,85001,85026,85060],{},[1177,84999,85000],{},"Mezní náklady",[1177,85002,85003],{},[1035,85004,85006],{"className":85005},[1772],[1774,85007,85008],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,85009,85010,85024],{},[1781,85011,85012,85014,85020,85022],{},[1784,85013,1857],{},[1792,85015,85016,85018],{},[1784,85017,1868],{},[2348,85019,2374],{},[1788,85021,1863],{},[2348,85023,5344],{},[1808,85025,48143],{"encoding":1810},[1177,85027,85028],{},[1035,85029,85031],{"className":85030},[1772],[1774,85032,85033],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,85034,85035,85057],{},[1781,85036,85037,85039,85045,85047,85053,85055],{},[1784,85038,1857],{},[1792,85040,85041,85043],{},[1784,85042,1868],{},[2348,85044,4593],{},[1788,85046,1863],{},[1792,85048,85049,85051],{},[1784,85050,2270],{},[2348,85052,4593],{},[1788,85054,1863],{},[2348,85056,5344],{},[1808,85058,85059],{"encoding":1810},"MC_2 = Q_2 = 4",[1177,85061,8975],{},[1159,85063,85064,85066,85089,85112],{},[1177,85065,83991],{},[1177,85067,85068],{},[1035,85069,85071],{"className":85070},[1772],[1774,85072,85073],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,85074,85075,85087],{},[1781,85076,85077,85083,85085],{},[1792,85078,85079,85081],{},[1784,85080,2270],{},[2348,85082,2374],{},[1788,85084,1863],{},[2348,85086,30898],{},[1808,85088,84976],{"encoding":1810},[1177,85090,85091],{},[1035,85092,85094],{"className":85093},[1772],[1774,85095,85096],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,85097,85098,85110],{},[1781,85099,85100,85106,85108],{},[1792,85101,85102,85104],{},[1784,85103,2270],{},[2348,85105,4593],{},[1788,85107,1863],{},[2348,85109,5344],{},[1808,85111,48617],{"encoding":1810},[1177,85113,85114],{},[1035,85115,85117],{"className":85116},[1772],[1774,85118,85119],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,85120,85121,85129],{},[1781,85122,85123,85125,85127],{},[1784,85124,2270],{},[1788,85126,1863],{},[2348,85128,48550],{},[1808,85130,49335],{"encoding":1810},[1159,85132,85133,85135,85137,85139],{},[1177,85134,19259],{},[1177,85136,8975],{},[1177,85138,8975],{},[1177,85140,85141],{},[1035,85142,85144],{"className":85143},[1772],[1774,85145,85146],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,85147,85148,85156],{},[1781,85149,85150,85152,85154],{},[1784,85151,2264],{},[1788,85153,1863],{},[2348,85155,48719],{},[1808,85157,85158],{"encoding":1810},"P = 52",[1100,85160,85162],{"id":85161},"_63-intuice","6.3 Intuice",[1030,85164,85165,85166,85169,85170,85189,85190,85209],{},"Firma 1 má levnou (a konstantní) technologii — vyrábí převážnou část trhu.\nFirma 2 má rostoucí MC, takže by velký výstup byl pro ni katastrofálně drahý.\nFirma 2 dotáhne výrobu ",[1047,85167,85168],{},"jen"," do bodu, kde její ",[1035,85171,85173],{"className":85172},[1772],[1774,85174,85175],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,85176,85177,85187],{},[1781,85178,85179,85181],{},[1784,85180,1857],{},[1792,85182,85183,85185],{},[1784,85184,1868],{},[2348,85186,4593],{},[1808,85188,8372],{"encoding":1810}," doběhne ",[1035,85191,85193],{"className":85192},[1772],[1774,85194,85195],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,85196,85197,85207],{},[1781,85198,85199,85201],{},[1784,85200,1857],{},[1792,85202,85203,85205],{},[1784,85204,1868],{},[2348,85206,2374],{},[1808,85208,47265],{"encoding":1810}," — pak\nuž by každá další jednotka stála firmu 2 víc, než ji prodá. Levný producent\n„dotuje\" trh, drahý jen doplňuje.",[1030,85211,85212,85213,85216],{},"Tato úloha krásně ilustruje, že ",[1047,85214,85215],{},"Cournotova rovnováha s heterogenními MC","\npřerozdělí trh ve prospěch nákladově efektivnější firmy. V symetrické verzi\nby si firmy trh podělily 50\u002F50, tady to vychází 92 % vs. 8 %.",[1030,85218,85219,85220,85274,85275,85310,85311,85330],{},"Pozn.: V některých variantách interpretace by se rozdělení dělalo přes klasické\nreakční křivky ",[1035,85221,85223],{"className":85222},[1772],[1774,85224,85225],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,85226,85227,85271],{},[1781,85228,85229,85235,85237,85239,85241,85243,85245,85251,85253,85259,85261,85263,85265,85267,85269],{},[1792,85230,85231,85233],{},[1784,85232,2270],{},[1784,85234,1803],{},[1788,85236,1863],{},[1788,85238,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,85240,1068],{},[1788,85242,2371],{},[1784,85244,1857],{},[1792,85246,85247,85249],{},[1784,85248,1868],{},[1784,85250,1803],{},[1788,85252,2371],{},[1792,85254,85255,85257],{},[1784,85256,2270],{},[1784,85258,9312],{},[1788,85260,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,85262,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,85264,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,85266,4593],{},[1784,85268,8838],{},[1788,85270,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,85272,85273],{"encoding":1810},"Q_i = (a - MC_i - Q_j)\u002F(2b)",", ale řešení v testovém přepisu\npoužívá heuristiku přes ",[1035,85276,85278],{"className":85277},[1772],[1774,85279,85280],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,85281,85282,85308],{},[1781,85283,85284,85286,85292,85294,85296,85302,85304,85306],{},[1784,85285,1857],{},[1792,85287,85288,85290],{},[1784,85289,1868],{},[2348,85291,2374],{},[1788,85293,1863],{},[1784,85295,1857],{},[1792,85297,85298,85300],{},[1784,85299,1868],{},[2348,85301,4593],{},[1788,85303,1863],{},[1784,85305,1857],{},[1784,85307,1860],{},[1808,85309,48361],{"encoding":1810}," (jako u monopolisty s více závody).\nObě cesty mají v této úloze totožný výsledek díky tomu, že rostoucí ",[1035,85312,85314],{"className":85313},[1772],[1774,85315,85316],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,85317,85318,85328],{},[1781,85319,85320,85322],{},[1784,85321,1857],{},[1792,85323,85324,85326],{},[1784,85325,1868],{},[2348,85327,4593],{},[1808,85329,8372],{"encoding":1810},"\nposkytuje řešení automaticky.",[1077,85332,85334],{"id":85333},"_7-srovnávací-tabulka-4-modelů","7. Srovnávací tabulka 4 modelů",[1100,85336,85338,85339,1299,85362],{"id":85337},"_71-pro-pabqp-a-bq-mc0mc-0","7.1 Pro ",[1035,85340,85342],{"className":85341},[1772],[1774,85343,85344],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,85345,85346,85360],{},[1781,85347,85348,85350,85352,85354,85356,85358],{},[1784,85349,2264],{},[1788,85351,1863],{},[1784,85353,1068],{},[1788,85355,2371],{},[1784,85357,8838],{},[1784,85359,2270],{},[1808,85361,22593],{"encoding":1810},[1035,85363,85365],{"className":85364},[1772],[1774,85366,85367],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,85368,85369,85379],{},[1781,85370,85371,85373,85375,85377],{},[1784,85372,1857],{},[1784,85374,1868],{},[1788,85376,1863],{},[2348,85378,2350],{},[1808,85380,45415],{"encoding":1810},[1030,85382,85383],{},"Obecné výsledky pro lineární poptávku a nulové mezní náklady:",[1153,85385,85386,85515],{},[1156,85387,85388],{},[1159,85389,85390,85392,85411,85430,85445,85460,85479,85498],{},[1162,85391,75081],{},[1162,85393,85394],{},[1035,85395,85397],{"className":85396},[1772],[1774,85398,85399],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,85400,85401,85409],{},[1781,85402,85403],{},[1792,85404,85405,85407],{},[1784,85406,2270],{},[2348,85408,2374],{},[1808,85410,12370],{"encoding":1810},[1162,85412,85413],{},[1035,85414,85416],{"className":85415},[1772],[1774,85417,85418],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,85419,85420,85428],{},[1781,85421,85422],{},[1792,85423,85424,85426],{},[1784,85425,2270],{},[2348,85427,4593],{},[1808,85429,12429],{"encoding":1810},[1162,85431,85432],{},[1035,85433,85435],{"className":85434},[1772],[1774,85436,85437],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,85438,85439,85443],{},[1781,85440,85441],{},[1784,85442,2270],{},[1808,85444,2270],{"encoding":1810},[1162,85446,85447],{},[1035,85448,85450],{"className":85449},[1772],[1774,85451,85452],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,85453,85454,85458],{},[1781,85455,85456],{},[1784,85457,2264],{},[1808,85459,2264],{"encoding":1810},[1162,85461,85462],{},[1035,85463,85465],{"className":85464},[1772],[1774,85466,85467],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,85468,85469,85477],{},[1781,85470,85471],{},[1792,85472,85473,85475],{},[1784,85474,1786],{},[2348,85476,2374],{},[1808,85478,79334],{"encoding":1810},[1162,85480,85481],{},[1035,85482,85484],{"className":85483},[1772],[1774,85485,85486],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,85487,85488,85496],{},[1781,85489,85490],{},[1792,85491,85492,85494],{},[1784,85493,1786],{},[2348,85495,4593],{},[1808,85497,79354],{"encoding":1810},[1162,85499,85500],{},[1035,85501,85503],{"className":85502},[1772],[1774,85504,85505],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,85506,85507,85513],{},[1781,85508,85509,85511],{},[1788,85510,12866],{},[1784,85512,1786],{},[1808,85514,79372],{"encoding":1810},[1172,85516,85517,85712,85914,86052],{},[1159,85518,85519,85524,85550,85575,85601,85623,85653,85682],{},[1177,85520,85521],{},[1047,85522,85523],{},"Sdílený monopol (koluze)",[1177,85525,85526],{},[1035,85527,85529],{"className":85528},[1772],[1774,85530,85531],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,85532,85533,85547],{},[1781,85534,85535],{},[14390,85536,85537],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,85538,85539,85541],{},[1784,85540,1068],{},[1781,85542,85543,85545],{},[2348,85544,5344],{},[1784,85546,8838],{},[1808,85548,85549],{"encoding":1810},"\\dfrac{a}{4b}",[1177,85551,85552],{},[1035,85553,85555],{"className":85554},[1772],[1774,85556,85557],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,85558,85559,85573],{},[1781,85560,85561],{},[14390,85562,85563],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,85564,85565,85567],{},[1784,85566,1068],{},[1781,85568,85569,85571],{},[2348,85570,5344],{},[1784,85572,8838],{},[1808,85574,85549],{"encoding":1810},[1177,85576,85577],{},[1035,85578,85580],{"className":85579},[1772],[1774,85581,85582],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,85583,85584,85598],{},[1781,85585,85586],{},[14390,85587,85588],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,85589,85590,85592],{},[1784,85591,1068],{},[1781,85593,85594,85596],{},[2348,85595,4593],{},[1784,85597,8838],{},[1808,85599,85600],{"encoding":1810},"\\dfrac{a}{2b}",[1177,85602,85603],{},[1035,85604,85606],{"className":85605},[1772],[1774,85607,85608],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,85609,85610,85620],{},[1781,85611,85612],{},[14390,85613,85614],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,85615,85616,85618],{},[1784,85617,1068],{},[2348,85619,4593],{},[1808,85621,85622],{"encoding":1810},"\\dfrac{a}{2}",[1177,85624,85625],{},[1035,85626,85628],{"className":85627},[1772],[1774,85629,85630],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,85631,85632,85650],{},[1781,85633,85634],{},[14390,85635,85636],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,85637,85638,85644],{},[2467,85639,85640,85642],{},[1784,85641,1068],{},[2348,85643,4593],{},[1781,85645,85646,85648],{},[2348,85647,9661],{},[1784,85649,8838],{},[1808,85651,85652],{"encoding":1810},"\\dfrac{a^2}{8b}",[1177,85654,85655],{},[1035,85656,85658],{"className":85657},[1772],[1774,85659,85660],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,85661,85662,85680],{},[1781,85663,85664],{},[14390,85665,85666],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,85667,85668,85674],{},[2467,85669,85670,85672],{},[1784,85671,1068],{},[2348,85673,4593],{},[1781,85675,85676,85678],{},[2348,85677,9661],{},[1784,85679,8838],{},[1808,85681,85652],{"encoding":1810},[1177,85683,85684],{},[1035,85685,85687],{"className":85686},[1772],[1774,85688,85689],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,85690,85691,85709],{},[1781,85692,85693],{},[14390,85694,85695],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,85696,85697,85703],{},[2467,85698,85699,85701],{},[1784,85700,1068],{},[2348,85702,4593],{},[1781,85704,85705,85707],{},[2348,85706,5344],{},[1784,85708,8838],{},[1808,85710,85711],{"encoding":1810},"\\dfrac{a^2}{4b}",[1159,85713,85714,85718,85744,85769,85799,85821,85851,85880],{},[1177,85715,85716],{},[1047,85717,73720],{},[1177,85719,85720],{},[1035,85721,85723],{"className":85722},[1772],[1774,85724,85725],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,85726,85727,85741],{},[1781,85728,85729],{},[14390,85730,85731],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,85732,85733,85735],{},[1784,85734,1068],{},[1781,85736,85737,85739],{},[2348,85738,5332],{},[1784,85740,8838],{},[1808,85742,85743],{"encoding":1810},"\\dfrac{a}{3b}",[1177,85745,85746],{},[1035,85747,85749],{"className":85748},[1772],[1774,85750,85751],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,85752,85753,85767],{},[1781,85754,85755],{},[14390,85756,85757],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,85758,85759,85761],{},[1784,85760,1068],{},[1781,85762,85763,85765],{},[2348,85764,5332],{},[1784,85766,8838],{},[1808,85768,85743],{"encoding":1810},[1177,85770,85771],{},[1035,85772,85774],{"className":85773},[1772],[1774,85775,85776],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,85777,85778,85796],{},[1781,85779,85780],{},[14390,85781,85782],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,85783,85784,85790],{},[1781,85785,85786,85788],{},[2348,85787,4593],{},[1784,85789,1068],{},[1781,85791,85792,85794],{},[2348,85793,5332],{},[1784,85795,8838],{},[1808,85797,85798],{"encoding":1810},"\\dfrac{2a}{3b}",[1177,85800,85801],{},[1035,85802,85804],{"className":85803},[1772],[1774,85805,85806],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,85807,85808,85818],{},[1781,85809,85810],{},[14390,85811,85812],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,85813,85814,85816],{},[1784,85815,1068],{},[2348,85817,5332],{},[1808,85819,85820],{"encoding":1810},"\\dfrac{a}{3}",[1177,85822,85823],{},[1035,85824,85826],{"className":85825},[1772],[1774,85827,85828],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,85829,85830,85848],{},[1781,85831,85832],{},[14390,85833,85834],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,85835,85836,85842],{},[2467,85837,85838,85840],{},[1784,85839,1068],{},[2348,85841,4593],{},[1781,85843,85844,85846],{},[2348,85845,2777],{},[1784,85847,8838],{},[1808,85849,85850],{"encoding":1810},"\\dfrac{a^2}{9b}",[1177,85852,85853],{},[1035,85854,85856],{"className":85855},[1772],[1774,85857,85858],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,85859,85860,85878],{},[1781,85861,85862],{},[14390,85863,85864],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,85865,85866,85872],{},[2467,85867,85868,85870],{},[1784,85869,1068],{},[2348,85871,4593],{},[1781,85873,85874,85876],{},[2348,85875,2777],{},[1784,85877,8838],{},[1808,85879,85850],{"encoding":1810},[1177,85881,85882],{},[1035,85883,85885],{"className":85884},[1772],[1774,85886,85887],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,85888,85889,85911],{},[1781,85890,85891],{},[14390,85892,85893],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,85894,85895,85905],{},[1781,85896,85897,85899],{},[2348,85898,4593],{},[2467,85900,85901,85903],{},[1784,85902,1068],{},[2348,85904,4593],{},[1781,85906,85907,85909],{},[2348,85908,2777],{},[1784,85910,8838],{},[1808,85912,85913],{"encoding":1810},"\\dfrac{2a^2}{9b}",[1159,85915,85916,85920,85945,85970,85992,86007,86022,86037],{},[1177,85917,85918],{},[1047,85919,73723],{},[1177,85921,85922],{},[1035,85923,85925],{"className":85924},[1772],[1774,85926,85927],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,85928,85929,85943],{},[1781,85930,85931],{},[14390,85932,85933],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,85934,85935,85937],{},[1784,85936,1068],{},[1781,85938,85939,85941],{},[2348,85940,4593],{},[1784,85942,8838],{},[1808,85944,85600],{"encoding":1810},[1177,85946,85947],{},[1035,85948,85950],{"className":85949},[1772],[1774,85951,85952],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,85953,85954,85968],{},[1781,85955,85956],{},[14390,85957,85958],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,85959,85960,85962],{},[1784,85961,1068],{},[1781,85963,85964,85966],{},[2348,85965,4593],{},[1784,85967,8838],{},[1808,85969,85600],{"encoding":1810},[1177,85971,85972],{},[1035,85973,85975],{"className":85974},[1772],[1774,85976,85977],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,85978,85979,85989],{},[1781,85980,85981],{},[14390,85982,85983],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,85984,85985,85987],{},[1784,85986,1068],{},[1784,85988,8838],{},[1808,85990,85991],{"encoding":1810},"\\dfrac{a}{b}",[1177,85993,85994],{},[1035,85995,85997],{"className":85996},[1772],[1774,85998,85999],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,86000,86001,86005],{},[1781,86002,86003],{},[2348,86004,2350],{},[1808,86006,2350],{"encoding":1810},[1177,86008,86009],{},[1035,86010,86012],{"className":86011},[1772],[1774,86013,86014],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,86015,86016,86020],{},[1781,86017,86018],{},[2348,86019,2350],{},[1808,86021,2350],{"encoding":1810},[1177,86023,86024],{},[1035,86025,86027],{"className":86026},[1772],[1774,86028,86029],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,86030,86031,86035],{},[1781,86032,86033],{},[2348,86034,2350],{},[1808,86036,2350],{"encoding":1810},[1177,86038,86039],{},[1035,86040,86042],{"className":86041},[1772],[1774,86043,86044],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,86045,86046,86050],{},[1781,86047,86048],{},[2348,86049,2350],{},[1808,86051,2350],{"encoding":1810},[1159,86053,86054,86058,86083,86108,86138,86160,86189,86219],{},[1177,86055,86056,79407],{},[1047,86057,79406],{},[1177,86059,86060],{},[1035,86061,86063],{"className":86062},[1772],[1774,86064,86065],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,86066,86067,86081],{},[1781,86068,86069],{},[14390,86070,86071],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,86072,86073,86075],{},[1784,86074,1068],{},[1781,86076,86077,86079],{},[2348,86078,4593],{},[1784,86080,8838],{},[1808,86082,85600],{"encoding":1810},[1177,86084,86085],{},[1035,86086,86088],{"className":86087},[1772],[1774,86089,86090],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,86091,86092,86106],{},[1781,86093,86094],{},[14390,86095,86096],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,86097,86098,86100],{},[1784,86099,1068],{},[1781,86101,86102,86104],{},[2348,86103,5344],{},[1784,86105,8838],{},[1808,86107,85549],{"encoding":1810},[1177,86109,86110],{},[1035,86111,86113],{"className":86112},[1772],[1774,86114,86115],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,86116,86117,86135],{},[1781,86118,86119],{},[14390,86120,86121],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,86122,86123,86129],{},[1781,86124,86125,86127],{},[2348,86126,5332],{},[1784,86128,1068],{},[1781,86130,86131,86133],{},[2348,86132,5344],{},[1784,86134,8838],{},[1808,86136,86137],{"encoding":1810},"\\dfrac{3a}{4b}",[1177,86139,86140],{},[1035,86141,86143],{"className":86142},[1772],[1774,86144,86145],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,86146,86147,86157],{},[1781,86148,86149],{},[14390,86150,86151],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,86152,86153,86155],{},[1784,86154,1068],{},[2348,86156,5344],{},[1808,86158,86159],{"encoding":1810},"\\dfrac{a}{4}",[1177,86161,86162],{},[1035,86163,86165],{"className":86164},[1772],[1774,86166,86167],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,86168,86169,86187],{},[1781,86170,86171],{},[14390,86172,86173],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,86174,86175,86181],{},[2467,86176,86177,86179],{},[1784,86178,1068],{},[2348,86180,4593],{},[1781,86182,86183,86185],{},[2348,86184,9661],{},[1784,86186,8838],{},[1808,86188,85652],{"encoding":1810},[1177,86190,86191],{},[1035,86192,86194],{"className":86193},[1772],[1774,86195,86196],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,86197,86198,86216],{},[1781,86199,86200],{},[14390,86201,86202],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,86203,86204,86210],{},[2467,86205,86206,86208],{},[1784,86207,1068],{},[2348,86209,4593],{},[1781,86211,86212,86214],{},[2348,86213,14061],{},[1784,86215,8838],{},[1808,86217,86218],{"encoding":1810},"\\dfrac{a^2}{16b}",[1177,86220,86221],{},[1035,86222,86224],{"className":86223},[1772],[1774,86225,86226],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,86227,86228,86250],{},[1781,86229,86230],{},[14390,86231,86232],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,86233,86234,86244],{},[1781,86235,86236,86238],{},[2348,86237,5332],{},[2467,86239,86240,86242],{},[1784,86241,1068],{},[2348,86243,4593],{},[1781,86245,86246,86248],{},[2348,86247,14061],{},[1784,86249,8838],{},[1808,86251,86252],{"encoding":1810},"\\dfrac{3a^2}{16b}",[1030,86254,86255],{},[1047,86256,86257,86258,1299,86276,1310],{},"Verifikace pro ",[1035,86259,86261],{"className":86260},[1772],[1774,86262,86263],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,86264,86265,86273],{},[1781,86266,86267,86269,86271],{},[1784,86268,1068],{},[1788,86270,1863],{},[2348,86272,9189],{},[1808,86274,86275],{"encoding":1810},"a = 30",[1035,86277,86279],{"className":86278},[1772],[1774,86280,86281],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,86282,86283,86291],{},[1781,86284,86285,86287,86289],{},[1784,86286,8838],{},[1788,86288,1863],{},[2348,86290,2374],{},[1808,86292,86293],{"encoding":1810},"b = 1",[1153,86295,86296,86425],{},[1156,86297,86298],{},[1159,86299,86300,86302,86321,86340,86355,86370,86389,86408],{},[1162,86301,75081],{},[1162,86303,86304],{},[1035,86305,86307],{"className":86306},[1772],[1774,86308,86309],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,86310,86311,86319],{},[1781,86312,86313],{},[1792,86314,86315,86317],{},[1784,86316,2270],{},[2348,86318,2374],{},[1808,86320,12370],{"encoding":1810},[1162,86322,86323],{},[1035,86324,86326],{"className":86325},[1772],[1774,86327,86328],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,86329,86330,86338],{},[1781,86331,86332],{},[1792,86333,86334,86336],{},[1784,86335,2270],{},[2348,86337,4593],{},[1808,86339,12429],{"encoding":1810},[1162,86341,86342],{},[1035,86343,86345],{"className":86344},[1772],[1774,86346,86347],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,86348,86349,86353],{},[1781,86350,86351],{},[1784,86352,2270],{},[1808,86354,2270],{"encoding":1810},[1162,86356,86357],{},[1035,86358,86360],{"className":86359},[1772],[1774,86361,86362],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,86363,86364,86368],{},[1781,86365,86366],{},[1784,86367,2264],{},[1808,86369,2264],{"encoding":1810},[1162,86371,86372],{},[1035,86373,86375],{"className":86374},[1772],[1774,86376,86377],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,86378,86379,86387],{},[1781,86380,86381],{},[1792,86382,86383,86385],{},[1784,86384,1786],{},[2348,86386,2374],{},[1808,86388,79334],{"encoding":1810},[1162,86390,86391],{},[1035,86392,86394],{"className":86393},[1772],[1774,86395,86396],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,86397,86398,86406],{},[1781,86399,86400],{},[1792,86401,86402,86404],{},[1784,86403,1786],{},[2348,86405,4593],{},[1808,86407,79354],{"encoding":1810},[1162,86409,86410],{},[1035,86411,86413],{"className":86412},[1772],[1774,86414,86415],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,86416,86417,86423],{},[1781,86418,86419,86421],{},[1788,86420,12866],{},[1784,86422,1786],{},[1808,86424,79372],{"encoding":1810},[1172,86426,86427,86448,86466,86484],{},[1159,86428,86429,86432,86434,86436,86438,86440,86442,86444],{},[1177,86430,86431],{},"Koluze",[1177,86433,79384],{},[1177,86435,79384],{},[1177,86437,2786],{},[1177,86439,2786],{},[1177,86441,79393],{},[1177,86443,79393],{},[1177,86445,86446],{},[1047,86447,56449],{},[1159,86449,86450,86452,86454,86456,86458,86460,86462,86464],{},[1177,86451,73720],{},[1177,86453,3116],{},[1177,86455,3116],{},[1177,86457,2640],{},[1177,86459,3116],{},[1177,86461,2605],{},[1177,86463,2605],{},[1177,86465,28338],{},[1159,86467,86468,86470,86472,86474,86476,86478,86480,86482],{},[1177,86469,73723],{},[1177,86471,2786],{},[1177,86473,2786],{},[1177,86475,9189],{},[1177,86477,2350],{},[1177,86479,2350],{},[1177,86481,2350],{},[1177,86483,2350],{},[1159,86485,86486,86488,86490,86492,86494,86496,86498,86500],{},[1177,86487,79406],{},[1177,86489,2786],{},[1177,86491,79384],{},[1177,86493,79414],{},[1177,86495,79384],{},[1177,86497,79393],{},[1177,86499,79421],{},[1177,86501,79424],{},[1030,86503,86504],{},"Vše sedí.",[1100,86506,86508],{"id":86507},"_72-odvození-jednotlivých-řádků","7.2 Odvození jednotlivých řádků",[1030,86510,86511,86514,86515,65120,86545,1310],{},[1047,86512,86513],{},"Sdílený monopol (koluze)."," Maximalizujeme ",[1035,86516,86518],{"className":86517},[1772],[1774,86519,86520],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,86521,86522,86542],{},[1781,86523,86524,86526,86528,86530,86532,86534,86536,86538,86540],{},[1784,86525,1786],{},[1788,86527,1863],{},[1788,86529,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,86531,1068],{},[1788,86533,2371],{},[1784,86535,8838],{},[1784,86537,2270],{},[1788,86539,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,86541,2270],{},[1808,86543,86544],{"encoding":1810},"\\pi = (a - bQ) Q",[1035,86546,86548],{"className":86547},[1772],[1774,86549,86550],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,86551,86552,86556],{},[1781,86553,86554],{},[1784,86555,2270],{},[1808,86557,2270],{"encoding":1810},[1035,86559,86561],{"className":86560},[1772],[1774,86562,86563],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,86564,86565,86619],{},[1781,86566,86567,86581,86583,86585,86587,86589,86591,86593,86595,86597,86599,86601,86603,86605,86607,86617],{},[2322,86568,86569,86575],{},[1781,86570,86571,86573],{},[1784,86572,2328],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,86574,1786],{},[1781,86576,86577,86579],{},[1784,86578,2328],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,86580,2270],{},[1788,86582,1863],{},[1784,86584,1068],{},[1788,86586,2371],{},[2348,86588,4593],{},[1784,86590,8838],{},[1784,86592,2270],{},[1788,86594,1863],{},[2348,86596,2350],{},[2149,86598,21702],{},[1788,86600,2357],{},[2149,86602,21702],{},[1784,86604,2270],{},[1788,86606,1863],{},[2322,86608,86609,86611],{},[1784,86610,1068],{},[1781,86612,86613,86615],{},[2348,86614,4593],{},[1784,86616,8838],{},[1784,86618,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,86620,86621],{"encoding":1810},"\\frac{\\mathrm{d}\\pi}{\\mathrm{d} Q} = a - 2 b Q = 0 \\;\\Rightarrow\\; Q = \\frac{a}{2b}.",[1030,86623,86624,1299,86670,86726,86727,1299,86767,30068],{},[1035,86625,86627],{"className":86626},[1772],[1774,86628,86629],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,86630,86631,86667],{},[1781,86632,86633,86635,86637,86639,86641,86643,86645,86657,86659],{},[1784,86634,2264],{},[1788,86636,1863],{},[1784,86638,1068],{},[1788,86640,2371],{},[1784,86642,8838],{},[1788,86644,2267],{},[14390,86646,86647],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,86648,86649,86651],{},[1784,86650,1068],{},[1781,86652,86653,86655],{},[2348,86654,4593],{},[1784,86656,8838],{},[1788,86658,1863],{},[14390,86660,86661],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,86662,86663,86665],{},[1784,86664,1068],{},[2348,86666,4593],{},[1808,86668,86669],{"encoding":1810},"P = a - b \\cdot \\tfrac{a}{2b} = \\tfrac{a}{2}",[1035,86671,86673],{"className":86672},[1772],[1774,86674,86675],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,86676,86677,86723],{},[1781,86678,86679,86681,86683,86691,86693,86705,86707],{},[1784,86680,1786],{},[1788,86682,1863],{},[14390,86684,86685],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,86686,86687,86689],{},[1784,86688,1068],{},[2348,86690,4593],{},[1788,86692,2267],{},[14390,86694,86695],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,86696,86697,86699],{},[1784,86698,1068],{},[1781,86700,86701,86703],{},[2348,86702,4593],{},[1784,86704,8838],{},[1788,86706,1863],{},[14390,86708,86709],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,86710,86711,86717],{},[2467,86712,86713,86715],{},[1784,86714,1068],{},[2348,86716,4593],{},[1781,86718,86719,86721],{},[2348,86720,5344],{},[1784,86722,8838],{},[1808,86724,86725],{"encoding":1810},"\\pi = \\tfrac{a}{2} \\cdot \\tfrac{a}{2b} = \\tfrac{a^2}{4b}",".\nPři rovnoměrném rozdělení ",[1035,86728,86730],{"className":86729},[1772],[1774,86731,86732],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,86733,86734,86764],{},[1781,86735,86736,86742,86744,86750,86752],{},[1792,86737,86738,86740],{},[1784,86739,2270],{},[2348,86741,2374],{},[1788,86743,1863],{},[1792,86745,86746,86748],{},[1784,86747,2270],{},[2348,86749,4593],{},[1788,86751,1863],{},[14390,86753,86754],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,86755,86756,86758],{},[1784,86757,1068],{},[1781,86759,86760,86762],{},[2348,86761,5344],{},[1784,86763,8838],{},[1808,86765,86766],{"encoding":1810},"Q_1 = Q_2 = \\tfrac{a}{4b}",[1035,86768,86770],{"className":86769},[1772],[1774,86771,86772],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,86773,86774,86808],{},[1781,86775,86776,86782,86784,86790,86792],{},[1792,86777,86778,86780],{},[1784,86779,1786],{},[2348,86781,2374],{},[1788,86783,1863],{},[1792,86785,86786,86788],{},[1784,86787,1786],{},[2348,86789,4593],{},[1788,86791,1863],{},[14390,86793,86794],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,86795,86796,86802],{},[2467,86797,86798,86800],{},[1784,86799,1068],{},[2348,86801,4593],{},[1781,86803,86804,86806],{},[2348,86805,9661],{},[1784,86807,8838],{},[1808,86809,86810],{"encoding":1810},"\\pi_1 = \\pi_2 = \\tfrac{a^2}{8b}",[1030,86812,86813,86816],{},[1047,86814,86815],{},"Cournot."," Reakční křivky:",[1035,86818,86820],{"className":86819},[1772],[1774,86821,86822],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,86823,86824,86902],{},[1781,86825,86826,86828,86834,86836,86838,86840,86842,86844,86850,86852,86854,86860,86862,86864,86866,86868,86870,86876,86878,86900],{},[1784,86827,1857],{},[1792,86829,86830,86832],{},[1784,86831,1860],{},[2348,86833,2374],{},[1788,86835,1863],{},[1784,86837,1068],{},[1788,86839,2371],{},[2348,86841,4593],{},[1784,86843,8838],{},[1792,86845,86846,86848],{},[1784,86847,2270],{},[2348,86849,2374],{},[1788,86851,2371],{},[1784,86853,8838],{},[1792,86855,86856,86858],{},[1784,86857,2270],{},[2348,86859,4593],{},[1788,86861,1863],{},[2348,86863,2350],{},[2149,86865,21702],{},[1788,86867,2357],{},[2149,86869,21702],{},[1792,86871,86872,86874],{},[1784,86873,2270],{},[2348,86875,2374],{},[1788,86877,1863],{},[2322,86879,86880,86894],{},[1781,86881,86882,86884,86886,86888],{},[1784,86883,1068],{},[1788,86885,2371],{},[1784,86887,8838],{},[1792,86889,86890,86892],{},[1784,86891,2270],{},[2348,86893,4593],{},[1781,86895,86896,86898],{},[2348,86897,4593],{},[1784,86899,8838],{},[1784,86901,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,86903,86904],{"encoding":1810},"MR_1 = a - 2 b Q_1 - b Q_2 = 0 \\;\\Rightarrow\\; Q_1 = \\frac{a - b Q_2}{2b}.",[1030,86906,86907],{},"Symetrie a dosazení:",[1035,86909,86911],{"className":86910},[1772],[1774,86912,86913],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,86914,86915,87059],{},[1781,86916,86917,86923,86925,86967,86969,87003,87005,87033,87035,87057],{},[1792,86918,86919,86921],{},[1784,86920,2270],{},[2348,86922,2374],{},[1788,86924,1863],{},[2322,86926,86927,86961],{},[1781,86928,86929,86931,86933,86935,86937],{},[1784,86930,1068],{},[1788,86932,2371],{},[1784,86934,8838],{},[1788,86936,2267],{},[14390,86938,86939],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,86940,86941,86955],{},[1781,86942,86943,86945,86947,86949],{},[1784,86944,1068],{},[1788,86946,2371],{},[1784,86948,8838],{},[1792,86950,86951,86953],{},[1784,86952,2270],{},[2348,86954,2374],{},[1781,86956,86957,86959],{},[2348,86958,4593],{},[1784,86960,8838],{},[1781,86962,86963,86965],{},[2348,86964,4593],{},[1784,86966,8838],{},[1788,86968,1863],{},[2322,86970,86971,86997],{},[1781,86972,86973,86975,86977],{},[1784,86974,1068],{},[1788,86976,2371],{},[14390,86978,86979],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,86980,86981,86995],{},[1781,86982,86983,86985,86987,86989],{},[1784,86984,1068],{},[1788,86986,2371],{},[1784,86988,8838],{},[1792,86990,86991,86993],{},[1784,86992,2270],{},[2348,86994,2374],{},[2348,86996,4593],{},[1781,86998,86999,87001],{},[2348,87000,4593],{},[1784,87002,8838],{},[1788,87004,1863],{},[2322,87006,87007,87027],{},[14390,87008,87009],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,87010,87011,87025],{},[1781,87012,87013,87015,87017,87019],{},[1784,87014,1068],{},[1788,87016,2637],{},[1784,87018,8838],{},[1792,87020,87021,87023],{},[1784,87022,2270],{},[2348,87024,2374],{},[2348,87026,4593],{},[1781,87028,87029,87031],{},[2348,87030,4593],{},[1784,87032,8838],{},[1788,87034,1863],{},[2322,87036,87037,87051],{},[1781,87038,87039,87041,87043,87045],{},[1784,87040,1068],{},[1788,87042,2637],{},[1784,87044,8838],{},[1792,87046,87047,87049],{},[1784,87048,2270],{},[2348,87050,2374],{},[1781,87052,87053,87055],{},[2348,87054,5344],{},[1784,87056,8838],{},[1784,87058,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,87060,87061],{"encoding":1810},"Q_1 = \\frac{a - b \\cdot \\tfrac{a - b Q_1}{2b}}{2b} = \\frac{a - \\tfrac{a - b Q_1}{2}}{2b} = \\frac{\\tfrac{a + b Q_1}{2}}{2b} = \\frac{a + b Q_1}{4b}.",[1035,87063,87065],{"className":87064},[1772],[1774,87066,87067],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,87068,87069,87145],{},[1781,87070,87071,87073,87075,87081,87083,87085,87087,87089,87095,87097,87099,87101,87103,87105,87111,87113,87115,87117,87119,87121,87127,87129,87141,87143],{},[2348,87072,5344],{},[1784,87074,8838],{},[1792,87076,87077,87079],{},[1784,87078,2270],{},[2348,87080,2374],{},[1788,87082,1863],{},[1784,87084,1068],{},[1788,87086,2637],{},[1784,87088,8838],{},[1792,87090,87091,87093],{},[1784,87092,2270],{},[2348,87094,2374],{},[2149,87096,21702],{},[1788,87098,2357],{},[2149,87100,21702],{},[2348,87102,5332],{},[1784,87104,8838],{},[1792,87106,87107,87109],{},[1784,87108,2270],{},[2348,87110,2374],{},[1788,87112,1863],{},[1784,87114,1068],{},[2149,87116,21702],{},[1788,87118,2357],{},[2149,87120,21702],{},[1792,87122,87123,87125],{},[1784,87124,2270],{},[2348,87126,2374],{},[1788,87128,1863],{},[14390,87130,87131],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,87132,87133,87135],{},[1784,87134,1068],{},[1781,87136,87137,87139],{},[2348,87138,5332],{},[1784,87140,8838],{},[1784,87142,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,87144,24621],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,87146,87147],{"encoding":1810},"4 b Q_1 = a + b Q_1 \\;\\Rightarrow\\; 3 b Q_1 = a \\;\\Rightarrow\\; Q_1 = \\tfrac{a}{3b}. \\checkmark",[1030,87149,87150,87151,1299,87183,1299,87215,87265,87266,30068],{},"Symetrie ",[1035,87152,87154],{"className":87153},[1772],[1774,87155,87156],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,87157,87158,87180],{},[1781,87159,87160,87166,87168],{},[1792,87161,87162,87164],{},[1784,87163,2270],{},[2348,87165,4593],{},[1788,87167,1863],{},[14390,87169,87170],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,87171,87172,87174],{},[1784,87173,1068],{},[1781,87175,87176,87178],{},[2348,87177,5332],{},[1784,87179,8838],{},[1808,87181,87182],{"encoding":1810},"Q_2 = \\tfrac{a}{3b}",[1035,87184,87186],{"className":87185},[1772],[1774,87187,87188],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,87189,87190,87212],{},[1781,87191,87192,87194,87196],{},[1784,87193,2270],{},[1788,87195,1863],{},[14390,87197,87198],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,87199,87200,87206],{},[1781,87201,87202,87204],{},[2348,87203,4593],{},[1784,87205,1068],{},[1781,87207,87208,87210],{},[2348,87209,5332],{},[1784,87211,8838],{},[1808,87213,87214],{"encoding":1810},"Q = \\tfrac{2a}{3b}",[1035,87216,87218],{"className":87217},[1772],[1774,87219,87220],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,87221,87222,87262],{},[1781,87223,87224,87226,87228,87230,87232,87234,87236,87252,87254],{},[1784,87225,2264],{},[1788,87227,1863],{},[1784,87229,1068],{},[1788,87231,2371],{},[1784,87233,8838],{},[1788,87235,2267],{},[14390,87237,87238],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,87239,87240,87246],{},[1781,87241,87242,87244],{},[2348,87243,4593],{},[1784,87245,1068],{},[1781,87247,87248,87250],{},[2348,87249,5332],{},[1784,87251,8838],{},[1788,87253,1863],{},[14390,87255,87256],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,87257,87258,87260],{},[1784,87259,1068],{},[2348,87261,5332],{},[1808,87263,87264],{"encoding":1810},"P = a - b \\cdot \\tfrac{2a}{3b} = \\tfrac{a}{3}",".\nZisk: ",[1035,87267,87269],{"className":87268},[1772],[1774,87270,87271],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,87272,87273,87323],{},[1781,87274,87275,87281,87283,87291,87293,87305,87307],{},[1792,87276,87277,87279],{},[1784,87278,1786],{},[2348,87280,2374],{},[1788,87282,1863],{},[14390,87284,87285],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,87286,87287,87289],{},[1784,87288,1068],{},[2348,87290,5332],{},[1788,87292,2267],{},[14390,87294,87295],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,87296,87297,87299],{},[1784,87298,1068],{},[1781,87300,87301,87303],{},[2348,87302,5332],{},[1784,87304,8838],{},[1788,87306,1863],{},[14390,87308,87309],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,87310,87311,87317],{},[2467,87312,87313,87315],{},[1784,87314,1068],{},[2348,87316,4593],{},[1781,87318,87319,87321],{},[2348,87320,2777],{},[1784,87322,8838],{},[1808,87324,87325],{"encoding":1810},"\\pi_1 = \\tfrac{a}{3} \\cdot \\tfrac{a}{3b} = \\tfrac{a^2}{9b}",[1030,87327,87328,87331,87332,87351,87352,87375,87376,1299,87436,87453,87454,1075],{},[1047,87329,87330],{},"Bertrand."," Cenová konkurence s homogenním produktem a ",[1035,87333,87335],{"className":87334},[1772],[1774,87336,87337],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,87338,87339,87349],{},[1781,87340,87341,87343,87345,87347],{},[1784,87342,1857],{},[1784,87344,1868],{},[1788,87346,1863],{},[2348,87348,2350],{},[1808,87350,45415],{"encoding":1810}," tlačí cenu na\n",[1035,87353,87355],{"className":87354},[1772],[1774,87356,87357],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,87358,87359,87373],{},[1781,87360,87361,87363,87365,87367,87369,87371],{},[1784,87362,2264],{},[1788,87364,1863],{},[1784,87366,1857],{},[1784,87368,1868],{},[1788,87370,1863],{},[2348,87372,2350],{},[1808,87374,83008],{"encoding":1810},". Trh se rozdělí rovnoměrně: ",[1035,87377,87379],{"className":87378},[1772],[1774,87380,87381],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,87382,87383,87433],{},[1781,87384,87385,87391,87393,87399,87401,87409,87411,87419,87421],{},[1792,87386,87387,87389],{},[1784,87388,2270],{},[2348,87390,2374],{},[1788,87392,1863],{},[1792,87394,87395,87397],{},[1784,87396,2270],{},[2348,87398,4593],{},[1788,87400,1863],{},[14390,87402,87403],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,87404,87405,87407],{},[2348,87406,2374],{},[2348,87408,4593],{},[1788,87410,2267],{},[14390,87412,87413],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,87414,87415,87417],{},[1784,87416,1068],{},[1784,87418,8838],{},[1788,87420,1863],{},[14390,87422,87423],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,87424,87425,87427],{},[1784,87426,1068],{},[1781,87428,87429,87431],{},[2348,87430,4593],{},[1784,87432,8838],{},[1808,87434,87435],{"encoding":1810},"Q_1 = Q_2 = \\tfrac{1}{2} \\cdot \\tfrac{a}{b} = \\tfrac{a}{2b}",[1035,87437,87439],{"className":87438},[1772],[1774,87440,87441],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,87442,87443,87451],{},[1781,87444,87445,87447,87449],{},[1784,87446,1786],{},[1788,87448,1863],{},[2348,87450,2350],{},[1808,87452,52903],{"encoding":1810},".\nDetaily v ",[1068,87455,73723],{"href":78944,"className":87456,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":78943},[1071],[1030,87458,87459,87462,87463,1310],{},[1047,87460,87461],{},"Stackelberg."," Lider dosadí followera ",[1035,87464,87466],{"className":87465},[1772],[1774,87467,87468],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,87469,87470,87504],{},[1781,87471,87472,87478,87480],{},[1792,87473,87474,87476],{},[1784,87475,2270],{},[2348,87477,4593],{},[1788,87479,1863],{},[14390,87481,87482],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,87483,87484,87498],{},[1781,87485,87486,87488,87490,87492],{},[1784,87487,1068],{},[1788,87489,2371],{},[1784,87491,8838],{},[1792,87493,87494,87496],{},[1784,87495,2270],{},[2348,87497,2374],{},[1781,87499,87500,87502],{},[2348,87501,4593],{},[1784,87503,8838],{},[1808,87505,87506],{"encoding":1810},"Q_2 = \\tfrac{a - b Q_1}{2b}",[1035,87508,87510],{"className":87509},[1772],[1774,87511,87512],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,87513,87514,87636],{},[1781,87515,87516,87518,87524,87526,87528,87530,87532,87534,87540,87542,87544,87550,87552,87558,87560,87562,87564,87566,87568,87574,87576,87596,87598,87604,87606,87626,87628,87634],{},[1784,87517,2257],{},[1792,87519,87520,87522],{},[1784,87521,1860],{},[2348,87523,2374],{},[1788,87525,1863],{},[1788,87527,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,87529,1068],{},[1788,87531,2371],{},[1784,87533,8838],{},[1792,87535,87536,87538],{},[1784,87537,2270],{},[2348,87539,2374],{},[1788,87541,2371],{},[1784,87543,8838],{},[1792,87545,87546,87548],{},[1784,87547,2270],{},[2348,87549,4593],{},[1788,87551,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,87553,87554,87556],{},[1784,87555,2270],{},[2348,87557,2374],{},[1788,87559,1863],{},[1788,87561,2143],{"fence":1041,"stretchy":1041,"minsize":35018,"maxsize":35018},[1784,87563,1068],{},[1788,87565,2371],{},[1784,87567,8838],{},[1792,87569,87570,87572],{},[1784,87571,2270],{},[2348,87573,2374],{},[1788,87575,2371],{},[14390,87577,87578],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,87579,87580,87594],{},[1781,87581,87582,87584,87586,87588],{},[1784,87583,1068],{},[1788,87585,2371],{},[1784,87587,8838],{},[1792,87589,87590,87592],{},[1784,87591,2270],{},[2348,87593,2374],{},[2348,87595,4593],{},[1788,87597,2192],{"fence":1041,"stretchy":1041,"minsize":35018,"maxsize":35018},[1792,87599,87600,87602],{},[1784,87601,2270],{},[2348,87603,2374],{},[1788,87605,1863],{},[14390,87607,87608],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,87609,87610,87624],{},[1781,87611,87612,87614,87616,87618],{},[1784,87613,1068],{},[1788,87615,2371],{},[1784,87617,8838],{},[1792,87619,87620,87622],{},[1784,87621,2270],{},[2348,87623,2374],{},[2348,87625,4593],{},[1788,87627,2267],{},[1792,87629,87630,87632],{},[1784,87631,2270],{},[2348,87633,2374],{},[1784,87635,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,87637,87638],{"encoding":1810},"TR_1 = (a - b Q_1 - b Q_2) Q_1 = \\bigl(a - b Q_1 - \\tfrac{a - b Q_1}{2}\\bigr) Q_1 = \\tfrac{a - b Q_1}{2} \\cdot Q_1.",[1035,87640,87642],{"className":87641},[1772],[1774,87643,87644],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,87645,87646,87724],{},[1781,87647,87648,87650,87656,87658,87686,87688,87690,87692,87698,87700,87722],{},[1784,87649,2257],{},[1792,87651,87652,87654],{},[1784,87653,1860],{},[2348,87655,2374],{},[1788,87657,1863],{},[14390,87659,87660],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,87661,87662,87684],{},[1781,87663,87664,87666,87672,87674,87676],{},[1784,87665,1068],{},[1792,87667,87668,87670],{},[1784,87669,2270],{},[2348,87671,2374],{},[1788,87673,2371],{},[1784,87675,8838],{},[13587,87677,87678,87680,87682],{},[1784,87679,2270],{},[2348,87681,2374],{},[2348,87683,4593],{},[2348,87685,4593],{},[1788,87687,1138],{"separator":1041},[2352,87689],{"width":2354},[1784,87691,1857],{},[1792,87693,87694,87696],{},[1784,87695,1860],{},[2348,87697,2374],{},[1788,87699,1863],{},[14390,87701,87702],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,87703,87704,87720],{},[1781,87705,87706,87708,87710,87712,87714],{},[1784,87707,1068],{},[1788,87709,2371],{},[2348,87711,4593],{},[1784,87713,8838],{},[1792,87715,87716,87718],{},[1784,87717,2270],{},[2348,87719,2374],{},[2348,87721,4593],{},[1784,87723,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,87725,87726],{"encoding":1810},"TR_1 = \\tfrac{a Q_1 - b Q_1^2}{2}, \\qquad MR_1 = \\tfrac{a - 2 b Q_1}{2}.",[1030,87728,87729,30068],{},[1035,87730,87732],{"className":87731},[1772],[1774,87733,87734],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,87735,87736,87772],{},[1781,87737,87738,87740,87746,87748,87750,87752,87758,87760],{},[1784,87739,1857],{},[1792,87741,87742,87744],{},[1784,87743,1860],{},[2348,87745,2374],{},[1788,87747,1863],{},[2348,87749,2350],{},[1788,87751,2357],{},[1792,87753,87754,87756],{},[1784,87755,2270],{},[2348,87757,2374],{},[1788,87759,1863],{},[14390,87761,87762],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,87763,87764,87766],{},[1784,87765,1068],{},[1781,87767,87768,87770],{},[2348,87769,4593],{},[1784,87771,8838],{},[1808,87773,87774],{"encoding":1810},"MR_1 = 0 \\Rightarrow Q_1 = \\tfrac{a}{2b}",[1030,87776,87777,87778,30068],{},"Follower: ",[1035,87779,87781],{"className":87780},[1772],[1774,87782,87783],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,87784,87785,87861],{},[1781,87786,87787,87793,87795,87827,87829,87847,87849],{},[1792,87788,87789,87791],{},[1784,87790,2270],{},[2348,87792,4593],{},[1788,87794,1863],{},[14390,87796,87797],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,87798,87799,87821],{},[1781,87800,87801,87803,87805,87807,87809],{},[1784,87802,1068],{},[1788,87804,2371],{},[1784,87806,8838],{},[1788,87808,2267],{},[14390,87810,87811],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,87812,87813,87815],{},[1784,87814,1068],{},[1781,87816,87817,87819],{},[2348,87818,4593],{},[1784,87820,8838],{},[1781,87822,87823,87825],{},[2348,87824,4593],{},[1784,87826,8838],{},[1788,87828,1863],{},[14390,87830,87831],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,87832,87833,87841],{},[1781,87834,87835,87837,87839],{},[1784,87836,1068],{},[1784,87838,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,87840,4593],{},[1781,87842,87843,87845],{},[2348,87844,4593],{},[1784,87846,8838],{},[1788,87848,1863],{},[14390,87850,87851],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,87852,87853,87855],{},[1784,87854,1068],{},[1781,87856,87857,87859],{},[2348,87858,5344],{},[1784,87860,8838],{},[1808,87862,87863],{"encoding":1810},"Q_2 = \\tfrac{a - b \\cdot \\tfrac{a}{2b}}{2b} = \\tfrac{a\u002F2}{2b} = \\tfrac{a}{4b}",[1030,87865,87866,1299,87926,1075],{},[1035,87867,87869],{"className":87868},[1772],[1774,87870,87871],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,87872,87873,87923],{},[1781,87874,87875,87877,87879,87891,87893,87905,87907],{},[1784,87876,2270],{},[1788,87878,1863],{},[14390,87880,87881],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,87882,87883,87885],{},[1784,87884,1068],{},[1781,87886,87887,87889],{},[2348,87888,4593],{},[1784,87890,8838],{},[1788,87892,2637],{},[14390,87894,87895],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,87896,87897,87899],{},[1784,87898,1068],{},[1781,87900,87901,87903],{},[2348,87902,5344],{},[1784,87904,8838],{},[1788,87906,1863],{},[14390,87908,87909],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,87910,87911,87917],{},[1781,87912,87913,87915],{},[2348,87914,5332],{},[1784,87916,1068],{},[1781,87918,87919,87921],{},[2348,87920,5344],{},[1784,87922,8838],{},[1808,87924,87925],{"encoding":1810},"Q = \\tfrac{a}{2b} + \\tfrac{a}{4b} = \\tfrac{3a}{4b}",[1035,87927,87929],{"className":87928},[1772],[1774,87930,87931],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,87932,87933,87973],{},[1781,87934,87935,87937,87939,87941,87943,87945,87947,87963,87965],{},[1784,87936,2264],{},[1788,87938,1863],{},[1784,87940,1068],{},[1788,87942,2371],{},[1784,87944,8838],{},[1788,87946,2267],{},[14390,87948,87949],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,87950,87951,87957],{},[1781,87952,87953,87955],{},[2348,87954,5332],{},[1784,87956,1068],{},[1781,87958,87959,87961],{},[2348,87960,5344],{},[1784,87962,8838],{},[1788,87964,1863],{},[14390,87966,87967],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,87968,87969,87971],{},[1784,87970,1068],{},[2348,87972,5344],{},[1808,87974,87975],{"encoding":1810},"P = a - b \\cdot \\tfrac{3a}{4b} = \\tfrac{a}{4}",[1030,87977,16259],{},[1035,87979,87981],{"className":87980},[1772],[1774,87982,87983],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,87984,87985,88091],{},[1781,87986,87987,87993,87995,88003,88005,88017,88019,88035,88037,88039,88045,88047,88055,88057,88069,88071,88087,88089],{},[1792,87988,87989,87991],{},[1784,87990,1786],{},[2348,87992,2374],{},[1788,87994,1863],{},[14390,87996,87997],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,87998,87999,88001],{},[1784,88000,1068],{},[2348,88002,5344],{},[1788,88004,2267],{},[14390,88006,88007],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,88008,88009,88011],{},[1784,88010,1068],{},[1781,88012,88013,88015],{},[2348,88014,4593],{},[1784,88016,8838],{},[1788,88018,1863],{},[14390,88020,88021],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,88022,88023,88029],{},[2467,88024,88025,88027],{},[1784,88026,1068],{},[2348,88028,4593],{},[1781,88030,88031,88033],{},[2348,88032,9661],{},[1784,88034,8838],{},[1788,88036,1138],{"separator":1041},[2352,88038],{"width":2354},[1792,88040,88041,88043],{},[1784,88042,1786],{},[2348,88044,4593],{},[1788,88046,1863],{},[14390,88048,88049],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,88050,88051,88053],{},[1784,88052,1068],{},[2348,88054,5344],{},[1788,88056,2267],{},[14390,88058,88059],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,88060,88061,88063],{},[1784,88062,1068],{},[1781,88064,88065,88067],{},[2348,88066,5344],{},[1784,88068,8838],{},[1788,88070,1863],{},[14390,88072,88073],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,88074,88075,88081],{},[2467,88076,88077,88079],{},[1784,88078,1068],{},[2348,88080,4593],{},[1781,88082,88083,88085],{},[2348,88084,14061],{},[1784,88086,8838],{},[1784,88088,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,88090,24621],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,88092,88093],{"encoding":1810},"\\pi_1 = \\tfrac{a}{4} \\cdot \\tfrac{a}{2b} = \\tfrac{a^2}{8b}, \\qquad \\pi_2 = \\tfrac{a}{4} \\cdot \\tfrac{a}{4b} = \\tfrac{a^2}{16b}. \\checkmark",[1030,88095,88096,88097,88100,88101,88129],{},"Pozn.: Lider ve Stackelbergu má ",[1047,88098,88099],{},"stejný zisk"," jako každá firma v koluzi\n(",[1035,88102,88104],{"className":88103},[1772],[1774,88105,88106],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,88107,88108,88126],{},[1781,88109,88110],{},[14390,88111,88112],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,88113,88114,88120],{},[2467,88115,88116,88118],{},[1784,88117,1068],{},[2348,88119,4593],{},[1781,88121,88122,88124],{},[2348,88123,9661],{},[1784,88125,8838],{},[1808,88127,88128],{"encoding":1810},"\\tfrac{a^2}{8b}","). To je krásný ekonomický fakt: lider „ukradne\" celý\nmonopolní zisk pro sebe, follower si vezme zbytek (poloviční zisk lídra).",[1100,88131,88133],{"id":88132},"_73-pořadí-výhodnosti","7.3 Pořadí výhodnosti",[1153,88135,88136,88146],{},[1156,88137,88138],{},[1159,88139,88140,88143],{},[1162,88141,88142],{},"Pohled",[1162,88144,88145],{},"Pořadí (od nejlepšího)",[1172,88147,88148,88156,88164,88172,88278],{},[1159,88149,88150,88153],{},[1177,88151,88152],{},"Pro firmu (jednostranně)",[1177,88154,88155],{},"Stackelberg-lider = Koluze > Cournot > Stackelberg-follower > Bertrand",[1159,88157,88158,88161],{},[1177,88159,88160],{},"Pro firmy souhrnně",[1177,88162,88163],{},"Koluze > Cournot > Stackelberg > Bertrand",[1159,88165,88166,88169],{},[1177,88167,88168],{},"Pro spotřebitele (CS)",[1177,88170,88171],{},"Bertrand > Stackelberg > Cournot > Koluze",[1159,88173,88174,88190],{},[1177,88175,88176,88177],{},"Tržní výstup ",[1035,88178,88180],{"className":88179},[1772],[1774,88181,88182],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,88183,88184,88188],{},[1781,88185,88186],{},[1784,88187,2270],{},[1808,88189,2270],{"encoding":1810},[1177,88191,88192,88193,88211,88212,88234,88235,88257,88258,2192],{},"Bertrand (",[1035,88194,88196],{"className":88195},[1772],[1774,88197,88198],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,88199,88200,88208],{},[1781,88201,88202,88204,88206],{},[1784,88203,1068],{},[1784,88205,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,88207,8838],{},[1808,88209,88210],{"encoding":1810},"a\u002Fb",") > Stackelberg (",[1035,88213,88215],{"className":88214},[1772],[1774,88216,88217],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,88218,88219,88231],{},[1781,88220,88221,88223,88225,88227,88229],{},[2348,88222,5332],{},[1784,88224,1068],{},[1784,88226,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,88228,5344],{},[1784,88230,8838],{},[1808,88232,88233],{"encoding":1810},"3a\u002F4b",") > Cournot (",[1035,88236,88238],{"className":88237},[1772],[1774,88239,88240],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,88241,88242,88254],{},[1781,88243,88244,88246,88248,88250,88252],{},[2348,88245,4593],{},[1784,88247,1068],{},[1784,88249,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,88251,5332],{},[1784,88253,8838],{},[1808,88255,88256],{"encoding":1810},"2a\u002F3b",") > Koluze (",[1035,88259,88261],{"className":88260},[1772],[1774,88262,88263],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,88264,88265,88275],{},[1781,88266,88267,88269,88271,88273],{},[1784,88268,1068],{},[1784,88270,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,88272,4593],{},[1784,88274,8838],{},[1808,88276,88277],{"encoding":1810},"a\u002F2b",[1159,88279,88280,88296],{},[1177,88281,88282,88283],{},"Tržní cena ",[1035,88284,88286],{"className":88285},[1772],[1774,88287,88288],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,88289,88290,88294],{},[1781,88291,88292],{},[1784,88293,2264],{},[1808,88295,2264],{"encoding":1810},[1177,88297,88298,88299,88234,88317,88211,88335,88353,88354,2192],{},"Koluze (",[1035,88300,88302],{"className":88301},[1772],[1774,88303,88304],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,88305,88306,88314],{},[1781,88307,88308,88310,88312],{},[1784,88309,1068],{},[1784,88311,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,88313,4593],{},[1808,88315,88316],{"encoding":1810},"a\u002F2",[1035,88318,88320],{"className":88319},[1772],[1774,88321,88322],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,88323,88324,88332],{},[1781,88325,88326,88328,88330],{},[1784,88327,1068],{},[1784,88329,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,88331,5332],{},[1808,88333,88334],{"encoding":1810},"a\u002F3",[1035,88336,88338],{"className":88337},[1772],[1774,88339,88340],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,88341,88342,88350],{},[1781,88343,88344,88346,88348],{},[1784,88345,1068],{},[1784,88347,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,88349,5344],{},[1808,88351,88352],{"encoding":1810},"a\u002F4",") > Bertrand (",[1035,88355,88357],{"className":88356},[1772],[1774,88358,88359],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,88360,88361,88365],{},[1781,88362,88363],{},[2348,88364,2350],{},[1808,88366,2350],{"encoding":1810},[1030,88368,88369],{},"Ze sociálního hlediska (efektivita, deadweight loss) je nejlepší Bertrand,\nnejhorší Koluze. Proto antimonopolní úřady cílí kartelové dohody.",[1077,88371,88373],{"id":88372},"_8-stabilita-cournotovy-rovnováhy-a-tâtonnement","8. Stabilita Cournotovy rovnováhy a tâtonnement",[1100,88375,88377],{"id":88376},"_81-co-se-stane-mimo-rovnováhu","8.1 Co se stane mimo rovnováhu",[1030,88379,88380,88381,88423,88424,88426],{},"Vezměme bod ",[1035,88382,88384],{"className":88383},[1772],[1774,88385,88386],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,88387,88388,88420],{},[1781,88389,88390,88392,88398,88400,88406,88408,88410,88412,88414,88416,88418],{},[1788,88391,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,88393,88394,88396],{},[1784,88395,2270],{},[2348,88397,2374],{},[1788,88399,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,88401,88402,88404],{},[1784,88403,2270],{},[2348,88405,4593],{},[1788,88407,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,88409,1863],{},[1788,88411,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,88413,5356],{},[1788,88415,1138],{"separator":1041},[2348,88417,29967],{},[1788,88419,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,88421,88422],{"encoding":1810},"(Q_1, Q_2) = (5, 12)",", který ",[1047,88425,41251],{}," na žádné reakční křivce:",[1112,88428,88429,88609,88759],{},[1115,88430,88431,88432,88454,88455,88491,88492,88514,88515,88565,88566,88608],{},"Firma 1 vidí ",[1035,88433,88435],{"className":88434},[1772],[1774,88436,88437],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,88438,88439,88451],{},[1781,88440,88441,88447,88449],{},[1792,88442,88443,88445],{},[1784,88444,2270],{},[2348,88446,4593],{},[1788,88448,1863],{},[2348,88450,29967],{},[1808,88452,88453],{"encoding":1810},"Q_2 = 12",". Její optimum: ",[1035,88456,88458],{"className":88457},[1772],[1774,88459,88460],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,88461,88462,88488],{},[1781,88463,88464,88470,88472,88474,88476,88478,88480,88482,88484,88486],{},[1792,88465,88466,88468],{},[1784,88467,1860],{},[2348,88469,2374],{},[1788,88471,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,88473,29967],{},[1788,88475,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,88477,1863],{},[2348,88479,2786],{},[1788,88481,2371],{},[2348,88483,12017],{},[1788,88485,1863],{},[2348,88487,2777],{},[1808,88489,88490],{"encoding":1810},"R_1(12) = 15 - 6 = 9",". Když se přesune\nna ",[1035,88493,88495],{"className":88494},[1772],[1774,88496,88497],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,88498,88499,88511],{},[1781,88500,88501,88507,88509],{},[1792,88502,88503,88505],{},[1784,88504,2270],{},[2348,88506,2374],{},[1788,88508,1863],{},[2348,88510,2777],{},[1808,88512,88513],{"encoding":1810},"Q_1 = 9",", ziská ",[1035,88516,88518],{"className":88517},[1772],[1774,88519,88520],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,88521,88522,88562],{},[1781,88523,88524,88530,88532,88534,88536,88538,88540,88542,88544,88546,88548,88550,88552,88554,88556,88558,88560],{},[1792,88525,88526,88528],{},[1784,88527,1786],{},[2348,88529,2374],{},[1788,88531,1863],{},[1788,88533,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,88535,9189],{},[1788,88537,2371],{},[2348,88539,2777],{},[1788,88541,2371],{},[2348,88543,29967],{},[1788,88545,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,88547,2267],{},[2348,88549,2777],{},[1788,88551,1863],{},[2348,88553,2777],{},[1788,88555,2267],{},[2348,88557,2777],{},[1788,88559,1863],{},[2348,88561,29006],{},[1808,88563,88564],{"encoding":1810},"\\pi_1 = (30 - 9 - 12) \\cdot 9 = 9 \\cdot 9 = 81"," místo\n",[1035,88567,88569],{"className":88568},[1772],[1774,88570,88571],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,88572,88573,88605],{},[1781,88574,88575,88577,88579,88581,88583,88585,88587,88589,88591,88593,88595,88597,88599,88601,88603],{},[1788,88576,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,88578,9189],{},[1788,88580,2371],{},[2348,88582,5356],{},[1788,88584,2371],{},[2348,88586,29967],{},[1788,88588,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,88590,2267],{},[2348,88592,5356],{},[1788,88594,1863],{},[2348,88596,53724],{},[1788,88598,2267],{},[2348,88600,5356],{},[1788,88602,1863],{},[2348,88604,74479],{},[1808,88606,88607],{"encoding":1810},"(30 - 5 - 12) \\cdot 5 = 13 \\cdot 5 = 65",". Zlepšení o 16.",[1115,88610,88611,88612,88454,88633,88671,88672,88715,88716,1075],{},"Firma 2 teď vidí ",[1035,88613,88615],{"className":88614},[1772],[1774,88616,88617],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,88618,88619,88631],{},[1781,88620,88621,88627,88629],{},[1792,88622,88623,88625],{},[1784,88624,2270],{},[2348,88626,2374],{},[1788,88628,1863],{},[2348,88630,2777],{},[1808,88632,88513],{"encoding":1810},[1035,88634,88636],{"className":88635},[1772],[1774,88637,88638],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,88639,88640,88668],{},[1781,88641,88642,88648,88650,88652,88654,88656,88658,88660,88663,88665],{},[1792,88643,88644,88646],{},[1784,88645,1860],{},[2348,88647,4593],{},[1788,88649,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,88651,2777],{},[1788,88653,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,88655,1863],{},[2348,88657,2786],{},[1788,88659,2371],{},[2348,88661,88662],{},"4,5",[1788,88664,1863],{},[2348,88666,88667],{},"10,5",[1808,88669,88670],{"encoding":1810},"R_2(9) = 15 - 4{,}5 = 10{,}5",".\nPosun z 12 na 10,5: zisk ",[1035,88673,88675],{"className":88674},[1772],[1774,88676,88677],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,88678,88679,88712],{},[1781,88680,88681,88683,88685,88687,88689,88691,88693,88695,88697,88699,88701,88703,88705,88707,88709],{},[1788,88682,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,88684,9189],{},[1788,88686,2371],{},[2348,88688,2777],{},[1788,88690,2371],{},[2348,88692,88667],{},[1788,88694,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,88696,2267],{},[2348,88698,88667],{},[1788,88700,1863],{},[2348,88702,88667],{},[1788,88704,2267],{},[2348,88706,88667],{},[1788,88708,1863],{},[2348,88710,88711],{},"110,25",[1808,88713,88714],{"encoding":1810},"(30 - 9 - 10{,}5) \\cdot 10{,}5 = 10{,}5 \\cdot 10{,}5 = 110{,}25","\nmísto ",[1035,88717,88719],{"className":88718},[1772],[1774,88720,88721],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,88722,88723,88756],{},[1781,88724,88725,88727,88729,88731,88733,88735,88737,88739,88741,88743,88745,88747,88749,88751,88753],{},[1788,88726,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,88728,9189],{},[1788,88730,2371],{},[2348,88732,2777],{},[1788,88734,2371],{},[2348,88736,29967],{},[1788,88738,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,88740,2267],{},[2348,88742,29967],{},[1788,88744,1863],{},[2348,88746,2777],{},[1788,88748,2267],{},[2348,88750,29967],{},[1788,88752,1863],{},[2348,88754,88755],{},"108",[1808,88757,88758],{"encoding":1810},"(30 - 9 - 12) \\cdot 12 = 9 \\cdot 12 = 108",[1115,88760,88761,88762,88800],{},"Firma 1 znovu reaguje: ",[1035,88763,88765],{"className":88764},[1772],[1774,88766,88767],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,88768,88769,88797],{},[1781,88770,88771,88777,88779,88781,88783,88785,88787,88789,88792,88794],{},[1792,88772,88773,88775],{},[1784,88774,1860],{},[2348,88776,2374],{},[1788,88778,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,88780,88667],{},[1788,88782,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,88784,1863],{},[2348,88786,2786],{},[1788,88788,2371],{},[2348,88790,88791],{},"5,25",[1788,88793,1863],{},[2348,88795,88796],{},"9,75",[1808,88798,88799],{"encoding":1810},"R_1(10{,}5) = 15 - 5{,}25 = 9{,}75",". ...",[1030,88802,88803,88804,88825,88826,88829,88830,88833],{},"Iterace konverguje k Cournotově rovnováze ",[1035,88805,88807],{"className":88806},[1772],[1774,88808,88809],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,88810,88811,88823],{},[1781,88812,88813,88815,88817,88819,88821],{},[1788,88814,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,88816,3116],{},[1788,88818,1138],{"separator":1041},[2348,88820,3116],{},[1788,88822,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,88824,82031],{"encoding":1810},". Tomuto procesu se říká\n",[1047,88827,88828],{},"Cournotův tâtonnement"," (z francouzského „tápání\"). V realitě k němu\nnikdy nedojde v takto čisté formě, ale ilustruje ",[1047,88831,88832],{},"stabilitu"," rovnováhy: i z\nnáhodného počátečního stavu by si firmy nakonec sedly na Nashův bod.",[1100,88835,88837],{"id":88836},"_82-existence-a-jedinečnost-rovnováhy","8.2 Existence a jedinečnost rovnováhy",[1030,88839,88840],{},"V symetrickém duopolu s lineární poptávkou a konstantními MC:",[1112,88842,88843,88867,88870],{},[1115,88844,88845,88846,1075],{},"Reakční křivky jsou klesající přímky se sklony ",[1035,88847,88849],{"className":88848},[1772],[1774,88850,88851],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,88852,88853,88865],{},[1781,88854,88855,88857],{},[1788,88856,2371],{},[14390,88858,88859],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,88860,88861,88863],{},[2348,88862,2374],{},[2348,88864,4593],{},[1808,88866,81768],{"encoding":1810},[1115,88868,88869],{},"V kladném ortantu se protnou v jediném bodě.",[1115,88871,88872,88873,2440],{},"Tâtonnement konverguje (sklony ",[1035,88874,88876],{"className":88875},[1772],[1774,88877,88878],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,88879,88880,88908],{},[1781,88881,88882,88884,88892,88894,88896,88904,88906],{},[1784,88883,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[13587,88885,88886,88888,88890],{},[1784,88887,1860],{},[1784,88889,1803],{},[1788,88891,7862],{"mathvariant":7829,"lspace":7861,"rspace":7861},[1784,88893,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,88895,1863],{},[14390,88897,88898],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,88899,88900,88902],{},[2348,88901,2374],{},[2348,88903,4593],{},[1788,88905,2537],{},[2348,88907,2374],{},[1808,88909,88910],{"encoding":1810},"|R_i'| = \\tfrac{1}{2} \u003C 1",[1030,88912,88913],{},"Pro nelineární poptávku a\u002Fnebo MC může být situace složitější — vícero\nrovnováh, nestabilita, divergentní iterace. Ekonomická praxe se s těmito\npatologiemi obvykle nezabývá; učební model je hodný učení právě proto, že\nchování je jednoznačné.",[1077,88915,88917],{"id":88916},"_9-aplikace-v-reálných-trzích","9. Aplikace v reálných trzích",[1112,88919,88920,88926,88941,88947,88953,88959],{},[1115,88921,88922,88925],{},[1047,88923,88924],{},"Automobilový průmysl."," Globální oligopol s klíčovými hráči (Toyota,\nVolkswagen, Stellantis, GM, Ford, Hyundai-Kia, Honda, BMW, Mercedes, Tesla).\nKombinace Cournotovských prvků (kapacita závodů se plánuje předem) a\ndiferenciace (segmenty, značky).",[1115,88927,88928,88931,88932],{},[1047,88929,88930],{},"Telekomunikace v ČR."," Tři velcí mobilní operátoři (O2, T-Mobile, Vodafone)\n",[1112,88933,88934],{},[1115,88935,88936,88937,1075],{},"virtuálové. Cenové vůdcovství spíš než Cournot — viz\n",[1068,88938,88940],{"href":55933,"className":88939,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":55932},[1071],"Cenové vůdcovství",[1115,88942,88943,88946],{},[1047,88944,88945],{},"Letecké aerolinky."," Na konkrétních trasách často duopol nebo triopol.\nStackelbergovské chování — incumbent reaguje na vstup nízkonákladové\nkonkurence.",[1115,88948,88949,88952],{},[1047,88950,88951],{},"OPEC a ropný trh."," Klasická koluze prostřednictvím kvót — modelově\nsdílený monopol. Realita je složitější (Saudská Arábie jako swing producer\nfunguje jako Stackelbergův lider, ostatní jako followeři).",[1115,88954,88955,88958],{},[1047,88956,88957],{},"Cloud computing."," AWS, Azure, GCP. Klasický oligopol s vysokými\nbariérami (úspory z rozsahu, síťové efekty).",[1115,88960,88961,88964],{},[1047,88962,88963],{},"Operační systémy pro PC."," Microsoft Windows historicky Stackelbergův\nlider, Apple a Linux followeři.",[1077,88966,88968],{"id":88967},"_10-cvičení-k-ověření-porozumění","10. Cvičení k ověření porozumění",[1100,88970,88972],{"id":88971},"_101-symetrický-cournot-jiná-čísla","10.1 Symetrický Cournot — jiná čísla",[1030,88974,75619,88975,1299,88997,1075],{},[1035,88976,88978],{"className":88977},[1772],[1774,88979,88980],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,88981,88982,88994],{},[1781,88983,88984,88986,88988,88990,88992],{},[1784,88985,2264],{},[1788,88987,1863],{},[2348,88989,2709],{},[1788,88991,2371],{},[1784,88993,2270],{},[1808,88995,88996],{"encoding":1810},"P = 60 - Q",[1035,88998,89000],{"className":88999},[1772],[1774,89001,89002],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,89003,89004,89028],{},[1781,89005,89006,89008,89014,89016,89018,89024,89026],{},[1784,89007,1857],{},[1792,89009,89010,89012],{},[1784,89011,1868],{},[2348,89013,2374],{},[1788,89015,1863],{},[1784,89017,1857],{},[1792,89019,89020,89022],{},[1784,89021,1868],{},[2348,89023,4593],{},[1788,89025,1863],{},[2348,89027,29967],{},[1808,89029,89030],{"encoding":1810},"MC_1 = MC_2 = 12",[1030,89032,89033],{},"Spočítejme reakční křivku firmy 1:",[1035,89035,89037],{"className":89036},[1772],[1774,89038,89039],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,89040,89041,89130],{},[1781,89042,89043,89045,89051,89053,89055,89057,89059,89065,89067,89073,89075,89081,89083,89085,89087,89093,89095,89097,89099,89101,89107,89109,89115,89117,89119,89125,89127],{},[1784,89044,2257],{},[1792,89046,89047,89049],{},[1784,89048,1860],{},[2348,89050,2374],{},[1788,89052,1863],{},[1788,89054,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,89056,2709],{},[1788,89058,2371],{},[1792,89060,89061,89063],{},[1784,89062,2270],{},[2348,89064,2374],{},[1788,89066,2371],{},[1792,89068,89069,89071],{},[1784,89070,2270],{},[2348,89072,4593],{},[1788,89074,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,89076,89077,89079],{},[1784,89078,2270],{},[2348,89080,2374],{},[1788,89082,1138],{"separator":1041},[2352,89084],{"width":2702},[1784,89086,1857],{},[1792,89088,89089,89091],{},[1784,89090,1860],{},[2348,89092,2374],{},[1788,89094,1863],{},[2348,89096,2709],{},[1788,89098,2371],{},[2348,89100,4593],{},[1792,89102,89103,89105],{},[1784,89104,2270],{},[2348,89106,2374],{},[1788,89108,2371],{},[1792,89110,89111,89113],{},[1784,89112,2270],{},[2348,89114,4593],{},[1788,89116,1863],{},[1784,89118,1857],{},[1792,89120,89121,89123],{},[1784,89122,1868],{},[2348,89124,2374],{},[1788,89126,1863],{},[2348,89128,89129],{},"12.",[1808,89131,89132],{"encoding":1810},"TR_1 = (60 - Q_1 - Q_2) Q_1, \\quad MR_1 = 60 - 2 Q_1 - Q_2 = MC_1 = 12.",[1035,89134,89136],{"className":89135},[1772],[1774,89137,89138],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,89139,89140,89188],{},[1781,89141,89142,89148,89150,89168,89170,89172,89174,89186],{},[1792,89143,89144,89146],{},[1784,89145,2270],{},[2348,89147,2374],{},[1788,89149,1863],{},[14390,89151,89152],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,89153,89154,89166],{},[1781,89155,89156,89158,89160],{},[2348,89157,48550],{},[1788,89159,2371],{},[1792,89161,89162,89164],{},[1784,89163,2270],{},[2348,89165,4593],{},[2348,89167,4593],{},[1788,89169,1863],{},[2348,89171,2766],{},[1788,89173,2371],{},[14390,89175,89176],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,89177,89178,89184],{},[1792,89179,89180,89182],{},[1784,89181,2270],{},[2348,89183,4593],{},[2348,89185,4593],{},[1784,89187,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,89189,89190],{"encoding":1810},"Q_1 = \\tfrac{48 - Q_2}{2} = 24 - \\tfrac{Q_2}{2}.",[1030,89192,89193],{},"Symetrie a průsečík:",[1035,89195,89197],{"className":89196},[1772],[1774,89198,89199],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,89200,89201,89306],{},[1781,89202,89203,89209,89211,89213,89215,89223,89225,89227,89229,89237,89243,89245,89247,89249,89251,89259,89265,89267,89269,89271,89279,89285,89287,89289,89291,89293,89295,89301,89303],{},[1792,89204,89205,89207],{},[1784,89206,2270],{},[2348,89208,2374],{},[1788,89210,1863],{},[2348,89212,2766],{},[1788,89214,2371],{},[14390,89216,89217],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,89218,89219,89221],{},[2348,89220,2374],{},[2348,89222,4593],{},[1788,89224,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,89226,2766],{},[1788,89228,2371],{},[14390,89230,89231],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,89232,89233,89235],{},[2348,89234,2374],{},[2348,89236,4593],{},[1792,89238,89239,89241],{},[1784,89240,2270],{},[2348,89242,2374],{},[1788,89244,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,89246,1863],{},[2348,89248,29967],{},[1788,89250,2637],{},[14390,89252,89253],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,89254,89255,89257],{},[2348,89256,2374],{},[2348,89258,5344],{},[1792,89260,89261,89263],{},[1784,89262,2270],{},[2348,89264,2374],{},[2149,89266,21702],{},[1788,89268,2357],{},[2149,89270,21702],{},[14390,89272,89273],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,89274,89275,89277],{},[2348,89276,5332],{},[2348,89278,5344],{},[1792,89280,89281,89283],{},[1784,89282,2270],{},[2348,89284,2374],{},[1788,89286,1863],{},[2348,89288,29967],{},[2149,89290,21702],{},[1788,89292,2357],{},[2149,89294,21702],{},[1792,89296,89297,89299],{},[1784,89298,2270],{},[2348,89300,2374],{},[1788,89302,1863],{},[2348,89304,89305],{},"16.",[1808,89307,89308],{"encoding":1810},"Q_1 = 24 - \\tfrac{1}{2} (24 - \\tfrac{1}{2} Q_1) = 12 + \\tfrac{1}{4} Q_1 \\;\\Rightarrow\\; \\tfrac{3}{4} Q_1 = 12 \\;\\Rightarrow\\; Q_1 = 16.",[1030,89310,89311,1299,89333,1299,89351,1299,89369,1075],{},[1035,89312,89314],{"className":89313},[1772],[1774,89315,89316],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,89317,89318,89330],{},[1781,89319,89320,89326,89328],{},[1792,89321,89322,89324],{},[1784,89323,2270],{},[2348,89325,4593],{},[1788,89327,1863],{},[2348,89329,14061],{},[1808,89331,89332],{"encoding":1810},"Q_2 = 16",[1035,89334,89336],{"className":89335},[1772],[1774,89337,89338],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,89339,89340,89348],{},[1781,89341,89342,89344,89346],{},[1784,89343,2270],{},[1788,89345,1863],{},[2348,89347,13736],{},[1808,89349,89350],{"encoding":1810},"Q = 32",[1035,89352,89354],{"className":89353},[1772],[1774,89355,89356],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,89357,89358,89366],{},[1781,89359,89360,89362,89364],{},[1784,89361,2264],{},[1788,89363,1863],{},[2348,89365,23565],{},[1808,89367,89368],{"encoding":1810},"P = 28",[1035,89370,89372],{"className":89371},[1772],[1774,89373,89374],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,89375,89376,89413],{},[1781,89377,89378,89384,89386,89388,89390,89392,89394,89396,89398,89400,89402,89404,89406,89408,89410],{},[1792,89379,89380,89382],{},[1784,89381,1786],{},[2348,89383,2374],{},[1788,89385,1863],{},[1788,89387,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,89389,23565],{},[1788,89391,2371],{},[2348,89393,29967],{},[1788,89395,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,89397,2267],{},[2348,89399,14061],{},[1788,89401,1863],{},[2348,89403,14061],{},[1788,89405,2267],{},[2348,89407,14061],{},[1788,89409,1863],{},[2348,89411,89412],{},"256",[1808,89414,89415],{"encoding":1810},"\\pi_1 = (28 - 12) \\cdot 16 = 16 \\cdot 16 = 256",[1030,89417,89418,89419,89445,89446,2070,89463,30068],{},"Pomocí obecných formulí: efektivní ",[1035,89420,89422],{"className":89421},[1772],[1774,89423,89424],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,89425,89426,89442],{},[1781,89427,89428,89430,89432,89434,89436,89438,89440],{},[1784,89429,1068],{},[1788,89431,1863],{},[2348,89433,2709],{},[1788,89435,2371],{},[2348,89437,29967],{},[1788,89439,1863],{},[2348,89441,48550],{},[1808,89443,89444],{"encoding":1810},"a = 60 - 12 = 48"," (po posunu o MC), ",[1035,89447,89449],{"className":89448},[1772],[1774,89450,89451],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,89452,89453,89461],{},[1781,89454,89455,89457,89459],{},[1784,89456,8838],{},[1788,89458,1863],{},[2348,89460,2374],{},[1808,89462,86293],{"encoding":1810},[1035,89464,89466],{"className":89465},[1772],[1774,89467,89468],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,89469,89470,89492],{},[1781,89471,89472,89478,89480,89488,89490],{},[1792,89473,89474,89476],{},[1784,89475,2270],{},[2348,89477,2374],{},[1788,89479,1863],{},[14390,89481,89482],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,89483,89484,89486],{},[2348,89485,48550],{},[2348,89487,5332],{},[1788,89489,1863],{},[2348,89491,14061],{},[1808,89493,89494],{"encoding":1810},"Q_1 = \\tfrac{48}{3} = 16",[1100,89496,89498],{"id":89497},"_102-stackelberg-jiná-čísla","10.2 Stackelberg — jiná čísla",[1030,89500,89501],{},"Stejné zadání jako 10.1, ale firma 1 jde první. Použijme obecný vzorec:",[1030,89503,89504,89540,89541,89554,89555,1075],{},[1035,89505,89507],{"className":89506},[1772],[1774,89508,89509],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,89510,89511,89537],{},[1781,89512,89513,89519,89521,89533,89535],{},[1792,89514,89515,89517],{},[1784,89516,2270],{},[2348,89518,2374],{},[1788,89520,1863],{},[14390,89522,89523],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,89524,89525,89527],{},[1784,89526,1068],{},[1781,89528,89529,89531],{},[2348,89530,4593],{},[1784,89532,8838],{},[1788,89534,1863],{},[2348,89536,2766],{},[1808,89538,89539],{"encoding":1810},"Q_1 = \\tfrac{a}{2b} = 24"," (s posunutým ",[1035,89542,89544],{"className":89543},[1772],[1774,89545,89546],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,89547,89548,89552],{},[1781,89549,89550],{},[1784,89551,1068],{},[1808,89553,1068],{"encoding":1810},"), ",[1035,89556,89558],{"className":89557},[1772],[1774,89559,89560],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,89561,89562,89588],{},[1781,89563,89564,89570,89572,89584,89586],{},[1792,89565,89566,89568],{},[1784,89567,2270],{},[2348,89569,4593],{},[1788,89571,1863],{},[14390,89573,89574],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,89575,89576,89578],{},[1784,89577,1068],{},[1781,89579,89580,89582],{},[2348,89581,5344],{},[1784,89583,8838],{},[1788,89585,1863],{},[2348,89587,29967],{},[1808,89589,89590],{"encoding":1810},"Q_2 = \\tfrac{a}{4b} = 12",[1030,89592,89593,1299,89612,1299,89638,1299,89677,1075],{},[1035,89594,89596],{"className":89595},[1772],[1774,89597,89598],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,89599,89600,89609],{},[1781,89601,89602,89604,89606],{},[1784,89603,2270],{},[1788,89605,1863],{},[2348,89607,89608],{},"36",[1808,89610,89611],{"encoding":1810},"Q = 36",[1035,89613,89615],{"className":89614},[1772],[1774,89616,89617],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,89618,89619,89635],{},[1781,89620,89621,89623,89625,89627,89629,89631,89633],{},[1784,89622,2264],{},[1788,89624,1863],{},[2348,89626,2709],{},[1788,89628,2371],{},[2348,89630,89608],{},[1788,89632,1863],{},[2348,89634,2766],{},[1808,89636,89637],{"encoding":1810},"P = 60 - 36 = 24",[1035,89639,89641],{"className":89640},[1772],[1774,89642,89643],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,89644,89645,89674],{},[1781,89646,89647,89653,89655,89657,89659,89661,89663,89665,89667,89669,89671],{},[1792,89648,89649,89651],{},[1784,89650,1786],{},[2348,89652,2374],{},[1788,89654,1863],{},[1788,89656,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,89658,2766],{},[1788,89660,2371],{},[2348,89662,29967],{},[1788,89664,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,89666,2267],{},[2348,89668,2766],{},[1788,89670,1863],{},[2348,89672,89673],{},"288",[1808,89675,89676],{"encoding":1810},"\\pi_1 = (24 - 12) \\cdot 24 = 288",[1035,89678,89680],{"className":89679},[1772],[1774,89681,89682],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,89683,89684,89705],{},[1781,89685,89686,89692,89694,89696,89698,89700,89702],{},[1792,89687,89688,89690],{},[1784,89689,1786],{},[2348,89691,4593],{},[1788,89693,1863],{},[2348,89695,29967],{},[1788,89697,2267],{},[2348,89699,29967],{},[1788,89701,1863],{},[2348,89703,89704],{},"144",[1808,89706,89707],{"encoding":1810},"\\pi_2 = 12 \\cdot 12 = 144",[1030,89709,89710,89711,89749,89750,14774],{},"Lider ",[1035,89712,89714],{"className":89713},[1772],[1774,89715,89716],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,89717,89718,89746],{},[1781,89719,89720,89726,89728,89734,89736,89738,89740,89742,89744],{},[1792,89721,89722,89724],{},[1784,89723,2270],{},[2348,89725,2374],{},[1784,89727,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,89729,89730,89732],{},[1784,89731,2270],{},[2348,89733,4593],{},[1788,89735,1863],{},[2348,89737,2766],{},[1784,89739,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,89741,29967],{},[1788,89743,1863],{},[2348,89745,4593],{},[1808,89747,89748],{"encoding":1810},"Q_1 \u002F Q_2 = 24\u002F12 = 2"," ✓. ",[1035,89751,89753],{"className":89752},[1772],[1774,89754,89755],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,89756,89757,89785],{},[1781,89758,89759,89765,89767,89773,89775,89777,89779,89781,89783],{},[1792,89760,89761,89763],{},[1784,89762,1786],{},[2348,89764,2374],{},[1784,89766,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,89768,89769,89771],{},[1784,89770,1786],{},[2348,89772,4593],{},[1788,89774,1863],{},[2348,89776,89673],{},[1784,89778,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,89780,89704],{},[1788,89782,1863],{},[2348,89784,4593],{},[1808,89786,89787],{"encoding":1810},"\\pi_1 \u002F \\pi_2 = 288\u002F144 = 2",[1100,89789,89791],{"id":89790},"_103-koluze-jiná-čísla","10.3 Koluze — jiná čísla",[1030,89793,89794,1299,89815,89835,89836,1733,89874,1299,89892,89937,89938,1075],{},[1035,89795,89797],{"className":89796},[1772],[1774,89798,89799],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,89800,89801,89813],{},[1781,89802,89803,89805,89807,89809,89811],{},[1784,89804,2264],{},[1788,89806,1863],{},[2348,89808,2709],{},[1788,89810,2371],{},[1784,89812,2270],{},[1808,89814,88996],{"encoding":1810},[1035,89816,89818],{"className":89817},[1772],[1774,89819,89820],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,89821,89822,89832],{},[1781,89823,89824,89826,89828,89830],{},[1784,89825,1857],{},[1784,89827,1868],{},[1788,89829,1863],{},[2348,89831,29967],{},[1808,89833,89834],{"encoding":1810},"MC = 12",". Společný monopol: ",[1035,89837,89839],{"className":89838},[1772],[1774,89840,89841],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,89842,89843,89871],{},[1781,89844,89845,89847,89849,89851,89853,89855,89857,89859,89861,89863,89865,89867,89869],{},[1784,89846,1857],{},[1784,89848,1860],{},[1788,89850,1863],{},[2348,89852,2709],{},[1788,89854,2371],{},[2348,89856,4593],{},[1784,89858,2270],{},[1788,89860,1863],{},[2348,89862,29967],{},[1788,89864,2357],{},[1784,89866,2270],{},[1788,89868,1863],{},[2348,89870,2766],{},[1808,89872,89873],{"encoding":1810},"MR = 60 - 2Q = 12 \\Rightarrow Q = 24",[1035,89875,89877],{"className":89876},[1772],[1774,89878,89879],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,89880,89881,89889],{},[1781,89882,89883,89885,89887],{},[1784,89884,2264],{},[1788,89886,1863],{},[2348,89888,89608],{},[1808,89890,89891],{"encoding":1810},"P = 36",[1035,89893,89895],{"className":89894},[1772],[1774,89896,89897],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,89898,89899,89934],{},[1781,89900,89901,89913,89915,89917,89919,89921,89923,89925,89927,89929,89931],{},[1792,89902,89903,89905],{},[1784,89904,1786],{},[1781,89906,89907,89909,89911],{},[1784,89908,8827],{},[1784,89910,2485],{},[1784,89912,8827],{},[1788,89914,1863],{},[1788,89916,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,89918,89608],{},[1788,89920,2371],{},[2348,89922,29967],{},[1788,89924,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,89926,2267],{},[2348,89928,2766],{},[1788,89930,1863],{},[2348,89932,89933],{},"576",[1808,89935,89936],{"encoding":1810},"\\pi_{tot} = (36 - 12) \\cdot 24 = 576",". Rozdělené 50\u002F50: ",[1035,89939,89941],{"className":89940},[1772],[1774,89942,89943],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,89944,89945,89965],{},[1781,89946,89947,89953,89955,89961,89963],{},[1792,89948,89949,89951],{},[1784,89950,1786],{},[2348,89952,2374],{},[1788,89954,1863],{},[1792,89956,89957,89959],{},[1784,89958,1786],{},[2348,89960,4593],{},[1788,89962,1863],{},[2348,89964,89673],{},[1808,89966,89967],{"encoding":1810},"\\pi_1 = \\pi_2 = 288",[1030,89969,89970,89971,89973],{},"Pozor — koluzní zisk firmy 1 (288) je ",[1047,89972,42314],{}," jako Stackelbergovský\nliderův zisk. Není to náhoda, viz odvozená formule v 7.2.",[1100,89975,89977],{"id":89976},"_104-asymetrický-cournot-jiná-čísla","10.4 Asymetrický Cournot — jiná čísla",[1030,89979,89980,1299,90001,1299,90024,1075],{},[1035,89981,89983],{"className":89982},[1772],[1774,89984,89985],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,89986,89987,89999],{},[1781,89988,89989,89991,89993,89995,89997],{},[1784,89990,2264],{},[1788,89992,1863],{},[2348,89994,2709],{},[1788,89996,2371],{},[1784,89998,2270],{},[1808,90000,88996],{"encoding":1810},[1035,90002,90004],{"className":90003},[1772],[1774,90005,90006],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,90007,90008,90022],{},[1781,90009,90010,90012,90018,90020],{},[1784,90011,1857],{},[1792,90013,90014,90016],{},[1784,90015,1868],{},[2348,90017,2374],{},[1788,90019,1863],{},[2348,90021,2350],{},[1808,90023,80826],{"encoding":1810},[1035,90025,90027],{"className":90026},[1772],[1774,90028,90029],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,90030,90031,90045],{},[1781,90032,90033,90035,90041,90043],{},[1784,90034,1857],{},[1792,90036,90037,90039],{},[1784,90038,1868],{},[2348,90040,4593],{},[1788,90042,1863],{},[2348,90044,2766],{},[1808,90046,90047],{"encoding":1810},"MC_2 = 24",[1030,90049,90050],{},"Reakční křivky:",[1035,90052,90054],{"className":90053},[1772],[1774,90055,90056],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,90057,90058,90110],{},[1781,90059,90060,90066,90068,90090,90092,90094,90096,90108],{},[1792,90061,90062,90064],{},[1784,90063,2270],{},[2348,90065,2374],{},[1788,90067,1863],{},[14390,90069,90070],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,90071,90072,90088],{},[1781,90073,90074,90076,90078,90080,90082],{},[2348,90075,2709],{},[1788,90077,2371],{},[2348,90079,2350],{},[1788,90081,2371],{},[1792,90083,90084,90086],{},[1784,90085,2270],{},[2348,90087,4593],{},[2348,90089,4593],{},[1788,90091,1863],{},[2348,90093,9189],{},[1788,90095,2371],{},[14390,90097,90098],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,90099,90100,90106],{},[1792,90101,90102,90104],{},[1784,90103,2270],{},[2348,90105,4593],{},[2348,90107,4593],{},[1788,90109,1138],{"separator":1041},[1808,90111,90112],{"encoding":1810},"Q_1 = \\tfrac{60 - 0 - Q_2}{2} = 30 - \\tfrac{Q_2}{2},",[1035,90114,90116],{"className":90115},[1772],[1774,90117,90118],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,90119,90120,90172],{},[1781,90121,90122,90128,90130,90152,90154,90156,90158,90170],{},[1792,90123,90124,90126],{},[1784,90125,2270],{},[2348,90127,4593],{},[1788,90129,1863],{},[14390,90131,90132],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,90133,90134,90150],{},[1781,90135,90136,90138,90140,90142,90144],{},[2348,90137,2709],{},[1788,90139,2371],{},[2348,90141,2766],{},[1788,90143,2371],{},[1792,90145,90146,90148],{},[1784,90147,2270],{},[2348,90149,2374],{},[2348,90151,4593],{},[1788,90153,1863],{},[2348,90155,13770],{},[1788,90157,2371],{},[14390,90159,90160],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,90161,90162,90168],{},[1792,90163,90164,90166],{},[1784,90165,2270],{},[2348,90167,2374],{},[2348,90169,4593],{},[1784,90171,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,90173,90174],{"encoding":1810},"Q_2 = \\tfrac{60 - 24 - Q_1}{2} = 18 - \\tfrac{Q_1}{2}.",[1030,90176,90177],{},"Průsečík:",[1035,90179,90181],{"className":90180},[1772],[1774,90182,90183],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,90184,90185,90275],{},[1781,90186,90187,90193,90195,90197,90199,90207,90209,90211,90213,90221,90227,90229,90231,90233,90235,90237,90239,90247,90253,90255,90257,90259,90267,90273],{},[1792,90188,90189,90191],{},[1784,90190,2270],{},[2348,90192,2374],{},[1788,90194,1863],{},[2348,90196,9189],{},[1788,90198,2371],{},[14390,90200,90201],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,90202,90203,90205],{},[2348,90204,2374],{},[2348,90206,4593],{},[1788,90208,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,90210,13770],{},[1788,90212,2371],{},[14390,90214,90215],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,90216,90217,90219],{},[2348,90218,2374],{},[2348,90220,4593],{},[1792,90222,90223,90225],{},[1784,90224,2270],{},[2348,90226,2374],{},[1788,90228,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,90230,1863],{},[2348,90232,9189],{},[1788,90234,2371],{},[2348,90236,2777],{},[1788,90238,2637],{},[14390,90240,90241],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,90242,90243,90245],{},[2348,90244,2374],{},[2348,90246,5344],{},[1792,90248,90249,90251],{},[1784,90250,2270],{},[2348,90252,2374],{},[1788,90254,1863],{},[2348,90256,31159],{},[1788,90258,2637],{},[14390,90260,90261],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,90262,90263,90265],{},[2348,90264,2374],{},[2348,90266,5344],{},[1792,90268,90269,90271],{},[1784,90270,2270],{},[2348,90272,2374],{},[1784,90274,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,90276,90277],{"encoding":1810},"Q_1 = 30 - \\tfrac{1}{2}(18 - \\tfrac{1}{2} Q_1) = 30 - 9 + \\tfrac{1}{4} Q_1 = 21 + \\tfrac{1}{4} Q_1.",[1030,90279,90280,20705,90322,20705,90352,1299,90369,1075],{},[1035,90281,90283],{"className":90282},[1772],[1774,90284,90285],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,90286,90287,90319],{},[1781,90288,90289,90297,90303,90305,90307,90309,90315,90317],{},[14390,90290,90291],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,90292,90293,90295],{},[2348,90294,5332],{},[2348,90296,5344],{},[1792,90298,90299,90301],{},[1784,90300,2270],{},[2348,90302,2374],{},[1788,90304,1863],{},[2348,90306,31159],{},[1788,90308,2357],{},[1792,90310,90311,90313],{},[1784,90312,2270],{},[2348,90314,2374],{},[1788,90316,1863],{},[2348,90318,23565],{},[1808,90320,90321],{"encoding":1810},"\\tfrac{3}{4} Q_1 = 21 \\Rightarrow Q_1 = 28",[1035,90323,90325],{"className":90324},[1772],[1774,90326,90327],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,90328,90329,90349],{},[1781,90330,90331,90337,90339,90341,90343,90345,90347],{},[1792,90332,90333,90335],{},[1784,90334,2270],{},[2348,90336,4593],{},[1788,90338,1863],{},[2348,90340,13770],{},[1788,90342,2371],{},[2348,90344,2962],{},[1788,90346,1863],{},[2348,90348,5344],{},[1808,90350,90351],{"encoding":1810},"Q_2 = 18 - 14 = 4",[1035,90353,90355],{"className":90354},[1772],[1774,90356,90357],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,90358,90359,90367],{},[1781,90360,90361,90363,90365],{},[1784,90362,2270],{},[1788,90364,1863],{},[2348,90366,13736],{},[1808,90368,89350],{"encoding":1810},[1035,90370,90372],{"className":90371},[1772],[1774,90373,90374],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,90375,90376,90384],{},[1781,90377,90378,90380,90382],{},[1784,90379,2264],{},[1788,90381,1863],{},[2348,90383,23565],{},[1808,90385,89368],{"encoding":1810},[1030,90387,90388,20705,90419,1075],{},[1035,90389,90391],{"className":90390},[1772],[1774,90392,90393],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,90394,90395,90416],{},[1781,90396,90397,90403,90405,90407,90409,90411,90413],{},[1792,90398,90399,90401],{},[1784,90400,1786],{},[2348,90402,2374],{},[1788,90404,1863],{},[2348,90406,23565],{},[1788,90408,2267],{},[2348,90410,23565],{},[1788,90412,1863],{},[2348,90414,90415],{},"784",[1808,90417,90418],{"encoding":1810},"\\pi_1 = 28 \\cdot 28 = 784",[1035,90420,90422],{"className":90421},[1772],[1774,90423,90424],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,90425,90426,90454],{},[1781,90427,90428,90434,90436,90438,90440,90442,90444,90446,90448,90450,90452],{},[1792,90429,90430,90432],{},[1784,90431,1786],{},[2348,90433,4593],{},[1788,90435,1863],{},[1788,90437,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,90439,23565],{},[1788,90441,2371],{},[2348,90443,2766],{},[1788,90445,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,90447,2267],{},[2348,90449,5344],{},[1788,90451,1863],{},[2348,90453,14061],{},[1808,90455,90456],{"encoding":1810},"\\pi_2 = (28 - 24) \\cdot 4 = 16",[1030,90458,90459],{},"Levnější firma drží lvi podíl, drahá firma marginalizovaná. Stejný princip jako\nv sekci 6.",[1077,90461,90463],{"id":90462},"_11-limity-modelu-a-extenze","11. Limity modelu a extenze",[1030,90465,90466,90469],{},[1047,90467,90468],{},"Statická hra."," Cournot i Stackelberg jsou jednorázová rozhodnutí. Reálné trhy\njsou opakované — firmy hrají stejnou hru každé období. Repeated game opens dveře\nke koluzi (folk theorem, trigger strategies, tit-for-tat), aniž by formální\nkartelová dohoda byla nutná.",[1030,90471,90472,90475],{},[1047,90473,90474],{},"Plná informace."," Předpokládáme, že firmy znají poptávku i náklady konkurenta.\nV realitě je to neúplná informace — vede k Bayesovským hrám a signaling.",[1030,90477,90478,90481],{},[1047,90479,90480],{},"Konstantní (nebo známé) MC."," V praxi se MC mění s technologií, kapacitou,\ncenami vstupů. Heterogenita MC mění rovnovážné výsledky (sekce 6).",[1030,90483,90484,90487],{},[1047,90485,90486],{},"Homogenní produkt."," Diferenciace mění hru — poptávka pro firmu 1 závisí na\nceně firmy 2 jen částečně. Hotelling-style modely zachycují prostorovou\ndiferenciaci.",[1030,90489,90490,90493,90494,90507,90508,90521,90522,1075],{},[1047,90491,90492],{},"Konkurence přes množství vs. cenu."," V některých trzích (komodity, kapacitně\nomezené odvětví) je ",[1035,90495,90497],{"className":90496},[1772],[1774,90498,90499],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,90500,90501,90505],{},[1781,90502,90503],{},[1784,90504,2270],{},[1808,90506,2270],{"encoding":1810}," přirozenou volbou; v jiných (maloobchod, software) je\nto ",[1035,90509,90511],{"className":90510},[1772],[1774,90512,90513],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,90514,90515,90519],{},[1781,90516,90517],{},[1784,90518,2264],{},[1808,90520,2264],{"encoding":1810},". Bertrand (volba ceny) dává radikálně jiné výsledky než Cournot — viz\n",[1068,90523,73723],{"href":78944,"className":90524,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":78943},[1071],[1030,90526,90527,90530,90531,42795,90548,90566,90567,90587,90588,90601],{},[1047,90528,90529],{},"Vstup nových firem."," Cournot\u002FStackelberg modelují ",[1035,90532,90534],{"className":90533},[1772],[1774,90535,90536],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,90537,90538,90546],{},[1781,90539,90540,90542,90544],{},[1784,90541,1806],{},[1788,90543,1863],{},[2348,90545,4593],{},[1808,90547,79590],{"encoding":1810},[1035,90549,90551],{"className":90550},[1772],[1774,90552,90553],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,90554,90555,90563],{},[1781,90556,90557,90559,90561],{},[1784,90558,1806],{},[1788,90560,8824],{},[1784,90562,21408],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,90564,90565],{"encoding":1810},"n \\to \\infty","\nse Cournotova rovnováha blíží dokonalé konkurenci (",[1035,90568,90570],{"className":90569},[1772],[1774,90571,90572],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,90573,90574,90584],{},[1781,90575,90576,90578,90580,90582],{},[1784,90577,2264],{},[1788,90579,8824],{},[1784,90581,1857],{},[1784,90583,1868],{},[1808,90585,90586],{"encoding":1810},"P \\to MC","). Bariéry vstupu\njsou důvod, proč ",[1035,90589,90591],{"className":90590},[1772],[1774,90592,90593],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,90594,90595,90599],{},[1781,90596,90597],{},[1784,90598,1806],{},[1808,90600,1806],{"encoding":1810}," zůstává nízké.",[1077,90603,90605],{"id":90604},"_12-vztah-ke-zkoušce","12. Vztah ke zkoušce",[1030,90607,90608],{},"V testech ImeK i MikK se objevují tyto typy úloh:",[1260,90610,90611,90726,90790,90833,90875],{},[1115,90612,90613,90616,90617,1299,90640,90655,90656,1733,90673,1299,90686,90704,90705,90725],{},[1047,90614,90615],{},"Numerický symetrický Cournot."," Dáno ",[1035,90618,90620],{"className":90619},[1772],[1774,90621,90622],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,90623,90624,90638],{},[1781,90625,90626,90628,90630,90632,90634,90636],{},[1784,90627,2264],{},[1788,90629,1863],{},[1784,90631,1068],{},[1788,90633,2371],{},[1784,90635,8838],{},[1784,90637,2270],{},[1808,90639,22593],{"encoding":1810},[1035,90641,90643],{"className":90642},[1772],[1774,90644,90645],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,90646,90647,90653],{},[1781,90648,90649,90651],{},[1784,90650,1857],{},[1784,90652,1868],{},[1808,90654,11135],{"encoding":1810},", spočítej ",[1035,90657,90659],{"className":90658},[1772],[1774,90660,90661],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,90662,90663,90671],{},[1781,90664,90665],{},[1792,90666,90667,90669],{},[1784,90668,2270],{},[1784,90670,1803],{},[1808,90672,47671],{"encoding":1810},[1035,90674,90676],{"className":90675},[1772],[1774,90677,90678],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,90679,90680,90684],{},[1781,90681,90682],{},[1784,90683,2264],{},[1808,90685,2264],{"encoding":1810},[1035,90687,90689],{"className":90688},[1772],[1774,90690,90691],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,90692,90693,90701],{},[1781,90694,90695],{},[1792,90696,90697,90699],{},[1784,90698,1786],{},[1784,90700,1803],{},[1808,90702,90703],{"encoding":1810},"\\pi_i",". Postup: napiš ",[1035,90706,90708],{"className":90707},[1772],[1774,90709,90710],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,90711,90712,90722],{},[1781,90713,90714,90716],{},[1784,90715,2257],{},[1792,90717,90718,90720],{},[1784,90719,1860],{},[1784,90721,1803],{},[1808,90723,90724],{"encoding":1810},"TR_i",", derivuj, dostaneš reakční křivku, dosaď\nsymetrii.",[1115,90727,90728,90731,90732,90752,90753,90772,90773,1075],{},[1047,90729,90730],{},"Numerický Stackelberg."," Stejná data, ale firma 1 jde první. Postup:\nspočítej followerovu reakční křivku (klasický Cournotův odvod), dosaď do\n",[1035,90733,90735],{"className":90734},[1772],[1774,90736,90737],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,90738,90739,90749],{},[1781,90740,90741,90743],{},[1784,90742,2257],{},[1792,90744,90745,90747],{},[1784,90746,1860],{},[2348,90748,2374],{},[1808,90750,90751],{"encoding":1810},"TR_1",", derivuj ",[1035,90754,90756],{"className":90755},[1772],[1774,90757,90758],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,90759,90760,90770],{},[1781,90761,90762,90764],{},[1784,90763,2257],{},[1792,90765,90766,90768],{},[1784,90767,1860],{},[2348,90769,2374],{},[1808,90771,90751],{"encoding":1810}," podle ",[1035,90774,90776],{"className":90775},[1772],[1774,90777,90778],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,90779,90780,90788],{},[1781,90781,90782],{},[1792,90783,90784,90786],{},[1784,90785,2270],{},[2348,90787,2374],{},[1808,90789,12370],{"encoding":1810},[1115,90791,90792,90795,90796,90832],{},[1047,90793,90794],{},"Koluze a srovnání."," Spočítej monopolní zisk pro celý trh, ukáž, že je\nvyšší než ",[1035,90797,90799],{"className":90798},[1772],[1774,90800,90801],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,90802,90803,90829],{},[1781,90804,90805,90807,90809],{},[2348,90806,4593],{},[1788,90808,2267],{},[2467,90810,90811,90813],{},[1784,90812,1786],{},[1781,90814,90815,90817,90819,90821,90823,90825,90827],{},[1784,90816,1868],{},[1784,90818,2485],{},[1784,90820,2480],{},[1784,90822,3794],{},[1784,90824,1806],{},[1784,90826,2485],{},[1784,90828,8827],{},[1808,90830,90831],{"encoding":1810},"2 \\cdot \\pi^{Cournot}",", vysvětli nestabilitu kartelu.",[1115,90834,90835,90838,90839,90874],{},[1047,90836,90837],{},"Asymetrický Cournot."," S různými MC nebo nákladovými funkcemi. Buď přes\nreakční křivky (sekce 10.4), nebo přes heuristiku ",[1035,90840,90842],{"className":90841},[1772],[1774,90843,90844],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,90845,90846,90872],{},[1781,90847,90848,90850,90856,90858,90860,90866,90868,90870],{},[1784,90849,1857],{},[1792,90851,90852,90854],{},[1784,90853,1868],{},[2348,90855,2374],{},[1788,90857,1863],{},[1784,90859,1857],{},[1792,90861,90862,90864],{},[1784,90863,1868],{},[2348,90865,4593],{},[1788,90867,1863],{},[1784,90869,1857],{},[1784,90871,1860],{},[1808,90873,48361],{"encoding":1810},"\nv případě monotónně rostoucích MC (sekce 6).",[1115,90876,90877,90880,90881,90898],{},[1047,90878,90879],{},"Konceptuální otázky."," Proč first-mover advantage? Proč nestabilita\nkoluze? Proč Cournotova rovnováha v ",[1035,90882,90884],{"className":90883},[1772],[1774,90885,90886],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,90887,90888,90896],{},[1781,90889,90890,90892,90894],{},[1784,90891,1806],{},[1788,90893,8824],{},[1784,90895,21408],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,90897,90565],{"encoding":1810}," konverguje k DK?",[1030,90900,90901,90902,34518,90905,90924,90925,90940,90941,1062,90970,1075],{},"V přípravě je rozumné mít ",[1047,90903,90904],{},"vzorce z tabulky 7.1 nazpaměť",[1035,90906,90908],{"className":90907},[1772],[1774,90909,90910],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,90911,90912,90922],{},[1781,90913,90914,90916,90918,90920],{},[1784,90915,1857],{},[1784,90917,1868],{},[1788,90919,1863],{},[2348,90921,2350],{},[1808,90923,45415],{"encoding":1810},", a\numět je rychle adjustovat na nenulové ",[1035,90926,90928],{"className":90927},[1772],[1774,90929,90930],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,90931,90932,90938],{},[1781,90933,90934,90936],{},[1784,90935,1857],{},[1784,90937,1868],{},[1808,90939,11135],{"encoding":1810}," tím, že se pracuje s „efektivním\"\n",[1035,90942,90944],{"className":90943},[1772],[1774,90945,90946],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,90947,90948,90967],{},[1781,90949,90950,90957,90959,90961,90963,90965],{},[2160,90951,90952,90954],{"accent":1041},[1784,90953,1068],{},[1788,90955,90956],{},"~",[1788,90958,1863],{},[1784,90960,1068],{},[1788,90962,2371],{},[1784,90964,1857],{},[1784,90966,1868],{},[1808,90968,90969],{"encoding":1810},"\\tilde a = a - MC",[1035,90971,90973],{"className":90972},[1772],[1774,90974,90975],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,90976,90977,90995],{},[1781,90978,90979,90985,90987,90989,90991,90993],{},[2160,90980,90981,90983],{"accent":1041},[1784,90982,2264],{},[1788,90984,90956],{},[1788,90986,1863],{},[1784,90988,2264],{},[1788,90990,2371],{},[1784,90992,1857],{},[1784,90994,1868],{},[1808,90996,90997],{"encoding":1810},"\\tilde P = P - MC",[1077,90999,91001],{"id":91000},"_13-cross-reference","13. Cross-reference",[1112,91003,91004,91010,91016,91022,91028,91034,91076,91095,91101,91107],{},[1115,91005,91006,91009],{},[1068,91007,14],{"href":1681,"className":91008,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1680},[1071]," — kurz, do kterého toto téma patří",[1115,91011,91012],{},[1068,91013,91015],{"href":78944,"className":91014,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":78943},[1071],"Bertrand — cenová konkurence v duopolu",[1115,91017,91018],{},[1068,91019,91021],{"href":55933,"className":91020,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":55932},[1071],"Cenové vůdcovství a kartely",[1115,91023,91024],{},[1068,91025,91027],{"href":73119,"className":91026,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":73118},[1071],"Zalomená poptávková křivka (Sweezy)",[1115,91029,91030,91033],{},[1068,91031,6646],{"href":6645,"className":91032,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":6644},[1071]," — Nashův koncept",[1115,91035,91036,91040,91041],{},[1068,91037,91039],{"href":1877,"className":91038,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1876},[1071],"Monopol s více závody \u002F cenovou diskriminací"," —\nanalogie s heuristikou ",[1035,91042,91044],{"className":91043},[1772],[1774,91045,91046],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,91047,91048,91074],{},[1781,91049,91050,91052,91058,91060,91062,91068,91070,91072],{},[1784,91051,1857],{},[1792,91053,91054,91056],{},[1784,91055,1868],{},[2348,91057,2374],{},[1788,91059,1863],{},[1784,91061,1857],{},[1792,91063,91064,91066],{},[1784,91065,1868],{},[2348,91067,4593],{},[1788,91069,1863],{},[1784,91071,1857],{},[1784,91073,1860],{},[1808,91075,48361],{"encoding":1810},[1115,91077,91078,91081,91082],{},[1068,91079,7013],{"href":4349,"className":91080,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":4348},[1071]," — sousední tržní\nstruktura s velkým ",[1035,91083,91085],{"className":91084},[1772],[1774,91086,91087],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,91088,91089,91093],{},[1781,91090,91091],{},[1784,91092,1806],{},[1808,91094,1806],{"encoding":1810},[1115,91096,91097,91100],{},[1068,91098,72111],{"href":72110,"className":91099,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":72109},[1071]," —\nagregátní přehled",[1115,91102,91103,91106],{},[1068,91104,22239],{"href":1833,"className":91105,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1832},[1071]," — souhrnná stránka pro zkoušku",[1115,91108,91109],{},[1068,91110,55435],{"href":4280,"className":91111,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":4279},[1071],{"title":1685,"searchDepth":141,"depth":141,"links":91113},[91114,91115,91119,91123,91131,91137,91144,91149,91155,91159,91160,91166,91167,91168],{"id":1722,"depth":141,"text":1042},{"id":79556,"depth":141,"text":79557,"children":91116},[91117,91118],{"id":79560,"depth":96,"text":79561},{"id":79629,"depth":96,"text":79630},{"id":79671,"depth":141,"text":79672,"children":91120},[91121,91122],{"id":79675,"depth":96,"text":79676},{"id":79700,"depth":96,"text":79701},{"id":79855,"depth":141,"text":79856,"children":91124},[91125,91126,91127,91128,91129,91130],{"id":79859,"depth":96,"text":79860},{"id":80079,"depth":96,"text":80080},{"id":80544,"depth":96,"text":80545},{"id":81165,"depth":96,"text":81166},{"id":81641,"depth":96,"text":81642},{"id":82035,"depth":96,"text":82036},{"id":82210,"depth":141,"text":82211,"children":91132},[91133,91134,91135],{"id":82214,"depth":96,"text":82215},{"id":82530,"depth":96,"text":82531},{"id":82829,"depth":96,"text":91136},"4.3 Srovnání 4 modelů v rovině Q1×Q2Q_1 \\times Q_2",{"id":83041,"depth":141,"text":83042,"children":91138},[91139,91140,91141,91142,91143],{"id":83045,"depth":96,"text":83046},{"id":83198,"depth":96,"text":83199},{"id":83302,"depth":96,"text":83303},{"id":83966,"depth":96,"text":83967},{"id":84221,"depth":96,"text":84222},{"id":84344,"depth":141,"text":84345,"children":91145},[91146,91147,91148],{"id":84470,"depth":96,"text":84471},{"id":84622,"depth":96,"text":84623},{"id":85161,"depth":96,"text":85162},{"id":85333,"depth":141,"text":85334,"children":91150},[91151,91153,91154],{"id":85337,"depth":96,"text":91152},"7.1 Pro P=a−bQP = a - bQ, MC=0MC = 0",{"id":86507,"depth":96,"text":86508},{"id":88132,"depth":96,"text":88133},{"id":88372,"depth":141,"text":88373,"children":91156},[91157,91158],{"id":88376,"depth":96,"text":88377},{"id":88836,"depth":96,"text":88837},{"id":88916,"depth":141,"text":88917},{"id":88967,"depth":141,"text":88968,"children":91161},[91162,91163,91164,91165],{"id":88971,"depth":96,"text":88972},{"id":89497,"depth":96,"text":89498},{"id":89790,"depth":96,"text":89791},{"id":89976,"depth":96,"text":89977},{"id":90462,"depth":141,"text":90463},{"id":90604,"depth":141,"text":90605},{"id":91000,"depth":141,"text":91001},{},"\u002Ftopics\u002Fmikk-oligopol-cournot-stackelberg",{"title":79061,"description":1685},[10944,33349],"topics\u002Fmikk-oligopol-cournot-stackelberg",[13,28,43,167,325,490,267,850],"WNxXJlxgXdJIkT1uMG14Bhbit87k6kmczegJFUnpTBo",{"id":91177,"title":91178,"body":91179,"course":13,"courses":1696,"created":1697,"description":1685,"extension":1698,"meta":94094,"navigation":1700,"path":94095,"seo":94096,"sources":94097,"stem":94098,"tags":94099,"type":4439,"updated":1697,"__hash__":94100},"topics\u002Ftopics\u002Fmikk-oligopol-zalomena-poptavka.md","Oligopol — Sweezyho model zalomené poptávky",{"type":1016,"value":91180,"toc":94069},[91181,91184,91186,91265,91272,91276,91279,91335,91338,91422,91433,91437,91473,91565,91626,91630,91633,91690,91758,91910,91913,91932,92018,92025,92089,92175,92262,92307,92311,92314,92340,92358,92362,92365,92391,92394,92524,92528,92602,92606,92678,92736,92814,92818,92872,92907,92934,92967,92996,93033,93121,93188,93224,93228,93276,93300,93340,93376,93380,93469,93473,93612,93616,93619,93676,93680,93683,93739,93743,93746,93783,93787,93971,93985,93989,94024,94026],[1019,91182,91178],{"id":91183},"oligopol-sweezyho-model-zalomené-poptávky",[1077,91185,1042],{"id":1722},[1030,91187,91188,91191,91192,91195,91196,91199,91200,91203,91204,91207,91208,91221,91222,91240,91241,91256,91257,91260,91261,91264],{},[1047,91189,91190],{},"Sweezyho model"," (Paul Sweezy, 1939) vysvětluje, proč jsou ceny v oligopolu ",[1047,91193,91194],{},"dlouhodobě stabilní"," i přes změny v nákladových podmínkách. Klíčová hypotéza: konkurenti reagují ",[1047,91197,91198],{},"asymetricky"," — pokud jedna firma sníží cenu, ostatní ji následují (aby neztratili zákazníky); pokud cenu zvýší, ostatní cenu ",[1047,91201,91202],{},"nezvedají"," (rádi přebírají její zákazníky). Z pohledu firmy to znamená, že ",[1047,91205,91206],{},"poptávková křivka je v bodě tržní ceny zalomená",": nad bodem zlomu elastická, pod ním méně elastická. Zalomení v ",[1035,91209,91211],{"className":91210},[1772],[1774,91212,91213],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,91214,91215,91219],{},[1781,91216,91217],{},[1784,91218,3224],{},[1808,91220,3224],{"encoding":1810}," generuje ",[1047,91223,91224,91225],{},"diskontinuitu (vertikální skok) v ",[1035,91226,91228],{"className":91227},[1772],[1774,91229,91230],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,91231,91232,91238],{},[1781,91233,91234,91236],{},[1784,91235,1857],{},[1784,91237,1860],{},[1808,91239,13044],{"encoding":1810},", a pokud ",[1035,91242,91244],{"className":91243},[1772],[1774,91245,91246],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,91247,91248,91254],{},[1781,91249,91250,91252],{},[1784,91251,1857],{},[1784,91253,1868],{},[1808,91255,11135],{"encoding":1810}," leží uvnitř tohoto skoku, optimum se nemění — tj. ",[1047,91258,91259],{},"ani malé změny mezních nákladů (vstupy, mzdy) nezpůsobí změnu ceny ani výstupu",". Tím Sweezyho model formálně vysvětluje pozorovanou ",[1047,91262,91263],{},"cenovou tuhost"," v oligopolních odvětvích.",[1030,91266,91267],{},[2206,91268],{"alt":91269,"className":91270,"src":91271},"mikk-zalomena-poptavka",[1071,2210],"\u002Fwiki-assets\u002Fmikk-zalomena-poptavka.jpeg",[1077,91273,91275],{"id":91274},"_1-sweezyho-hypotéza-o-asymetrických-reakcích-konkurentů","1. Sweezyho hypotéza o asymetrických reakcích konkurentů",[1030,91277,91278],{},"Východiskem modelu je úvaha, jak se zachovají ostatní firmy v oligopolu, pokud jedna z nich změní cenu:",[1112,91280,91281,91308],{},[1115,91282,91283,91303,91304,91307],{},[1047,91284,91285,91286],{},"Snížení ceny pod aktuální tržní úroveň ",[1035,91287,91289],{"className":91288},[1772],[1774,91290,91291],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,91292,91293,91301],{},[1781,91294,91295],{},[2467,91296,91297,91299],{},[1784,91298,2264],{},[1788,91300,7763],{},[1808,91302,11034],{"encoding":1810},": konkurenti se obávají ztráty zákazníků, a proto ",[1047,91305,91306],{},"cenu rovněž sníží",". Firma tedy nezíská tolik nových zákazníků, kolik by čekala — ostatní totiž její snížení ceny vyrovnali.",[1115,91309,91310,91330,91331,91334],{},[1047,91311,91312,91313],{},"Zvýšení ceny nad aktuální tržní úroveň ",[1035,91314,91316],{"className":91315},[1772],[1774,91317,91318],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,91319,91320,91328],{},[1781,91321,91322],{},[2467,91323,91324,91326],{},[1784,91325,2264],{},[1788,91327,7763],{},[1808,91329,11034],{"encoding":1810},": konkurenti ",[1047,91332,91333],{},"cenu nezvýší",", protože vidí příležitost přebrat zákazníky odcházející od firmy s vyšší cenou. Firma tak ztratí podstatnou část poptávky.",[1030,91336,91337],{},"Z pohledu firmy se to projeví na vlastní (subjektivně vnímané) poptávkové křivce takto:",[1112,91339,91340,91381],{},[1115,91341,53324,91342,91344,91345,91362,91363,91376,91377,91380],{},[1047,91343,45243],{}," ceny pod ",[1035,91346,91348],{"className":91347},[1772],[1774,91349,91350],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,91351,91352,91360],{},[1781,91353,91354],{},[2467,91355,91356,91358],{},[1784,91357,2264],{},[1788,91359,7763],{},[1808,91361,11034],{"encoding":1810}," → menší než očekávaný nárůst ",[1035,91364,91366],{"className":91365},[1772],[1774,91367,91368],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,91369,91370,91374],{},[1781,91371,91372],{},[1784,91373,2270],{},[1808,91375,2270],{"encoding":1810}," (ostatní šli také dolů s cenou) → ",[1047,91378,91379],{},"málo elastická \u002F strmější"," část poptávky.",[1115,91382,53324,91383,91386,91387,91404,91405,91418,91419,91380],{},[1047,91384,91385],{},"zvýšení"," ceny nad ",[1035,91388,91390],{"className":91389},[1772],[1774,91391,91392],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,91393,91394,91402],{},[1781,91395,91396],{},[2467,91397,91398,91400],{},[1784,91399,2264],{},[1788,91401,7763],{},[1808,91403,11034],{"encoding":1810}," → výraznější než očekávaný pokles ",[1035,91406,91408],{"className":91407},[1772],[1774,91409,91410],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,91411,91412,91416],{},[1781,91413,91414],{},[1784,91415,2270],{},[1808,91417,2270],{"encoding":1810}," (zákazníci utíkají k levnějším konkurentům) → ",[1047,91420,91421],{},"silně elastická \u002F plošší",[1030,91423,91424,91425,91428,91429,91432],{},"Asymetrie tedy plyne přímo ze strategického chování konkurence: firma očekává, že ",[1047,91426,91427],{},"nezíská"," plný benefit ze snížení ceny, ale ",[1047,91430,91431],{},"plně utrpí"," za zvýšení ceny.",[1077,91434,91436],{"id":91435},"_2-geometrie-zalomené-poptávky","2. Geometrie zalomené poptávky",[1030,91438,91439,91440,91443,91444,1310],{},"Důsledkem asymetrických reakcí je, že firma místo jedné lineární poptávkové křivky vidí ",[1047,91441,91442],{},"dvě části"," spojené v bodě tržní rovnováhy ",[1035,91445,91447],{"className":91446},[1772],[1774,91448,91449],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,91450,91451,91471],{},[1781,91452,91453,91455,91461,91463,91469],{},[1788,91454,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2467,91456,91457,91459],{},[1784,91458,2270],{},[1788,91460,7763],{},[1788,91462,1138],{"separator":1041},[2467,91464,91465,91467],{},[1784,91466,2264],{},[1788,91468,7763],{},[1788,91470,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,91472,59566],{"encoding":1810},[1112,91474,91475,91521],{},[1115,91476,91477,91480,91481,91503,91504,91507,91508,1075],{},[1047,91478,91479],{},"Horní segment"," (ceny ",[1035,91482,91484],{"className":91483},[1772],[1774,91485,91486],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,91487,91488,91500],{},[1781,91489,91490,91492,91494],{},[1784,91491,2264],{},[1788,91493,2491],{},[2467,91495,91496,91498],{},[1784,91497,2264],{},[1788,91499,7763],{},[1808,91501,91502],{"encoding":1810},"P > P^*","): plochá, ",[1047,91505,91506],{},"silně elastická"," poptávka. Malé zvýšení ceny vede k velkému poklesu ",[1035,91509,91511],{"className":91510},[1772],[1774,91512,91513],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,91514,91515,91519],{},[1781,91516,91517],{},[1784,91518,2270],{},[1808,91520,2270],{"encoding":1810},[1115,91522,91523,91480,91526,91548,91549,91551,91552,1075],{},[1047,91524,91525],{},"Dolní segment",[1035,91527,91529],{"className":91528},[1772],[1774,91530,91531],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,91532,91533,91545],{},[1781,91534,91535,91537,91539],{},[1784,91536,2264],{},[1788,91538,2537],{},[2467,91540,91541,91543],{},[1784,91542,2264],{},[1788,91544,7763],{},[1808,91546,91547],{"encoding":1810},"P \u003C P^*","): strmá, ",[1047,91550,18110],{}," poptávka. I výrazné snížení ceny přinese jen malé zvýšení ",[1035,91553,91555],{"className":91554},[1772],[1774,91556,91557],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,91558,91559,91563],{},[1781,91560,91561],{},[1784,91562,2270],{},[1808,91564,2270],{"encoding":1810},[1030,91566,29443,91567,91596,91597,91600,91601,91604,91605,1075],{},[1035,91568,91570],{"className":91569},[1772],[1774,91571,91572],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,91573,91574,91594],{},[1781,91575,91576,91578,91584,91586,91592],{},[1788,91577,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2467,91579,91580,91582],{},[1784,91581,2270],{},[1788,91583,7763],{},[1788,91585,1138],{"separator":1041},[2467,91587,91588,91590],{},[1784,91589,2264],{},[1788,91591,7763],{},[1788,91593,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,91595,59566],{"encoding":1810}," se obě části setkávají pod úhlem — odtud anglický název ",[1047,91598,91599],{},"kinked demand curve"," (\"zalomená\" \u002F \"se zlomem\"). Poptávka má i nadále ",[1047,91602,91603],{},"negativní sklon"," (cena a množství stále reagují inverzně), ale ",[1047,91606,91607,91608,91625],{},"strmost se v bodě ",[1035,91609,91611],{"className":91610},[1772],[1774,91612,91613],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,91614,91615,91623],{},[1781,91616,91617],{},[2467,91618,91619,91621],{},[1784,91620,2264],{},[1788,91622,7763],{},[1808,91624,11034],{"encoding":1810}," skokově mění",[1077,91627,91629],{"id":91628},"_3-mr-křivka-diskontinuita","3. MR křivka — diskontinuita",[1030,91631,91632],{},"Pro každou ze dvou částí poptávky existuje vlastní křivka mezních příjmů:",[1112,91634,91635,91663],{},[1115,91636,91637,91658,91659,91662],{},[1047,91638,91639],{},[1035,91640,91642],{"className":91641},[1772],[1774,91643,91644],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,91645,91646,91656],{},[1781,91647,91648,91650],{},[1784,91649,1857],{},[1792,91651,91652,91654],{},[1784,91653,1860],{},[2348,91655,2374],{},[1808,91657,12961],{"encoding":1810}," odpovídá ",[1047,91660,91661],{},"elastické (horní)"," části poptávky: méně strmá, leží nad bodem zlomu.",[1115,91664,91665,91658,91686,91689],{},[1047,91666,91667],{},[1035,91668,91670],{"className":91669},[1772],[1774,91671,91672],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,91673,91674,91684],{},[1781,91675,91676,91678],{},[1784,91677,1857],{},[1792,91679,91680,91682],{},[1784,91681,1860],{},[2348,91683,4593],{},[1808,91685,12981],{"encoding":1810},[1047,91687,91688],{},"neelastické (dolní)"," části poptávky: výrazně strmější, leží pod bodem zlomu.",[1030,91691,91692,91693,91711,91712,91734,91735,91738,91739,91754,91755,1310],{},"Protože sklon levé části poptávky se v bodě zlomu skokově mění z plošší na strmější, ",[1047,91694,91695,91696],{},"nemůže existovat spojitá ",[1035,91697,91699],{"className":91698},[1772],[1774,91700,91701],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,91702,91703,91709],{},[1781,91704,91705,91707],{},[1784,91706,1857],{},[1784,91708,1860],{},[1808,91710,13044],{"encoding":1810},". Místo toho v bodě ",[1035,91713,91715],{"className":91714},[1772],[1774,91716,91717],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,91718,91719,91731],{},[1781,91720,91721,91723,91725],{},[1784,91722,2270],{},[1788,91724,1863],{},[2467,91726,91727,91729],{},[1784,91728,2270],{},[1788,91730,7763],{},[1808,91732,91733],{"encoding":1810},"Q = Q^*"," vzniká ",[1047,91736,91737],{},"vertikální segment"," (skok) v ",[1035,91740,91742],{"className":91741},[1772],[1774,91743,91744],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,91745,91746,91752],{},[1781,91747,91748,91750],{},[1784,91749,1857],{},[1784,91751,1860],{},[1808,91753,13044],{"encoding":1810}," křivce — křivka mezních příjmů má ",[1047,91756,91757],{},"diskontinuitu",[1035,91759,91761],{"className":91760},[1772],[1774,91762,91763],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,91764,91765,91907],{},[1781,91766,91767,91769,91771,91773],{},[1784,91768,1857],{},[1784,91770,1860],{},[1788,91772,1863],{},[1781,91774,91775,91777],{},[1788,91776,34972],{"fence":1041},[72797,91778,91779,91820,91867],{"rowspacing":72799,"columnalign":72800,"columnspacing":2702},[72802,91780,91781,91801],{},[72805,91782,91783],{},[14390,91784,91785],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[1781,91786,91787,91789,91795,91797,91799],{},[1784,91788,1857],{},[1792,91790,91791,91793],{},[1784,91792,1860],{},[2348,91794,2374],{},[1788,91796,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,91798,2270],{},[1788,91800,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[72805,91802,91803],{},[14390,91804,91805],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[1781,91806,91807,91810,91812,91814],{},[2149,91808,91809],{},"pro ",[1784,91811,2270],{},[1788,91813,2537],{},[2467,91815,91816,91818],{},[1784,91817,2270],{},[1788,91819,7763],{},[72802,91821,91822,91848],{},[72805,91823,91824],{},[14390,91825,91826],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[1781,91827,91828,91831,91837,91839,91845],{},[2149,91829,91830],{},"vertik",[2160,91832,91833,91835],{"accent":1041},[2149,91834,1068],{},[1788,91836,2181],{},[2149,91838,24184],{},[2160,91840,91841,91843],{"accent":1041},[2149,91842,9298],{},[1788,91844,2181],{},[2149,91846,91847],{}," skok",[72805,91849,91850],{},[14390,91851,91852],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[1781,91853,91854,91857,91859,91861],{},[2149,91855,91856],{},"v ",[1784,91858,2270],{},[1788,91860,1863],{},[2467,91862,91863,91865],{},[1784,91864,2270],{},[1788,91866,7763],{},[72802,91868,91869,91889],{},[72805,91870,91871],{},[14390,91872,91873],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[1781,91874,91875,91877,91883,91885,91887],{},[1784,91876,1857],{},[1792,91878,91879,91881],{},[1784,91880,1860],{},[2348,91882,4593],{},[1788,91884,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,91886,2270],{},[1788,91888,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[72805,91890,91891],{},[14390,91892,91893],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[1781,91894,91895,91897,91899,91901],{},[2149,91896,91809],{},[1784,91898,2270],{},[1788,91900,2491],{},[2467,91902,91903,91905],{},[1784,91904,2270],{},[1788,91906,7763],{},[1808,91908,91909],{"encoding":1810},"MR =\n\\begin{cases}\nMR_1(Q) & \\text{pro } Q \u003C Q^* \\\\\n\\text{vertikální skok} & \\text{v } Q = Q^* \\\\\nMR_2(Q) & \\text{pro } Q > Q^*\n\\end{cases}",[1030,91911,91912],{},"Délka vertikálního skoku závisí na rozdílu sklonů obou částí poptávky — čím větší rozdíl, tím delší skok.",[1077,91914,91916,91917],{"id":91915},"_4-cenová-tuhost-a-vliv-mcmc","4. Cenová tuhost a vliv ",[1035,91918,91920],{"className":91919},[1772],[1774,91921,91922],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,91923,91924,91930],{},[1781,91925,91926,91928],{},[1784,91927,1857],{},[1784,91929,1868],{},[1808,91931,11135],{"encoding":1810},[1030,91933,91934,91935,91956,91957,91972,91973,91988,91989,1310],{},"Klíčová implikace modelu: optimum monopolistického \u002F oligopolního výrobce splňuje obvyklou podmínku ",[1035,91936,91938],{"className":91937},[1772],[1774,91939,91940],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,91941,91942,91954],{},[1781,91943,91944,91946,91948,91950,91952],{},[1784,91945,1857],{},[1784,91947,1860],{},[1788,91949,1863],{},[1784,91951,1857],{},[1784,91953,1868],{},[1808,91955,1871],{"encoding":1810},". Pokud křivka ",[1035,91958,91960],{"className":91959},[1772],[1774,91961,91962],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,91963,91964,91970],{},[1781,91965,91966,91968],{},[1784,91967,1857],{},[1784,91969,1868],{},[1808,91971,11135],{"encoding":1810}," protíná ",[1035,91974,91976],{"className":91975},[1772],[1774,91977,91978],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,91979,91980,91986],{},[1781,91981,91982,91984],{},[1784,91983,1857],{},[1784,91985,1860],{},[1808,91987,13044],{"encoding":1810}," uvnitř vertikálního segmentu, optimum zůstává v bodě ",[1035,91990,91992],{"className":91991},[1772],[1774,91993,91994],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,91995,91996,92016],{},[1781,91997,91998,92000,92006,92008,92014],{},[1788,91999,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2467,92001,92002,92004],{},[1784,92003,2270],{},[1788,92005,7763],{},[1788,92007,1138],{"separator":1041},[2467,92009,92010,92012],{},[1784,92011,2264],{},[1788,92013,7763],{},[1788,92015,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,92017,59566],{"encoding":1810},[1082,92019,92020],{},[1030,92021,92022],{},[1047,92023,92024],{},"Pokud se mezní náklady pohybují ve vertikální části MR, cena ani výstup se nemění.",[1030,92026,92027,92028,92058,92059,46340],{},"Konkrétně: označme horní okraj vertikálního skoku jako ",[1035,92029,92031],{"className":92030},[1772],[1774,92032,92033],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,92034,92035,92055],{},[1781,92036,92037,92039,92045,92047,92053],{},[1784,92038,1857],{},[1792,92040,92041,92043],{},[1784,92042,1860],{},[2348,92044,2374],{},[1788,92046,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2467,92048,92049,92051],{},[1784,92050,2270],{},[1788,92052,7763],{},[1788,92054,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,92056,92057],{"encoding":1810},"MR_1(Q^*)"," a dolní okraj jako ",[1035,92060,92062],{"className":92061},[1772],[1774,92063,92064],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,92065,92066,92086],{},[1781,92067,92068,92070,92076,92078,92084],{},[1784,92069,1857],{},[1792,92071,92072,92074],{},[1784,92073,1860],{},[2348,92075,4593],{},[1788,92077,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2467,92079,92080,92082],{},[1784,92081,2270],{},[1788,92083,7763],{},[1788,92085,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,92087,92088],{"encoding":1810},"MR_2(Q^*)",[1035,92090,92092],{"className":92091},[1772],[1774,92093,92094],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,92095,92096,92172],{},[1781,92097,92098,92100,92106,92108,92114,92116,92118,92120,92122,92124,92126,92132,92134,92140,92142,92144,92146,92148,92150,92152,92158,92160,92162,92164,92166],{},[1784,92099,1857],{},[1792,92101,92102,92104],{},[1784,92103,1860],{},[2348,92105,4593],{},[1788,92107,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2467,92109,92110,92112],{},[1784,92111,2270],{},[1788,92113,7763],{},[1788,92115,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,92117,33669],{},[1784,92119,1857],{},[1784,92121,1868],{},[1788,92123,33669],{},[1784,92125,1857],{},[1792,92127,92128,92130],{},[1784,92129,1860],{},[2348,92131,2374],{},[1788,92133,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2467,92135,92136,92138],{},[1784,92137,2270],{},[1788,92139,7763],{},[1788,92141,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[2352,92143],{"width":2702},[1788,92145,2357],{},[2352,92147],{"width":2702},[1784,92149,2270],{},[1788,92151,1863],{},[2467,92153,92154,92156],{},[1784,92155,2270],{},[1788,92157,7763],{},[1788,92159,1138],{"separator":1041},[2149,92161,13478],{},[1784,92163,2264],{},[1788,92165,1863],{},[2467,92167,92168,92170],{},[1784,92169,2264],{},[1788,92171,7763],{},[1808,92173,92174],{"encoding":1810},"MR_2(Q^*) \\le MC \\le MR_1(Q^*) \\quad\\Rightarrow\\quad Q = Q^*,\\ P = P^*",[1030,92176,92177,92178,92181,92182,92185,92186,92201,92202,92231,92232,92261],{},"Tj. ",[1047,92179,92180],{},"fluktuace mezních nákladů"," (např. díky kolísavé ceně vstupů, energií, mezd, surovin) v rámci tohoto pásma ",[1047,92183,92184],{},"nezpůsobí žádnou změnu"," výstupu ani ceny. Teprve když ",[1035,92187,92189],{"className":92188},[1772],[1774,92190,92191],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,92192,92193,92199],{},[1781,92194,92195,92197],{},[1784,92196,1857],{},[1784,92198,1868],{},[1808,92200,11135],{"encoding":1810}," vystoupí nad ",[1035,92203,92205],{"className":92204},[1772],[1774,92206,92207],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,92208,92209,92229],{},[1781,92210,92211,92213,92219,92221,92227],{},[1784,92212,1857],{},[1792,92214,92215,92217],{},[1784,92216,1860],{},[2348,92218,2374],{},[1788,92220,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2467,92222,92223,92225],{},[1784,92224,2270],{},[1788,92226,7763],{},[1788,92228,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,92230,92057],{"encoding":1810}," nebo klesne pod ",[1035,92233,92235],{"className":92234},[1772],[1774,92236,92237],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,92238,92239,92259],{},[1781,92240,92241,92243,92249,92251,92257],{},[1784,92242,1857],{},[1792,92244,92245,92247],{},[1784,92246,1860],{},[2348,92248,4593],{},[1788,92250,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2467,92252,92253,92255],{},[1784,92254,2270],{},[1788,92256,7763],{},[1788,92258,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,92260,92088],{"encoding":1810},", firma reaguje změnou výstupu (a tedy i ceny).",[1030,92263,92264,92266,92267,92270,92271,92290,92291,92306],{},[1047,92265,5622],{},": ceny v oligopolu jsou systematicky ",[1047,92268,92269],{},"stabilnější"," než v dokonalé konkurenci, kde ",[1035,92272,92274],{"className":92273},[1772],[1774,92275,92276],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,92277,92278,92288],{},[1781,92279,92280,92282,92284,92286],{},[1784,92281,2264],{},[1788,92283,1863],{},[1784,92285,1857],{},[1784,92287,1868],{},[1808,92289,7608],{"encoding":1810}," a každá změna ",[1035,92292,92294],{"className":92293},[1772],[1774,92295,92296],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,92297,92298,92304],{},[1781,92299,92300,92302],{},[1784,92301,1857],{},[1784,92303,1868],{},[1808,92305,11135],{"encoding":1810}," se ihned promítne do ceny.",[1077,92308,92310],{"id":92309},"_5-empirické-důkazy-cenové-tuhosti","5. Empirické důkazy cenové tuhosti",[1030,92312,92313],{},"Sweezyho model byl motivován reálnými pozorováními cenové tuhosti v meziválečných USA:",[1112,92315,92316,92322,92328,92334],{},[1115,92317,92318,92321],{},[1047,92319,92320],{},"Mzdové rigidity"," v oligopolních průmyslových odvětvích — mzdy se nepřizpůsobovaly vstupní inflaci.",[1115,92323,92324,92327],{},[1047,92325,92326],{},"Ceny papíru, skla, oceli a hliníku"," zůstávaly konstantní po měsíce i roky, navzdory změnám v nákladech.",[1115,92329,92330,92333],{},[1047,92331,92332],{},"Detroitský automobilový průmysl"," (Big Three): ceny se měnily prakticky jen jednou ročně, vždy s uvedením nového ročního modelu.",[1115,92335,92336,92339],{},[1047,92337,92338],{},"Cigaretový průmysl"," ve 30. letech: cena standardní krabičky se neměnila po celé desetiletí.",[1030,92341,92342,92343,1075],{},"Tato pozorování přesně odpovídají predikci Sweezyho modelu — cena drží i při proměnlivých ",[1035,92344,92346],{"className":92345},[1772],[1774,92347,92348],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,92349,92350,92356],{},[1781,92351,92352,92354],{},[1784,92353,1857],{},[1784,92355,1868],{},[1808,92357,11135],{"encoding":1810},[1077,92359,92361],{"id":92360},"_6-detailní-výpočet-předtermín-b","6. Detailní výpočet (Předtermín B)",[1030,92363,92364],{},"Zadání: monopolistický \u002F oligopolní výrobce s nákladovou funkcí",[1035,92366,92368],{"className":92367},[1772],[1774,92369,92370],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,92371,92372,92388],{},[1781,92373,92374,92376,92378,92380,92382,92384,92386],{},[1784,92375,2257],{},[1784,92377,1868],{},[1788,92379,1863],{},[2348,92381,2605],{},[1788,92383,2637],{},[2348,92385,9189],{},[1784,92387,2270],{},[1808,92389,92390],{"encoding":1810},"TC = 100 + 30Q",[1030,92392,92393],{},"a se zalomenou poptávkou definovanou po částech:",[1035,92395,92397],{"className":92396},[1772],[1774,92398,92399],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,92400,92401,92521],{},[1781,92402,92403,92409,92411,92413,92415,92417,92419,92422,92424,92426,92432,92460,92462,92464,92470,92472,92474,92476,92478,92480,92482,92484,92486,92488,92494],{},[1792,92404,92405,92407],{},[1784,92406,2270],{},[2348,92408,2374],{},[1788,92410,1863],{},[2348,92412,2605],{},[1788,92414,2371],{},[1784,92416,2264],{},[2352,92418],{"width":2702},[2149,92420,92421],{},"(pro ",[1784,92423,2264],{},[1788,92425,33669],{},[2467,92427,92428,92430],{},[1784,92429,2264],{},[1788,92431,7763],{},[1781,92433,92434,92437,92443,92445,92451,92457],{},[2149,92435,92436],{},", doln",[2160,92438,92439,92441],{"accent":1041},[2149,92440,9298],{},[1788,92442,2181],{},[2149,92444,13478],{},[2160,92446,92447,92449],{"accent":1041},[2149,92448,9435],{},[1788,92450,2167],{},[2160,92452,92453,92455],{"accent":1041},[2149,92454,1068],{},[1788,92456,2181],{},[2149,92458,92459],{},"st)",[1788,92461,1138],{"separator":1041},[2352,92463],{"width":2354},[1792,92465,92466,92468],{},[1784,92467,2270],{},[2348,92469,4593],{},[1788,92471,1863],{},[2348,92473,28645],{},[1788,92475,2371],{},[2348,92477,4593],{},[1784,92479,2264],{},[2352,92481],{"width":2702},[2149,92483,92421],{},[1784,92485,2264],{},[1788,92487,2491],{},[2467,92489,92490,92492],{},[1784,92491,2264],{},[1788,92493,7763],{},[1781,92495,92496,92499,92505,92507,92513,92519],{},[2149,92497,92498],{},", horn",[2160,92500,92501,92503],{"accent":1041},[2149,92502,9298],{},[1788,92504,2181],{},[2149,92506,13478],{},[2160,92508,92509,92511],{"accent":1041},[2149,92510,9435],{},[1788,92512,2167],{},[2160,92514,92515,92517],{"accent":1041},[2149,92516,1068],{},[1788,92518,2181],{},[2149,92520,92459],{},[1808,92522,92523],{"encoding":1810},"Q_1 = 100 - P \\quad\\text{(pro } P \\le P^*\\text{, dolní část)}, \\qquad\nQ_2 = 160 - 2P \\quad\\text{(pro } P > P^*\\text{, horní část)}",[1100,92525,92527],{"id":92526},"_61-inverzní-poptávky","6.1 Inverzní poptávky",[1035,92529,92531],{"className":92530},[1772],[1774,92532,92533],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,92534,92535,92599],{},[1781,92536,92537,92543,92545,92547,92549,92555,92557,92563,92565,92583,92585,92587,92589,92591,92593],{},[1792,92538,92539,92541],{},[1784,92540,2264],{},[2348,92542,2374],{},[1788,92544,1863],{},[2348,92546,2605],{},[1788,92548,2371],{},[1792,92550,92551,92553],{},[1784,92552,2270],{},[2348,92554,2374],{},[2352,92556],{"width":2354},[1792,92558,92559,92561],{},[1784,92560,2264],{},[2348,92562,4593],{},[1788,92564,1863],{},[14390,92566,92567],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,92568,92569,92581],{},[1781,92570,92571,92573,92575],{},[2348,92572,28645],{},[1788,92574,2371],{},[1792,92576,92577,92579],{},[1784,92578,2270],{},[2348,92580,4593],{},[2348,92582,4593],{},[1788,92584,1863],{},[2348,92586,9698],{},[1788,92588,2371],{},[2348,92590,15984],{},[2149,92592,2769],{},[1792,92594,92595,92597],{},[1784,92596,2270],{},[2348,92598,4593],{},[1808,92600,92601],{"encoding":1810},"P_1 = 100 - Q_1 \\qquad\nP_2 = \\tfrac{160 - Q_2}{2} = 80 - 0{,}5 \\, Q_2",[1100,92603,92605],{"id":92604},"_62-bod-zlomu","6.2 Bod zlomu",[1030,92607,92608,92609,92638,92639,92664,92665,1310],{},"V bodě zlomu obě části poptávky musí dávat stejnou kombinaci ",[1035,92610,92612],{"className":92611},[1772],[1774,92613,92614],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,92615,92616,92636],{},[1781,92617,92618,92620,92626,92628,92634],{},[1788,92619,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2467,92621,92622,92624],{},[1784,92623,2270],{},[1788,92625,7763],{},[1788,92627,1138],{"separator":1041},[2467,92629,92630,92632],{},[1784,92631,2264],{},[1788,92633,7763],{},[1788,92635,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,92637,59566],{"encoding":1810},". Položíme ",[1035,92640,92642],{"className":92641},[1772],[1774,92643,92644],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,92645,92646,92662],{},[1781,92647,92648,92654,92656],{},[1792,92649,92650,92652],{},[1784,92651,2264],{},[2348,92653,2374],{},[1788,92655,1863],{},[1792,92657,92658,92660],{},[1784,92659,2264],{},[2348,92661,4593],{},[1808,92663,72209],{"encoding":1810}," při stejném ",[1035,92666,92668],{"className":92667},[1772],[1774,92669,92670],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,92671,92672,92676],{},[1781,92673,92674],{},[1784,92675,2270],{},[1808,92677,2270],{"encoding":1810},[1035,92679,92681],{"className":92680},[1772],[1774,92682,92683],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,92684,92685,92733],{},[1781,92686,92687,92689,92691,92693,92695,92697,92699,92701,92703,92705,92707,92709,92711,92713,92715,92717,92719,92721,92723,92729,92731],{},[2348,92688,2605],{},[1788,92690,2371],{},[1784,92692,2270],{},[1788,92694,1863],{},[2348,92696,9698],{},[1788,92698,2371],{},[2348,92700,15984],{},[1784,92702,2270],{},[2352,92704],{"width":2702},[1788,92706,24048],{},[2352,92708],{"width":2702},[2348,92710,2640],{},[1788,92712,1863],{},[2348,92714,15984],{},[1784,92716,2270],{},[2352,92718],{"width":2702},[1788,92720,24048],{},[2352,92722],{"width":2702},[2467,92724,92725,92727],{},[1784,92726,2270],{},[1788,92728,7763],{},[1788,92730,1863],{},[2348,92732,9208],{},[1808,92734,92735],{"encoding":1810},"100 - Q = 80 - 0{,}5 Q \\quad\\Longrightarrow\\quad 20 = 0{,}5 Q \\quad\\Longrightarrow\\quad Q^* = 40",[1030,92737,92738,92739,92769,92770,1075],{},"Dosazením zpět: ",[1035,92740,92742],{"className":92741},[1772],[1774,92743,92744],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,92745,92746,92766],{},[1781,92747,92748,92754,92756,92758,92760,92762,92764],{},[2467,92749,92750,92752],{},[1784,92751,2264],{},[1788,92753,7763],{},[1788,92755,1863],{},[2348,92757,2605],{},[1788,92759,2371],{},[2348,92761,9208],{},[1788,92763,1863],{},[2348,92765,2709],{},[1808,92767,92768],{"encoding":1810},"P^* = 100 - 40 = 60",". Bod zlomu tedy je ",[1035,92771,92773],{"className":92772},[1772],[1774,92774,92775],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,92776,92777,92811],{},[1781,92778,92779,92781,92787,92789,92795,92797,92799,92801,92803,92805,92807,92809],{},[1788,92780,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2467,92782,92783,92785],{},[1784,92784,2270],{},[1788,92786,7763],{},[1788,92788,1138],{"separator":1041},[2467,92790,92791,92793],{},[1784,92792,2264],{},[1788,92794,7763],{},[1788,92796,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,92798,1863],{},[1788,92800,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,92802,9208],{},[1788,92804,1138],{"separator":1041},[2149,92806,13478],{},[2348,92808,2709],{},[1788,92810,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,92812,92813],{"encoding":1810},"(Q^*, P^*) = (40,\\ 60)",[1100,92815,92817],{"id":92816},"_63-mezní-příjmy-z-obou-částí","6.3 Mezní příjmy z obou částí",[1030,92819,92820,92821,92844,92845,1310],{},"Pro lineární poptávky ",[1035,92822,92824],{"className":92823},[1772],[1774,92825,92826],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,92827,92828,92842],{},[1781,92829,92830,92832,92834,92836,92838,92840],{},[1784,92831,2264],{},[1788,92833,1863],{},[1784,92835,1068],{},[1788,92837,2371],{},[1784,92839,8838],{},[1784,92841,2270],{},[1808,92843,22593],{"encoding":1810}," platí ",[1035,92846,92848],{"className":92847},[1772],[1774,92849,92850],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,92851,92852,92870],{},[1781,92853,92854,92856,92858,92860,92862,92864,92866,92868],{},[1784,92855,1857],{},[1784,92857,1860],{},[1788,92859,1863],{},[1784,92861,1068],{},[1788,92863,2371],{},[2348,92865,4593],{},[1784,92867,8838],{},[1784,92869,2270],{},[1808,92871,19586],{"encoding":1810},[1112,92873,92874],{},[1115,92875,92876,1299,92879,1310],{},[1047,92877,92878],{},"Horní (elastická) část",[1035,92880,92882],{"className":92881},[1772],[1774,92883,92884],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,92885,92886,92904],{},[1781,92887,92888,92894,92896,92898,92900,92902],{},[1792,92889,92890,92892],{},[1784,92891,2264],{},[2348,92893,4593],{},[1788,92895,1863],{},[2348,92897,9698],{},[1788,92899,2371],{},[2348,92901,15984],{},[1784,92903,2270],{},[1808,92905,92906],{"encoding":1810},"P_2 = 80 - 0{,}5 Q",[1035,92908,92910],{"className":92909},[1772],[1774,92911,92912],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,92913,92914,92932],{},[1781,92915,92916,92918,92924,92926,92928,92930],{},[1784,92917,1857],{},[1792,92919,92920,92922],{},[1784,92921,1860],{},[2348,92923,4593],{},[1788,92925,1863],{},[2348,92927,9698],{},[1788,92929,2371],{},[1784,92931,2270],{},[1808,92933,74388],{"encoding":1810},[1112,92935,92936],{},[1115,92937,92938,1299,92941,1310],{},[1047,92939,92940],{},"Dolní (neelastická) část",[1035,92942,92944],{"className":92943},[1772],[1774,92945,92946],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,92947,92948,92964],{},[1781,92949,92950,92956,92958,92960,92962],{},[1792,92951,92952,92954],{},[1784,92953,2264],{},[2348,92955,2374],{},[1788,92957,1863],{},[2348,92959,2605],{},[1788,92961,2371],{},[1784,92963,2270],{},[1808,92965,92966],{"encoding":1810},"P_1 = 100 - Q",[1035,92968,92970],{"className":92969},[1772],[1774,92971,92972],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,92973,92974,92994],{},[1781,92975,92976,92978,92984,92986,92988,92990,92992],{},[1784,92977,1857],{},[1792,92979,92980,92982],{},[1784,92981,1860],{},[2348,92983,2374],{},[1788,92985,1863],{},[2348,92987,2605],{},[1788,92989,2371],{},[2348,92991,4593],{},[1784,92993,2270],{},[1808,92995,74276],{"encoding":1810},[1100,92997,92999,93000,46314,93015],{"id":92998},"_64-vertikální-skok-v-mrmr-při-q40q-40","6.4 Vertikální skok v ",[1035,93001,93003],{"className":93002},[1772],[1774,93004,93005],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,93006,93007,93013],{},[1781,93008,93009,93011],{},[1784,93010,1857],{},[1784,93012,1860],{},[1808,93014,13044],{"encoding":1810},[1035,93016,93018],{"className":93017},[1772],[1774,93019,93020],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,93021,93022,93030],{},[1781,93023,93024,93026,93028],{},[1784,93025,2270],{},[1788,93027,1863],{},[2348,93029,9208],{},[1808,93031,93032],{"encoding":1810},"Q = 40",[1112,93034,93035,93076],{},[1115,93036,93037,93075],{},[1035,93038,93040],{"className":93039},[1772],[1774,93041,93042],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,93043,93044,93072],{},[1781,93045,93046,93048,93054,93056,93058,93060,93062,93064,93066,93068,93070],{},[1784,93047,1857],{},[1792,93049,93050,93052],{},[1784,93051,1860],{},[2348,93053,4593],{},[1788,93055,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,93057,9208],{},[1788,93059,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,93061,1863],{},[2348,93063,9698],{},[1788,93065,2371],{},[2348,93067,9208],{},[1788,93069,1863],{},[2348,93071,9208],{},[1808,93073,93074],{"encoding":1810},"MR_2(40) = 80 - 40 = 40"," (horní okraj skoku — z elastické části)",[1115,93077,93078,93120],{},[1035,93079,93081],{"className":93080},[1772],[1774,93082,93083],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,93084,93085,93117],{},[1781,93086,93087,93089,93095,93097,93099,93101,93103,93105,93107,93109,93111,93113,93115],{},[1784,93088,1857],{},[1792,93090,93091,93093],{},[1784,93092,1860],{},[2348,93094,2374],{},[1788,93096,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,93098,9208],{},[1788,93100,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,93102,1863],{},[2348,93104,2605],{},[1788,93106,2371],{},[2348,93108,4593],{},[1788,93110,2267],{},[2348,93112,9208],{},[1788,93114,1863],{},[2348,93116,2640],{},[1808,93118,93119],{"encoding":1810},"MR_1(40) = 100 - 2 \\cdot 40 = 20"," (dolní okraj skoku — z neelastické části)",[1030,93122,93123,93124,46314,93139,93161,93162,1062,93175,1310],{},"Vertikální segment ",[1035,93125,93127],{"className":93126},[1772],[1774,93128,93129],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,93130,93131,93137],{},[1781,93132,93133,93135],{},[1784,93134,1857],{},[1784,93136,1860],{},[1808,93138,13044],{"encoding":1810},[1035,93140,93142],{"className":93141},[1772],[1774,93143,93144],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,93145,93146,93158],{},[1781,93147,93148,93154,93156],{},[2467,93149,93150,93152],{},[1784,93151,2270],{},[1788,93153,7763],{},[1788,93155,1863],{},[2348,93157,9208],{},[1808,93159,93160],{"encoding":1810},"Q^* = 40"," tedy leží mezi hodnotami ",[1035,93163,93165],{"className":93164},[1772],[1774,93166,93167],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,93168,93169,93173],{},[1781,93170,93171],{},[2348,93172,2640],{},[1808,93174,2640],{"encoding":1810},[1035,93176,93178],{"className":93177},[1772],[1774,93179,93180],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,93181,93182,93186],{},[1781,93183,93184],{},[2348,93185,9208],{},[1808,93187,9208],{"encoding":1810},[1035,93189,93191],{"className":93190},[1772],[1774,93192,93193],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,93194,93195,93221],{},[1781,93196,93197,93199,93201,93203,93205,93207,93209,93211,93213,93215,93217,93219],{},[1784,93198,1857],{},[1784,93200,1860],{},[1788,93202,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,93204,9208],{},[1788,93206,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,93208,43200],{},[1788,93210,21923],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,93212,2640],{},[1788,93214,1138],{"separator":1041},[2149,93216,13478],{},[2348,93218,9208],{},[1788,93220,21948],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,93222,93223],{"encoding":1810},"MR(40) \\in [20,\\ 40]",[1100,93225,93227],{"id":93226},"_65-mezní-náklady-a-optimum","6.5 Mezní náklady a optimum",[1030,93229,26487,93230,28435,93255,93275],{},[1035,93231,93233],{"className":93232},[1772],[1774,93234,93235],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,93236,93237,93253],{},[1781,93238,93239,93241,93243,93245,93247,93249,93251],{},[1784,93240,2257],{},[1784,93242,1868],{},[1788,93244,1863],{},[2348,93246,2605],{},[1788,93248,2637],{},[2348,93250,9189],{},[1784,93252,2270],{},[1808,93254,92390],{"encoding":1810},[1035,93256,93258],{"className":93257},[1772],[1774,93259,93260],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,93261,93262,93272],{},[1781,93263,93264,93266,93268,93270],{},[1784,93265,1857],{},[1784,93267,1868],{},[1788,93269,1863],{},[2348,93271,9189],{},[1808,93273,93274],{"encoding":1810},"MC = 30",". Protože",[1035,93277,93279],{"className":93278},[1772],[1774,93280,93281],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,93282,93283,93297],{},[1781,93284,93285,93287,93289,93291,93293,93295],{},[2348,93286,2640],{},[1788,93288,33669],{},[2348,93290,9189],{},[1788,93292,33669],{},[2348,93294,9208],{},[1788,93296,1138],{"separator":1041},[1808,93298,93299],{"encoding":1810},"20 \\le 30 \\le 40,",[1030,93301,93302,93303,56882,93318,1089,93321,93336,93337,1310],{},"hodnota ",[1035,93304,93306],{"className":93305},[1772],[1774,93307,93308],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,93309,93310,93316],{},[1781,93311,93312,93314],{},[1784,93313,1857],{},[1784,93315,1868],{},[1808,93317,11135],{"encoding":1810},[1047,93319,93320],{},"uvnitř vertikálního skoku",[1035,93322,93324],{"className":93323},[1772],[1774,93325,93326],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,93327,93328,93334],{},[1781,93329,93330,93332],{},[1784,93331,1857],{},[1784,93333,1860],{},[1808,93335,13044],{"encoding":1810}," — optimum tedy ",[1047,93338,93339],{},"zůstává v bodě zlomu",[1035,93341,93343],{"className":93342},[1772],[1774,93344,93345],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,93346,93347,93373],{},[1781,93348,93349,93355,93357,93359,93361,93363,93369,93371],{},[2467,93350,93351,93353],{},[1784,93352,2270],{},[1788,93354,7763],{},[1788,93356,1863],{},[2348,93358,9208],{},[1788,93360,1138],{"separator":1041},[2352,93362],{"width":2354},[2467,93364,93365,93367],{},[1784,93366,2264],{},[1788,93368,7763],{},[1788,93370,1863],{},[2348,93372,2709],{},[1808,93374,93375],{"encoding":1810},"Q^* = 40, \\qquad P^* = 60",[1100,93377,93379],{"id":93378},"_66-zisk","6.6 Zisk",[1035,93381,93383],{"className":93382},[1772],[1774,93384,93385],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,93386,93387,93466],{},[1781,93388,93389,93391,93393,93399,93401,93407,93409,93411,93413,93415,93421,93423,93425,93427,93429,93431,93433,93435,93437,93439,93441,93443,93445,93447,93449,93452,93454,93456,93458,93461,93463],{},[1784,93390,1786],{},[1788,93392,1863],{},[2467,93394,93395,93397],{},[1784,93396,2264],{},[1788,93398,7763],{},[1788,93400,2267],{},[2467,93402,93403,93405],{},[1784,93404,2270],{},[1788,93406,7763],{},[1788,93408,2371],{},[1784,93410,2257],{},[1784,93412,1868],{},[1788,93414,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2467,93416,93417,93419],{},[1784,93418,2270],{},[1788,93420,7763],{},[1788,93422,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,93424,1863],{},[2348,93426,2709],{},[1788,93428,2267],{},[2348,93430,9208],{},[1788,93432,2371],{},[1788,93434,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,93436,2605],{},[1788,93438,2637],{},[2348,93440,9189],{},[1788,93442,2267],{},[2348,93444,9208],{},[1788,93446,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,93448,1863],{},[2348,93450,93451],{},"2400",[1788,93453,2371],{},[2348,93455,2605],{},[1788,93457,2371],{},[2348,93459,93460],{},"1200",[1788,93462,1863],{},[2348,93464,93465],{},"1100",[1808,93467,93468],{"encoding":1810},"\\pi = P^* \\cdot Q^* - TC(Q^*) = 60 \\cdot 40 - (100 + 30 \\cdot 40) = 2400 - 100 - 1200 = 1100",[1100,93470,93472],{"id":93471},"_67-pásmo-cenové-tuhosti","6.7 Pásmo cenové tuhosti",[1082,93474,93475],{},[1030,93476,93477,93480,93481,93496,93497,93521,93522,93570,93571,1737,93591,93611],{},[1047,93478,93479],{},"Klíčový poznatek",": i kdyby ",[1035,93482,93484],{"className":93483},[1772],[1774,93485,93486],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,93487,93488,93494],{},[1781,93489,93490,93492],{},[1784,93491,1857],{},[1784,93493,1868],{},[1808,93495,11135],{"encoding":1810}," libovolně kolísalo v intervalu ",[1035,93498,93500],{"className":93499},[1772],[1774,93501,93502],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,93503,93504,93518],{},[1781,93505,93506,93508,93510,93512,93514,93516],{},[1788,93507,21923],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,93509,2640],{},[1788,93511,1138],{"separator":1041},[2149,93513,13478],{},[2348,93515,9208],{},[1788,93517,21948],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,93519,93520],{"encoding":1810},"[20,\\ 40]"," (např. fluktuace ceny vstupů, výkyv mzdových sazeb), ",[1047,93523,93524,93525,93547,93548,93569],{},"rovnovážná cena ",[1035,93526,93528],{"className":93527},[1772],[1774,93529,93530],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,93531,93532,93544],{},[1781,93533,93534,93540,93542],{},[2467,93535,93536,93538],{},[1784,93537,2264],{},[1788,93539,7763],{},[1788,93541,1863],{},[2348,93543,2709],{},[1808,93545,93546],{"encoding":1810},"P^* = 60"," ani výstup ",[1035,93549,93551],{"className":93550},[1772],[1774,93552,93553],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,93554,93555,93567],{},[1781,93556,93557,93563,93565],{},[2467,93558,93559,93561],{},[1784,93560,2270],{},[1788,93562,7763],{},[1788,93564,1863],{},[2348,93566,9208],{},[1808,93568,93160],{"encoding":1810}," se nezmění",". Teprve ",[1035,93572,93574],{"className":93573},[1772],[1774,93575,93576],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,93577,93578,93588],{},[1781,93579,93580,93582,93584,93586],{},[1784,93581,1857],{},[1784,93583,1868],{},[1788,93585,2491],{},[2348,93587,9208],{},[1808,93589,93590],{"encoding":1810},"MC > 40",[1035,93592,93594],{"className":93593},[1772],[1774,93595,93596],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,93597,93598,93608],{},[1781,93599,93600,93602,93604,93606],{},[1784,93601,1857],{},[1784,93603,1868],{},[1788,93605,2537],{},[2348,93607,2640],{},[1808,93609,93610],{"encoding":1810},"MC \u003C 20"," posune optimum jinam.",[1077,93613,93615],{"id":93614},"_7-kritika-modelu","7. Kritika modelu",[1030,93617,93618],{},"Sweezyho model je elegantní, ale není bez kritiků:",[1112,93620,93621,93649,93659,93669],{},[1115,93622,93623,93626,93627,93644,93645,93648],{},[1047,93624,93625],{},"Nevysvětluje, kde se zlom nastane."," Model bere ",[1035,93628,93630],{"className":93629},[1772],[1774,93631,93632],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,93633,93634,93642],{},[1781,93635,93636],{},[2467,93637,93638,93640],{},[1784,93639,2264],{},[1788,93641,7763],{},[1808,93643,11034],{"encoding":1810}," jako dané, ale nedokáže říci, ",[1047,93646,93647],{},"jak se počáteční cena ustavila",". Zlomená poptávka je tedy spíše popisem stability než teorií rovnováhy.",[1115,93650,93651,93654,93655,93658],{},[1047,93652,93653],{},"Stigler (1947)"," v empirické studii nenašel ",[1047,93656,93657],{},"konzistentní důkazy"," o asymetrických reakcích konkurentů. V některých odvětvích konkurence reagovala spíše na zvýšení než na snížení ceny.",[1115,93660,93661,93664,93665,93668],{},[1047,93662,93663],{},"Některé novější studie"," (např. Dominick Salvatore) našly chování přímo ",[1047,93666,93667],{},"opačné"," — konkurence následovala zvýšení a ne snížení.",[1115,93670,93671,93672,93675],{},"Model ",[1047,93673,93674],{},"statický"," — neumí vysvětlit, jak oligopol reaguje na trvalé změny v poptávce nebo nákladech.",[1077,93677,93679],{"id":93678},"_8-alternativní-vysvětlení-cenové-tuhosti","8. Alternativní vysvětlení cenové tuhosti",[1030,93681,93682],{},"Cenová tuhost se v moderní mikroekonomii vysvětluje i jinými mechanismy než Sweezyho asymetrickou reakcí:",[1112,93684,93685,93707,93716,93722,93728],{},[1115,93686,93687,93690,93691,93706],{},[1047,93688,93689],{},"Menu costs"," — fyzické náklady na změnu cen (přepis ceníků, etiket, marketingových materiálů, IT systémů). Drobné změny ",[1035,93692,93694],{"className":93693},[1772],[1774,93695,93696],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,93697,93698,93704],{},[1781,93699,93700,93702],{},[1784,93701,1857],{},[1784,93703,1868],{},[1808,93705,11135],{"encoding":1810}," nepokryjí náklady na re-pricing.",[1115,93708,93709,93712,93713,1075],{},[1047,93710,93711],{},"Implicit collusion"," — firmy se nechtějí pouštět do cenové války a mlčky drží cenu. Viz ",[1068,93714,62100],{"className":93715,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":55932,"href":55933},[1071],[1115,93717,93718,93721],{},[1047,93719,93720],{},"Nominální rigidita mezd"," — kolektivní smlouvy a pracovní kontrakty fixují náklady na práci na delší období.",[1115,93723,93724,93727],{},[1047,93725,93726],{},"Reputational concerns"," — časté změny ceny narušují důvěru zákazníků; \"spolehlivá cena\" je marketingová hodnota sama o sobě.",[1115,93729,93730,93733,93734,93738],{},[1047,93731,93732],{},"Opakovaná hra"," v teorii her — viz ",[1068,93735,93737],{"className":93736,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":6644,"href":6645},[1071],"vězňovo dilema a opakované hry"," — kooperativní rovnováha drží cenu nahoře.",[1077,93740,93742],{"id":93741},"_9-kdy-sweezyho-model-platí","9. Kdy Sweezyho model platí",[1030,93744,93745],{},"Předpoklady, za nichž model dává nejlepší predikce:",[1112,93747,93748,93755,93761,93767,93773],{},[1115,93749,93750,93751,93754],{},"Oligopol s ",[1047,93752,93753],{},"3–5 firmami"," (víc firem oslabuje strategickou interakci, méně směřuje k duopolu).",[1115,93756,93757,93760],{},[1047,93758,93759],{},"Homogenní nebo téměř homogenní produkt"," (zákazníci snadno přechází mezi firmami).",[1115,93762,93763,93766],{},[1047,93764,93765],{},"Stabilní tržní podmínky"," — bez technologických zlomů a bez dramatických šoků v nákladech.",[1115,93768,93769,93772],{},[1047,93770,93771],{},"Vysoká cenová viditelnost"," — zákazníci snadno porovnávají ceny a rychle přecházejí k levnějšímu (typické pro maloobchod, telekomunikace, leteckou dopravu).",[1115,93774,93775,93778,93779,1075],{},[1047,93776,93777],{},"Neexistence dominantní firmy"," — pokud má jedna firma rozhodující podíl, lépe pasuje ",[1068,93780,93782],{"className":93781,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":55932,"href":55933},[1071],"model dominantní firmy \u002F cenového vůdce",[1077,93784,93786],{"id":93785},"_10-vztah-k-dalším-modelům-oligopolu","10. Vztah k dalším modelům oligopolu",[1153,93788,93789,93804],{},[1156,93790,93791],{},[1159,93792,93793,93795,93798,93801],{},[1162,93794,75081],{},[1162,93796,93797],{},"Volební proměnná",[1162,93799,93800],{},"Reakce konkurentů",[1162,93802,93803],{},"Predikce ceny",[1172,93805,93806,93853,93905,93943],{},[1159,93807,93808,93812,93814,93832],{},[1177,93809,93810],{},[1047,93811,73723],{},[1177,93813,72262],{},[1177,93815,93816,93817,93831],{},"ostrá konkurence — sníží cenu o ",[1035,93818,93820],{"className":93819},[1772],[1774,93821,93822],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,93823,93824,93828],{},[1781,93825,93826],{},[1784,93827,61827],{},[1808,93829,93830],{"encoding":1810},"\\varepsilon"," pod",[1177,93833,93834,73795],{},[1035,93835,93837],{"className":93836},[1772],[1774,93838,93839],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,93840,93841,93851],{},[1781,93842,93843,93845,93847,93849],{},[1784,93844,2264],{},[1788,93846,1863],{},[1784,93848,1857],{},[1784,93850,1868],{},[1808,93852,7608],{"encoding":1810},[1159,93854,93855,93859,93861,93883],{},[1177,93856,93857],{},[1047,93858,73720],{},[1177,93860,11393],{},[1177,93862,93863,93864],{},"\"fixní\" — drží své ",[1035,93865,93867],{"className":93866},[1772],[1774,93868,93869],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,93870,93871,93880],{},[1781,93872,93873],{},[1792,93874,93875,93878],{},[1784,93876,93877],{},"q",[1784,93879,9312],{},[1808,93881,93882],{"encoding":1810},"q_j",[1177,93884,93885,93904],{},[1035,93886,93888],{"className":93887},[1772],[1774,93889,93890],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,93891,93892,93902],{},[1781,93893,93894,93896,93898,93900],{},[1784,93895,2264],{},[1788,93897,2491],{},[1784,93899,1857],{},[1784,93901,1868],{},[1808,93903,7656],{"encoding":1810},", pozitivní zisk",[1159,93906,93907,93912,93914,93920],{},[1177,93908,93909],{},[1047,93910,93911],{},"Sweezy",[1177,93913,72262],{},[1177,93915,93916,93919],{},[1047,93917,93918],{},"asymetrické"," (následují snížení, neseupozor zvýšení)",[1177,93921,93922,93939,93940],{},[1035,93923,93925],{"className":93924},[1772],[1774,93926,93927],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,93928,93929,93937],{},[1781,93930,93931],{},[2467,93932,93933,93935],{},[1784,93934,2264],{},[1788,93936,7763],{},[1808,93938,11034],{"encoding":1810}," dlouhodobě ",[1047,93941,93942],{},"stabilní",[1159,93944,93945,93949,93952,93955],{},[1177,93946,93947],{},[1047,93948,79406],{},[1177,93950,93951],{},"množství, sekvenčně",[1177,93953,93954],{},"follower reaguje na leadera",[1177,93956,93957,93970],{},[1035,93958,93960],{"className":93959},[1772],[1774,93961,93962],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,93963,93964,93968],{},[1781,93965,93966],{},[1784,93967,2264],{},[1808,93969,2264],{"encoding":1810}," nižší než Cournot",[1030,93972,93973,93974,1062,93978,1737,93981,1075],{},"Pro detailní srovnání viz ",[1068,93975,93977],{"className":93976,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":72109,"href":72110},[1071],"srovnání modelů oligopolu",[1068,93979,55385],{"className":93980,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":50627,"href":50628},[1071],[1068,93982,93984],{"className":93983,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":78943,"href":78944},[1071],"Bertrandův cenový model",[1077,93986,93988],{"id":93987},"_11-aplikace-v-reálném-světě","11. Aplikace v reálném světě",[1112,93990,93991,93997,94002,94012,94018],{},[1115,93992,93993,93996],{},[1047,93994,93995],{},"Letecká doprava v 80.–90. letech (USA, Evropa)",": typický cyklus — krátké cenové války iniciované jedním přepravcem, následované obdobími stability, kdy ceny drží i při kolísavých cenách paliva.",[1115,93998,93999,94001],{},[1047,94000,78512],{},": dlouholetá stabilita cen u trojice T-Mobile \u002F O2 \u002F Vodafone navzdory změnám v technologických nákladech (LTE → 5G). Změna obvykle přichází jen tehdy, když ji vyvolá nový operátor (Bleskmobil, MNVO).",[1115,94003,94004,94007,94008,94011],{},[1047,94005,94006],{},"Maloobchodní řetězce"," (Tesco \u002F Lidl \u002F Penny \u002F Albert): leták se mění týdně, ale ",[1047,94009,94010],{},"ceny základního koše"," zůstávají dlouhodobě v úzkém pásmu — cenová parita je strategická.",[1115,94013,94014,94017],{},[1047,94015,94016],{},"Pivovarnictví ČR",": ceny lahvového piva v hypermarketech roky stabilní, přestože náklady na ječmen a energie kolísají.",[1115,94019,94020,94023],{},[1047,94021,94022],{},"Cementárny a ocelárny v EU",": dlouhodobě stabilní ceny, vysvětlované jak Sweezyho mechanismem, tak menu costs.",[1077,94025,10852],{"id":10851},[1112,94027,94028,94033,94038,94044,94049,94054,94059,94064],{},[1115,94029,94030],{},[1068,94031,1682],{"className":94032,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1680,"href":1681},[1071],[1115,94034,94035],{},[1068,94036,75314],{"className":94037,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":50627,"href":50628},[1071],[1115,94039,94040],{},[1068,94041,94043],{"className":94042,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":78943,"href":78944},[1071],"mikk-oligopol-bertrand-cenova-konkurence",[1115,94045,94046],{},[1068,94047,75321],{"className":94048,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":55932,"href":55933},[1071],[1115,94050,94051],{},[1068,94052,78403],{"className":94053,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":6644,"href":6645},[1071],[1115,94055,94056],{},[1068,94057,75348],{"className":94058,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":72109,"href":72110},[1071],[1115,94060,94061],{},[1068,94062,1834],{"className":94063,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1832,"href":1833},[1071],[1115,94065,94066],{},[1068,94067,4281],{"className":94068,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":4279,"href":4280},[1071],{"title":1685,"searchDepth":141,"depth":141,"links":94070},[94071,94072,94073,94074,94075,94077,94078,94088,94089,94090,94091,94092,94093],{"id":1722,"depth":141,"text":1042},{"id":91274,"depth":141,"text":91275},{"id":91435,"depth":141,"text":91436},{"id":91628,"depth":141,"text":91629},{"id":91915,"depth":141,"text":94076},"4. Cenová tuhost a vliv MCMC",{"id":92309,"depth":141,"text":92310},{"id":92360,"depth":141,"text":92361,"children":94079},[94080,94081,94082,94083,94085,94086,94087],{"id":92526,"depth":96,"text":92527},{"id":92604,"depth":96,"text":92605},{"id":92816,"depth":96,"text":92817},{"id":92998,"depth":96,"text":94084},"6.4 Vertikální skok v MRMR při Q=40Q = 40",{"id":93226,"depth":96,"text":93227},{"id":93378,"depth":96,"text":93379},{"id":93471,"depth":96,"text":93472},{"id":93614,"depth":141,"text":93615},{"id":93678,"depth":141,"text":93679},{"id":93741,"depth":141,"text":93742},{"id":93785,"depth":141,"text":93786},{"id":93987,"depth":141,"text":93988},{"id":10851,"depth":141,"text":10852},{},"\u002Ftopics\u002Fmikk-oligopol-zalomena-poptavka",{"title":91178,"description":1685},[10944,66535],"topics\u002Fmikk-oligopol-zalomena-poptavka",[13,28,43,912,1000,406],"dFVMcLEMnkzZBwyr8tsKHOQDP1hFPOeDIlPFs7MDB_4",{"id":94102,"title":66488,"body":94103,"course":13,"courses":1696,"created":1697,"description":1685,"extension":1698,"meta":97326,"navigation":1700,"path":97327,"seo":97328,"sources":97329,"stem":97330,"tags":97331,"type":4439,"updated":1697,"__hash__":97332},"topics\u002Ftopics\u002Fmikk-prirozeny-monopol-regulace.md",{"type":1016,"value":94104,"toc":97279},[94105,94108,94110,94119,94278,94295,94329,94331,94335,94342,94479,94543,94547,94573,94575,94579,94583,94627,94631,94638,94670,94681,94683,94687,94690,94696,94699,94893,94951,94953,94957,95007,95011,95018,95088,95090,95094,95098,95109,95113,95116,95119,95122,95126,95133,95137,95144,95146,95150,95189,95335,95338,95410,95428,95465,95467,95471,95482,95512,95557,95559,95563,95566,95570,95663,95666,95686,95690,95748,95796,95819,95863,95897,95900,95960,95964,95986,96046,96102,96106,96109,96186,96189,96266,96269,96320,96323,96443,96447,96529,96533,96558,96601,96635,96638,96700,96704,96756,96758,96762,96766,96792,96796,96810,96814,96840,96842,96846,96850,96864,96868,96882,96886,96914,96916,96920,97217,97219,97223],[1019,94106,66488],{"id":94107},"přirozený-monopol-a-regulace",[1077,94109,1042],{"id":1722},[1030,94111,94112,94114,94115,94118],{},[1047,94113,43337],{}," je odvětví, ve kterém ",[1047,94116,94117],{},"dlouhodobé průměrné náklady (LAC) klesají"," v celém relevantním rozsahu poptávky — jeden producent je pak nákladově efektivnější než dva či více. Klasické příklady: distribuce vody, plynu, elektřiny, železniční sítě.",[1030,94120,94121,94122,94146,94147,94150,94151,94170,94171,94174,94175,94196,94197,94223,94224,94242,94243,94260,94261,1075],{},"Bez regulace monopolista nasadí cenu ",[1035,94123,94125],{"className":94124},[1772],[1774,94126,94127],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,94128,94129,94143],{},[1781,94130,94131,94137,94139,94141],{},[1792,94132,94133,94135],{},[1784,94134,2264],{},[1784,94136,1857],{},[1788,94138,2491],{},[1784,94140,1857],{},[1784,94142,1868],{},[1808,94144,94145],{"encoding":1810},"P_M > MC",", vytvoří ",[1047,94148,94149],{},"náklady mrtvé váhy (DWL)"," a sníží přebytek spotřebitele. Cenová regulace na úrovni ",[1035,94152,94154],{"className":94153},[1772],[1774,94155,94156],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,94157,94158,94168],{},[1781,94159,94160,94162,94164,94166],{},[1784,94161,2264],{},[1788,94163,1863],{},[1784,94165,1857],{},[1784,94167,1868],{},[1808,94169,7608],{"encoding":1810}," však u přirozeného monopolu ",[1047,94172,94173],{},"není realizovatelná"," — firma by měla ",[1035,94176,94178],{"className":94177},[1772],[1774,94179,94180],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,94181,94182,94194],{},[1781,94183,94184,94186,94188,94190,94192],{},[1784,94185,10292],{},[1784,94187,1868],{},[1788,94189,2491],{},[1784,94191,1857],{},[1784,94193,1868],{},[1808,94195,52482],{"encoding":1810},", prodělávala by a opustila trh. Praktickým kompromisem je ",[1047,94198,94199,94200],{},"regulace na úrovni ",[1035,94201,94203],{"className":94202},[1772],[1774,94204,94205],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,94206,94207,94221],{},[1781,94208,94209,94215,94217,94219],{},[1792,94210,94211,94213],{},[1784,94212,2264],{},[1784,94214,1860],{},[1788,94216,1863],{},[1784,94218,10292],{},[1784,94220,1868],{},[1808,94222,52760],{"encoding":1810},": firma má nulový ekonomický zisk, výstup ",[1035,94225,94227],{"className":94226},[1772],[1774,94228,94229],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,94230,94231,94239],{},[1781,94232,94233],{},[1792,94234,94235,94237],{},[1784,94236,2270],{},[1784,94238,1860],{},[1808,94240,94241],{"encoding":1810},"Q_R"," leží mezi monopolním ",[1035,94244,94246],{"className":94245},[1772],[1774,94247,94248],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,94249,94250,94258],{},[1781,94251,94252],{},[1792,94253,94254,94256],{},[1784,94255,2270],{},[1784,94257,1857],{},[1808,94259,43324],{"encoding":1810}," a konkurenčním ",[1035,94262,94264],{"className":94263},[1772],[1774,94265,94266],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,94267,94268,94276],{},[1781,94269,94270],{},[1792,94271,94272,94274],{},[1784,94273,2270],{},[1784,94275,1868],{},[1808,94277,51184],{"encoding":1810},[1030,94279,94280,94281,94284,94285,1062,94287,94290,94291,94294],{},"Regulátor naráží na ",[1047,94282,94283],{},"informační asymetrii"," (nezná přesné náklady ani poptávku), ",[1047,94286,53218],{},[1047,94288,94289],{},"X-inefficiency",". Vedle DWL existují i ",[1047,94292,94293],{},"společenské náklady monopolu"," v podobě lobování, nadměrné reklamy a strategického rozšiřování kapacit (Tullockova kritika rent-seekingu).",[1082,94296,94297],{},[1030,94298,94299,94300,66481,94303,66481,94306,66481,94309,66481,94313,66481,94316,66481,94319,66481,94323,66481,94326],{},"Související: ",[1068,94301,1682],{"href":1681,"className":94302,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1680},[1071],[1068,94304,1878],{"href":1877,"className":94305,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1876},[1071],[1068,94307,64204],{"href":7245,"className":94308,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":7244},[1071],[1068,94310,94312],{"href":55374,"className":94311,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":55373},[1071],"mikk-monopson-mzdova-diskriminace",[1068,94314,4350],{"href":4349,"className":94315,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":4348},[1071],[1068,94317,55406],{"href":55405,"className":94318,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":55404},[1071],[1068,94320,94322],{"href":43392,"className":94321,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":43391},[1071],"Přebytek (ImeK)",[1068,94324,1834],{"href":1833,"className":94325,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1832},[1071],[1068,94327,4281],{"href":4280,"className":94328,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":4279},[1071],[4503,94330],{},[1077,94332,94334],{"id":94333},"_1-definice-přirozeného-monopolu","1. Definice přirozeného monopolu",[1030,94336,94337,94338,94341],{},"Přirozený monopol vzniká tam, kde ",[1047,94339,94340],{},"technologie produkce vykazuje rostoucí výnosy z rozsahu"," v celém pásmu poptávky:",[1112,94343,94344,94388,94437],{},[1115,94345,94346,94347,24775,94371,94373,94374,94387],{},"Funkce dlouhodobých průměrných nákladů ",[1035,94348,94350],{"className":94349},[1772],[1774,94351,94352],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,94353,94354,94368],{},[1781,94355,94356,94358,94360,94362,94364,94366],{},[1784,94357,3766],{},[1784,94359,10292],{},[1784,94361,1868],{},[1788,94363,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,94365,2270],{},[1788,94367,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,94369,94370],{"encoding":1810},"LAC(Q)",[1047,94372,61842],{}," — čím vyšší ",[1035,94375,94377],{"className":94376},[1772],[1774,94378,94379],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,94380,94381,94385],{},[1781,94382,94383],{},[1784,94384,2270],{},[1808,94386,2270],{"encoding":1810},", tím nižší jednotkové náklady.",[1115,94389,50800,94390,56882,94411,1089,94413,94436],{},[1035,94391,94393],{"className":94392},[1772],[1774,94394,94395],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,94396,94397,94409],{},[1781,94398,94399,94401,94403,94405,94407],{},[1784,94400,1857],{},[1784,94402,1868],{},[1788,94404,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,94406,2270],{},[1788,94408,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,94410,46182],{"encoding":1810},[1047,94412,43693],{},[1035,94414,94416],{"className":94415},[1772],[1774,94417,94418],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,94419,94420,94434],{},[1781,94421,94422,94424,94426,94428,94430,94432],{},[1784,94423,3766],{},[1784,94425,10292],{},[1784,94427,1868],{},[1788,94429,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,94431,2270],{},[1788,94433,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,94435,94370],{"encoding":1810}," (typický průběh — dokud klesá průměr, leží pod ním mezní).",[1115,94438,94439,94440,94457,94458,3250,94475,94478],{},"Pokud by trh sloužilo více firem, každá by produkovala menší ",[1035,94441,94443],{"className":94442},[1772],[1774,94444,94445],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,94446,94447,94455],{},[1781,94448,94449],{},[1792,94450,94451,94453],{},[1784,94452,2270],{},[1784,94454,1803],{},[1808,94456,47671],{"encoding":1810}," při vyšším ",[1035,94459,94461],{"className":94460},[1772],[1774,94462,94463],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,94464,94465,94473],{},[1781,94466,94467,94469,94471],{},[1784,94468,3766],{},[1784,94470,10292],{},[1784,94472,1868],{},[1808,94474,12303],{"encoding":1810},[1047,94476,94477],{},"celkové společenské náklady by byly vyšší"," než u jediného producenta.",[1030,94480,94481,94482,94542],{},"Formálně: ",[1035,94483,94485],{"className":94484},[1772],[1774,94486,94487],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,94488,94489,94539],{},[1781,94490,94491,94493,94495,94501,94503,94509,94511,94513,94515,94517,94523,94525,94527,94529,94531,94537],{},[1784,94492,1868],{},[1788,94494,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,94496,94497,94499],{},[1784,94498,93877],{},[2348,94500,2374],{},[1788,94502,2637],{},[1792,94504,94505,94507],{},[1784,94506,93877],{},[2348,94508,4593],{},[1788,94510,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,94512,2537],{},[1784,94514,1868],{},[1788,94516,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,94518,94519,94521],{},[1784,94520,93877],{},[2348,94522,2374],{},[1788,94524,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,94526,2637],{},[1784,94528,1868],{},[1788,94530,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,94532,94533,94535],{},[1784,94534,93877],{},[2348,94536,4593],{},[1788,94538,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,94540,94541],{"encoding":1810},"C(q_1 + q_2) \u003C C(q_1) + C(q_2)"," pro všechna relevantní rozdělení (subaditivnost nákladové funkce).",[1100,94544,94546],{"id":94545},"hlavní-zdroje-přirozeného-monopolu","Hlavní zdroje přirozeného monopolu",[1260,94548,94549,94555,94561,94567],{},[1115,94550,94551,94554],{},[1047,94552,94553],{},"Vysoké fixní náklady, nízké variabilní"," — jakmile je infrastruktura postavena, dodatečná jednotka stojí málo (klasická \"duplikace nedává smysl\").",[1115,94556,94557,94560],{},[1047,94558,94559],{},"Nedělitelnost vstupů"," — minimální efektivní velikost provozu je velká vůči trhu.",[1115,94562,94563,94566],{},[1047,94564,94565],{},"Síťové efekty"," — hodnota služby roste s počtem uživatelů.",[1115,94568,94569,94572],{},[1047,94570,94571],{},"Zákonné bariéry"," (licence, koncese) — někdy umělé, jindy navazují na fyzickou nemožnost duplikace.",[4503,94574],{},[1077,94576,94578],{"id":94577},"_2-klasické-příklady","2. Klasické příklady",[1100,94580,94582],{"id":94581},"klasická-infrastruktura","Klasická infrastruktura",[1112,94584,94585,94591,94609,94615,94621],{},[1115,94586,94587,94590],{},[1047,94588,94589],{},"Distribuce pitné vody a kanalizace"," — síť potrubí pod městem; postavit paralelní vodovod by bylo absurdně drahé.",[1115,94592,94593,94596,94597,94599,94600,94603,94604,2440],{},[1047,94594,94595],{},"Distribuční sítě plynu a elektřiny"," — vedení vysokého napětí, plynovody. ",[1091,94598,10156],{}," výroba elektřiny dnes konkurenční, ale ",[1047,94601,94602],{},"distribuce zůstává přirozeným monopolem"," (proto v ČR rozdělení ČEZ na výrobu a distribuci, regulace ze strany ",[1068,94605,94608],{"href":94606,"rel":94607},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.eru.cz",[28082],"ERÚ",[1115,94610,94611,94614],{},[1047,94612,94613],{},"Železniční tratě a dálnice"," — fyzická síť kolejí. Provoz vlaků na ní může být konkurenční (open access), trať sama nikoli.",[1115,94616,94617,94620],{},[1047,94618,94619],{},"Odpadové hospodářství"," ve městě — jeden svozový systém na popelnice je efektivnější než tři paralelní.",[1115,94622,94623,94626],{},[1047,94624,94625],{},"Kabelová televize \u002F FTTH"," — pokládka optického vlákna do každé domácnosti.",[1100,94628,94630],{"id":94629},"síťové-efekty-digitální-éra","Síťové efekty (digitální éra)",[1030,94632,94633,94634,94637],{},"Hodnota služby pro uživatele roste s počtem ostatních uživatelů — typicky ",[1047,94635,94636],{},"\"the winner takes most\""," trhy:",[1112,94639,94640,94646,94652,94658,94664],{},[1115,94641,94642,94645],{},[1047,94643,94644],{},"Sociální sítě"," — Facebook\u002FMeta, X, Instagram, TikTok. Nová síť startuje od nuly proti zavedené.",[1115,94647,94648,94651],{},[1047,94649,94650],{},"Marketplaces"," — eBay, Amazon, Booking.com (klasický oboustranný síťový efekt: kupující chtějí prodejce a naopak).",[1115,94653,94654,94657],{},[1047,94655,94656],{},"Platební systémy"," — Visa, Mastercard, Apple Pay.",[1115,94659,94660,94663],{},[1047,94661,94662],{},"Encyklopedie"," — Wikipedia (dobrovolnická, ale stejný princip kumulace obsahu).",[1115,94665,94666,94669],{},[1047,94667,94668],{},"Operační systémy a aplikační ekosystémy"," — Windows, iOS\u002FAndroid (vývojáři volí platformy s největší uživatelskou základnou).",[1082,94671,94672],{},[1030,94673,94674,94676,94677,94680],{},[1047,94675,10156],{}," Síťový monopol je často ",[1047,94678,94679],{},"dynamický"," — Myspace → Facebook → TikTok. Klasická infrastruktura takto nahraditelná zpravidla není.",[4503,94682],{},[1077,94684,94686],{"id":94685},"_3-geometrie-přirozeného-monopolu","3. Geometrie přirozeného monopolu",[1030,94688,94689],{},"Klíčový obrázek:",[4719,94691,94694],{"className":94692,"code":94693,"language":4724},[4722],"P\n│   ╲ poptávka (AR)\n│    ╲     ╲ MR\n│     ╲     ╲\nP_M ──┼──────●──────────── monopolní cena\n│     │      ╲\nP_R ──┼──────────●──────── regulovaná cena (= AC)\n│     │              ╲╲\nP_C ──┼──────────────────●──── \"konkurenční\" cena (= MC)\n│     │              ╲╲     ╲\n│     │      AC ────────────\n│     │       MC ──────────────────\n│\n└─────┴──────┴──────┴──────────── Q\n    Q_M    Q_R    Q_C\n",[4726,94695,94693],{"__ignoreMap":1685},[1100,94697,27192],{"id":94698},"interpretace",[1112,94700,94701,94765,94822],{},[1115,94702,94703,94706,94707,94724,94725,94746,94747,94764],{},[1047,94704,94705],{},"Bez regulace:"," Monopolista volí ",[1035,94708,94710],{"className":94709},[1772],[1774,94711,94712],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,94713,94714,94722],{},[1781,94715,94716],{},[1792,94717,94718,94720],{},[1784,94719,2270],{},[1784,94721,1857],{},[1808,94723,43324],{"encoding":1810}," z podmínky ",[1035,94726,94728],{"className":94727},[1772],[1774,94729,94730],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,94731,94732,94744],{},[1781,94733,94734,94736,94738,94740,94742],{},[1784,94735,1857],{},[1784,94737,1860],{},[1788,94739,1863],{},[1784,94741,1857],{},[1784,94743,1868],{},[1808,94745,1871],{"encoding":1810}," a účtuje ",[1035,94748,94750],{"className":94749},[1772],[1774,94751,94752],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,94753,94754,94762],{},[1781,94755,94756],{},[1792,94757,94758,94760],{},[1784,94759,2264],{},[1784,94761,1857],{},[1808,94763,50960],{"encoding":1810}," z poptávkové křivky. Velký zisk, vysoká DWL.",[1115,94766,94767,94802,94803,94818,94819],{},[1047,94768,94769,94770,4010,94787,29726],{},"Cena = ",[1035,94771,94773],{"className":94772},[1772],[1774,94774,94775],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,94776,94777,94785],{},[1781,94778,94779],{},[1792,94780,94781,94783],{},[1784,94782,2264],{},[1784,94784,1868],{},[1808,94786,51066],{"encoding":1810},[1035,94788,94790],{"className":94789},[1772],[1774,94791,94792],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,94793,94794,94800],{},[1781,94795,94796,94798],{},[1784,94797,1857],{},[1784,94799,1868],{},[1808,94801,11135],{"encoding":1810}," Společensky efektivní, ale firma vyrábí pod ",[1035,94804,94806],{"className":94805},[1772],[1774,94807,94808],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,94809,94810,94816],{},[1781,94811,94812,94814],{},[1784,94813,10292],{},[1784,94815,1868],{},[1808,94817,23305],{"encoding":1810}," → ztráta → opustí trh. ",[1047,94820,94821],{},"Marginal-cost pricing není u přirozeného monopolu udržitelný.",[1115,94823,94824,94850,94851,94889,94890,1075],{},[1047,94825,94826,94827,1310],{},"Regulovaná cena ",[1035,94828,94830],{"className":94829},[1772],[1774,94831,94832],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,94833,94834,94848],{},[1781,94835,94836,94842,94844,94846],{},[1792,94837,94838,94840],{},[1784,94839,2264],{},[1784,94841,1860],{},[1788,94843,1863],{},[1784,94845,10292],{},[1784,94847,1868],{},[1808,94849,52760],{"encoding":1810}," Firma má nulový ekonomický zisk (zachovává normální výnos kapitálu), výstup ",[1035,94852,94854],{"className":94853},[1772],[1774,94855,94856],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,94857,94858,94886],{},[1781,94859,94860,94866,94868,94870,94876,94878,94884],{},[1792,94861,94862,94864],{},[1784,94863,2270],{},[1784,94865,1860],{},[1788,94867,43200],{},[1788,94869,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,94871,94872,94874],{},[1784,94873,2270],{},[1784,94875,1857],{},[1788,94877,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,94879,94880,94882],{},[1784,94881,2270],{},[1784,94883,1868],{},[1788,94885,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,94887,94888],{"encoding":1810},"Q_R \\in (Q_M, Q_C)",". Je to ",[1047,94891,94892],{},"second-best řešení",[1082,94894,94895],{},[1030,94896,94897,94898,94915,94916,1062,94933,94950],{},"Reziduální DWL při ",[1035,94899,94901],{"className":94900},[1772],[1774,94902,94903],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,94904,94905,94913],{},[1781,94906,94907],{},[1792,94908,94909,94911],{},[1784,94910,2264],{},[1784,94912,1860],{},[1808,94914,52836],{"encoding":1810}," stále existuje (mezi ",[1035,94917,94919],{"className":94918},[1772],[1774,94920,94921],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,94922,94923,94931],{},[1781,94924,94925],{},[1792,94926,94927,94929],{},[1784,94928,2270],{},[1784,94930,1860],{},[1808,94932,94241],{"encoding":1810},[1035,94934,94936],{"className":94935},[1772],[1774,94937,94938],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,94939,94940,94948],{},[1781,94941,94942],{},[1792,94943,94944,94946],{},[1784,94945,2270],{},[1784,94947,1868],{},[1808,94949,51184],{"encoding":1810},"), ale je výrazně menší než nemusela by být v neregulovaném monopolu.",[4503,94952],{},[1077,94954,94956],{"id":94955},"_4-důvody-regulace","4. Důvody regulace",[1260,94958,94959,94983,94989,94995,95001],{},[1115,94960,94961,94964,94965,94982],{},[1047,94962,94963],{},"Bránit zneužívání monopolní síly"," — vyšší ceny než ",[1035,94966,94968],{"className":94967},[1772],[1774,94969,94970],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,94971,94972,94980],{},[1781,94973,94974],{},[1792,94975,94976,94978],{},[1784,94977,2264],{},[1784,94979,1860],{},[1808,94981,52836],{"encoding":1810},", nižší kvalita, omezení přístupu.",[1115,94984,94985,94988],{},[1047,94986,94987],{},"Univerzální dostupnost"," — voda, energie, doprava jsou považovány za základní statky; regulace zajišťuje obsluhu i ekonomicky méně atraktivních lokalit (venkov, malá obec).",[1115,94990,94991,94994],{},[1047,94992,94993],{},"Bezpečnost"," — energetika, plyn, jaderná technologie vyžadují přísné technické standardy.",[1115,94996,94997,95000],{},[1047,94998,94999],{},"Stabilita cen"," — energetická inflace má makroekonomické dopady.",[1115,95002,95003,95006],{},[1047,95004,95005],{},"Ochrana navazujících trhů"," — pokud monopolista vlastní úzké hrdlo (železniční trať, plynovod), může diskriminovat konkurenty na navazujících (obvykle konkurenčních) trzích.",[1100,95008,95010],{"id":95009},"hlavní-regulační-režimy","Hlavní regulační režimy",[1030,95012,95013],{},[2206,95014],{"alt":95015,"className":95016,"src":95017},"mikk-prirozeny-monopol-regulace",[1071,2210],"\u002Fwiki-assets\u002Fmikk-prirozeny-monopol-regulace.jpeg",[1153,95019,95020,95032],{},[1156,95021,95022],{},[1159,95023,95024,95027,95029],{},[1162,95025,95026],{},"Režim",[1162,95028,10180],{},[1162,95030,95031],{},"Riziko",[1172,95033,95034,95048,95062,95075],{},[1159,95035,95036,95042,95045],{},[1177,95037,95038,95041],{},[1047,95039,95040],{},"Rate-of-return regulation"," (cost-plus)",[1177,95043,95044],{},"Cena pokryje náklady + povolený výnos kapitálu",[1177,95046,95047],{},"Žádná motivace snižovat náklady (X-inefficiency, Averch-Johnson efekt)",[1159,95049,95050,95056,95059],{},[1177,95051,95052,95055],{},[1047,95053,95054],{},"Price-cap regulation"," (RPI − X)",[1177,95057,95058],{},"Cena se může zvedat o inflaci minus efficiency factor",[1177,95060,95061],{},"Tlak na efektivitu, ale riziko podinvestování",[1159,95063,95064,95069,95072],{},[1177,95065,95066],{},[1047,95067,95068],{},"Yardstick competition",[1177,95070,95071],{},"Porovnání srovnatelných regulovaných firem",[1177,95073,95074],{},"Vyžaduje více srovnatelných subjektů",[1159,95076,95077,95082,95085],{},[1177,95078,95079],{},[1047,95080,95081],{},"Antitrust",[1177,95083,95084],{},"Ex-post zákaz zneužití dominance, kontrola fúzí",[1177,95086,95087],{},"Pomalejší, soudní spory roky trvají",[4503,95089],{},[1077,95091,95093],{"id":95092},"_5-praktické-problémy-regulace","5. Praktické problémy regulace",[1100,95095,95097],{"id":95096},"informační-asymetrie","Informační asymetrie",[1030,95099,95100,95101,95104,95105,95108],{},"Regulátor v principu ",[1047,95102,95103],{},"nezná přesnou nákladovou funkci"," firmy ani ",[1047,95106,95107],{},"skutečnou poptávku",". Firma má motivaci nadhodnotit oboje (vyšší povolená cena). Pro regulační orgány je velice složité přesně stanovit firemní náklady a poptávkovou funkci, protože ty se mohou rychle měnit v závislosti na tržních podmínkách.",[1100,95110,95112],{"id":95111},"regulatory-capture","Regulatory capture",[1030,95114,95115],{},"Regulátor se postupem času ztotožňuje s perspektivou regulované firmy — sdílí lidi (otáčející se dveře), informační zdroje, profesní jazyk. Empiricky popsáno v sektorech jako americká FCC (Stigler 1971) nebo evropská energetika.",[1100,95117,94289],{"id":95118},"x-inefficiency",[1030,95120,95121],{},"Pokud regulace garantuje výnos nad náklady (cost-plus), firma nemá důvod hledat úspory — provozní neefektivnost se přelije do ceny. Leibensteinův koncept \"X-efficiency\" označuje rezervu mezi technickou a skutečnou efektivitou.",[1100,95123,95125],{"id":95124},"cream-skimming","Cream-skimming",[1030,95127,95128,95129,95132],{},"Pokud regulátor povolí konkurenční vstup do dílčích segmentů přirozeného monopolu, noví hráči si ",[1047,95130,95131],{},"vyberou pouze ziskové části"," (hustě obydlené čtvrti, vysoký objem). Regulovaný incumbent zůstane se ztrátovými segmenty (venkov), kde dotuje univerzální službu — což ho dlouhodobě poškodí. Klasický problém telekomunikační deregulace 90. let.",[1100,95134,95136],{"id":95135},"averch-johnson-efekt","Averch-Johnson efekt",[1030,95138,95139,95140,95143],{},"Pokud je povolený výnos vázán na ",[1047,95141,95142],{},"kapitál",", firma nadinvestuje do hmotných aktiv (větší rate base = větší absolutní zisk při stejné % marži). Výsledkem jsou předimenzované elektrárny a sítě.",[4503,95145],{},[1077,95147,95149],{"id":95148},"_6-náklady-mrtvé-váhy-monopolu","6. Náklady mrtvé váhy monopolu",[1030,95151,95152,95153,95170,95171,95188],{},"Za vyšší cenu ",[1035,95154,95156],{"className":95155},[1772],[1774,95157,95158],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,95159,95160,95168],{},[1781,95161,95162],{},[1792,95163,95164,95166],{},[1784,95165,2264],{},[1784,95167,1857],{},[1808,95169,50960],{"encoding":1810}," oproti ",[1035,95172,95174],{"className":95173},[1772],[1774,95175,95176],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,95177,95178,95186],{},[1781,95179,95180],{},[1792,95181,95182,95184],{},[1784,95183,2264],{},[1784,95185,1868],{},[1808,95187,51066],{"encoding":1810}," spotřebitel:",[1112,95190,95191,95249],{},[1115,95192,95193,95213,95214,11792,95231,95248],{},[1047,95194,95195,95196],{},"ztrácí přebytek ",[1035,95197,95199],{"className":95198},[1772],[1774,95200,95201],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,95202,95203,95211],{},[1781,95204,95205,95207,95209],{},[1784,95206,10292],{},[1788,95208,2637],{},[1784,95210,2475],{},[1808,95212,51307],{"encoding":1810}," (oblast nad ",[1035,95215,95217],{"className":95216},[1772],[1774,95218,95219],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,95220,95221,95229],{},[1781,95222,95223],{},[1792,95224,95225,95227],{},[1784,95226,2264],{},[1784,95228,1868],{},[1808,95230,51066],{"encoding":1810},[1035,95232,95234],{"className":95233},[1772],[1774,95235,95236],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,95237,95238,95246],{},[1781,95239,95240],{},[1792,95241,95242,95244],{},[1784,95243,2264],{},[1784,95245,1857],{},[1808,95247,50960],{"encoding":1810},", levá od poptávky),",[1115,95250,95251,95252,95271,95272,95285,95286,95299,95300,95321,95322,2440],{},"výrobce ",[1047,95253,51317,95254],{},[1035,95255,95257],{"className":95256},[1772],[1774,95258,95259],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,95260,95261,95269],{},[1781,95262,95263,95265,95267],{},[1784,95264,10292],{},[1788,95266,2371],{},[1784,95268,1868],{},[1808,95270,51364],{"encoding":1810}," (transfer ",[1035,95273,95275],{"className":95274},[1772],[1774,95276,95277],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,95278,95279,95283],{},[1781,95280,95281],{},[1784,95282,10292],{},[1808,95284,10292],{"encoding":1810}," ze spotřebitele plus ztráta ",[1035,95287,95289],{"className":95288},[1772],[1774,95290,95291],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,95292,95293,95297],{},[1781,95294,95295],{},[1784,95296,1868],{},[1808,95298,1868],{"encoding":1810}," v pravé části, kde ",[1035,95301,95303],{"className":95302},[1772],[1774,95304,95305],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,95306,95307,95319],{},[1781,95308,95309,95311,95313,95315,95317],{},[1784,95310,1857],{},[1784,95312,1860],{},[1788,95314,2537],{},[1784,95316,1857],{},[1784,95318,1868],{},[1808,95320,2544],{"encoding":1810}," při tlaku na ",[1035,95323,95325],{"className":95324},[1772],[1774,95326,95327],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,95328,95329,95333],{},[1781,95330,95331],{},[1784,95332,2270],{},[1808,95334,2270],{"encoding":1810},[1030,95336,95337],{},"Náklady mrtvé váhy:",[1035,95339,95341],{"className":95340},[1772],[1774,95342,95343],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,95344,95345,95407],{},[1781,95346,95347,95349,95351,95353,95355,95357,95359,95361,95363,95371,95373,95379,95381,95387,95389,95391,95397,95399,95405],{},[1784,95348,3224],{},[1784,95350,3759],{},[1784,95352,3766],{},[1788,95354,1863],{},[1784,95356,2475],{},[1788,95358,2637],{},[1784,95360,1868],{},[1788,95362,1863],{},[14390,95364,95365],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,95366,95367,95369],{},[2348,95368,2374],{},[2348,95370,4593],{},[1788,95372,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,95374,95375,95377],{},[1784,95376,2264],{},[1784,95378,1857],{},[1788,95380,2371],{},[1792,95382,95383,95385],{},[1784,95384,2264],{},[1784,95386,1868],{},[1788,95388,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,95390,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,95392,95393,95395],{},[1784,95394,2270],{},[1784,95396,1868],{},[1788,95398,2371],{},[1792,95400,95401,95403],{},[1784,95402,2270],{},[1784,95404,1857],{},[1788,95406,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,95408,95409],{"encoding":1810},"DWL = B + C = \\tfrac{1}{2} (P_M - P_C)(Q_C - Q_M)",[1030,95411,95412,95413,2440],{},"(za předpokladu lineární poptávky a konstantního ",[1035,95414,95416],{"className":95415},[1772],[1774,95417,95418],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,95419,95420,95426],{},[1781,95421,95422,95424],{},[1784,95423,1857],{},[1784,95425,1868],{},[1808,95427,11135],{"encoding":1810},[1030,95429,95430,95431,95434,95435,95460,95461,95464],{},"DWL je ",[1047,95432,95433],{},"trvalá ztráta blahobytu"," — neztotožňuje se s ničím přebytkem; jednotky ",[1035,95436,95438],{"className":95437},[1772],[1774,95439,95440],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,95441,95442,95458],{},[1781,95443,95444,95450,95452],{},[1792,95445,95446,95448],{},[1784,95447,2270],{},[1784,95449,1868],{},[1788,95451,2371],{},[1792,95453,95454,95456],{},[1784,95455,2270],{},[1784,95457,1857],{},[1808,95459,51666],{"encoding":1810}," se prostě ",[1047,95462,95463],{},"nevyrobí",", ač by je spotřebitelé byli ochotni koupit za cenu pokrývající mezní náklady.",[4503,95466],{},[1077,95468,95470],{"id":95469},"_7-společenské-náklady-monopolu","7. Společenské náklady monopolu",[1030,95472,95473,95474,95477,95478,95481],{},"Klasický přebytkový pohled (Harberger 1954) DWL kvantifikuje \"trojúhelníkem\". Tullock (1967) a Posner (1975) ale upozorňují, že ",[1047,95475,95476],{},"skutečné společenské náklady monopolu jsou vyšší"," — firmy ochotně utratí část (až celý) potenciálního monopolního zisku na ",[1047,95479,95480],{},"získání a udržení"," monopolního postavení:",[1112,95483,95484,95490,95496,95502,95507],{},[1115,95485,95486,95489],{},[1047,95487,95488],{},"Lobování (rent-seeking)"," — výdaje na ovlivnění legislativy, regulátorů, soudních sporů.",[1115,95491,95492,95495],{},[1047,95493,95494],{},"Nadměrná reklama"," — brand jako bariéra vstupu (sunk cost, který by konkurent musel duplikovat).",[1115,95497,95498,95501],{},[1047,95499,95500],{},"Strategické rozšiřování kapacit (capacity deterrence)"," — předinvestování, aby případný vstupující nedostal prostor.",[1115,95503,95504,95506],{},[1047,95505,77026],{}," — krátkodobé snižování cen pod náklady k vytlačení vstupců.",[1115,95508,95509,95511],{},[1047,95510,94289],{}," — pohodlí monopolisty neoptimalizovat náklady.",[1082,95513,95514],{},[1030,95515,95516,95519,95520,95523,95524,95537,95538,95556],{},[1047,95517,95518],{},"Tullockův insight:"," Pokud je trh o monopolní postavení sám konkurenční (více firem soutěží o úplatky \u002F lobby \u002F reklamu), v limitě se ",[1047,95521,95522],{},"na rent-seeking utratí přibližně celý monopolní zisk"," = obdélník ",[1035,95525,95527],{"className":95526},[1772],[1774,95528,95529],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,95530,95531,95535],{},[1781,95532,95533],{},[1784,95534,10292],{},[1808,95536,10292],{"encoding":1810},", ne jen trojúhelník ",[1035,95539,95541],{"className":95540},[1772],[1774,95542,95543],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,95544,95545,95553],{},[1781,95546,95547,95549,95551],{},[1784,95548,2475],{},[1788,95550,2637],{},[1784,95552,1868],{},[1808,95554,95555],{"encoding":1810},"B+C",". Skutečná ztráta blahobytu je pak až několikanásobně vyšší než klasická Harbergerova DWL.",[4503,95558],{},[1077,95560,95562],{"id":95561},"_8-detailní-příklad-monopol-vs-konkurence","8. Detailní příklad — Monopol vs. konkurence",[1030,95564,95565],{},"Z ručně psaného řešení:",[1100,95567,95569],{"id":95568},"zadání","Zadání",[1112,95571,95572,95598],{},[1115,95573,53518,95574],{},[1035,95575,95577],{"className":95576},[1772],[1774,95578,95579],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,95580,95581,95595],{},[1781,95582,95583,95585,95587,95589,95591,95593],{},[1784,95584,2264],{},[1788,95586,1863],{},[2348,95588,2605],{},[1788,95590,2371],{},[2348,95592,5356],{},[1784,95594,2270],{},[1808,95596,95597],{"encoding":1810},"P = 100 - 5Q",[1115,95599,95600,95601,4752,95623,1299,95642,95662],{},"Náklady: ",[1035,95602,95604],{"className":95603},[1772],[1774,95605,95606],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,95607,95608,95620],{},[1781,95609,95610,95612,95614,95616,95618],{},[1784,95611,2257],{},[1784,95613,1868],{},[1788,95615,1863],{},[2348,95617,3116],{},[1784,95619,2270],{},[1808,95621,95622],{"encoding":1810},"TC = 10Q",[1035,95624,95626],{"className":95625},[1772],[1774,95627,95628],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,95629,95630,95640],{},[1781,95631,95632,95634,95636,95638],{},[1784,95633,1857],{},[1784,95635,1868],{},[1788,95637,1863],{},[2348,95639,3116],{},[1808,95641,55162],{"encoding":1810},[1035,95643,95645],{"className":95644},[1772],[1774,95646,95647],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,95648,95649,95659],{},[1781,95650,95651,95653,95655,95657],{},[1784,95652,10292],{},[1784,95654,1868],{},[1788,95656,1863],{},[2348,95658,3116],{},[1808,95660,95661],{"encoding":1810},"AC = 10"," (lineární, žádné fixní)",[1030,95664,95665],{},"Otázky:",[1112,95667,95668,95674,95680],{},[1115,95669,95670,95673],{},[1047,95671,95672],{},"(a)"," Maximální částka, kterou je firma ochotna zaplatit za získání monopolního postavení?",[1115,95675,95676,95679],{},[1047,95677,95678],{},"(b)"," Náklady mrtvé váhy z monopolizace?",[1115,95681,95682,95685],{},[1047,95683,95684],{},"(c)"," Změna přebytku spotřebitele?",[1100,95687,95689],{"id":95688},"monopolní-rovnováha","Monopolní rovnováha",[1030,95691,95692],{},[1035,95693,95695],{"className":95694},[1772],[1774,95696,95697],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,95698,95699,95745],{},[1781,95700,95701,95703,95705,95707,95709,95711,95713,95715,95717,95719,95721,95723,95725,95727,95729,95731,95733,95735,95737,95739],{},[1784,95702,2257],{},[1784,95704,1860],{},[1788,95706,1863],{},[1784,95708,2264],{},[1788,95710,2267],{},[1784,95712,2270],{},[1788,95714,1863],{},[1788,95716,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,95718,2605],{},[1788,95720,2371],{},[2348,95722,5356],{},[1784,95724,2270],{},[1788,95726,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,95728,2270],{},[1788,95730,1863],{},[2348,95732,2605],{},[1784,95734,2270],{},[1788,95736,2371],{},[2348,95738,5356],{},[2467,95740,95741,95743],{},[1784,95742,2270],{},[2348,95744,4593],{},[1808,95746,95747],{"encoding":1810},"TR = P \\cdot Q = (100 - 5Q)Q = 100Q - 5Q^2",[1030,95749,95750],{},[1035,95751,95753],{"className":95752},[1772],[1774,95754,95755],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,95756,95757,95793],{},[1781,95758,95759,95761,95763,95765,95783,95785,95787,95789,95791],{},[1784,95760,1857],{},[1784,95762,1860],{},[1788,95764,1863],{},[14390,95766,95767],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,95768,95769,95777],{},[1781,95770,95771,95773,95775],{},[1784,95772,2328],{},[1784,95774,2257],{},[1784,95776,1860],{},[1781,95778,95779,95781],{},[1784,95780,2328],{},[1784,95782,2270],{},[1788,95784,1863],{},[2348,95786,2605],{},[1788,95788,2371],{},[2348,95790,3116],{},[1784,95792,2270],{},[1808,95794,95795],{"encoding":1810},"MR = \\dfrac{dTR}{dQ} = 100 - 10Q",[1030,95797,84673,95798,1310],{},[1035,95799,95801],{"className":95800},[1772],[1774,95802,95803],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,95804,95805,95817],{},[1781,95806,95807,95809,95811,95813,95815],{},[1784,95808,1857],{},[1784,95810,1860],{},[1788,95812,1863],{},[1784,95814,1857],{},[1784,95816,1868],{},[1808,95818,1871],{"encoding":1810},[1035,95820,95822],{"className":95821},[1772],[1774,95823,95824],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,95825,95826,95860],{},[1781,95827,95828,95830,95832,95834,95836,95838,95840,95842,95844,95846,95848,95850,95856,95858],{},[2348,95829,2605],{},[1788,95831,2371],{},[2348,95833,3116],{},[1784,95835,2270],{},[1788,95837,1863],{},[2348,95839,3116],{},[2149,95841,21702],{},[2149,95843,21702],{},[1788,95845,2357],{},[2149,95847,21702],{},[2149,95849,21702],{},[2467,95851,95852,95854],{},[1784,95853,2270],{},[1784,95855,1857],{},[1788,95857,1863],{},[2348,95859,2777],{},[1808,95861,95862],{"encoding":1810},"100 - 10Q = 10 \\;\\;\\Rightarrow\\;\\; Q^M = 9",[1035,95864,95866],{"className":95865},[1772],[1774,95867,95868],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,95869,95870,95894],{},[1781,95871,95872,95878,95880,95882,95884,95886,95888,95890,95892],{},[2467,95873,95874,95876],{},[1784,95875,2264],{},[1784,95877,1857],{},[1788,95879,1863],{},[2348,95881,2605],{},[1788,95883,2371],{},[2348,95885,5356],{},[1788,95887,2267],{},[2348,95889,2777],{},[1788,95891,1863],{},[2348,95893,15898],{},[1808,95895,95896],{"encoding":1810},"P^M = 100 - 5 \\cdot 9 = 55",[1030,95898,95899],{},"Zisk:",[1035,95901,95903],{"className":95902},[1772],[1774,95904,95905],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,95906,95907,95957],{},[1781,95908,95909,95915,95917,95919,95921,95923,95925,95927,95929,95931,95933,95935,95937,95939,95941,95943,95945,95948,95950,95952,95954],{},[2467,95910,95911,95913],{},[1784,95912,1786],{},[1784,95914,1857],{},[1788,95916,1863],{},[1784,95918,2257],{},[1784,95920,1860],{},[1788,95922,2371],{},[1784,95924,2257],{},[1784,95926,1868],{},[1788,95928,1863],{},[2348,95930,2777],{},[1788,95932,2267],{},[2348,95934,15898],{},[1788,95936,2371],{},[2348,95938,2777],{},[1788,95940,2267],{},[2348,95942,3116],{},[1788,95944,1863],{},[2348,95946,95947],{},"495",[1788,95949,2371],{},[2348,95951,9789],{},[1788,95953,1863],{},[2348,95955,95956],{},"405",[1808,95958,95959],{"encoding":1810},"\\pi^M = TR - TC = 9 \\cdot 55 - 9 \\cdot 10 = 495 - 90 = 405",[1100,95961,95963],{"id":95962},"konkurenční-efektivní-rovnováha","Konkurenční (efektivní) rovnováha",[1030,95965,95966,95967,1310],{},"V dokonalé konkurenci ",[1035,95968,95970],{"className":95969},[1772],[1774,95971,95972],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,95973,95974,95984],{},[1781,95975,95976,95978,95980,95982],{},[1784,95977,2264],{},[1788,95979,1863],{},[1784,95981,1857],{},[1784,95983,1868],{},[1808,95985,7608],{"encoding":1810},[1035,95987,95989],{"className":95988},[1772],[1774,95990,95991],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,95992,95993,96043],{},[1781,95994,95995,95997,95999,96001,96003,96005,96007,96009,96011,96013,96015,96017,96023,96025,96027,96029,96031,96033,96039,96041],{},[2348,95996,2605],{},[1788,95998,2371],{},[2348,96000,5356],{},[1784,96002,2270],{},[1788,96004,1863],{},[2348,96006,3116],{},[2149,96008,21702],{},[2149,96010,21702],{},[1788,96012,2357],{},[2149,96014,21702],{},[2149,96016,21702],{},[2467,96018,96019,96021],{},[1784,96020,2270],{},[1784,96022,3722],{},[1788,96024,1863],{},[2348,96026,13770],{},[1788,96028,1138],{"separator":1041},[2149,96030,21702],{},[2149,96032,21702],{},[2467,96034,96035,96037],{},[1784,96036,2264],{},[1784,96038,3722],{},[1788,96040,1863],{},[2348,96042,3116],{},[1808,96044,96045],{"encoding":1810},"100 - 5Q = 10 \\;\\;\\Rightarrow\\;\\; Q^K = 18, \\;\\; P^K = 10",[1030,96047,16970,96048,96086,96087,2440],{},[1035,96049,96051],{"className":96050},[1772],[1774,96052,96053],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,96054,96055,96083],{},[1781,96056,96057,96063,96065,96067,96069,96071,96073,96075,96077,96079,96081],{},[2467,96058,96059,96061],{},[1784,96060,1786],{},[1784,96062,3722],{},[1788,96064,1863],{},[2348,96066,13770],{},[1788,96068,2267],{},[2348,96070,3116],{},[1788,96072,2371],{},[2348,96074,13770],{},[1788,96076,2267],{},[2348,96078,3116],{},[1788,96080,1863],{},[2348,96082,2350],{},[1808,96084,96085],{"encoding":1810},"\\pi^K = 18 \\cdot 10 - 18 \\cdot 10 = 0"," (cenoví příjemci, normální výnos zahrnut v ",[1035,96088,96090],{"className":96089},[1772],[1774,96091,96092],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,96093,96094,96100],{},[1781,96095,96096,96098],{},[1784,96097,2257],{},[1784,96099,1868],{},[1808,96101,14797],{"encoding":1810},[1100,96103,96105],{"id":96104},"přebytek-spotřebitele","Přebytek spotřebitele",[1030,96107,96108],{},"V monopolu:",[1035,96110,96112],{"className":96111},[1772],[1774,96113,96114],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,96115,96116,96183],{},[1781,96117,96118,96120,96126,96128,96136,96138,96144,96146,96148,96150,96152,96158,96160,96162,96170,96172,96174,96176,96178,96180],{},[1784,96119,1868],{},[2467,96121,96122,96124],{},[1784,96123,3212],{},[1784,96125,1857],{},[1788,96127,1863],{},[14390,96129,96130],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,96131,96132,96134],{},[2348,96133,2374],{},[2348,96135,4593],{},[1788,96137,2267],{},[2467,96139,96140,96142],{},[1784,96141,2270],{},[1784,96143,1857],{},[1788,96145,2267],{},[1788,96147,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,96149,2605],{},[1788,96151,2371],{},[2467,96153,96154,96156],{},[1784,96155,2264],{},[1784,96157,1857],{},[1788,96159,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,96161,1863],{},[14390,96163,96164],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,96165,96166,96168],{},[2348,96167,2374],{},[2348,96169,4593],{},[1788,96171,2267],{},[2348,96173,2777],{},[1788,96175,2267],{},[2348,96177,9227],{},[1788,96179,1863],{},[2348,96181,96182],{},"202,5",[1808,96184,96185],{"encoding":1810},"CS^M = \\tfrac{1}{2} \\cdot Q^M \\cdot (100 - P^M) = \\tfrac{1}{2} \\cdot 9 \\cdot 45 = 202{,}5",[1030,96187,96188],{},"V konkurenci:",[1035,96190,96192],{"className":96191},[1772],[1774,96193,96194],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,96195,96196,96263],{},[1781,96197,96198,96200,96206,96208,96216,96218,96224,96226,96228,96230,96232,96238,96240,96242,96250,96252,96254,96256,96258,96260],{},[1784,96199,1868],{},[2467,96201,96202,96204],{},[1784,96203,3212],{},[1784,96205,3722],{},[1788,96207,1863],{},[14390,96209,96210],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,96211,96212,96214],{},[2348,96213,2374],{},[2348,96215,4593],{},[1788,96217,2267],{},[2467,96219,96220,96222],{},[1784,96221,2270],{},[1784,96223,3722],{},[1788,96225,2267],{},[1788,96227,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,96229,2605],{},[1788,96231,2371],{},[2467,96233,96234,96236],{},[1784,96235,2264],{},[1784,96237,3722],{},[1788,96239,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,96241,1863],{},[14390,96243,96244],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,96245,96246,96248],{},[2348,96247,2374],{},[2348,96249,4593],{},[1788,96251,2267],{},[2348,96253,13770],{},[1788,96255,2267],{},[2348,96257,9789],{},[1788,96259,1863],{},[2348,96261,96262],{},"810",[1808,96264,96265],{"encoding":1810},"CS^K = \\tfrac{1}{2} \\cdot Q^K \\cdot (100 - P^K) = \\tfrac{1}{2} \\cdot 18 \\cdot 90 = 810",[1030,96267,96268],{},"Pokles přebytku spotřebitele monopolizací:",[1035,96270,96272],{"className":96271},[1772],[1774,96273,96274],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,96275,96276,96317],{},[1781,96277,96278,96280,96282,96284,96286,96288,96294,96296,96298,96304,96306,96308,96310,96312,96314],{},[1784,96279,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,96281,1868],{},[1784,96283,3212],{},[1788,96285,1863],{},[1784,96287,1868],{},[2467,96289,96290,96292],{},[1784,96291,3212],{},[1784,96293,3722],{},[1788,96295,2371],{},[1784,96297,1868],{},[2467,96299,96300,96302],{},[1784,96301,3212],{},[1784,96303,1857],{},[1788,96305,1863],{},[2348,96307,96262],{},[1788,96309,2371],{},[2348,96311,96182],{},[1788,96313,1863],{},[2348,96315,96316],{},"607,5",[1808,96318,96319],{"encoding":1810},"\\Delta CS = CS^K - CS^M = 810 - 202{,}5 = 607{,}5",[1100,96321,51403],{"id":96322},"náklady-mrtvé-váhy",[1035,96324,96326],{"className":96325},[1772],[1774,96327,96328],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,96329,96330,96440],{},[1781,96331,96332,96334,96336,96338,96340,96348,96350,96356,96358,96364,96366,96368,96374,96376,96382,96384,96386,96394,96396,96398,96400,96402,96404,96406,96408,96410,96412,96414,96416,96418,96420,96428,96430,96432,96434,96436,96438],{},[1784,96333,3224],{},[1784,96335,3759],{},[1784,96337,3766],{},[1788,96339,1863],{},[14390,96341,96342],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,96343,96344,96346],{},[2348,96345,2374],{},[2348,96347,4593],{},[1788,96349,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2467,96351,96352,96354],{},[1784,96353,2264],{},[1784,96355,1857],{},[1788,96357,2371],{},[2467,96359,96360,96362],{},[1784,96361,2264],{},[1784,96363,3722],{},[1788,96365,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,96367,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2467,96369,96370,96372],{},[1784,96371,2270],{},[1784,96373,3722],{},[1788,96375,2371],{},[2467,96377,96378,96380],{},[1784,96379,2270],{},[1784,96381,1857],{},[1788,96383,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,96385,1863],{},[14390,96387,96388],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,96389,96390,96392],{},[2348,96391,2374],{},[2348,96393,4593],{},[1788,96395,2267],{},[1788,96397,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,96399,15898],{},[1788,96401,2371],{},[2348,96403,3116],{},[1788,96405,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,96407,2267],{},[1788,96409,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,96411,13770],{},[1788,96413,2371],{},[2348,96415,2777],{},[1788,96417,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,96419,1863],{},[14390,96421,96422],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,96423,96424,96426],{},[2348,96425,2374],{},[2348,96427,4593],{},[1788,96429,2267],{},[2348,96431,9227],{},[1788,96433,2267],{},[2348,96435,2777],{},[1788,96437,1863],{},[2348,96439,96182],{},[1808,96441,96442],{"encoding":1810},"DWL = \\tfrac{1}{2} (P^M - P^K)(Q^K - Q^M) = \\tfrac{1}{2} \\cdot (55 - 10) \\cdot (18 - 9) = \\tfrac{1}{2} \\cdot 45 \\cdot 9 = 202{,}5",[1100,96444,96446],{"id":96445},"odpovědi","Odpovědi",[1153,96448,96449,96460],{},[1156,96450,96451],{},[1159,96452,96453,96455,96458],{},[1162,96454,60566],{},[1162,96456,96457],{},"Hodnota",[1162,96459,10456],{},[1172,96461,96462,96495,96509],{},[1159,96463,96464,96469,96473],{},[1177,96465,96466],{},[1047,96467,96468],{},"(a) Max. ochota platit za monopol",[1177,96470,96471],{},[1047,96472,95956],{},[1177,96474,96475,96476,96494],{},"= ",[1035,96477,96479],{"className":96478},[1772],[1774,96480,96481],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,96482,96483,96491],{},[1781,96484,96485],{},[2467,96486,96487,96489],{},[1784,96488,1786],{},[1784,96490,1857],{},[1808,96492,96493],{"encoding":1810},"\\pi^M",". Firma utratí na získání monopolu nejvýše tolik, kolik z něj vydělá.",[1159,96496,96497,96502,96506],{},[1177,96498,96499],{},[1047,96500,96501],{},"(b) DWL",[1177,96503,96504],{},[1047,96505,96182],{},[1177,96507,96508],{},"Trvalá ztráta blahobytu — jednotky 9 → 18 se nevyrobí.",[1159,96510,96511,96516,96520],{},[1177,96512,96513],{},[1047,96514,96515],{},"(c) Pokles CS",[1177,96517,96518],{},[1047,96519,96316],{},[1177,96521,96522,96523,96525,96526,96528],{},"Z toho ",[1047,96524,95956],{}," transfer na zisk monopolisty + ",[1047,96527,96182],{}," čistá DWL.",[1100,96530,96532],{"id":96531},"kontrola-bilance-přebytků","Kontrola — bilance přebytků",[1030,96534,96535,96536,1075],{},"Celkový přebytek (CS + zisk) v konkurenci: ",[1035,96537,96539],{"className":96538},[1772],[1774,96540,96541],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,96542,96543,96555],{},[1781,96544,96545,96547,96549,96551,96553],{},[2348,96546,96262],{},[1788,96548,2637],{},[2348,96550,2350],{},[1788,96552,1863],{},[2348,96554,96262],{},[1808,96556,96557],{"encoding":1810},"810 + 0 = 810",[1030,96559,96560,96561,1075],{},"Celkový přebytek v monopolu: ",[1035,96562,96564],{"className":96563},[1772],[1774,96565,96566],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,96567,96568,96598],{},[1781,96569,96570,96572,96578,96580,96586,96588,96590,96592,96594,96596],{},[1784,96571,1868],{},[2467,96573,96574,96576],{},[1784,96575,3212],{},[1784,96577,1857],{},[1788,96579,2637],{},[2467,96581,96582,96584],{},[1784,96583,1786],{},[1784,96585,1857],{},[1788,96587,1863],{},[2348,96589,96182],{},[1788,96591,2637],{},[2348,96593,95956],{},[1788,96595,1863],{},[2348,96597,96316],{},[1808,96599,96600],{"encoding":1810},"CS^M + \\pi^M = 202{,}5 + 405 = 607{,}5",[1030,96602,96603,96604,96634],{},"Rozdíl ",[1035,96605,96607],{"className":96606},[1772],[1774,96608,96609],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,96610,96611,96631],{},[1781,96612,96613,96615,96617,96619,96621,96623,96625,96627,96629],{},[2348,96614,96262],{},[1788,96616,2371],{},[2348,96618,96316],{},[1788,96620,1863],{},[2348,96622,96182],{},[1788,96624,1863],{},[1784,96626,3224],{},[1784,96628,3759],{},[1784,96630,3766],{},[1808,96632,96633],{"encoding":1810},"810 - 607{,}5 = 202{,}5 = DWL"," ✓",[1030,96636,96637],{},"Nebo dohromady:",[1035,96639,96641],{"className":96640},[1772],[1774,96642,96643],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,96644,96645,96697],{},[1781,96646,96647,96653,96655,96657,96663,96665,96667,96669,96671,96673,96675,96677,96679,96681,96683,96685,96687,96689,96691],{},[2467,96648,96649,96651],{},[1784,96650,1786],{},[1784,96652,1857],{},[1788,96654,2637],{},[1784,96656,1868],{},[2467,96658,96659,96661],{},[1784,96660,3212],{},[1784,96662,1857],{},[1788,96664,2637],{},[1784,96666,3224],{},[1784,96668,3759],{},[1784,96670,3766],{},[1788,96672,1863],{},[2348,96674,95956],{},[1788,96676,2637],{},[2348,96678,96182],{},[1788,96680,2637],{},[2348,96682,96182],{},[1788,96684,1863],{},[2348,96686,96262],{},[1788,96688,1863],{},[1784,96690,1868],{},[2467,96692,96693,96695],{},[1784,96694,3212],{},[1784,96696,3722],{},[1808,96698,96699],{"encoding":1810},"\\pi^M + CS^M + DWL = 405 + 202{,}5 + 202{,}5 = 810 = CS^K",[1100,96701,96703],{"id":96702},"interpretace-v-kontextu-rent-seekingu","Interpretace v kontextu rent-seekingu",[1030,96705,96706,96707,96710,96711,96714,96715,96737,96738,96752,96753,96755],{},"Tullockova logika: pokud o monopolní rentu ",[1047,96708,96709],{},"soutěží"," více kandidátů, mohou být ochotni utratit až celých 405 na lobby \u002F reklamu \u002F kapacity. ",[1047,96712,96713],{},"Skutečné společenské náklady monopolizace"," pak činí ",[1035,96716,96718],{"className":96717},[1772],[1774,96719,96720],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,96721,96722,96734],{},[1781,96723,96724,96726,96728,96730,96732],{},[2348,96725,95956],{},[1788,96727,2637],{},[2348,96729,96182],{},[1788,96731,1863],{},[2348,96733,96316],{},[1808,96735,96736],{"encoding":1810},"405 + 202{,}5 = 607{,}5"," — celý úbytek přebytku spotřebitele. Klasická Harbergerova DWL (",[1035,96739,96741],{"className":96740},[1772],[1774,96742,96743],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,96744,96745,96749],{},[1781,96746,96747],{},[2348,96748,96182],{},[1808,96750,96751],{"encoding":1810},"202{,}5",") ",[1047,96754,41295],{}," skutečnou ztrátu.",[4503,96757],{},[1077,96759,96761],{"id":96760},"_9-politika-regulace-v-praxi","9. Politika regulace v praxi",[1100,96763,96765],{"id":96764},"česká-republika","Česká republika",[1112,96767,96768,96774,96780,96786],{},[1115,96769,96770,96773],{},[1047,96771,96772],{},"Úřad pro ochranu hospodářské soutěže (ÚOHS)"," — antimonopolní úřad. Zakazuje kartelové dohody, zneužití dominance, schvaluje fúze.",[1115,96775,96776,96779],{},[1047,96777,96778],{},"Energetický regulační úřad (ERÚ)"," — reguluje ceny distribuce elektřiny a plynu, dohlíží na trh s teplem.",[1115,96781,96782,96785],{},[1047,96783,96784],{},"Český telekomunikační úřad (ČTÚ)"," — telekomunikace, poštovní služby, frekvenční spektrum.",[1115,96787,96788,96791],{},[1047,96789,96790],{},"Státní ústav pro kontrolu léčiv (SÚKL)"," — cenová regulace léčiv (částečně přirozený monopol patentové ochrany).",[1100,96793,96795],{"id":96794},"evropská-unie","Evropská unie",[1112,96797,96798,96804],{},[1115,96799,96800,96803],{},[1047,96801,96802],{},"DG COMP"," (Generální ředitelství pro hospodářskou soutěž Evropské komise) — globální digitální platformy, fúze nadnárodních firem.",[1115,96805,96806,96809],{},[1047,96807,96808],{},"Digital Markets Act (DMA)"," — od 2024 ex-ante regulace \"gatekeeperů\" (Google, Apple, Meta, Amazon, Microsoft, ByteDance).",[1100,96811,96813],{"id":96812},"známé-případy","Známé případy",[1112,96815,96816,96822,96828,96834],{},[1115,96817,96818,96821],{},[1047,96819,96820],{},"AT&T breakup (1984)"," — americký telekomunikační gigant rozdělen na \"Baby Bells\". Klasický příklad strukturálního zásahu do přirozeného monopolu.",[1115,96823,96824,96827],{},[1047,96825,96826],{},"Microsoft (1998–2001)"," — bundling Internet Exploreru s Windows; antitrustový spor skončil chováním-orientovanou nápravou (consent decree).",[1115,96829,96830,96833],{},[1047,96831,96832],{},"Google Shopping (EU 2017)"," — pokuta 2,42 mld. EUR za upřednostňování vlastního srovnávače.",[1115,96835,96836,96839],{},[1047,96837,96838],{},"Google Android (EU 2018)"," — pokuta 4,34 mld. EUR za vázání aplikací.",[4503,96841],{},[1077,96843,96845],{"id":96844},"_10-diskuse-kdy-regulovat-kdy-deregulovat","10. Diskuse: kdy regulovat, kdy deregulovat?",[1100,96847,96849],{"id":96848},"úspěchy-deregulace","Úspěchy deregulace",[1112,96851,96852,96858],{},[1115,96853,96854,96857],{},[1047,96855,96856],{},"Telekomunikace 90. let"," — rozdělení vertikálně integrovaných incumbents, otevření přístupu k poslední míli, vznik konkurence.",[1115,96859,96860,96863],{},[1047,96861,96862],{},"Letecká doprava (US Airline Deregulation Act 1978)"," — pokles cen, růst přepravených pasažérů, ale i konsolidace a hub-and-spoke.",[1100,96865,96867],{"id":96866},"rizika-deregulace","Rizika deregulace",[1112,96869,96870,96876],{},[1115,96871,96872,96875],{},[1047,96873,96874],{},"Kalifornská energetická krize 2000–2001"," — částečná deregulace velkoobchodního trhu při zachování maloobchodních cenových stropů + manipulace ze strany Enronu vedla k blackoutům a krachu PG&E.",[1115,96877,96878,96881],{},[1047,96879,96880],{},"Britská železnice (privatizace 1993)"," — fragmentace tratí (Railtrack), bezpečnostní incidenty, postupná renacionalizace infrastruktury (Network Rail 2002, Great British Railways 2024+).",[1100,96883,96885],{"id":96884},"klíčové-ponaučení","Klíčové ponaučení",[1112,96887,96888,96894,96908],{},[1115,96889,96890,96893],{},[1047,96891,96892],{},"Strukturální oddělení"," přirozeně-monopolní vrstvy (síť) od konkurenčních vrstev (provoz, retail) je často robustnější než spoléhání na chování.",[1115,96895,96896,96899,96900,96903,96904,96907],{},[1047,96897,96898],{},"Funkční konkurence"," vyžaduje rovný přístup k úzkému hrdlu — proto vertikálně integrovaný incumbent musí být buď ",[1047,96901,96902],{},"rozdělen",", nebo ",[1047,96905,96906],{},"přísně regulován"," v přístupových podmínkách.",[1115,96909,96910,96913],{},[1047,96911,96912],{},"Žádná regulace není zdarma"," — administrativní náklady, dynamická neefektivita, regulatory capture. Volba je vždy mezi nedokonalým trhem a nedokonalým regulátorem.",[4503,96915],{},[1077,96917,96919],{"id":96918},"_11-shrnutí-pojmů","11. Shrnutí pojmů",[1153,96921,96922,96931],{},[1156,96923,96924],{},[1159,96925,96926,96929],{},[1162,96927,96928],{},"Pojem",[1162,96930,21676],{},[1172,96932,96933,96960,97012,97041,97104,97170,97180,97189,97198,97207],{},[1159,96934,96935,96939],{},[1177,96936,96937],{},[1047,96938,43337],{},[1177,96940,96941,96942,96959],{},"Odvětví s klesajícím ",[1035,96943,96945],{"className":96944},[1772],[1774,96946,96947],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,96948,96949,96957],{},[1781,96950,96951,96953,96955],{},[1784,96952,3766],{},[1784,96954,10292],{},[1784,96956,1868],{},[1808,96958,12303],{"encoding":1810}," v celém rozsahu poptávky; jediný producent efektivnější než více.",[1159,96961,96962,96967],{},[1177,96963,96964],{},[1047,96965,96966],{},"Subaditivnost nákladů",[1177,96968,96969,97011],{},[1035,96970,96972],{"className":96971},[1772],[1774,96973,96974],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,96975,96976,97008],{},[1781,96977,96978,96980,96982,96984,96990,96992,96994,96996,96998,97000,97006],{},[1784,96979,1868],{},[1788,96981,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,96983,12866],{},[1792,96985,96986,96988],{},[1784,96987,93877],{},[1784,96989,1803],{},[1788,96991,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,96993,2537],{},[1788,96995,12866],{},[1784,96997,1868],{},[1788,96999,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,97001,97002,97004],{},[1784,97003,93877],{},[1784,97005,1803],{},[1788,97007,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,97009,97010],{"encoding":1810},"C(\\sum q_i) \u003C \\sum C(q_i)"," — formální podmínka přirozeného monopolu.",[1159,97013,97014,97019],{},[1177,97015,97016],{},[1047,97017,97018],{},"Marginal-cost pricing",[1177,97020,97021,97040],{},[1035,97022,97024],{"className":97023},[1772],[1774,97025,97026],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,97027,97028,97038],{},[1781,97029,97030,97032,97034,97036],{},[1784,97031,2264],{},[1788,97033,1863],{},[1784,97035,1857],{},[1784,97037,1868],{},[1808,97039,7608],{"encoding":1810}," — efektivní, ale u přirozeného monopolu nerealizovatelné (ztráta).",[1159,97042,97043,97048],{},[1177,97044,97045],{},[1047,97046,97047],{},"Average-cost pricing",[1177,97049,97050,97069,97070,1062,97087,1075],{},[1035,97051,97053],{"className":97052},[1772],[1774,97054,97055],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,97056,97057,97067],{},[1781,97058,97059,97061,97063,97065],{},[1784,97060,2264],{},[1788,97062,1863],{},[1784,97064,10292],{},[1784,97066,1868],{},[1808,97068,50382],{"encoding":1810}," — second-best, firma má nulový zisk, výstup mezi ",[1035,97071,97073],{"className":97072},[1772],[1774,97074,97075],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,97076,97077,97085],{},[1781,97078,97079],{},[1792,97080,97081,97083],{},[1784,97082,2270],{},[1784,97084,1857],{},[1808,97086,43324],{"encoding":1810},[1035,97088,97090],{"className":97089},[1772],[1774,97091,97092],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,97093,97094,97102],{},[1781,97095,97096],{},[1792,97097,97098,97100],{},[1784,97099,2270],{},[1784,97101,1868],{},[1808,97103,51184],{"encoding":1810},[1159,97105,97106,97111],{},[1177,97107,97108],{},[1047,97109,97110],{},"DWL (mrtvá váha)",[1177,97112,97113,97169],{},[1035,97114,97116],{"className":97115},[1772],[1774,97117,97118],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,97119,97120,97166],{},[1781,97121,97122,97130,97132,97138,97140,97146,97148,97150,97156,97158,97164],{},[14390,97123,97124],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[2322,97125,97126,97128],{},[2348,97127,2374],{},[2348,97129,4593],{},[1788,97131,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,97133,97134,97136],{},[1784,97135,2264],{},[1784,97137,1857],{},[1788,97139,2371],{},[1792,97141,97142,97144],{},[1784,97143,2264],{},[1784,97145,1868],{},[1788,97147,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,97149,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,97151,97152,97154],{},[1784,97153,2270],{},[1784,97155,1868],{},[1788,97157,2371],{},[1792,97159,97160,97162],{},[1784,97161,2270],{},[1784,97163,1857],{},[1788,97165,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,97167,97168],{"encoding":1810},"\\tfrac{1}{2}(P_M-P_C)(Q_C-Q_M)"," — trvalá ztráta blahobytu monopolizací.",[1159,97171,97172,97177],{},[1177,97173,97174],{},[1047,97175,97176],{},"Rent-seeking",[1177,97178,97179],{},"Výdaje na získání\u002Fudržení monopolní renty (lobby, reklama, kapacity).",[1159,97181,97182,97186],{},[1177,97183,97184],{},[1047,97185,95112],{},[1177,97187,97188],{},"Regulátor přejímá perspektivu regulované firmy.",[1159,97190,97191,97195],{},[1177,97192,97193],{},[1047,97194,94289],{},[1177,97196,97197],{},"Provozní neefektivnost regulované firmy bez tlaku na úspory.",[1159,97199,97200,97204],{},[1177,97201,97202],{},[1047,97203,95125],{},[1177,97205,97206],{},"Konkurence na ziskových segmentech, regulovaný incumbent zůstane se ztrátovými.",[1159,97208,97209,97214],{},[1177,97210,97211],{},[1047,97212,97213],{},"Price-cap (RPI − X)",[1177,97215,97216],{},"Regulační režim s motivací k efektivitě.",[4503,97218],{},[1077,97220,97222],{"id":97221},"_12-související-stránky","12. Související stránky",[1112,97224,97225,97231,97237,97243,97249,97255,97261,97267,97273],{},[1115,97226,97227,97230],{},[1068,97228,6988],{"href":1681,"className":97229,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1680},[1071]," — přehled kurzu",[1115,97232,97233,97236],{},[1068,97234,1878],{"href":1877,"className":97235,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1876},[1071]," — monopolní rovnováha, Lernerův index, monopolní síla",[1115,97238,97239,97242],{},[1068,97240,64204],{"href":7245,"className":97241,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":7244},[1071]," — 1.\u002F2.\u002F3. stupeň, bundling",[1115,97244,97245,97248],{},[1068,97246,94312],{"href":55374,"className":97247,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":55373},[1071]," — zrcadlový případ na trhu vstupů",[1115,97250,97251,97254],{},[1068,97252,4350],{"href":4349,"className":97253,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":4348},[1071]," — měkčí formy nedokonalé konkurence",[1115,97256,97257,97260],{},[1068,97258,55406],{"href":55405,"className":97259,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":55404},[1071]," — DWL z daně, paralelní analytický nástroj",[1115,97262,97263,97266],{},[1068,97264,55416],{"href":43392,"className":97265,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":43391},[1071]," — geometrie blahobytu",[1115,97268,97269,97272],{},[1068,97270,1834],{"href":1833,"className":97271,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1832},[1071]," — kompletní vzorcový taháček",[1115,97274,97275,97278],{},[1068,97276,4281],{"href":4280,"className":97277,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":4279},[1071]," — typové úlohy ke zkoušce",{"title":1685,"searchDepth":141,"depth":141,"links":97280},[97281,97282,97285,97289,97292,97295,97302,97303,97304,97314,97319,97324,97325],{"id":1722,"depth":141,"text":1042},{"id":94333,"depth":141,"text":94334,"children":97283},[97284],{"id":94545,"depth":96,"text":94546},{"id":94577,"depth":141,"text":94578,"children":97286},[97287,97288],{"id":94581,"depth":96,"text":94582},{"id":94629,"depth":96,"text":94630},{"id":94685,"depth":141,"text":94686,"children":97290},[97291],{"id":94698,"depth":96,"text":27192},{"id":94955,"depth":141,"text":94956,"children":97293},[97294],{"id":95009,"depth":96,"text":95010},{"id":95092,"depth":141,"text":95093,"children":97296},[97297,97298,97299,97300,97301],{"id":95096,"depth":96,"text":95097},{"id":95111,"depth":96,"text":95112},{"id":95118,"depth":96,"text":94289},{"id":95124,"depth":96,"text":95125},{"id":95135,"depth":96,"text":95136},{"id":95148,"depth":141,"text":95149},{"id":95469,"depth":141,"text":95470},{"id":95561,"depth":141,"text":95562,"children":97305},[97306,97307,97308,97309,97310,97311,97312,97313],{"id":95568,"depth":96,"text":95569},{"id":95688,"depth":96,"text":95689},{"id":95962,"depth":96,"text":95963},{"id":96104,"depth":96,"text":96105},{"id":96322,"depth":96,"text":51403},{"id":96445,"depth":96,"text":96446},{"id":96531,"depth":96,"text":96532},{"id":96702,"depth":96,"text":96703},{"id":96760,"depth":141,"text":96761,"children":97315},[97316,97317,97318],{"id":96764,"depth":96,"text":96765},{"id":96794,"depth":96,"text":96795},{"id":96812,"depth":96,"text":96813},{"id":96844,"depth":141,"text":96845,"children":97320},[97321,97322,97323],{"id":96848,"depth":96,"text":96849},{"id":96866,"depth":96,"text":96867},{"id":96884,"depth":96,"text":96885},{"id":96918,"depth":141,"text":96919},{"id":97221,"depth":141,"text":97222},{},"\u002Ftopics\u002Fmikk-prirozeny-monopol-regulace",{"title":66488,"description":1685},[10944,10945],"topics\u002Fmikk-prirozeny-monopol-regulace",[13,28,830,856,259],"UfzjCYFGTvdCPDMWElJMeO0KVo5ZDvkdwhjbel1E8kU",{"id":97334,"title":97335,"body":97336,"course":13,"courses":1696,"created":1697,"description":1685,"extension":1698,"meta":103929,"navigation":1700,"path":103930,"seo":103931,"sources":103932,"stem":103933,"tags":103934,"type":4439,"updated":1697,"__hash__":103935},"topics\u002Ftopics\u002Fmikk-riziko-nejistota-spotrebitele.md","Riziko, nejistota a pojištění",{"type":1016,"value":97337,"toc":103877},[97338,97341,97389,97413,97415,97419,97426,97490,97511,97518,97520,97524,97530,97612,97614,97739,97742,97784,97791,97795,97801,97851,97895,97920,97922,97926,97933,97991,98022,98161,98165,98168,98513,98536,98538,98542,98549,98576,98580,98778,98782,98939,98943,99104,99129,99131,99135,99206,99503,99516,99642,99644,99648,99658,99696,99762,99891,99895,99921,99953,100030,100118,100120,100124,100169,100173,100176,100222,100225,100287,100290,100346,100350,100365,100390,100416,100473,100477,100491,100519,100589,100592,100670,100710,100863,100924,100926,100930,100933,101040,101044,101117,101121,101186,101190,101237,101241,101286,101292,101296,101358,101430,101434,101472,101511,101553,101557,101661,101663,101667,101674,101678,101740,101813,101817,101901,101908,101912,102360,102364,102455,102457,102461,102472,102587,102590,102648,102683,102685,102689,102693,102716,102720,102847,102851,102885,102889,102901,102903,102907,102914,102973,102979,102981,102985,103303,103335,103339,103691,103811,103813,103817],[1019,97339,97335],{"id":97340},"riziko-nejistota-a-pojištění",[1023,97342,97344,97350],{"className":97343,"dataCallout":1722},[1026,8397],[1030,97345,97347,1042],{"className":97346},[1033],[1035,97348],{"className":97349,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1232,1040],[1030,97351,97352,97353,97356,97357,97360,97361,97364,97365,97368,97369,97372,97373,97376,97377,1299,97380,1299,97383,1299,97386,1075],{},"Spotřebitelé čelí často ",[1047,97354,97355],{},"rizikovým"," rozhodnutím (známé pravděpodobnosti) i ",[1047,97358,97359],{},"nejistotě"," (neznámé). Užitek z náhodné výplaty modelujeme přes ",[1047,97362,97363],{},"očekávaný užitek"," (von Neumann-Morgenstern). ",[1047,97366,97367],{},"Risk-averse"," spotřebitel je ochoten platit za pojištění (i nadprůměrně), ",[1047,97370,97371],{},"risk-neutral"," je indiferentní mezi loterií a jistotou se stejnou střední hodnotou, ",[1047,97374,97375],{},"risk-loving"," preferuje sázku. Klíčové pojmy: ",[1091,97378,97379],{},"fair premium",[1091,97381,97382],{},"maximum premium",[1091,97384,97385],{},"jistotní ekvivalent",[1091,97387,97388],{},"riziková prémie",[1030,97390,97391,97392,10986,97395,97399,97400,97403,97404,97408,97409,1075],{},"Tato strana spadá do kurzu ",[1068,97393,14],{"className":97394,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1680,"href":1681},[1071],[1068,97396,97398],{"className":97397,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":32404,"href":32402},[1071],"teorii užitku a preferencí",". Aplikace na strategickou nejistotu (rozhodování pod akcí protihráče) viz ",[1068,97401,6646],{"className":97402,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":6644,"href":6645},[1071],". Konkrétní zkouškové úlohy jsou shrnuty v ",[1068,97405,97407],{"className":97406,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":4279,"href":4280},[1071],"přehledu vzorových zkoušek"," a vzorce v ",[1068,97410,97412],{"className":97411,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1832,"href":1833},[1071],"kompletním přehledu vzorců",[4503,97414],{},[1077,97416,97418],{"id":97417},"_1-riziko-vs-nejistota-knightova-distinkce","1. Riziko vs. nejistota — Knightova distinkce",[1030,97420,97421,97422,97425],{},"Klasické rozlišení od Franka Knighta (1921, ",[1091,97423,97424],{},"Risk, Uncertainty, and Profit",") odděluje dvě kategorie neúplné informace o budoucnosti:",[1112,97427,97428,97469],{},[1115,97429,97430,97432,97433,51447,97436,97439,97440],{},[1047,97431,95031],{}," — známe ",[1047,97434,97435],{},"množinu možných výsledků",[1047,97437,97438],{},"pravděpodobnosti",", s nimiž nastanou. Příklady:\n",[1112,97441,97442,97463,97466],{},[1115,97443,97444,97445,1075],{},"Hod kostkou: 6 výstupů, každý s pravděpodobností ",[1035,97446,97448],{"className":97447},[1772],[1774,97449,97450],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,97451,97452,97460],{},[1781,97453,97454,97456,97458],{},[2348,97455,2374],{},[1784,97457,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,97459,12017],{},[1808,97461,97462],{"encoding":1810},"1\u002F6",[1115,97464,97465],{},"Pojistná matematika: tabulky úmrtnosti, požárů, pojistných událostí.",[1115,97467,97468],{},"Loterijní výhry s definovaným pravidlem výplaty.",[1115,97470,97471,97474,97475,97478,97479],{},[1047,97472,97473],{},"Nejistota"," — známe pouze možné výstupy (nebo ani ty), pravděpodobnosti jsou ",[1047,97476,97477],{},"neznámé",". Příklady:\n",[1112,97480,97481,97484,97487],{},[1115,97482,97483],{},"Úspěch nového start-upu na trhu, který ještě neexistuje.",[1115,97485,97486],{},"Geopolitické šoky, válka, regulační zásah.",[1115,97488,97489],{},"Reakce konkurence v oligopolu, kde nemá historickou stopu.",[1023,97491,97493,97500],{"className":97492,"dataCallout":2090},[1026,2089],[1030,97494,97496,97499],{"className":97495},[1033],[1035,97497],{"className":97498,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,2097,1040],"Kde se v kurzu pohybujeme",[1030,97501,25349,97502,97506,97507,97510],{},[1068,97503,97505],{"className":97504,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1680,"href":1681},[1071],"Mikroekonomii 2"," pracujeme primárně s ",[1047,97508,97509],{},"rizikem"," — pravděpodobnosti považujeme za dané. Nejistotu řeší až teorie her (kde protihráč generuje strategickou nejistotu) a teorie firmy v dynamickém prostředí.",[1030,97512,97513,97514,97517],{},"V praxi není hranice ostrá: subjekt si často ",[1047,97515,97516],{},"subjektivně přiřadí"," pravděpodobnosti i k nejistým událostem (Bayesovský přístup). Pak se nejistota redukuje na riziko s vlastním pravděpodobnostním pohledem.",[4503,97519],{},[1077,97521,97523],{"id":97522},"_2-loterie-jako-popis-rizikové-situace","2. Loterie jako popis rizikové situace",[1030,97525,97526,97529],{},[1047,97527,97528],{},"Loterie"," je formální zápis rizikové alternativy. Zapisujeme ji jako množinu dvojic:",[1035,97531,97533],{"className":97532},[1772],[1774,97534,97535],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,97536,97537,97609],{},[1781,97538,97539,97541,97543,97545,97547,97553,97555,97561,97563,97565,97567,97573,97575,97581,97583,97585,97587,97589,97591,97597,97599,97605,97607],{},[1784,97540,3766],{},[1788,97542,1863],{},[1788,97544,34972],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,97546,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,97548,97549,97551],{},[1784,97550,2508],{},[2348,97552,2374],{},[1788,97554,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,97556,97557,97559],{},[1784,97558,1030],{},[2348,97560,2374],{},[1788,97562,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,97564,1138],{"separator":1041},[1788,97566,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,97568,97569,97571],{},[1784,97570,2508],{},[2348,97572,4593],{},[1788,97574,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,97576,97577,97579],{},[1784,97578,1030],{},[2348,97580,4593],{},[1788,97582,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,97584,1138],{"separator":1041},[1788,97586,12008],{},[1788,97588,1138],{"separator":1041},[1788,97590,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,97592,97593,97595],{},[1784,97594,2508],{},[1784,97596,1806],{},[1788,97598,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,97600,97601,97603],{},[1784,97602,1030],{},[1784,97604,1806],{},[1788,97606,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,97608,35011],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,97610,97611],{"encoding":1810},"L = \\{(x_1, p_1), (x_2, p_2), \\ldots, (x_n, p_n)\\}",[1030,97613,3232],{},[1112,97615,97616,97654,97678],{},[1115,97617,97618,24775,97636,97639,97640,97653],{},[1035,97619,97621],{"className":97620},[1772],[1774,97622,97623],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,97624,97625,97633],{},[1781,97626,97627],{},[1792,97628,97629,97631],{},[1784,97630,2508],{},[1784,97632,1803],{},[1808,97634,97635],{"encoding":1810},"x_i",[1047,97637,97638],{},"výplata"," (výsledné bohatství, příjem, zisk) v ",[1035,97641,97643],{"className":97642},[1772],[1774,97644,97645],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,97646,97647,97651],{},[1781,97648,97649],{},[1784,97650,1803],{},[1808,97652,1803],{"encoding":1810},"-tém scénáři,",[1115,97655,97656,24775,97674,97677],{},[1035,97657,97659],{"className":97658},[1772],[1774,97660,97661],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,97662,97663,97671],{},[1781,97664,97665],{},[1792,97666,97667,97669],{},[1784,97668,1030],{},[1784,97670,1803],{},[1808,97672,97673],{"encoding":1810},"p_i",[1047,97675,97676],{},"pravděpodobnost",", že tento scénář nastane,",[1115,97679,97680,97681,1062,97717,1075],{},"platí ",[1035,97682,97684],{"className":97683},[1772],[1774,97685,97686],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,97687,97688,97714],{},[1781,97689,97690,97704,97710,97712],{},[13587,97691,97692,97694,97702],{},[1788,97693,12866],{},[1781,97695,97696,97698,97700],{},[1784,97697,1803],{},[1788,97699,1863],{},[2348,97701,2374],{},[1784,97703,1806],{},[1792,97705,97706,97708],{},[1784,97707,1030],{},[1784,97709,1803],{},[1788,97711,1863],{},[2348,97713,2374],{},[1808,97715,97716],{"encoding":1810},"\\sum_{i=1}^n p_i = 1",[1035,97718,97720],{"className":97719},[1772],[1774,97721,97722],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,97723,97724,97736],{},[1781,97725,97726,97732,97734],{},[1792,97727,97728,97730],{},[1784,97729,1030],{},[1784,97731,1803],{},[1788,97733,1790],{},[2348,97735,2350],{},[1808,97737,97738],{"encoding":1810},"p_i \\geq 0",[1030,97740,97741],{},"Příklad loterie: vsadíme na hod mincí, hlava → 100 Kč, orel → 0 Kč.",[1035,97743,97745],{"className":97744},[1772],[1774,97746,97747],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,97748,97749,97781],{},[1781,97750,97751,97753,97755,97757,97759,97761,97763,97765,97767,97769,97771,97773,97775,97777,97779],{},[1784,97752,3766],{},[1788,97754,1863],{},[1788,97756,34972],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,97758,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,97760,2605],{},[1788,97762,1138],{"separator":1041},[2348,97764,15984],{},[1788,97766,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,97768,1138],{"separator":1041},[1788,97770,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,97772,2350],{},[1788,97774,1138],{"separator":1041},[2348,97776,15984],{},[1788,97778,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,97780,35011],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,97782,97783],{"encoding":1810},"L = \\{(100, 0{,}5), (0, 0{,}5)\\}",[1030,97785,97786,97787,97790],{},"Loterie může být i ",[1047,97788,97789],{},"degenerovaná"," — jeden výstup s pravděpodobností 1. Pak jde o jistotu, nikoli o riziko.",[1100,97792,97794],{"id":97793},"_21-očekávaná-hodnota-loterie","2.1 Očekávaná hodnota loterie",[1030,97796,97797,97800],{},[1047,97798,97799],{},"Očekávaná hodnota"," (střední hodnota výplaty) loterie:",[1035,97802,97804],{"className":97803},[1772],[1774,97805,97806],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,97807,97808,97848],{},[1781,97809,97810,97812,97814,97816,97818,97820,97834,97840,97842],{},[1784,97811,2364],{},[1788,97813,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,97815,3766],{},[1788,97817,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,97819,1863],{},[46791,97821,97822,97824,97832],{},[1788,97823,12866],{},[1781,97825,97826,97828,97830],{},[1784,97827,1803],{},[1788,97829,1863],{},[2348,97831,2374],{},[1784,97833,1806],{},[1792,97835,97836,97838],{},[1784,97837,1030],{},[1784,97839,1803],{},[1788,97841,2267],{},[1792,97843,97844,97846],{},[1784,97845,2508],{},[1784,97847,1803],{},[1808,97849,97850],{"encoding":1810},"E(L) = \\sum_{i=1}^n p_i \\cdot x_i",[1030,97852,97853,97854,97894],{},"Pro mincový příklad: ",[1035,97855,97857],{"className":97856},[1772],[1774,97858,97859],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,97860,97861,97891],{},[1781,97862,97863,97865,97867,97869,97871,97873,97875,97877,97879,97881,97883,97885,97887,97889],{},[1784,97864,2364],{},[1788,97866,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,97868,3766],{},[1788,97870,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,97872,1863],{},[2348,97874,15984],{},[1788,97876,2267],{},[2348,97878,2605],{},[1788,97880,2637],{},[2348,97882,15984],{},[1788,97884,2267],{},[2348,97886,2350],{},[1788,97888,1863],{},[2348,97890,2853],{},[1808,97892,97893],{"encoding":1810},"E(L) = 0{,}5 \\cdot 100 + 0{,}5 \\cdot 0 = 50"," Kč.",[1023,97896,97898,97905],{"className":97897,"dataCallout":3501},[1026,3500],[1030,97899,97901,97904],{"className":97900},[1033],[1035,97902],{"className":97903,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,3508,1040],"Pozor na záměnu",[1030,97906,97907,97908,97911,97912,97915,97916,97919],{},"Očekávaná hodnota popisuje ",[1047,97909,97910],{},"průměrnou výplatu"," v korunách (penězích, statcích). Sama o sobě ",[1047,97913,97914],{},"neříká nic"," o tom, jestli loterii spotřebitel akceptuje. Tu informaci nese až ",[1047,97917,97918],{},"užitek z loterie"," (následující sekce).",[4503,97921],{},[1077,97923,97925],{"id":97924},"_3-očekávaný-užitek-von-neumann-morgenstern","3. Očekávaný užitek — von Neumann-Morgenstern",[1030,97927,97928,97929,97932],{},"Centrální nástroj kurzu pro modelování rozhodnutí pod rizikem je ",[1047,97930,97931],{},"očekávaný užitek (Expected Utility, EU)"," podle von Neumanna a Morgensterna (1944):",[1035,97934,97936],{"className":97935},[1772],[1774,97937,97938],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,97939,97940,97988],{},[1781,97941,97942,97944,97946,97948,97950,97952,97954,97968,97974,97976,97978,97980,97986],{},[1784,97943,2364],{},[1784,97945,2126],{},[1788,97947,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,97949,3766],{},[1788,97951,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,97953,1863],{},[46791,97955,97956,97958,97966],{},[1788,97957,12866],{},[1781,97959,97960,97962,97964],{},[1784,97961,1803],{},[1788,97963,1863],{},[2348,97965,2374],{},[1784,97967,1806],{},[1792,97969,97970,97972],{},[1784,97971,1030],{},[1784,97973,1803],{},[1788,97975,2267],{},[1784,97977,2480],{},[1788,97979,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,97981,97982,97984],{},[1784,97983,2508],{},[1784,97985,1803],{},[1788,97987,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,97989,97990],{"encoding":1810},"EU(L) = \\sum_{i=1}^n p_i \\cdot u(x_i)",[1030,97992,7908,97993,98013,98014,98017,98018,98021],{},[1035,97994,97996],{"className":97995},[1772],[1774,97997,97998],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,97999,98000,98010],{},[1781,98001,98002,98004,98006,98008],{},[1784,98003,2480],{},[1788,98005,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,98007,2267],{},[1788,98009,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,98011,98012],{"encoding":1810},"u(\\cdot)"," je užitková funkce definovaná nad ",[1047,98015,98016],{},"jistými výplatami"," (nad bohatstvím, příjmem). Užitek z loterie je ",[1047,98019,98020],{},"vážený průměr užitků z jednotlivých výplat",", kde vahami jsou pravděpodobnosti.",[1023,98023,98025,98032,98090,98154],{"className":98024,"dataCallout":1608},[1026,1607],[1030,98026,98028,98031],{"className":98027},[1033],[1035,98029],{"className":98030,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1615,1040],"Klíčová dichotomie",[1030,98033,98034,1089,98036,1075],{},[1047,98035,16674],{},[1035,98037,98039],{"className":98038},[1772],[1774,98040,98041],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,98042,98043,98087],{},[1781,98044,98045,98047,98049,98051,98053,98055,98057,98059,98061,98063,98065,98067,98069,98071,98073,98075,98077,98079,98081,98083,98085],{},[1784,98046,2364],{},[1784,98048,2126],{},[1788,98050,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,98052,3766],{},[1788,98054,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,98056,1863],{},[1784,98058,2364],{},[1788,98060,21923],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,98062,2480],{},[1788,98064,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,98066,3766],{},[1788,98068,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,98070,21948],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,98072,24130],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,98074,2480],{},[1788,98076,21923],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,98078,2364],{},[1788,98080,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,98082,3766],{},[1788,98084,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,98086,21948],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,98088,98089],{"encoding":1810},"EU(L) = E[u(L)] \\neq u[E(L)]",[1112,98091,98092,98123],{},[1115,98093,98094,3250,98120],{},[1035,98095,98097],{"className":98096},[1772],[1774,98098,98099],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,98100,98101,98117],{},[1781,98102,98103,98105,98107,98109,98111,98113,98115],{},[1784,98104,2364],{},[1788,98106,21923],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,98108,2480],{},[1788,98110,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,98112,3766],{},[1788,98114,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,98116,21948],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,98118,98119],{"encoding":1810},"E[u(L)]",[1091,98121,98122],{},"spočítáme užitek z každé výplaty, pak zprůměrujeme.",[1115,98124,98125,3250,98151],{},[1035,98126,98128],{"className":98127},[1772],[1774,98129,98130],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,98131,98132,98148],{},[1781,98133,98134,98136,98138,98140,98142,98144,98146],{},[1784,98135,2480],{},[1788,98137,21923],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,98139,2364],{},[1788,98141,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,98143,3766],{},[1788,98145,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,98147,21948],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,98149,98150],{"encoding":1810},"u[E(L)]",[1091,98152,98153],{},"spočítáme průměrnou výplatu, pak její užitek.",[1030,98155,98156,98157,98160],{},"Tyto dvě veličiny jsou ",[1047,98158,98159],{},"obecně různé"," a jejich vzájemný vztah definuje typ přístupu spotřebitele k riziku.",[1100,98162,98164],{"id":98163},"_31-axiomy-vnm","3.1 Axiomy vNM",[1030,98166,98167],{},"Aby preference nad loteriemi byly reprezentovatelné očekávaným užitkem, musí splňovat čtyři axiomy:",[1260,98169,98170,98176,98260,98372],{},[1115,98171,98172,98175],{},[1047,98173,98174],{},"Úplnost"," — pro každé dvě loterie umí spotřebitel říct, kterou preferuje (nebo je indiferentní).",[1115,98177,98178,58641,98181,1062,98208,28435,98234,1075],{},[1047,98179,98180],{},"Tranzitivita",[1035,98182,98184],{"className":98183},[1772],[1774,98185,98186],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,98187,98188,98205],{},[1781,98189,98190,98196,98199],{},[1792,98191,98192,98194],{},[1784,98193,3766],{},[2348,98195,2374],{},[1788,98197,98198],{},"≻",[1792,98200,98201,98203],{},[1784,98202,3766],{},[2348,98204,4593],{},[1808,98206,98207],{"encoding":1810},"L_1 \\succ L_2",[1035,98209,98211],{"className":98210},[1772],[1774,98212,98213],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,98214,98215,98231],{},[1781,98216,98217,98223,98225],{},[1792,98218,98219,98221],{},[1784,98220,3766],{},[2348,98222,4593],{},[1788,98224,98198],{},[1792,98226,98227,98229],{},[1784,98228,3766],{},[2348,98230,5332],{},[1808,98232,98233],{"encoding":1810},"L_2 \\succ L_3",[1035,98235,98237],{"className":98236},[1772],[1774,98238,98239],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,98240,98241,98257],{},[1781,98242,98243,98249,98251],{},[1792,98244,98245,98247],{},[1784,98246,3766],{},[2348,98248,2374],{},[1788,98250,98198],{},[1792,98252,98253,98255],{},[1784,98254,3766],{},[2348,98256,5332],{},[1808,98258,98259],{"encoding":1810},"L_1 \\succ L_3",[1115,98261,98262,98265,98266,98300,98301,98314,98315,98353,98354,1075],{},[1047,98263,98264],{},"Spojitost"," — pokud ",[1035,98267,98269],{"className":98268},[1772],[1774,98270,98271],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,98272,98273,98297],{},[1781,98274,98275,98281,98283,98289,98291],{},[1792,98276,98277,98279],{},[1784,98278,3766],{},[2348,98280,2374],{},[1788,98282,98198],{},[1792,98284,98285,98287],{},[1784,98286,3766],{},[2348,98288,4593],{},[1788,98290,98198],{},[1792,98292,98293,98295],{},[1784,98294,3766],{},[2348,98296,5332],{},[1808,98298,98299],{"encoding":1810},"L_1 \\succ L_2 \\succ L_3",", existuje pravděpodobnost ",[1035,98302,98304],{"className":98303},[1772],[1774,98305,98306],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,98307,98308,98312],{},[1781,98309,98310],{},[1784,98311,1030],{},[1808,98313,1030],{"encoding":1810}," taková, že smíchaná loterie ",[1035,98316,98318],{"className":98317},[1772],[1774,98319,98320],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,98321,98322,98350],{},[1781,98323,98324,98326,98332,98334,98336,98338,98340,98342,98344],{},[1784,98325,1030],{},[1792,98327,98328,98330],{},[1784,98329,3766],{},[2348,98331,2374],{},[1788,98333,2637],{},[1788,98335,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,98337,2374],{},[1788,98339,2371],{},[1784,98341,1030],{},[1788,98343,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,98345,98346,98348],{},[1784,98347,3766],{},[2348,98349,5332],{},[1808,98351,98352],{"encoding":1810},"pL_1 + (1-p)L_3"," je indiferentní s ",[1035,98355,98357],{"className":98356},[1772],[1774,98358,98359],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,98360,98361,98369],{},[1781,98362,98363],{},[1792,98364,98365,98367],{},[1784,98366,3766],{},[2348,98368,4593],{},[1808,98370,98371],{"encoding":1810},"L_2",[1115,98373,98374,98265,98377,98402,98403,1062,98421,92844,98447,1075],{},[1047,98375,98376],{},"Nezávislost",[1035,98378,98380],{"className":98379},[1772],[1774,98381,98382],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,98383,98384,98400],{},[1781,98385,98386,98392,98394],{},[1792,98387,98388,98390],{},[1784,98389,3766],{},[2348,98391,2374],{},[1788,98393,98198],{},[1792,98395,98396,98398],{},[1784,98397,3766],{},[2348,98399,4593],{},[1808,98401,98207],{"encoding":1810},", pak pro libovolnou třetí ",[1035,98404,98406],{"className":98405},[1772],[1774,98407,98408],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,98409,98410,98418],{},[1781,98411,98412],{},[1792,98413,98414,98416],{},[1784,98415,3766],{},[2348,98417,5332],{},[1808,98419,98420],{"encoding":1810},"L_3",[1035,98422,98424],{"className":98423},[1772],[1774,98425,98426],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,98427,98428,98444],{},[1781,98429,98430,98432,98434,98436,98438,98440,98442],{},[1784,98431,1030],{},[1788,98433,43200],{},[1788,98435,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,98437,2350],{},[1788,98439,1138],{"separator":1041},[2348,98441,2374],{},[1788,98443,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,98445,98446],{"encoding":1810},"p \\in (0,1)",[1035,98448,98450],{"className":98449},[1772],[1774,98451,98452],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,98453,98454,98510],{},[1781,98455,98456,98458,98464,98466,98468,98470,98472,98474,98476,98482,98484,98486,98492,98494,98496,98498,98500,98502,98504],{},[1784,98457,1030],{},[1792,98459,98460,98462],{},[1784,98461,3766],{},[2348,98463,2374],{},[1788,98465,2637],{},[1788,98467,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,98469,2374],{},[1788,98471,2371],{},[1784,98473,1030],{},[1788,98475,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,98477,98478,98480],{},[1784,98479,3766],{},[2348,98481,5332],{},[1788,98483,98198],{},[1784,98485,1030],{},[1792,98487,98488,98490],{},[1784,98489,3766],{},[2348,98491,4593],{},[1788,98493,2637],{},[1788,98495,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,98497,2374],{},[1788,98499,2371],{},[1784,98501,1030],{},[1788,98503,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,98505,98506,98508],{},[1784,98507,3766],{},[2348,98509,5332],{},[1808,98511,98512],{"encoding":1810},"pL_1 + (1-p)L_3 \\succ pL_2 + (1-p)L_3",[1030,98514,98515,98516,98535],{},"Splnění těchto axiomů zaručuje existenci ",[1035,98517,98519],{"className":98518},[1772],[1774,98520,98521],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,98522,98523,98533],{},[1781,98524,98525,98527,98529,98531],{},[1784,98526,2480],{},[1788,98528,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,98530,2267],{},[1788,98532,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,98534,98012],{"encoding":1810}," tak, že porovnání loterií se redukuje na porovnání jejich očekávaných užitků.",[4503,98537],{},[1077,98539,98541],{"id":98540},"_4-tři-typy-přístupu-k-riziku","4. Tři typy přístupu k riziku",[1030,98543,98544],{},[2206,98545],{"alt":98546,"className":98547,"src":98548},"mikk-utility-postoj-k-riziku",[1071,2210],"\u002Fwiki-assets\u002Fmikk-utility-postoj-k-riziku.jpeg",[1030,98550,98551,98552,98572,98573,1075],{},"Tvar užitkové funkce ",[1035,98553,98555],{"className":98554},[1772],[1774,98556,98557],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,98558,98559,98569],{},[1781,98560,98561,98563,98565,98567],{},[1784,98562,2480],{},[1788,98564,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,98566,3759],{},[1788,98568,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,98570,98571],{"encoding":1810},"u(W)"," nad bohatstvím rozhoduje o postoji k riziku. Rozhodující je ",[1047,98574,98575],{},"konkavita \u002F linearita \u002F konvexita",[1100,98577,98579],{"id":98578},"_41-risk-averse-averze-k-riziku","4.1 Risk-averse (averze k riziku)",[1112,98581,98582,98626,98673,98676,98683],{},[1115,98583,98584,98585,24775,98598,4010,98600,2440],{},"Užitková funkce ",[1035,98586,98588],{"className":98587},[1772],[1774,98589,98590],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,98591,98592,98596],{},[1781,98593,98594],{},[1784,98595,2480],{},[1808,98597,2480],{"encoding":1810},[1047,98599,7812],{},[1035,98601,98603],{"className":98602},[1772],[1774,98604,98605],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,98606,98607,98623],{},[1781,98608,98609,98619,98621],{},[2467,98610,98611,98613],{},[1784,98612,2480],{},[1781,98614,98615,98617],{},[1788,98616,7862],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,98618,7862],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,98620,2537],{},[2348,98622,2350],{},[1808,98624,98625],{"encoding":1810},"u'' \u003C 0",[1115,98627,26487,98628,28435,98631,1075],{},[1047,98629,98630],{},"Jensenovy nerovnosti",[1035,98632,98634],{"className":98633},[1772],[1774,98635,98636],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,98637,98638,98670],{},[1781,98639,98640,98642,98644,98646,98648,98650,98652,98654,98656,98658,98660,98662,98664,98666,98668],{},[1784,98641,2480],{},[1788,98643,21923],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,98645,2364],{},[1788,98647,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,98649,3766],{},[1788,98651,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,98653,21948],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,98655,2491],{},[1784,98657,2364],{},[1788,98659,21923],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,98661,2480],{},[1788,98663,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,98665,3766],{},[1788,98667,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,98669,21948],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,98671,98672],{"encoding":1810},"u[E(L)] > E[u(L)]",[1115,98674,98675],{},"Slovně: užitek jistého průměrného výsledku převyšuje očekávaný užitek loterie se stejnou střední hodnotou.",[1115,98677,98678,98679,98682],{},"Spotřebitel ",[1047,98680,98681],{},"preferuje jistotu"," před stejně bohatou loterií.",[1115,98684,98685,98686,1299,98712,1299,98740,1075],{},"Typické funkce: ",[1035,98687,98689],{"className":98688},[1772],[1774,98690,98691],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,98692,98693,98709],{},[1781,98694,98695,98697,98699,98701,98703,98705],{},[1784,98696,2480],{},[1788,98698,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,98700,3759],{},[1788,98702,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,98704,1863],{},[22228,98706,98707],{},[1784,98708,3759],{},[1808,98710,98711],{"encoding":1810},"u(W) = \\sqrt{W}",[1035,98713,98715],{"className":98714},[1772],[1774,98716,98717],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,98718,98719,98737],{},[1781,98720,98721,98723,98725,98727,98729,98731,98733,98735],{},[1784,98722,2480],{},[1788,98724,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,98726,3759],{},[1788,98728,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,98730,1863],{},[1784,98732,24184],{},[1788,98734,3350],{},[1784,98736,3759],{},[1808,98738,98739],{"encoding":1810},"u(W) = \\ln W",[1035,98741,98743],{"className":98742},[1772],[1774,98744,98745],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,98746,98747,98775],{},[1781,98748,98749,98751,98753,98755,98757,98759,98761,98763],{},[1784,98750,2480],{},[1788,98752,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,98754,3759],{},[1788,98756,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,98758,1863],{},[2348,98760,2374],{},[1788,98762,2371],{},[2467,98764,98765,98767],{},[1784,98766,9309],{},[1781,98768,98769,98771,98773],{},[1788,98770,2371],{},[1784,98772,1068],{},[1784,98774,3759],{},[1808,98776,98777],{"encoding":1810},"u(W) = 1 - e^{-aW}",[1100,98779,98781],{"id":98780},"_42-risk-neutral-neutralita-k-riziku","4.2 Risk-neutral (neutralita k riziku)",[1112,98783,98784,98827,98871,98878,98936],{},[1115,98785,98786,24775,98799,4010,98801,2440],{},[1035,98787,98789],{"className":98788},[1772],[1774,98790,98791],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,98792,98793,98797],{},[1781,98794,98795],{},[1784,98796,2480],{},[1808,98798,2480],{"encoding":1810},[1047,98800,66698],{},[1035,98802,98804],{"className":98803},[1772],[1774,98805,98806],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,98807,98808,98824],{},[1781,98809,98810,98820,98822],{},[2467,98811,98812,98814],{},[1784,98813,2480],{},[1781,98815,98816,98818],{},[1788,98817,7862],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,98819,7862],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,98821,1863],{},[2348,98823,2350],{},[1808,98825,98826],{"encoding":1810},"u'' = 0",[1115,98828,98829,1075],{},[1035,98830,98832],{"className":98831},[1772],[1774,98833,98834],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,98835,98836,98868],{},[1781,98837,98838,98840,98842,98844,98846,98848,98850,98852,98854,98856,98858,98860,98862,98864,98866],{},[1784,98839,2480],{},[1788,98841,21923],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,98843,2364],{},[1788,98845,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,98847,3766],{},[1788,98849,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,98851,21948],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,98853,1863],{},[1784,98855,2364],{},[1788,98857,21923],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,98859,2480],{},[1788,98861,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,98863,3766],{},[1788,98865,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,98867,21948],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,98869,98870],{"encoding":1810},"u[E(L)] = E[u(L)]",[1115,98872,98873,98874,98877],{},"Spotřebitel je ",[1047,98875,98876],{},"indiferentní"," mezi loterií a jistotou se stejnou střední hodnotou.",[1115,98879,98880,98881,98911,98912,2440],{},"Typická funkce: ",[1035,98882,98884],{"className":98883},[1772],[1774,98885,98886],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,98887,98888,98908],{},[1781,98889,98890,98892,98894,98896,98898,98900,98902,98904,98906],{},[1784,98891,2480],{},[1788,98893,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,98895,3759],{},[1788,98897,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,98899,1863],{},[1784,98901,1068],{},[1784,98903,3759],{},[1788,98905,2637],{},[1784,98907,8838],{},[1808,98909,98910],{"encoding":1810},"u(W) = aW + b"," (běžně se klade ",[1035,98913,98915],{"className":98914},[1772],[1774,98916,98917],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,98918,98919,98933],{},[1781,98920,98921,98923,98925,98927,98929,98931],{},[1784,98922,2480],{},[1788,98924,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,98926,3759],{},[1788,98928,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,98930,1863],{},[1784,98932,3759],{},[1808,98934,98935],{"encoding":1810},"u(W) = W",[1115,98937,98938],{},"Reálné aplikace: velké firmy s diverzifikovaným portfoliem, kde jednotlivé riziko je marginální.",[1100,98940,98942],{"id":98941},"_43-risk-loving-vyhledávání-rizika","4.3 Risk-loving (vyhledávání rizika)",[1112,98944,98945,98989,99033,99039,99101],{},[1115,98946,98947,24775,98960,4010,98963,2440],{},[1035,98948,98950],{"className":98949},[1772],[1774,98951,98952],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,98953,98954,98958],{},[1781,98955,98956],{},[1784,98957,2480],{},[1808,98959,2480],{"encoding":1810},[1047,98961,98962],{},"konvexní",[1035,98964,98966],{"className":98965},[1772],[1774,98967,98968],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,98969,98970,98986],{},[1781,98971,98972,98982,98984],{},[2467,98973,98974,98976],{},[1784,98975,2480],{},[1781,98977,98978,98980],{},[1788,98979,7862],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,98981,7862],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,98983,2491],{},[2348,98985,2350],{},[1808,98987,98988],{"encoding":1810},"u'' > 0",[1115,98990,98991,1075],{},[1035,98992,98994],{"className":98993},[1772],[1774,98995,98996],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,98997,98998,99030],{},[1781,98999,99000,99002,99004,99006,99008,99010,99012,99014,99016,99018,99020,99022,99024,99026,99028],{},[1784,99001,2480],{},[1788,99003,21923],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,99005,2364],{},[1788,99007,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,99009,3766],{},[1788,99011,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,99013,21948],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,99015,2537],{},[1784,99017,2364],{},[1788,99019,21923],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,99021,2480],{},[1788,99023,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,99025,3766],{},[1788,99027,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,99029,21948],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,99031,99032],{"encoding":1810},"u[E(L)] \u003C E[u(L)]",[1115,99034,98678,99035,99038],{},[1047,99036,99037],{},"preferuje loterii"," před jistotou se stejnou střední hodnotou.",[1115,99040,98685,99041,1299,99069,1075],{},[1035,99042,99044],{"className":99043},[1772],[1774,99045,99046],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,99047,99048,99066],{},[1781,99049,99050,99052,99054,99056,99058,99060],{},[1784,99051,2480],{},[1788,99053,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,99055,3759],{},[1788,99057,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,99059,1863],{},[2467,99061,99062,99064],{},[1784,99063,3759],{},[2348,99065,4593],{},[1808,99067,99068],{"encoding":1810},"u(W) = W^2",[1035,99070,99072],{"className":99071},[1772],[1774,99073,99074],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,99075,99076,99098],{},[1781,99077,99078,99080,99082,99084,99086,99088],{},[1784,99079,2480],{},[1788,99081,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,99083,3759],{},[1788,99085,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,99087,1863],{},[2467,99089,99090,99092],{},[1784,99091,9309],{},[1781,99093,99094,99096],{},[1784,99095,1068],{},[1784,99097,3759],{},[1808,99099,99100],{"encoding":1810},"u(W) = e^{aW}",[1115,99102,99103],{},"Reálné aplikace: kasinoví hráči, sázkaři, část mladých investorů.",[1023,99105,99107,99114],{"className":99106,"dataCallout":2090},[1026,2089],[1030,99108,99110,99113],{"className":99109},[1033],[1035,99111],{"className":99112,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,2097,1040],"Reálná situace je hybridní",[1030,99115,99116,99117,99120,99121,99124,99125,99128],{},"Empiricky (Kahneman & Tversky, ",[1091,99118,99119],{},"prospect theory",") jsou lidé v doméně ",[1047,99122,99123],{},"zisků"," spíše risk-averse, v doméně ",[1047,99126,99127],{},"ztrát"," často risk-loving (snaží se \"dohnat\" prohru sázkou). Čistá vNM teorie tuto asymetrii nezachycuje, slouží jako idealizovaný benchmark.",[4503,99130],{},[1077,99132,99134],{"id":99133},"_5-geometrie-averze-k-riziku","5. Geometrie averze k riziku",[1030,99136,99137,99138,99192,99193,1310],{},"Pro názornost uvažujme dvouvýstupovou loterii ",[1035,99139,99141],{"className":99140},[1772],[1774,99142,99143],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,99144,99145,99189],{},[1781,99146,99147,99149,99151,99153,99155,99161,99163,99165,99167,99169,99171,99177,99179,99181,99183,99185,99187],{},[1784,99148,3766],{},[1788,99150,1863],{},[1788,99152,34972],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,99154,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,99156,99157,99159],{},[1784,99158,3759],{},[2348,99160,2374],{},[1788,99162,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,99164,1030],{},[1788,99166,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,99168,1138],{"separator":1041},[1788,99170,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,99172,99173,99175],{},[1784,99174,3759],{},[2348,99176,4593],{},[1788,99178,1138],{"separator":1041},[2348,99180,2374],{},[1788,99182,2371],{},[1784,99184,1030],{},[1788,99186,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,99188,35011],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,99190,99191],{"encoding":1810},"L = \\{(W_1, p), (W_2, 1-p)\\}"," s konkávní ",[1035,99194,99196],{"className":99195},[1772],[1774,99197,99198],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,99199,99200,99204],{},[1781,99201,99202],{},[1784,99203,2480],{},[1808,99205,2480],{"encoding":1810},[1260,99207,99208,99247,99331,99340,99424,99457],{},[1115,99209,99210,99211,99230,99231,2440],{},"Na grafu vyneseme ",[1035,99212,99214],{"className":99213},[1772],[1774,99215,99216],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,99217,99218,99228],{},[1781,99219,99220,99222,99224,99226],{},[1784,99221,2480],{},[1788,99223,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,99225,3759],{},[1788,99227,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,99229,98571],{"encoding":1810}," — konkávní křivka (např. ",[1035,99232,99234],{"className":99233},[1772],[1774,99235,99236],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,99237,99238,99244],{},[1781,99239,99240],{},[22228,99241,99242],{},[1784,99243,3759],{},[1808,99245,99246],{"encoding":1810},"\\sqrt{W}",[1115,99248,99249,99250,1062,99290,99330],{},"Body ",[1035,99251,99253],{"className":99252},[1772],[1774,99254,99255],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,99256,99257,99287],{},[1781,99258,99259,99261,99263,99265,99271,99273,99275,99277,99283,99285],{},[1784,99260,10292],{},[1788,99262,1863],{},[1788,99264,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,99266,99267,99269],{},[1784,99268,3759],{},[2348,99270,2374],{},[1788,99272,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,99274,2480],{},[1788,99276,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,99278,99279,99281],{},[1784,99280,3759],{},[2348,99282,2374],{},[1788,99284,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,99286,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,99288,99289],{"encoding":1810},"A = (W_1, u(W_1))",[1035,99291,99293],{"className":99292},[1772],[1774,99294,99295],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,99296,99297,99327],{},[1781,99298,99299,99301,99303,99305,99311,99313,99315,99317,99323,99325],{},[1784,99300,2475],{},[1788,99302,1863],{},[1788,99304,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,99306,99307,99309],{},[1784,99308,3759],{},[2348,99310,4593],{},[1788,99312,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,99314,2480],{},[1788,99316,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,99318,99319,99321],{},[1784,99320,3759],{},[2348,99322,4593],{},[1788,99324,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,99326,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,99328,99329],{"encoding":1810},"B = (W_2, u(W_2))"," leží na křivce.",[1115,99332,99333,99336,99337,99339],{},[1047,99334,99335],{},"Sečna AB"," spojuje tyto body. Pro konkávní funkci leží sečna ",[1047,99338,43693],{}," křivkou.",[1115,99341,99342,99343,99395,99396,1089,99399,1075],{},"Bod sečny v horizontále ",[1035,99344,99346],{"className":99345},[1772],[1774,99347,99348],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,99349,99350,99392],{},[1781,99351,99352,99354,99356,99358,99360,99362,99364,99366,99368,99374,99376,99378,99380,99382,99384,99386],{},[1784,99353,2508],{},[1788,99355,1863],{},[1784,99357,2364],{},[1788,99359,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,99361,3759],{},[1788,99363,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,99365,1863],{},[1784,99367,1030],{},[1792,99369,99370,99372],{},[1784,99371,3759],{},[2348,99373,2374],{},[1788,99375,2637],{},[1788,99377,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,99379,2374],{},[1788,99381,2371],{},[1784,99383,1030],{},[1788,99385,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,99387,99388,99390],{},[1784,99389,3759],{},[2348,99391,4593],{},[1808,99393,99394],{"encoding":1810},"x = E(W) = pW_1 + (1-p)W_2"," má vertikální souřadnici ",[1047,99397,99398],{},"právě",[1035,99400,99402],{"className":99401},[1772],[1774,99403,99404],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,99405,99406,99422],{},[1781,99407,99408,99410,99412,99414,99416,99418,99420],{},[1784,99409,2364],{},[1788,99411,21923],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,99413,2480],{},[1788,99415,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,99417,3766],{},[1788,99419,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,99421,21948],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,99423,98119],{"encoding":1810},[1115,99425,99426,99427,99430,99431,1075],{},"Bod ",[1047,99428,99429],{},"na křivce"," ve stejné horizontále má hodnotu ",[1035,99432,99434],{"className":99433},[1772],[1774,99435,99436],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,99437,99438,99454],{},[1781,99439,99440,99442,99444,99446,99448,99450,99452],{},[1784,99441,2480],{},[1788,99443,21923],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,99445,2364],{},[1788,99447,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,99449,3759],{},[1788,99451,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,99453,21948],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,99455,99456],{"encoding":1810},"u[E(W)]",[1115,99458,99459,99460,99502],{},"Z konkavity: ",[1035,99461,99463],{"className":99462},[1772],[1774,99464,99465],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,99466,99467,99499],{},[1781,99468,99469,99471,99473,99475,99477,99479,99481,99483,99485,99487,99489,99491,99493,99495,99497],{},[1784,99470,2480],{},[1788,99472,21923],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,99474,2364],{},[1788,99476,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,99478,3759],{},[1788,99480,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,99482,21948],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,99484,2491],{},[1784,99486,2364],{},[1788,99488,21923],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,99490,2480],{},[1788,99492,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,99494,3766],{},[1788,99496,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,99498,21948],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,99500,99501],{"encoding":1810},"u[E(W)] > E[u(L)]"," — užitek jistoty převyšuje očekávaný užitek loterie.",[1023,99504,99506,99513],{"className":99505,"dataCallout":25986},[1026,25985],[1030,99507,99509,99512],{"className":99508},[1033],[1035,99510],{"className":99511,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,25993,1040],"Vizualizace",[1030,99514,99515],{},"Představte si tětivu napjatou mezi dvěma body na konkávním kopci. Tětiva (= možnosti loterie) sedí pod hřebenem (= jisté výplaty). Spotřebitel preferuje stát na hřebeni.",[1030,99517,25314,99518,1089,99520,99533,99534,99536,99537,99579,99580,1089,99582,99595,99596,99599,99600,1075],{},[1047,99519,98962],{},[1035,99521,99523],{"className":99522},[1772],[1774,99524,99525],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,99526,99527,99531],{},[1781,99528,99529],{},[1784,99530,2480],{},[1808,99532,2480],{"encoding":1810}," je situace zrcadlová: sečna leží ",[1047,99535,10709],{}," křivkou, ",[1035,99538,99540],{"className":99539},[1772],[1774,99541,99542],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,99543,99544,99576],{},[1781,99545,99546,99548,99550,99552,99554,99556,99558,99560,99562,99564,99566,99568,99570,99572,99574],{},[1784,99547,2364],{},[1788,99549,21923],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,99551,2480],{},[1788,99553,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,99555,3766],{},[1788,99557,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,99559,21948],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,99561,2491],{},[1784,99563,2480],{},[1788,99565,21923],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,99567,2364],{},[1788,99569,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,99571,3759],{},[1788,99573,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,99575,21948],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,99577,99578],{"encoding":1810},"E[u(L)] > u[E(W)]",".\nPro ",[1047,99581,66698],{},[1035,99583,99585],{"className":99584},[1772],[1774,99586,99587],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,99588,99589,99593],{},[1781,99590,99591],{},[1784,99592,2480],{},[1808,99594,2480],{"encoding":1810}," sečna ",[1047,99597,99598],{},"splývá"," s grafem: ",[1035,99601,99603],{"className":99602},[1772],[1774,99604,99605],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,99606,99607,99639],{},[1781,99608,99609,99611,99613,99615,99617,99619,99621,99623,99625,99627,99629,99631,99633,99635,99637],{},[1784,99610,2364],{},[1788,99612,21923],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,99614,2480],{},[1788,99616,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,99618,3766],{},[1788,99620,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,99622,21948],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,99624,1863],{},[1784,99626,2480],{},[1788,99628,21923],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,99630,2364],{},[1788,99632,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,99634,3759],{},[1788,99636,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,99638,21948],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,99640,99641],{"encoding":1810},"E[u(L)] = u[E(W)]",[4503,99643],{},[1077,99645,99647],{"id":99646},"_6-jistotní-ekvivalent-certainty-equivalent-ce","6. Jistotní ekvivalent (Certainty Equivalent, CE)",[1030,99649,99650,99653,99654,99657],{},[1047,99651,99652],{},"Jistotní ekvivalent"," je jistá částka, která spotřebiteli přináší ",[1047,99655,99656],{},"stejný užitek"," jako účast v rizikové loterii:",[1035,99659,99661],{"className":99660},[1772],[1774,99662,99663],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,99664,99665,99693],{},[1781,99666,99667,99669,99671,99673,99675,99677,99679,99681,99683,99685,99687,99689,99691],{},[1784,99668,2480],{},[1788,99670,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,99672,1868],{},[1784,99674,2364],{},[1788,99676,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,99678,1863],{},[1784,99680,2364],{},[1788,99682,21923],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,99684,2480],{},[1788,99686,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,99688,3766],{},[1788,99690,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,99692,21948],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,99694,99695],{"encoding":1810},"u(CE) = E[u(L)]",[1030,99697,99698,99699,99715,99716,1075],{},"Z této rovnice se ",[1035,99700,99702],{"className":99701},[1772],[1774,99703,99704],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,99705,99706,99712],{},[1781,99707,99708,99710],{},[1784,99709,1868],{},[1784,99711,2364],{},[1808,99713,99714],{"encoding":1810},"CE"," řeší jako ",[1035,99717,99719],{"className":99718},[1772],[1774,99720,99721],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,99722,99723,99759],{},[1781,99724,99725,99727,99729,99731,99741,99743,99745,99747,99749,99751,99753,99755,99757],{},[1784,99726,1868],{},[1784,99728,2364],{},[1788,99730,1863],{},[2467,99732,99733,99735],{},[1784,99734,2480],{},[1781,99736,99737,99739],{},[1788,99738,2371],{},[2348,99740,2374],{},[1788,99742,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,99744,2364],{},[1788,99746,21923],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,99748,2480],{},[1788,99750,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,99752,3766],{},[1788,99754,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,99756,21948],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,99758,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,99760,99761],{"encoding":1810},"CE = u^{-1}(E[u(L)])",[1153,99763,99764,99776],{},[1156,99765,99766],{},[1159,99767,99768,99771,99774],{},[1162,99769,99770],{},"typ spotřebitele",[1162,99772,99773],{},"vztah CE a E(L)",[1162,99775,94698],{},[1172,99777,99778,99817,99852],{},[1159,99779,99780,99783,99811],{},[1177,99781,99782],{},"risk-averse",[1177,99784,99785],{},[1035,99786,99788],{"className":99787},[1772],[1774,99789,99790],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,99791,99792,99808],{},[1781,99793,99794,99796,99798,99800,99802,99804,99806],{},[1784,99795,1868],{},[1784,99797,2364],{},[1788,99799,2537],{},[1784,99801,2364],{},[1788,99803,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,99805,3766],{},[1788,99807,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,99809,99810],{"encoding":1810},"CE \u003C E(L)",[1177,99812,99813,99814,99816],{},"Akceptuje jistou částku ",[1047,99815,9059],{}," než průměr loterie.",[1159,99818,99819,99821,99849],{},[1177,99820,97371],{},[1177,99822,99823],{},[1035,99824,99826],{"className":99825},[1772],[1774,99827,99828],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,99829,99830,99846],{},[1781,99831,99832,99834,99836,99838,99840,99842,99844],{},[1784,99833,1868],{},[1784,99835,2364],{},[1788,99837,1863],{},[1784,99839,2364],{},[1788,99841,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,99843,3766],{},[1788,99845,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,99847,99848],{"encoding":1810},"CE = E(L)",[1177,99850,99851],{},"Akceptuje jistou částku rovnou průměru.",[1159,99853,99854,99856,99884],{},[1177,99855,97375],{},[1177,99857,99858],{},[1035,99859,99861],{"className":99860},[1772],[1774,99862,99863],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,99864,99865,99881],{},[1781,99866,99867,99869,99871,99873,99875,99877,99879],{},[1784,99868,1868],{},[1784,99870,2364],{},[1788,99872,2491],{},[1784,99874,2364],{},[1788,99876,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,99878,3766],{},[1788,99880,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,99882,99883],{"encoding":1810},"CE > E(L)",[1177,99885,99886,99887,99890],{},"Vyžaduje jistou částku ",[1047,99888,99889],{},"vyšší"," než průměr (jinak preferuje sázku).",[1100,99892,99894],{"id":99893},"_61-riziková-prémie","6.1 Riziková prémie",[1030,99896,99897,1089,99900,99916,99917,99920],{},[1047,99898,99899],{},"Riziková prémie",[1035,99901,99903],{"className":99902},[1772],[1774,99904,99905],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,99906,99907,99913],{},[1781,99908,99909,99911],{},[1784,99910,1860],{},[1784,99912,2264],{},[1808,99914,99915],{"encoding":1810},"RP"," vyjadřuje, ",[1047,99918,99919],{},"kolik je spotřebitel ochoten obětovat"," z očekávané výplaty, aby se zbavil rizika:",[1035,99922,99924],{"className":99923},[1772],[1774,99925,99926],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,99927,99928,99950],{},[1781,99929,99930,99932,99934,99936,99938,99940,99942,99944,99946,99948],{},[1784,99931,1860],{},[1784,99933,2264],{},[1788,99935,1863],{},[1784,99937,2364],{},[1788,99939,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,99941,3766],{},[1788,99943,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,99945,2371],{},[1784,99947,1868],{},[1784,99949,2364],{},[1808,99951,99952],{"encoding":1810},"RP = E(L) - CE",[1112,99954,99955,99979,100002],{},[1115,99956,99957,99958,99978],{},"Pro risk-averse: ",[1035,99959,99961],{"className":99960},[1772],[1774,99962,99963],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,99964,99965,99975],{},[1781,99966,99967,99969,99971,99973],{},[1784,99968,1860],{},[1784,99970,2264],{},[1788,99972,2491],{},[2348,99974,2350],{},[1808,99976,99977],{"encoding":1810},"RP > 0"," — připravený platit za odstranění rizika.",[1115,99980,99981,99982,1075],{},"Pro risk-neutral: ",[1035,99983,99985],{"className":99984},[1772],[1774,99986,99987],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,99988,99989,99999],{},[1781,99990,99991,99993,99995,99997],{},[1784,99992,1860],{},[1784,99994,2264],{},[1788,99996,1863],{},[2348,99998,2350],{},[1808,100000,100001],{"encoding":1810},"RP = 0",[1115,100003,100004,100005,100025,100026,100029],{},"Pro risk-loving: ",[1035,100006,100008],{"className":100007},[1772],[1774,100009,100010],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,100011,100012,100022],{},[1781,100013,100014,100016,100018,100020],{},[1784,100015,1860],{},[1784,100017,2264],{},[1788,100019,2537],{},[2348,100021,2350],{},[1808,100023,100024],{"encoding":1810},"RP \u003C 0"," — sám by si ",[1047,100027,100028],{},"připlatil",", aby riskoval.",[1023,100031,100033,100040],{"className":100032,"dataCallout":1608},[1026,1607],[1030,100034,100036,100039],{"className":100035},[1033],[1035,100037],{"className":100038,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1615,1040],"Ekonomický smysl rizikové prémie",[1030,100041,100042,100057,100058,100061,100062,100102,100103,1075],{},[1035,100043,100045],{"className":100044},[1772],[1774,100046,100047],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,100048,100049,100055],{},[1781,100050,100051,100053],{},[1784,100052,1860],{},[1784,100054,2264],{},[1808,100056,99915],{"encoding":1810}," je horní hranice toho, kolik spotřebitel zaplatí pojišťovně ",[1047,100059,100060],{},"navíc"," k očekávané ztrátě, než ekonomicky přestane mít smysl pojistit se. Při fair premium (",[1035,100063,100065],{"className":100064},[1772],[1774,100066,100067],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,100068,100069,100099],{},[1781,100070,100071,100077,100079,100081,100083,100097],{},[1792,100072,100073,100075],{},[1784,100074,1786],{},[1784,100076,3817],{},[1788,100078,1863],{},[1784,100080,2364],{},[1788,100082,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1781,100084,100085,100088,100094],{},[2149,100086,100087],{},"ztr",[2160,100089,100090,100092],{"accent":1041},[2149,100091,1068],{},[1788,100093,2181],{},[2149,100095,100096],{},"ta",[1788,100098,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,100100,100101],{"encoding":1810},"\\pi_F = E(\\text{ztráta})",") má spotřebitel kladný \"spotřebitelský přebytek\" rovný ",[1035,100104,100106],{"className":100105},[1772],[1774,100107,100108],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,100109,100110,100116],{},[1781,100111,100112,100114],{},[1784,100113,1860],{},[1784,100115,2264],{},[1808,100117,99915],{"encoding":1810},[4503,100119],{},[1077,100121,100123],{"id":100122},"_7-pojištění-fair-vs-unfair-premium","7. Pojištění — fair vs. unfair premium",[1030,100125,100126,100127,100140,100141,100154,100155,100168],{},"Aplikujeme aparát na pojistnou situaci. Spotřebitel má bohatství ",[1035,100128,100130],{"className":100129},[1772],[1774,100131,100132],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,100133,100134,100138],{},[1781,100135,100136],{},[1784,100137,3759],{},[1808,100139,3759],{"encoding":1810}," a hrozí mu ztráta ",[1035,100142,100144],{"className":100143},[1772],[1774,100145,100146],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,100147,100148,100152],{},[1781,100149,100150],{},[1784,100151,3766],{},[1808,100153,3766],{"encoding":1810}," s pravděpodobností ",[1035,100156,100158],{"className":100157},[1772],[1774,100159,100160],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,100161,100162,100166],{},[1781,100163,100164],{},[1784,100165,1030],{},[1808,100167,1030],{"encoding":1810}," (např. úraz, požár, krádež).",[1100,100170,100172],{"id":100171},"_71-bez-pojištění","7.1 Bez pojištění",[1030,100174,100175],{},"Loterie:",[1035,100177,100179],{"className":100178},[1772],[1774,100180,100181],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,100182,100183,100219],{},[1781,100184,100185,100187,100189,100191,100193,100195,100197,100199,100201,100203,100205,100207,100209,100211,100213,100215,100217],{},[1788,100186,34972],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,100188,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,100190,3759],{},[1788,100192,1138],{"separator":1041},[2348,100194,2374],{},[1788,100196,2371],{},[1784,100198,1030],{},[1788,100200,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,100202,1138],{"separator":1041},[1788,100204,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,100206,3759],{},[1788,100208,2371],{},[1784,100210,3766],{},[1788,100212,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,100214,1030],{},[1788,100216,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,100218,35011],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,100220,100221],{"encoding":1810},"\\{(W, 1-p), (W - L, p)\\}",[1030,100223,100224],{},"Očekávané bohatství:",[1035,100226,100228],{"className":100227},[1772],[1774,100229,100230],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,100231,100232,100284],{},[1781,100233,100234,100236,100238,100240,100242,100244,100246,100248,100250,100252,100254,100256,100258,100260,100262,100264,100266,100268,100270,100272,100274,100276,100278,100280,100282],{},[1784,100235,2364],{},[1788,100237,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,100239,3759],{},[1788,100241,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,100243,1863],{},[1788,100245,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,100247,2374],{},[1788,100249,2371],{},[1784,100251,1030],{},[1788,100253,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,100255,2267],{},[1784,100257,3759],{},[1788,100259,2637],{},[1784,100261,1030],{},[1788,100263,2267],{},[1788,100265,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,100267,3759],{},[1788,100269,2371],{},[1784,100271,3766],{},[1788,100273,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,100275,1863],{},[1784,100277,3759],{},[1788,100279,2371],{},[1784,100281,1030],{},[1784,100283,3766],{},[1808,100285,100286],{"encoding":1810},"E(W) = (1-p) \\cdot W + p \\cdot (W - L) = W - pL",[1030,100288,100289],{},"Očekávaný užitek:",[1035,100291,100293],{"className":100292},[1772],[1774,100294,100295],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,100296,100297,100343],{},[1781,100298,100299,100301,100303,100305,100307,100309,100311,100313,100315,100317,100319,100321,100323,100325,100327,100329,100331,100333,100335,100337,100339,100341],{},[1784,100300,2364],{},[1784,100302,2126],{},[1788,100304,1863],{},[1788,100306,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,100308,2374],{},[1788,100310,2371],{},[1784,100312,1030],{},[1788,100314,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,100316,2267],{},[1784,100318,2480],{},[1788,100320,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,100322,3759],{},[1788,100324,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,100326,2637],{},[1784,100328,1030],{},[1788,100330,2267],{},[1784,100332,2480],{},[1788,100334,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,100336,3759],{},[1788,100338,2371],{},[1784,100340,3766],{},[1788,100342,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,100344,100345],{"encoding":1810},"EU = (1-p) \\cdot u(W) + p \\cdot u(W - L)",[1100,100347,100349],{"id":100348},"_72-spravedlivá-pojistka-fair-premium","7.2 Spravedlivá pojistka (fair premium)",[1023,100351,100353,100360],{"className":100352,"dataCallout":35351},[1026,35350],[1030,100354,100356,100359],{"className":100355},[1033],[1035,100357],{"className":100358,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,35358,1040],"Definice ze zkouškové (Předtermín, varianta C)",[1030,100361,100362],{},[1091,100363,100364],{},"\"Spravedlivá pojistka — je náklad na takové pojištění, kdy očekávaná hodnota bohatství člověka s riziky nekrytými je stejná, jako by byla v případě stejných rizik pojištěním krytých. V takovém případě je výše pojistného shodná s očekávanou ztrátou, resp. jistý příjem je roven očekávanému příjmu.\"",[1030,100366,100367,100368,100386,100387,1310],{},"Fair premium ",[1035,100369,100371],{"className":100370},[1772],[1774,100372,100373],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,100374,100375,100383],{},[1781,100376,100377],{},[1792,100378,100379,100381],{},[1784,100380,1786],{},[1784,100382,3817],{},[1808,100384,100385],{"encoding":1810},"\\pi_F"," pokrývá právě ",[1047,100388,100389],{},"očekávanou ztrátu",[1035,100391,100393],{"className":100392},[1772],[1774,100394,100395],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,100396,100397,100413],{},[1781,100398,100399,100405,100407,100409,100411],{},[1792,100400,100401,100403],{},[1784,100402,1786],{},[1784,100404,3817],{},[1788,100406,1863],{},[1784,100408,1030],{},[1788,100410,2267],{},[1784,100412,3766],{},[1808,100414,100415],{"encoding":1810},"\\pi_F = p \\cdot L",[1030,100417,100418,100419,100451,100452,100472],{},"Pojišťovna na takové pojistce v průměru nic nevydělá ani neztratí (pomineme administrativu). Při plném pojištění má spotřebitel po zaplacení pojistného jistý příjem ",[1035,100420,100422],{"className":100421},[1772],[1774,100423,100424],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,100425,100426,100448],{},[1781,100427,100428,100430,100432,100438,100440,100442,100444,100446],{},[1784,100429,3759],{},[1788,100431,2371],{},[1792,100433,100434,100436],{},[1784,100435,1786],{},[1784,100437,3817],{},[1788,100439,1863],{},[1784,100441,3759],{},[1788,100443,2371],{},[1784,100445,1030],{},[1784,100447,3766],{},[1808,100449,100450],{"encoding":1810},"W - \\pi_F = W - pL",", což se přesně rovná ",[1035,100453,100455],{"className":100454},[1772],[1774,100456,100457],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,100458,100459,100469],{},[1781,100460,100461,100463,100465,100467],{},[1784,100462,2364],{},[1788,100464,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,100466,3759],{},[1788,100468,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,100470,100471],{"encoding":1810},"E(W)"," z nepojištěné loterie.",[1100,100474,100476],{"id":100475},"_73-maximální-pojistka-maximum-premium","7.3 Maximální pojistka (maximum premium)",[1023,100478,100480,100486],{"className":100479,"dataCallout":35351},[1026,35350],[1030,100481,100483,100359],{"className":100482},[1033],[1035,100484],{"className":100485,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,35358,1040],[1030,100487,100488],{},[1091,100489,100490],{},"\"Maximální pojistka — je taková výše pojistky, která vede k tomu, že užitek spojený s jistotou (dosaženou pojištěním) je shodný s očekávaným užitkem spojeným s riskantní alternativou (bez pojištění).\"",[1030,100492,100493,100494,100514,100515,100518],{},"Maximum premium ",[1035,100495,100497],{"className":100496},[1772],[1774,100498,100499],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,100500,100501,100511],{},[1781,100502,100503],{},[1792,100504,100505,100507,100509],{},[1784,100506,1786],{},[1784,100508,3347],{},[1788,100510,3350],{},[1808,100512,100513],{"encoding":1810},"\\pi_{\\max}"," vyrovnává ",[1047,100516,100517],{},"užitky"," (nikoli peněžní hodnoty):",[1035,100520,100522],{"className":100521},[1772],[1774,100523,100524],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,100525,100526,100586],{},[1781,100527,100528,100530,100532,100534,100536,100544,100546,100548,100550,100552,100554,100556,100558,100560,100562,100564,100566,100568,100570,100572,100574,100576,100578,100580,100582,100584],{},[1784,100529,2480],{},[1788,100531,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,100533,3759],{},[1788,100535,2371],{},[1792,100537,100538,100540,100542],{},[1784,100539,1786],{},[1784,100541,3347],{},[1788,100543,3350],{},[1788,100545,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,100547,1863],{},[1788,100549,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,100551,2374],{},[1788,100553,2371],{},[1784,100555,1030],{},[1788,100557,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,100559,2267],{},[1784,100561,2480],{},[1788,100563,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,100565,3759],{},[1788,100567,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,100569,2637],{},[1784,100571,1030],{},[1788,100573,2267],{},[1784,100575,2480],{},[1788,100577,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,100579,3759],{},[1788,100581,2371],{},[1784,100583,3766],{},[1788,100585,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,100587,100588],{"encoding":1810},"u(W - \\pi_{\\max}) = (1-p) \\cdot u(W) + p \\cdot u(W - L)",[1030,100590,100591],{},"Po vyřešení:",[1035,100593,100595],{"className":100594},[1772],[1774,100596,100597],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,100598,100599,100667],{},[1781,100600,100601,100609,100611,100613,100615,100625,100627,100629,100631,100633,100635,100637,100639,100641,100643,100645,100647,100649,100651,100653,100655,100657,100659,100661,100663,100665],{},[1792,100602,100603,100605,100607],{},[1784,100604,1786],{},[1784,100606,3347],{},[1788,100608,3350],{},[1788,100610,1863],{},[1784,100612,3759],{},[1788,100614,2371],{},[2467,100616,100617,100619],{},[1784,100618,2480],{},[1781,100620,100621,100623],{},[1788,100622,2371],{},[2348,100624,2374],{},[1788,100626,21923],{"fence":1041,"stretchy":1041,"minsize":35018,"maxsize":35018},[1788,100628,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,100630,2374],{},[1788,100632,2371],{},[1784,100634,1030],{},[1788,100636,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,100638,2267],{},[1784,100640,2480],{},[1788,100642,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,100644,3759],{},[1788,100646,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,100648,2637],{},[1784,100650,1030],{},[1788,100652,2267],{},[1784,100654,2480],{},[1788,100656,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,100658,3759],{},[1788,100660,2371],{},[1784,100662,3766],{},[1788,100664,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,100666,21948],{"fence":1041,"stretchy":1041,"minsize":35018,"maxsize":35018},[1808,100668,100669],{"encoding":1810},"\\pi_{\\max} = W - u^{-1}\\bigl[(1-p) \\cdot u(W) + p \\cdot u(W - L)\\bigr]",[1100,100671,100673,100674,1062,100691],{"id":100672},"_74-vztah-πfpi_f-a-πmaxpi_max","7.4 Vztah ",[1035,100675,100677],{"className":100676},[1772],[1774,100678,100679],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,100680,100681,100689],{},[1781,100682,100683],{},[1792,100684,100685,100687],{},[1784,100686,1786],{},[1784,100688,3817],{},[1808,100690,100385],{"encoding":1810},[1035,100692,100694],{"className":100693},[1772],[1774,100695,100696],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,100697,100698,100708],{},[1781,100699,100700],{},[1792,100701,100702,100704,100706],{},[1784,100703,1786],{},[1784,100705,3347],{},[1788,100707,3350],{},[1808,100709,100513],{"encoding":1810},[1153,100711,100712,100724],{},[1156,100713,100714],{},[1159,100715,100716,100718,100721],{},[1162,100717,99770],{},[1162,100719,100720],{},"vztah",[1162,100722,100723],{},"důsledek",[1172,100725,100726,100785,100822],{},[1159,100727,100728,100730,100760],{},[1177,100729,99782],{},[1177,100731,100732],{},[1035,100733,100735],{"className":100734},[1772],[1774,100736,100737],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,100738,100739,100757],{},[1781,100740,100741,100747,100749],{},[1792,100742,100743,100745],{},[1784,100744,1786],{},[1784,100746,3817],{},[1788,100748,2537],{},[1792,100750,100751,100753,100755],{},[1784,100752,1786],{},[1784,100754,3347],{},[1788,100756,3350],{},[1808,100758,100759],{"encoding":1810},"\\pi_F \u003C \\pi_{\\max}",[1177,100761,100762,100765,100766,2440],{},[1047,100763,100764],{},"Vždy přijme fair premium"," (a unfair až do ",[1035,100767,100769],{"className":100768},[1772],[1774,100770,100771],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,100772,100773,100783],{},[1781,100774,100775],{},[1792,100776,100777,100779,100781],{},[1784,100778,1786],{},[1784,100780,3347],{},[1788,100782,3350],{},[1808,100784,100513],{"encoding":1810},[1159,100786,100787,100789,100819],{},[1177,100788,97371],{},[1177,100790,100791],{},[1035,100792,100794],{"className":100793},[1772],[1774,100795,100796],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,100797,100798,100816],{},[1781,100799,100800,100806,100808],{},[1792,100801,100802,100804],{},[1784,100803,1786],{},[1784,100805,3817],{},[1788,100807,1863],{},[1792,100809,100810,100812,100814],{},[1784,100811,1786],{},[1784,100813,3347],{},[1788,100815,3350],{},[1808,100817,100818],{"encoding":1810},"\\pi_F = \\pi_{\\max}",[1177,100820,100821],{},"Indiferentní vůči fair premium, neplatí nadprůměr.",[1159,100823,100824,100826,100856],{},[1177,100825,97375],{},[1177,100827,100828],{},[1035,100829,100831],{"className":100830},[1772],[1774,100832,100833],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,100834,100835,100853],{},[1781,100836,100837,100843,100845],{},[1792,100838,100839,100841],{},[1784,100840,1786],{},[1784,100842,3817],{},[1788,100844,2491],{},[1792,100846,100847,100849,100851],{},[1784,100848,1786],{},[1784,100850,3347],{},[1788,100852,3350],{},[1808,100854,100855],{"encoding":1810},"\\pi_F > \\pi_{\\max}",[1177,100857,100858,100859,100862],{},"Fair premium je pro něj ",[1047,100860,100861],{},"drahé",", nepojistí se ani férově.",[1023,100864,100866,100873],{"className":100865,"dataCallout":2090},[1026,2089],[1030,100867,100869,100872],{"className":100868},[1033],[1035,100870],{"className":100871,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,2097,1040],"Proč pojišťovny existují",[1030,100874,100875,100876,100878,100879,100923],{},"Fakticky pojišťovny účtují ",[1047,100877,52170],{}," než fair premium (musí pokrýt režii, kapitálovou rezervu, zisk). Existují, protože většina populace je risk-averse a má ",[1035,100880,100882],{"className":100881},[1772],[1774,100883,100884],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,100885,100886,100920],{},[1781,100887,100888,100896,100898,100904,100906],{},[1792,100889,100890,100892,100894],{},[1784,100891,1786],{},[1784,100893,3347],{},[1788,100895,3350],{},[1788,100897,2491],{},[1792,100899,100900,100902],{},[1784,100901,1786],{},[1784,100903,3817],{},[1788,100905,2637],{},[1781,100907,100908,100911,100917],{},[2149,100909,100910],{},"re",[2160,100912,100913,100915],{"accent":1041},[2149,100914,2164],{},[1788,100916,2167],{},[2149,100918,100919],{},"ie",[1808,100921,100922],{"encoding":1810},"\\pi_{\\max} > \\pi_F + \\text{režie}",". Riziková prémie je důvod, proč je pojištění životaschopným byznysem.",[4503,100925],{},[1077,100927,100929],{"id":100928},"_8-numerický-příklad-kompletně-dořešený","8. Numerický příklad — kompletně dořešený",[1030,100931,100932],{},"Zadání ve stylu zkouškové úlohy:",[1082,100934,100935,101020],{},[1030,100936,100937,100938,100963,100964,100982,100983,100154,101001,101019],{},"Spotřebitel má užitkovou funkci ",[1035,100939,100941],{"className":100940},[1772],[1774,100942,100943],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,100944,100945,100961],{},[1781,100946,100947,100949,100951,100953,100955,100957],{},[1784,100948,2480],{},[1788,100950,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,100952,3759],{},[1788,100954,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,100956,1863],{},[22228,100958,100959],{},[1784,100960,3759],{},[1808,100962,98711],{"encoding":1810},", počáteční bohatství ",[1035,100965,100967],{"className":100966},[1772],[1774,100968,100969],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,100970,100971,100979],{},[1781,100972,100973,100975,100977],{},[1784,100974,3759],{},[1788,100976,1863],{},[2348,100978,2605],{},[1808,100980,100981],{"encoding":1810},"W = 100",". Hrozí mu ztráta ",[1035,100984,100986],{"className":100985},[1772],[1774,100987,100988],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,100989,100990,100998],{},[1781,100991,100992,100994,100996],{},[1784,100993,3766],{},[1788,100995,1863],{},[2348,100997,15605],{},[1808,100999,101000],{"encoding":1810},"L = 75",[1035,101002,101004],{"className":101003},[1772],[1774,101005,101006],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,101007,101008,101016],{},[1781,101009,101010,101012,101014],{},[1784,101011,1030],{},[1788,101013,1863],{},[2348,101015,2610],{},[1808,101017,101018],{"encoding":1810},"p = 0{,}1",". Spočítejte:",[1260,101021,101022,101025,101028,101031,101034,101037],{},[1115,101023,101024],{},"Očekávané bohatství.",[1115,101026,101027],{},"Očekávaný užitek.",[1115,101029,101030],{},"Jistotní ekvivalent.",[1115,101032,101033],{},"Rizikovou prémii.",[1115,101035,101036],{},"Maximální pojistku.",[1115,101038,101039],{},"Spravedlivou pojistku a posuďte, zda se spotřebitel pojistí.",[1100,101041,101043],{"id":101042},"krok-1-očekávané-bohatství","Krok 1 — Očekávané bohatství",[1035,101045,101047],{"className":101046},[1772],[1774,101048,101049],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,101050,101051,101114],{},[1781,101052,101053,101055,101057,101059,101061,101063,101065,101067,101069,101071,101073,101075,101077,101079,101081,101083,101085,101087,101089,101091,101093,101095,101097,101099,101101,101103,101105,101107,101109,101111],{},[1784,101054,2364],{},[1788,101056,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,101058,3759],{},[1788,101060,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,101062,1863],{},[2348,101064,25829],{},[1788,101066,2267],{},[2348,101068,2605],{},[1788,101070,2637],{},[2348,101072,2610],{},[1788,101074,2267],{},[1788,101076,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,101078,2605],{},[1788,101080,2371],{},[2348,101082,15605],{},[1788,101084,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,101086,1863],{},[2348,101088,25829],{},[1788,101090,2267],{},[2348,101092,2605],{},[1788,101094,2637],{},[2348,101096,2610],{},[1788,101098,2267],{},[2348,101100,2882],{},[1788,101102,1863],{},[2348,101104,9789],{},[1788,101106,2637],{},[2348,101108,9101],{},[1788,101110,1863],{},[2348,101112,101113],{},"92,5",[1808,101115,101116],{"encoding":1810},"E(W) = 0{,}9 \\cdot 100 + 0{,}1 \\cdot (100 - 75) = 0{,}9 \\cdot 100 + 0{,}1 \\cdot 25 = 90 + 2{,}5 = 92{,}5",[1100,101118,101120],{"id":101119},"krok-2-očekávaný-užitek","Krok 2 — Očekávaný užitek",[1035,101122,101124],{"className":101123},[1772],[1774,101125,101126],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,101127,101128,101183],{},[1781,101129,101130,101132,101134,101136,101138,101140,101144,101146,101148,101150,101154,101156,101158,101160,101162,101164,101166,101168,101170,101172,101174,101176,101178,101180],{},[1784,101131,2364],{},[1784,101133,2126],{},[1788,101135,1863],{},[2348,101137,25829],{},[1788,101139,2267],{},[22228,101141,101142],{},[2348,101143,2605],{},[1788,101145,2637],{},[2348,101147,2610],{},[1788,101149,2267],{},[22228,101151,101152],{},[2348,101153,2882],{},[1788,101155,1863],{},[2348,101157,25829],{},[1788,101159,2267],{},[2348,101161,3116],{},[1788,101163,2637],{},[2348,101165,2610],{},[1788,101167,2267],{},[2348,101169,5356],{},[1788,101171,1863],{},[2348,101173,2777],{},[1788,101175,2637],{},[2348,101177,15984],{},[1788,101179,1863],{},[2348,101181,101182],{},"9,5",[1808,101184,101185],{"encoding":1810},"EU = 0{,}9 \\cdot \\sqrt{100} + 0{,}1 \\cdot \\sqrt{25} = 0{,}9 \\cdot 10 + 0{,}1 \\cdot 5 = 9 + 0{,}5 = 9{,}5",[1100,101187,101189],{"id":101188},"krok-3-jistotní-ekvivalent","Krok 3 — Jistotní ekvivalent",[1035,101191,101193],{"className":101192},[1772],[1774,101194,101195],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,101196,101197,101234],{},[1781,101198,101199,101207,101209,101211,101213,101215,101217,101219,101221,101223,101229,101231],{},[22228,101200,101201],{},[1781,101202,101203,101205],{},[1784,101204,1868],{},[1784,101206,2364],{},[1788,101208,1863],{},[2348,101210,101182],{},[2352,101212],{"width":2702},[1788,101214,2357],{},[2352,101216],{"width":2702},[1784,101218,1868],{},[1784,101220,2364],{},[1788,101222,1863],{},[2467,101224,101225,101227],{},[2348,101226,101182],{},[2348,101228,4593],{},[1788,101230,1863],{},[2348,101232,101233],{},"90,25",[1808,101235,101236],{"encoding":1810},"\\sqrt{CE} = 9{,}5 \\quad\\Rightarrow\\quad CE = 9{,}5^2 = 90{,}25",[1100,101238,101240],{"id":101239},"krok-4-riziková-prémie","Krok 4 — Riziková prémie",[1035,101242,101244],{"className":101243},[1772],[1774,101245,101246],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,101247,101248,101283],{},[1781,101249,101250,101252,101254,101256,101258,101260,101262,101264,101266,101268,101270,101272,101274,101276,101278,101280],{},[1784,101251,1860],{},[1784,101253,2264],{},[1788,101255,1863],{},[1784,101257,2364],{},[1788,101259,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,101261,3759],{},[1788,101263,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,101265,2371],{},[1784,101267,1868],{},[1784,101269,2364],{},[1788,101271,1863],{},[2348,101273,101113],{},[1788,101275,2371],{},[2348,101277,101233],{},[1788,101279,1863],{},[2348,101281,101282],{},"2,25",[1808,101284,101285],{"encoding":1810},"RP = E(W) - CE = 92{,}5 - 90{,}25 = 2{,}25",[1030,101287,101288,101289,101291],{},"Spotřebitel je ochoten obětovat až ",[1047,101290,101282],{}," Kč z očekávané výplaty výměnou za jistotu.",[1100,101293,101295],{"id":101294},"krok-5-maximální-pojistka","Krok 5 — Maximální pojistka",[1030,101297,101298,101299,59824,101318,1310],{},"Hledáme ",[1035,101300,101302],{"className":101301},[1772],[1774,101303,101304],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,101305,101306,101316],{},[1781,101307,101308],{},[1792,101309,101310,101312,101314],{},[1784,101311,1786],{},[1784,101313,3347],{},[1788,101315,3350],{},[1808,101317,100513],{"encoding":1810},[1035,101319,101321],{"className":101320},[1772],[1774,101322,101323],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,101324,101325,101355],{},[1781,101326,101327,101329,101331,101333,101335,101343,101345,101347,101349,101351,101353],{},[1784,101328,2480],{},[1788,101330,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,101332,3759],{},[1788,101334,2371],{},[1792,101336,101337,101339,101341],{},[1784,101338,1786],{},[1784,101340,3347],{},[1788,101342,3350],{},[1788,101344,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,101346,1863],{},[1784,101348,2364],{},[1784,101350,2126],{},[1788,101352,1863],{},[2348,101354,101182],{},[1808,101356,101357],{"encoding":1810},"u(W - \\pi_{\\max}) = EU = 9{,}5",[1035,101359,101361],{"className":101360},[1772],[1774,101362,101363],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,101364,101365,101427],{},[1781,101366,101367,101383,101385,101387,101389,101391,101393,101395,101397,101405,101407,101409,101411,101413,101415,101423,101425],{},[22228,101368,101369],{},[1781,101370,101371,101373,101375],{},[2348,101372,2605],{},[1788,101374,2371],{},[1792,101376,101377,101379,101381],{},[1784,101378,1786],{},[1784,101380,3347],{},[1788,101382,3350],{},[1788,101384,1863],{},[2348,101386,101182],{},[2352,101388],{"width":2702},[1788,101390,2357],{},[2352,101392],{"width":2702},[2348,101394,2605],{},[1788,101396,2371],{},[1792,101398,101399,101401,101403],{},[1784,101400,1786],{},[1784,101402,3347],{},[1788,101404,3350],{},[1788,101406,1863],{},[2348,101408,101233],{},[2352,101410],{"width":2702},[1788,101412,2357],{},[2352,101414],{"width":2702},[1792,101416,101417,101419,101421],{},[1784,101418,1786],{},[1784,101420,3347],{},[1788,101422,3350],{},[1788,101424,1863],{},[2348,101426,88796],{},[1808,101428,101429],{"encoding":1810},"\\sqrt{100 - \\pi_{\\max}} = 9{,}5 \\quad\\Rightarrow\\quad 100 - \\pi_{\\max} = 90{,}25 \\quad\\Rightarrow\\quad \\pi_{\\max} = 9{,}75",[1100,101431,101433],{"id":101432},"krok-6-spravedlivá-pojistka-a-rozhodnutí","Krok 6 — Spravedlivá pojistka a rozhodnutí",[1035,101435,101437],{"className":101436},[1772],[1774,101438,101439],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,101440,101441,101469],{},[1781,101442,101443,101449,101451,101453,101455,101457,101459,101461,101463,101465,101467],{},[1792,101444,101445,101447],{},[1784,101446,1786],{},[1784,101448,3817],{},[1788,101450,1863],{},[1784,101452,1030],{},[1788,101454,2267],{},[1784,101456,3766],{},[1788,101458,1863],{},[2348,101460,2610],{},[1788,101462,2267],{},[2348,101464,15605],{},[1788,101466,1863],{},[2348,101468,79384],{},[1808,101470,101471],{"encoding":1810},"\\pi_F = p \\cdot L = 0{,}1 \\cdot 75 = 7{,}5",[1030,101473,101474,101475,1075],{},"Srovnání: ",[1035,101476,101478],{"className":101477},[1772],[1774,101479,101480],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,101481,101482,101508],{},[1781,101483,101484,101490,101492,101494,101496,101504,101506],{},[1792,101485,101486,101488],{},[1784,101487,1786],{},[1784,101489,3817],{},[1788,101491,1863],{},[2348,101493,79384],{},[1788,101495,2537],{},[1792,101497,101498,101500,101502],{},[1784,101499,1786],{},[1784,101501,3347],{},[1788,101503,3350],{},[1788,101505,1863],{},[2348,101507,88796],{},[1808,101509,101510],{"encoding":1810},"\\pi_F = 7{,}5 \u003C \\pi_{\\max} = 9{,}75",[1023,101512,101514,101521],{"className":101513,"dataCallout":1608},[1026,1607],[1030,101515,101517,101520],{"className":101516},[1033],[1035,101518],{"className":101519,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1615,1040],"Závěr příkladu",[1030,101522,101523,101524,101527,101528,101550,101551,1075],{},"Spravedlivá pojistka stojí 7,5, ale spotřebitel by za pojistku zaplatil až 9,75. ",[1047,101525,101526],{},"Pojistí se."," Jeho spotřebitelský přebytek z fair pojištění je ",[1035,101529,101531],{"className":101530},[1772],[1774,101532,101533],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,101534,101535,101547],{},[1781,101536,101537,101539,101541,101543,101545],{},[2348,101538,88796],{},[1788,101540,2371],{},[2348,101542,79384],{},[1788,101544,1863],{},[2348,101546,101282],{},[1808,101548,101549],{"encoding":1810},"9{,}75 - 7{,}5 = 2{,}25"," — což je přesně ",[1047,101552,97388],{},[1100,101554,101556],{"id":101555},"kontrolní-výpočet","Kontrolní výpočet",[1030,101558,101559,101560,101582,101583,101605,101606,101627,101628,101642,101643,101660],{},"Po pojištění (zaplaceno ",[1035,101561,101563],{"className":101562},[1772],[1774,101564,101565],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,101566,101567,101579],{},[1781,101568,101569,101575,101577],{},[1792,101570,101571,101573],{},[1784,101572,1786],{},[1784,101574,3817],{},[1788,101576,1863],{},[2348,101578,79384],{},[1808,101580,101581],{"encoding":1810},"\\pi_F = 7{,}5",") má spotřebitel jisté bohatství ",[1035,101584,101586],{"className":101585},[1772],[1774,101587,101588],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,101589,101590,101602],{},[1781,101591,101592,101594,101596,101598,101600],{},[2348,101593,2605],{},[1788,101595,2371],{},[2348,101597,79384],{},[1788,101599,1863],{},[2348,101601,101113],{},[1808,101603,101604],{"encoding":1810},"100 - 7{,}5 = 92{,}5"," a užitek ",[1035,101607,101609],{"className":101608},[1772],[1774,101610,101611],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,101612,101613,101624],{},[1781,101614,101615,101619,101621],{},[22228,101616,101617],{},[2348,101618,101113],{},[1788,101620,8786],{},[2348,101622,101623],{},"9,617",[1808,101625,101626],{"encoding":1810},"\\sqrt{92{,}5} \\approx 9{,}617",". Bez pojištění byl jeho očekávaný užitek ",[1035,101629,101631],{"className":101630},[1772],[1774,101632,101633],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,101634,101635,101639],{},[1781,101636,101637],{},[2348,101638,101182],{},[1808,101640,101641],{"encoding":1810},"9{,}5",". Pojištěním vzrostl o ",[1035,101644,101646],{"className":101645},[1772],[1774,101647,101648],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,101649,101650,101657],{},[1781,101651,101652,101654],{},[1788,101653,8786],{},[2348,101655,101656],{},"0,117",[1808,101658,101659],{"encoding":1810},"\\approx 0{,}117"," jednotky užitku — proto se pojistí.",[4503,101662],{},[1077,101664,101666],{"id":101665},"_9-co-určuje-míru-averze-k-riziku","9. Co určuje míru averze k riziku",[1030,101668,101669,101670,101673],{},"Averze k riziku není binární — měří se ",[1047,101671,101672],{},"velikostí"," zakřivení užitkové funkce. Standardní míry:",[1100,101675,101677],{"id":101676},"_91-arrow-pratt-absolutní-averze","9.1 Arrow-Pratt absolutní averze",[1035,101679,101681],{"className":101680},[1772],[1774,101682,101683],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,101684,101685,101737],{},[1781,101686,101687,101693,101695,101697,101699,101701,101703],{},[1792,101688,101689,101691],{},[1784,101690,3794],{},[1784,101692,10292],{},[1788,101694,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,101696,3759],{},[1788,101698,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,101700,1863],{},[1788,101702,2371],{},[2322,101704,101705,101723],{},[1781,101706,101707,101717,101719,101721],{},[2467,101708,101709,101711],{},[1784,101710,2480],{},[1781,101712,101713,101715],{},[1788,101714,7862],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,101716,7862],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,101718,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,101720,3759],{},[1788,101722,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1781,101724,101725,101731,101733,101735],{},[2467,101726,101727,101729],{},[1784,101728,2480],{},[1788,101730,7862],{"mathvariant":7829,"lspace":7861,"rspace":7861},[1788,101732,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,101734,3759],{},[1788,101736,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,101738,101739],{"encoding":1810},"r_A(W) = -\\frac{u''(W)}{u'(W)}",[1112,101741,101742,101763,101788],{},[1115,101743,26119,101744,101762],{},[1035,101745,101747],{"className":101746},[1772],[1774,101748,101749],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,101750,101751,101759],{},[1781,101752,101753],{},[1792,101754,101755,101757],{},[1784,101756,3794],{},[1784,101758,10292],{},[1808,101760,101761],{"encoding":1810},"r_A"," → silná averze.",[1115,101764,101765,101787],{},[1035,101766,101768],{"className":101767},[1772],[1774,101769,101770],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,101771,101772,101784],{},[1781,101773,101774,101780,101782],{},[1792,101775,101776,101778],{},[1784,101777,3794],{},[1784,101779,10292],{},[1788,101781,1863],{},[2348,101783,2350],{},[1808,101785,101786],{"encoding":1810},"r_A = 0"," → risk-neutral.",[1115,101789,101790,101812],{},[1035,101791,101793],{"className":101792},[1772],[1774,101794,101795],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,101796,101797,101809],{},[1781,101798,101799,101805,101807],{},[1792,101800,101801,101803],{},[1784,101802,3794],{},[1784,101804,10292],{},[1788,101806,2537],{},[2348,101808,2350],{},[1808,101810,101811],{"encoding":1810},"r_A \u003C 0"," → risk-loving.",[1100,101814,101816],{"id":101815},"_92-arrow-pratt-relativní-averze","9.2 Arrow-Pratt relativní averze",[1035,101818,101820],{"className":101819},[1772],[1774,101821,101822],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,101823,101824,101898],{},[1781,101825,101826,101832,101834,101836,101838,101840,101842,101880,101882,101884,101886,101892,101894,101896],{},[1792,101827,101828,101830],{},[1784,101829,3794],{},[1784,101831,1860],{},[1788,101833,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,101835,3759],{},[1788,101837,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,101839,1863],{},[1788,101841,2371],{},[2322,101843,101844,101866],{},[1781,101845,101846,101848,101850,101860,101862,101864],{},[1784,101847,3759],{},[1788,101849,2267],{},[2467,101851,101852,101854],{},[1784,101853,2480],{},[1781,101855,101856,101858],{},[1788,101857,7862],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,101859,7862],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,101861,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,101863,3759],{},[1788,101865,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1781,101867,101868,101874,101876,101878],{},[2467,101869,101870,101872],{},[1784,101871,2480],{},[1788,101873,7862],{"mathvariant":7829,"lspace":7861,"rspace":7861},[1788,101875,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,101877,3759],{},[1788,101879,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,101881,1863],{},[1784,101883,3759],{},[1788,101885,2267],{},[1792,101887,101888,101890],{},[1784,101889,3794],{},[1784,101891,10292],{},[1788,101893,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,101895,3759],{},[1788,101897,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,101899,101900],{"encoding":1810},"r_R(W) = -\\frac{W \\cdot u''(W)}{u'(W)} = W \\cdot r_A(W)",[1030,101902,101903,101904,101907],{},"Užitečná, protože je ",[1047,101905,101906],{},"bezrozměrná"," a reaguje na změny škály bohatství.",[1100,101909,101911],{"id":101910},"_93-příklady-pro-běžné-funkce","9.3 Příklady pro běžné funkce",[1153,101913,101914,101963],{},[1156,101915,101916],{},[1159,101917,101918,101921,101940,101960],{},[1162,101919,101920],{},"užitková funkce",[1162,101922,101923],{},[1035,101924,101926],{"className":101925},[1772],[1774,101927,101928],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,101929,101930,101938],{},[1781,101931,101932],{},[1792,101933,101934,101936],{},[1784,101935,3794],{},[1784,101937,10292],{},[1808,101939,101761],{"encoding":1810},[1162,101941,101942],{},[1035,101943,101945],{"className":101944},[1772],[1774,101946,101947],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,101948,101949,101957],{},[1781,101950,101951],{},[1792,101952,101953,101955],{},[1784,101954,3794],{},[1784,101956,1860],{},[1808,101958,101959],{"encoding":1810},"r_R",[1162,101961,101962],{},"typ",[1172,101964,101965,102024,102112,102212,102288],{},[1159,101966,101967,101992,102007,102022],{},[1177,101968,101969],{},[1035,101970,101972],{"className":101971},[1772],[1774,101973,101974],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,101975,101976,101990],{},[1781,101977,101978,101980,101982,101984,101986,101988],{},[1784,101979,2480],{},[1788,101981,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,101983,3759],{},[1788,101985,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,101987,1863],{},[1784,101989,3759],{},[1808,101991,98935],{"encoding":1810},[1177,101993,101994],{},[1035,101995,101997],{"className":101996},[1772],[1774,101998,101999],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,102000,102001,102005],{},[1781,102002,102003],{},[2348,102004,2350],{},[1808,102006,2350],{"encoding":1810},[1177,102008,102009],{},[1035,102010,102012],{"className":102011},[1772],[1774,102013,102014],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,102015,102016,102020],{},[1781,102017,102018],{},[2348,102019,2350],{},[1808,102021,2350],{"encoding":1810},[1177,102023,97371],{},[1159,102025,102026,102055,102075,102090],{},[1177,102027,102028],{},[1035,102029,102031],{"className":102030},[1772],[1774,102032,102033],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,102034,102035,102053],{},[1781,102036,102037,102039,102041,102043,102045,102047,102049,102051],{},[1784,102038,2480],{},[1788,102040,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,102042,3759],{},[1788,102044,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,102046,1863],{},[1784,102048,24184],{},[1788,102050,3350],{},[1784,102052,3759],{},[1808,102054,98739],{"encoding":1810},[1177,102056,102057],{},[1035,102058,102060],{"className":102059},[1772],[1774,102061,102062],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,102063,102064,102072],{},[1781,102065,102066,102068,102070],{},[2348,102067,2374],{},[1784,102069,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,102071,3759],{},[1808,102073,102074],{"encoding":1810},"1\u002FW",[1177,102076,102077],{},[1035,102078,102080],{"className":102079},[1772],[1774,102081,102082],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,102083,102084,102088],{},[1781,102085,102086],{},[2348,102087,2374],{},[1808,102089,2374],{"encoding":1810},[1177,102091,102092,102093,2192],{},"konstantní relativní averze (CRRA, ",[1035,102094,102096],{"className":102095},[1772],[1774,102097,102098],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,102099,102100,102109],{},[1781,102101,102102,102105,102107],{},[1784,102103,102104],{},"γ",[1788,102106,1863],{},[2348,102108,2374],{},[1808,102110,102111],{"encoding":1810},"\\gamma = 1",[1159,102113,102114,102141,102167,102187],{},[1177,102115,102116],{},[1035,102117,102119],{"className":102118},[1772],[1774,102120,102121],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,102122,102123,102139],{},[1781,102124,102125,102127,102129,102131,102133,102135],{},[1784,102126,2480],{},[1788,102128,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,102130,3759],{},[1788,102132,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,102134,1863],{},[22228,102136,102137],{},[1784,102138,3759],{},[1808,102140,98711],{"encoding":1810},[1177,102142,102143],{},[1035,102144,102146],{"className":102145},[1772],[1774,102147,102148],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,102149,102150,102164],{},[1781,102151,102152,102154,102156,102158,102160,102162],{},[2348,102153,2374],{},[1784,102155,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,102157,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,102159,4593],{},[1784,102161,3759],{},[1788,102163,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,102165,102166],{"encoding":1810},"1\u002F(2W)",[1177,102168,102169],{},[1035,102170,102172],{"className":102171},[1772],[1774,102173,102174],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,102175,102176,102184],{},[1781,102177,102178,102180,102182],{},[2348,102179,2374],{},[1784,102181,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,102183,4593],{},[1808,102185,102186],{"encoding":1810},"1\u002F2",[1177,102188,102189,102190],{},"CRRA s ",[1035,102191,102193],{"className":102192},[1772],[1774,102194,102195],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,102196,102197,102209],{},[1781,102198,102199,102201,102203,102205,102207],{},[1784,102200,102104],{},[1788,102202,1863],{},[2348,102204,2374],{},[1784,102206,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,102208,4593],{},[1808,102210,102211],{"encoding":1810},"\\gamma = 1\u002F2",[1159,102213,102214,102252,102267,102285],{},[1177,102215,102216],{},[1035,102217,102219],{"className":102218},[1772],[1774,102220,102221],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,102222,102223,102249],{},[1781,102224,102225,102227,102229,102231,102233,102235,102237],{},[1784,102226,2480],{},[1788,102228,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,102230,3759],{},[1788,102232,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,102234,1863],{},[1788,102236,2371],{},[2467,102238,102239,102241],{},[1784,102240,9309],{},[1781,102242,102243,102245,102247],{},[1788,102244,2371],{},[1784,102246,1068],{},[1784,102248,3759],{},[1808,102250,102251],{"encoding":1810},"u(W) = -e^{-aW}",[1177,102253,102254],{},[1035,102255,102257],{"className":102256},[1772],[1774,102258,102259],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,102260,102261,102265],{},[1781,102262,102263],{},[1784,102264,1068],{},[1808,102266,1068],{"encoding":1810},[1177,102268,102269],{},[1035,102270,102272],{"className":102271},[1772],[1774,102273,102274],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,102275,102276,102282],{},[1781,102277,102278,102280],{},[1784,102279,1068],{},[1784,102281,3759],{},[1808,102283,102284],{"encoding":1810},"aW",[1177,102286,102287],{},"konstantní absolutní averze (CARA)",[1159,102289,102290,102319,102341,102358],{},[1177,102291,102292],{},[1035,102293,102295],{"className":102294},[1772],[1774,102296,102297],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,102298,102299,102317],{},[1781,102300,102301,102303,102305,102307,102309,102311],{},[1784,102302,2480],{},[1788,102304,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,102306,3759],{},[1788,102308,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,102310,1863],{},[2467,102312,102313,102315],{},[1784,102314,3759],{},[2348,102316,4593],{},[1808,102318,99068],{"encoding":1810},[1177,102320,102321],{},[1035,102322,102324],{"className":102323},[1772],[1774,102325,102326],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,102327,102328,102338],{},[1781,102329,102330,102332,102334,102336],{},[1788,102331,2371],{},[2348,102333,2374],{},[1784,102335,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,102337,3759],{},[1808,102339,102340],{"encoding":1810},"-1\u002FW",[1177,102342,102343],{},[1035,102344,102346],{"className":102345},[1772],[1774,102347,102348],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,102349,102350,102356],{},[1781,102351,102352,102354],{},[1788,102353,2371],{},[2348,102355,2374],{},[1808,102357,31397],{"encoding":1810},[1177,102359,97375],{},[1100,102361,102363],{"id":102362},"_94-empirické-zjištění","9.4 Empirické zjištění",[1112,102365,102366,102373,102383],{},[1115,102367,102368,102369,102372],{},"Lidé jsou ",[1047,102370,102371],{},"silněji risk-averse u velkých částek"," vůči svému bohatství (ztráta auta zatřese rozpočtem).",[1115,102374,102375,102376,102379,102380,102382],{},"U ",[1047,102377,102378],{},"drobných"," sázek (kávomat, výherní automat za 20 Kč) jsou prakticky ",[1047,102381,97371],{}," nebo dokonce risk-loving.",[1115,102384,102385,102402,102403,9075,102416,102429,102430,102448,102449,2440],{},[1035,102386,102388],{"className":102387},[1772],[1774,102389,102390],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,102391,102392,102400],{},[1781,102393,102394],{},[1792,102395,102396,102398],{},[1784,102397,3794],{},[1784,102399,1860],{},[1808,102401,101959],{"encoding":1810}," se v populaci pohybuje kolem hodnot ",[1035,102404,102406],{"className":102405},[1772],[1774,102407,102408],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,102409,102410,102414],{},[1781,102411,102412],{},[2348,102413,2374],{},[1808,102415,2374],{"encoding":1810},[1035,102417,102419],{"className":102418},[1772],[1774,102420,102421],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,102422,102423,102427],{},[1781,102424,102425],{},[2348,102426,5332],{},[1808,102428,5332],{"encoding":1810}," (typicky ",[1035,102431,102433],{"className":102432},[1772],[1774,102434,102435],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,102436,102437,102445],{},[1781,102438,102439,102441,102443],{},[1784,102440,102104],{},[1788,102442,1863],{},[2348,102444,4593],{},[1808,102446,102447],{"encoding":1810},"\\gamma = 2"," pro modelování v makru, viz ",[1068,102450,102454],{"className":102451,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":102452,"href":102453},[1071],"topics\u002Fis-lm.md","\u002Fwiki\u002Fis-lm","IS-LM model",[4503,102456],{},[1077,102458,102460],{"id":102459},"_10-vazba-na-kapitálové-a-intertemporální-rozhodování","10. Vazba na kapitálové a intertemporální rozhodování",[1030,102462,102463,102464,102467,102468,102471],{},"Jeden z předtermínových úloh (Předtermín I, ",[1091,102465,102466],{},"Capital vs. labour decision",") propojuje riziko s ",[1047,102469,102470],{},"intertemporální volbou"," — rozhodnutím mezi spotřebou dnes a spotřebou zítra.",[1112,102473,102474,102496,102517],{},[1115,102475,102476,102477,102495],{},"Dnešní spotřeba ",[1035,102478,102480],{"className":102479},[1772],[1774,102481,102482],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,102483,102484,102492],{},[1781,102485,102486],{},[1792,102487,102488,102490],{},[1784,102489,1868],{},[2348,102491,2350],{},[1808,102493,102494],{"encoding":1810},"C_0"," je jistá.",[1115,102497,102498,102499,102516],{},"Budoucí spotřeba ",[1035,102500,102502],{"className":102501},[1772],[1774,102503,102504],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,102505,102506,102514],{},[1781,102507,102508],{},[1792,102509,102510,102512],{},[1784,102511,1868],{},[2348,102513,2374],{},[1808,102515,8145],{"encoding":1810}," je riziková (úroková sazba kolísá, inflace, příjem se může snížit).",[1115,102518,102519,102520,12850,102572,102586],{},"Spotřebitel řeší ",[1035,102521,102523],{"className":102522},[1772],[1774,102524,102525],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,102526,102527,102569],{},[1781,102528,102529,102531,102533,102535,102537,102543,102545,102547,102549,102551,102553,102555,102557,102559,102565,102567],{},[1784,102530,3347],{},[1788,102532,3350],{},[1784,102534,2480],{},[1788,102536,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,102538,102539,102541],{},[1784,102540,1868],{},[2348,102542,2350],{},[1788,102544,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,102546,2637],{},[1784,102548,38071],{},[1788,102550,2267],{},[1784,102552,2364],{},[1788,102554,21923],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,102556,2480],{},[1788,102558,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,102560,102561,102563],{},[1784,102562,1868],{},[2348,102564,2374],{},[1788,102566,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,102568,21948],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,102570,102571],{"encoding":1810},"\\max u(C_0) + \\beta \\cdot E[u(C_1)]",[1035,102573,102575],{"className":102574},[1772],[1774,102576,102577],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,102578,102579,102583],{},[1781,102580,102581],{},[1784,102582,38071],{},[1808,102584,102585],{"encoding":1810},"\\beta"," je diskontní faktor.",[1030,102588,102589],{},"Risk-averse spotřebitel:",[1112,102591,102592,102634,102641],{},[1115,102593,102594,102595,102598,102599,102616,102617,1075],{},"Drží ",[1047,102596,102597],{},"rezervní úspory"," (precautionary saving) — zvyšuje ",[1035,102600,102602],{"className":102601},[1772],[1774,102603,102604],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,102605,102606,102614],{},[1781,102607,102608],{},[1792,102609,102610,102612],{},[1784,102611,1868],{},[2348,102613,2374],{},[1808,102615,8145],{"encoding":1810}," na úkor ",[1035,102618,102620],{"className":102619},[1772],[1774,102621,102622],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,102623,102624,102632],{},[1781,102625,102626],{},[1792,102627,102628,102630],{},[1784,102629,1868],{},[2348,102631,2350],{},[1808,102633,102494],{"encoding":1810},[1115,102635,102636,102637,102640],{},"Vyžaduje ",[1047,102638,102639],{},"rizikovou prémii v úroku"," — odměnu za držbu rizikových aktiv.",[1115,102642,102643,102644,102647],{},"Je ochoten platit za ",[1047,102645,102646],{},"anuitu"," (jistý budoucí příjem) — pojistka proti dlouhověkosti.",[1030,102649,102650,102651,102664,102665,1075],{},"Stejný aparát (vNM užitek, jistotní ekvivalent) se zde používá s tím, že ",[1035,102652,102654],{"className":102653},[1772],[1774,102655,102656],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,102657,102658,102662],{},[1781,102659,102660],{},[1784,102661,3759],{},[1808,102663,3759],{"encoding":1810}," je nahrazeno ",[1035,102666,102668],{"className":102667},[1772],[1774,102669,102670],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,102671,102672,102680],{},[1781,102673,102674],{},[1792,102675,102676,102678],{},[1784,102677,1868],{},[1784,102679,8827],{},[1808,102681,102682],{"encoding":1810},"C_t",[4503,102684],{},[1077,102686,102688],{"id":102687},"_11-aplikace-v-reálné-ekonomii","11. Aplikace v reálné ekonomii",[1100,102690,102692],{"id":102691},"_111-pojistný-trh","11.1 Pojistný trh",[1112,102694,102695,102705,102711],{},[1115,102696,102697,102700,102701,102704],{},[1047,102698,102699],{},"Životní, úrazové, majetkové pojištění"," — fair premium je tabulkovým výpočtem (úmrtnostní tabulky, statistika škod). Komerční pojistka je o ",[1047,102702,102703],{},"margin"," vyšší.",[1115,102706,102707,102710],{},[1047,102708,102709],{},"Adverzní výběr"," — pojistku si kupují přednostně lidé s vysokým rizikem, což pojišťovnu nutí premium dále zvyšovat.",[1115,102712,102713,102715],{},[1047,102714,71304],{}," — pojištěný nemá motivaci riziku zabraňovat (\"auto je pojištěné, neuzamknu ho\").",[1100,102717,102719],{"id":102718},"_112-diverzifikace-portfolia","11.2 Diverzifikace portfolia",[1112,102721,102722,102803,102844],{},[1115,102723,102724,102725,1075],{},"Riziko portfolia ",[1035,102726,102728],{"className":102727},[1772],[1774,102729,102730],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,102731,102732,102800],{},[1781,102733,102734,102742,102744,102746,102754,102762,102764,102766,102778,102784,102790],{},[13587,102735,102736,102738,102740],{},[1784,102737,68993],{},[1784,102739,2264],{},[2348,102741,4593],{},[1788,102743,1863],{},[1788,102745,12866],{},[13587,102747,102748,102750,102752],{},[1784,102749,3775],{},[1784,102751,1803],{},[2348,102753,4593],{},[13587,102755,102756,102758,102760],{},[1784,102757,68993],{},[1784,102759,1803],{},[2348,102761,4593],{},[1788,102763,2637],{},[2348,102765,4593],{},[1792,102767,102768,102770],{},[1788,102769,12866],{},[1781,102771,102772,102774,102776],{},[1784,102773,1803],{},[1788,102775,2537],{},[1784,102777,9312],{},[1792,102779,102780,102782],{},[1784,102781,3775],{},[1784,102783,1803],{},[1792,102785,102786,102788],{},[1784,102787,3775],{},[1784,102789,9312],{},[1792,102791,102792,102794],{},[1784,102793,68993],{},[1781,102795,102796,102798],{},[1784,102797,1803],{},[1784,102799,9312],{},[1808,102801,102802],{"encoding":1810},"\\sigma_P^2 = \\sum w_i^2 \\sigma_i^2 + 2 \\sum_{i\u003Cj} w_i w_j \\sigma_{ij}",[1115,102804,102805,102806,79490,102822,102840,102841,1075],{},"Při korelaci ",[1035,102807,102809],{"className":102808},[1772],[1774,102810,102811],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,102812,102813,102819],{},[1781,102814,102815,102817],{},[1788,102816,2537],{},[2348,102818,2374],{},[1808,102820,102821],{"encoding":1810},"\u003C 1",[1035,102823,102825],{"className":102824},[1772],[1774,102826,102827],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,102828,102829,102837],{},[1781,102830,102831],{},[1792,102832,102833,102835],{},[1784,102834,68993],{},[1784,102836,2264],{},[1808,102838,102839],{"encoding":1810},"\\sigma_P"," pod prostý vážený průměr — ",[1047,102842,102843],{},"diverzifikace eliminuje idiosynkratické riziko",[1115,102845,102846],{},"Risk-averse investor drží diverzifikované portfolio i za cenu nižšího očekávaného výnosu.",[1100,102848,102850],{"id":102849},"_113-loterie-a-kasina","11.3 Loterie a kasina",[1112,102852,102853,102879],{},[1115,102854,102855,102856,102878],{},"Komerční loterie mají ",[1035,102857,102859],{"className":102858},[1772],[1774,102860,102861],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,102862,102863,102875],{},[1781,102864,102865,102867,102869,102871,102873],{},[1784,102866,2364],{},[1788,102868,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,102870,3766],{},[1788,102872,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,102874,2537],{},[1808,102876,102877],{"encoding":1810},"E(L) \u003C"," cena losu (pojišťovna obráceně) — fair premium pro hráče by znamenala los zdarma.",[1115,102880,102881,102882,102884],{},"Existují, protože malá kohorta je ",[1047,102883,97375],{}," v doméně malých sázek a\u002Fnebo nadhodnocuje malé pravděpodobnosti (overweighting tail probabilities, Kahneman-Tversky).",[1100,102886,102888],{"id":102887},"_114-rozhodování-co-je-v-krabičce","11.4 Rozhodování \"co je v krabičce\"",[1030,102890,102891,102892,1062,102895,102898,102899,1075],{},"Klasické zadání (Monty Hall, Allaisův paradox) — spotřebitel se rozhoduje mezi ",[1047,102893,102894],{},"jistou výplatou",[1047,102896,102897],{},"rizikovou loterií",". Reálné rozhodnutí často porušuje vNM axiomy (zejména nezávislost), což motivovalo vznik ",[1091,102900,99119],{},[4503,102902],{},[1077,102904,102906],{"id":102905},"_12-návaznost-na-teorii-her","12. Návaznost na teorii her",[1030,102908,102909,102910,102913],{},"Ve hře dvou hráčů není nejistota statistická, ale ",[1047,102911,102912],{},"strategická"," — výsledek závisí na akci protihráče, jehož motivace neznám.",[1112,102915,102916,102922,102967],{},[1115,102917,102918,102921],{},[1091,102919,102920],{},"Smíšená strategie"," hráče B se chová formálně jako loterie pro hráče A.",[1115,102923,102924,102927,102928,102946,102947,1075],{},[1091,102925,102926],{},"Očekávaná výplata"," z mixu ",[1035,102929,102931],{"className":102930},[1772],[1774,102932,102933],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,102934,102935,102943],{},[1781,102936,102937],{},[1792,102938,102939,102941],{},[1784,102940,68993],{},[1784,102942,2475],{},[1808,102944,102945],{"encoding":1810},"\\sigma_B"," je analogie ",[1035,102948,102950],{"className":102949},[1772],[1774,102951,102952],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,102953,102954,102964],{},[1781,102955,102956,102958,102960,102962],{},[1784,102957,2364],{},[1788,102959,21923],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,102961,2480],{},[1788,102963,21948],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,102965,102966],{"encoding":1810},"E[u]",[1115,102968,102969,102972],{},[1091,102970,102971],{},"Maximin \u002F minimax"," je strategie risk-averse hráče (zaručuje nejhorší případ).",[1030,102974,102975,102976,1075],{},"Detailně viz ",[1068,102977,6646],{"className":102978,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":6644,"href":6645},[1071],[4503,102980],{},[1077,102982,102984],{"id":102983},"_13-shrnutí-pro-zkoušku","13. Shrnutí pro zkoušku",[1023,102986,102988,102995,103000,103005],{"className":102987,"dataCallout":25986},[1026,25985],[1030,102989,102991,102994],{"className":102990},[1033],[1035,102992],{"className":102993,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,25993,1040],"Předtermín, varianta C — typická úloha",[1030,102996,102997],{},[1091,102998,102999],{},"\"Definujte riziko, spravedlivou pojistku, maximální pojistku. Proč se lidé chtějí pojistit proti nejistým situacím, jestliže je pojistka spravedlivá? Zakreslete průběhy do grafu.\"",[1030,103001,103002],{},[1047,103003,103004],{},"Šablona odpovědi:",[1260,103006,103007,103013,103042,103101,103159],{},[1115,103008,103009,103010,103012],{},"Definovat ",[1091,103011,47],{}," (známé pravděpodobnosti, viz sekce 1) jako \"bad\" — statek s negativní preferencí pro risk-averse subjekt.",[1115,103014,103009,103015,1089,103017,103041],{},[1091,103016,97379],{},[1035,103018,103020],{"className":103019},[1772],[1774,103021,103022],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,103023,103024,103038],{},[1781,103025,103026,103032,103034,103036],{},[1792,103027,103028,103030],{},[1784,103029,1786],{},[1784,103031,3817],{},[1788,103033,1863],{},[1784,103035,1030],{},[1784,103037,3766],{},[1808,103039,103040],{"encoding":1810},"\\pi_F = pL"," — pojistné rovné očekávané ztrátě.",[1115,103043,103009,103044,1089,103046,47718,103065,1075],{},[1091,103045,97382],{},[1035,103047,103049],{"className":103048},[1772],[1774,103050,103051],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,103052,103053,103063],{},[1781,103054,103055],{},[1792,103056,103057,103059,103061],{},[1784,103058,1786],{},[1784,103060,3347],{},[1788,103062,3350],{},[1808,103064,100513],{"encoding":1810},[1035,103066,103068],{"className":103067},[1772],[1774,103069,103070],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,103071,103072,103098],{},[1781,103073,103074,103076,103078,103080,103082,103090,103092,103094,103096],{},[1784,103075,2480],{},[1788,103077,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,103079,3759],{},[1788,103081,2371],{},[1792,103083,103084,103086,103088],{},[1784,103085,1786],{},[1784,103087,3347],{},[1788,103089,3350],{},[1788,103091,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,103093,1863],{},[1784,103095,2364],{},[1784,103097,2126],{},[1808,103099,103100],{"encoding":1810},"u(W - \\pi_{\\max}) = EU",[1115,103102,103103,103104,103132,103133,23806,103155,103158],{},"Vysvětlit, že pro risk-averse platí ",[1035,103105,103107],{"className":103106},[1772],[1774,103108,103109],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,103110,103111,103129],{},[1781,103112,103113,103115,103117,103119,103121,103123,103125,103127],{},[1784,103114,2364],{},[1784,103116,2126],{},[1788,103118,33669],{},[1784,103120,2480],{},[1788,103122,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,103124,2364],{},[1784,103126,3759],{},[1788,103128,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,103130,103131],{"encoding":1810},"EU \\leq u(EW)"," (Jensen), tedy jistý příjem ",[1035,103134,103136],{"className":103135},[1772],[1774,103137,103138],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,103139,103140,103152],{},[1781,103141,103142,103144,103146],{},[1784,103143,3759],{},[1788,103145,2371],{},[1792,103147,103148,103150],{},[1784,103149,1786],{},[1784,103151,3817],{},[1808,103153,103154],{"encoding":1810},"W - \\pi_F",[1047,103156,103157],{},"vyšší užitek"," než nepojištěná loterie se stejnou střední hodnotou.",[1115,103160,103161,103162,103181,103182,1062,103208,103230,103231,1299,103250,1299,103265,1299,103287,1075],{},"Zakreslit konkávní ",[1035,103163,103165],{"className":103164},[1772],[1774,103166,103167],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,103168,103169,103179],{},[1781,103170,103171,103173,103175,103177],{},[1784,103172,2480],{},[1788,103174,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,103176,3759],{},[1788,103178,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,103180,98571],{"encoding":1810},", dvě bohatství ",[1035,103183,103185],{"className":103184},[1772],[1774,103186,103187],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,103188,103189,103205],{},[1781,103190,103191,103197,103199,103201,103203],{},[1792,103192,103193,103195],{},[1784,103194,3759],{},[2348,103196,2374],{},[1788,103198,1863],{},[1784,103200,3759],{},[1788,103202,2371],{},[1784,103204,3766],{},[1808,103206,103207],{"encoding":1810},"W_1 = W - L",[1035,103209,103211],{"className":103210},[1772],[1774,103212,103213],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,103214,103215,103227],{},[1781,103216,103217,103223,103225],{},[1792,103218,103219,103221],{},[1784,103220,3759],{},[2348,103222,4593],{},[1788,103224,1863],{},[1784,103226,3759],{},[1808,103228,103229],{"encoding":1810},"W_2 = W",", sečnu mezi nimi, body ",[1035,103232,103234],{"className":103233},[1772],[1774,103235,103236],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,103237,103238,103248],{},[1781,103239,103240,103242,103244,103246],{},[1784,103241,2364],{},[1788,103243,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,103245,3759],{},[1788,103247,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,103249,100471],{"encoding":1810},[1035,103251,103253],{"className":103252},[1772],[1774,103254,103255],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,103256,103257,103263],{},[1781,103258,103259,103261],{},[1784,103260,1868],{},[1784,103262,2364],{},[1808,103264,99714],{"encoding":1810},[1035,103266,103268],{"className":103267},[1772],[1774,103269,103270],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,103271,103272,103284],{},[1781,103273,103274,103276,103278,103280,103282],{},[1784,103275,2480],{},[1788,103277,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,103279,2364],{},[1784,103281,3759],{},[1788,103283,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,103285,103286],{"encoding":1810},"u(EW)",[1035,103288,103290],{"className":103289},[1772],[1774,103291,103292],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,103293,103294,103300],{},[1781,103295,103296,103298],{},[1784,103297,2364],{},[1784,103299,2126],{},[1808,103301,103302],{"encoding":1810},"EU",[1023,103304,103306,103313],{"className":103305,"dataCallout":25986},[1026,25985],[1030,103307,103309,103312],{"className":103308},[1033],[1035,103310],{"className":103311,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,25993,1040],"Předtermín I — kapitál vs. práce",[1030,103314,103315,103318,103319,103334],{},[1091,103316,103317],{},"Spotřebitel volí mezi \"jistým\" pracovním příjmem a \"rizikovým\" kapitálovým výnosem."," Postup: rozepsat obě alternativy jako loterie (práce má často degenerovanou loterii), spočítat ",[1035,103320,103322],{"className":103321},[1772],[1774,103323,103324],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,103325,103326,103332],{},[1781,103327,103328,103330],{},[1784,103329,2364],{},[1784,103331,2126],{},[1808,103333,103302],{"encoding":1810}," obou, porovnat s jistotním ekvivalentem. Risk-averse subjekt typicky volí práci, pokud nedostane prémii za riziko v podobě vyššího očekávaného výnosu kapitálu.",[1100,103336,103338],{"id":103337},"vzorce-na-rychlou-referenci","Vzorce na rychlou referenci",[1153,103340,103341,103351],{},[1156,103342,103343],{},[1159,103344,103345,103348],{},[1162,103346,103347],{},"veličina",[1162,103349,103350],{},"vzorec",[1172,103352,103353,103395,103446,103486,103523,103553,103595,103642],{},[1159,103354,103355,103357],{},[1177,103356,97799],{},[1177,103358,103359],{},[1035,103360,103362],{"className":103361},[1772],[1774,103363,103364],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,103365,103366,103392],{},[1781,103367,103368,103370,103372,103374,103376,103378,103380,103386],{},[1784,103369,2364],{},[1788,103371,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,103373,3766],{},[1788,103375,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,103377,1863],{},[1788,103379,12866],{},[1792,103381,103382,103384],{},[1784,103383,1030],{},[1784,103385,1803],{},[1792,103387,103388,103390],{},[1784,103389,2508],{},[1784,103391,1803],{},[1808,103393,103394],{"encoding":1810},"E(L) = \\sum p_i x_i",[1159,103396,103397,103400],{},[1177,103398,103399],{},"Očekávaný užitek",[1177,103401,103402],{},[1035,103403,103405],{"className":103404},[1772],[1774,103406,103407],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,103408,103409,103443],{},[1781,103410,103411,103413,103415,103417,103419,103421,103423,103425,103431,103433,103435,103441],{},[1784,103412,2364],{},[1784,103414,2126],{},[1788,103416,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,103418,3766],{},[1788,103420,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,103422,1863],{},[1788,103424,12866],{},[1792,103426,103427,103429],{},[1784,103428,1030],{},[1784,103430,1803],{},[1784,103432,2480],{},[1788,103434,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,103436,103437,103439],{},[1784,103438,2508],{},[1784,103440,1803],{},[1788,103442,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,103444,103445],{"encoding":1810},"EU(L) = \\sum p_i u(x_i)",[1159,103447,103448,103450],{},[1177,103449,99652],{},[1177,103451,103452],{},[1035,103453,103455],{"className":103454},[1772],[1774,103456,103457],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,103458,103459,103483],{},[1781,103460,103461,103463,103465,103467,103469,103471,103473,103475,103477,103479,103481],{},[1784,103462,2480],{},[1788,103464,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,103466,1868],{},[1784,103468,2364],{},[1788,103470,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,103472,1863],{},[1784,103474,2364],{},[1784,103476,2126],{},[1788,103478,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,103480,3766],{},[1788,103482,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,103484,103485],{"encoding":1810},"u(CE) = EU(L)",[1159,103487,103488,103490],{},[1177,103489,99899],{},[1177,103491,103492],{},[1035,103493,103495],{"className":103494},[1772],[1774,103496,103497],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,103498,103499,103521],{},[1781,103500,103501,103503,103505,103507,103509,103511,103513,103515,103517,103519],{},[1784,103502,1860],{},[1784,103504,2264],{},[1788,103506,1863],{},[1784,103508,2364],{},[1788,103510,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,103512,3766],{},[1788,103514,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,103516,2371],{},[1784,103518,1868],{},[1784,103520,2364],{},[1808,103522,99952],{"encoding":1810},[1159,103524,103525,103528],{},[1177,103526,103527],{},"Fair premium",[1177,103529,103530],{},[1035,103531,103533],{"className":103532},[1772],[1774,103534,103535],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,103536,103537,103551],{},[1781,103538,103539,103545,103547,103549],{},[1792,103540,103541,103543],{},[1784,103542,1786],{},[1784,103544,3817],{},[1788,103546,1863],{},[1784,103548,1030],{},[1784,103550,3766],{},[1808,103552,103040],{"encoding":1810},[1159,103554,103555,103558],{},[1177,103556,103557],{},"Max premium",[1177,103559,103560],{},[1035,103561,103563],{"className":103562},[1772],[1774,103564,103565],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,103566,103567,103593],{},[1781,103568,103569,103571,103573,103575,103577,103585,103587,103589,103591],{},[1784,103570,2480],{},[1788,103572,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,103574,3759],{},[1788,103576,2371],{},[1792,103578,103579,103581,103583],{},[1784,103580,1786],{},[1784,103582,3347],{},[1788,103584,3350],{},[1788,103586,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,103588,1863],{},[1784,103590,2364],{},[1784,103592,2126],{},[1808,103594,103100],{"encoding":1810},[1159,103596,103597,103600],{},[1177,103598,103599],{},"Arrow-Pratt absolutní",[1177,103601,103602],{},[1035,103603,103605],{"className":103604},[1772],[1774,103606,103607],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,103608,103609,103639],{},[1781,103610,103611,103617,103619,103621,103631,103633],{},[1792,103612,103613,103615],{},[1784,103614,3794],{},[1784,103616,10292],{},[1788,103618,1863],{},[1788,103620,2371],{},[2467,103622,103623,103625],{},[1784,103624,2480],{},[1781,103626,103627,103629],{},[1788,103628,7862],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,103630,7862],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,103632,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,103634,103635,103637],{},[1784,103636,2480],{},[1788,103638,7862],{"mathvariant":7829,"lspace":7861,"rspace":7861},[1808,103640,103641],{"encoding":1810},"r_A = -u''\u002Fu'",[1159,103643,103644,103647],{},[1177,103645,103646],{},"Arrow-Pratt relativní",[1177,103648,103649],{},[1035,103650,103652],{"className":103651},[1772],[1774,103653,103654],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,103655,103656,103688],{},[1781,103657,103658,103664,103666,103668,103670,103680,103682],{},[1792,103659,103660,103662],{},[1784,103661,3794],{},[1784,103663,1860],{},[1788,103665,1863],{},[1788,103667,2371],{},[1784,103669,3759],{},[2467,103671,103672,103674],{},[1784,103673,2480],{},[1781,103675,103676,103678],{},[1788,103677,7862],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,103679,7862],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,103681,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,103683,103684,103686],{},[1784,103685,2480],{},[1788,103687,7862],{"mathvariant":7829,"lspace":7861,"rspace":7861},[1808,103689,103690],{"encoding":1810},"r_R = -W u''\u002Fu'",[1023,103692,103694,103701],{"className":103693,"dataCallout":1608},[1026,1607],[1030,103695,103697,103700],{"className":103696},[1033],[1035,103698],{"className":103699,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1615,1040],"Trik na zkoušku",[1030,103702,103703,103704,103729,103730,103745,103746,103761,103762,1062,103781,1075],{},"Pokud zadání obsahuje ",[1035,103705,103707],{"className":103706},[1772],[1774,103708,103709],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,103710,103711,103727],{},[1781,103712,103713,103715,103717,103719,103721,103723],{},[1784,103714,2480],{},[1788,103716,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,103718,3759],{},[1788,103720,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,103722,1863],{},[22228,103724,103725],{},[1784,103726,3759],{},[1808,103728,98711],{"encoding":1810},", počítejte v krocích: nejdřív odmocniny výplat, pak vážený průměr (= ",[1035,103731,103733],{"className":103732},[1772],[1774,103734,103735],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,103736,103737,103743],{},[1781,103738,103739,103741],{},[1784,103740,2364],{},[1784,103742,2126],{},[1808,103744,103302],{"encoding":1810},"), pak druhá mocnina (",[1035,103747,103749],{"className":103748},[1772],[1774,103750,103751],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,103752,103753,103759],{},[1781,103754,103755,103757],{},[1784,103756,1868],{},[1784,103758,2364],{},[1808,103760,99714],{"encoding":1810},"). Rizikovou prémii a maximum premium dopočítáte z ",[1035,103763,103765],{"className":103764},[1772],[1774,103766,103767],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,103768,103769,103779],{},[1781,103770,103771,103773,103775,103777],{},[1784,103772,2364],{},[1788,103774,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,103776,3759],{},[1788,103778,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,103780,100471],{"encoding":1810},[1035,103782,103784],{"className":103783},[1772],[1774,103785,103786],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,103787,103788,103808],{},[1781,103789,103790,103800,103802,103804,103806],{},[2467,103791,103792,103794],{},[1784,103793,2480],{},[1781,103795,103796,103798],{},[1788,103797,2371],{},[2348,103799,2374],{},[1788,103801,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,103803,2364],{},[1784,103805,2126],{},[1788,103807,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,103809,103810],{"encoding":1810},"u^{-1}(EU)",[4503,103812],{},[1077,103814,103816],{"id":103815},"_14-reference-a-další-zdroje","14. Reference a další zdroje",[1112,103818,103819,103825],{},[1115,103820,103821,103822,1075],{},"Předtermínová zadání: varianta C otázka 2 (riziko, spravedlivá pojistka, maximální pojistka) a varianta I (kapitál vs. práce). Viz ",[1068,103823,4281],{"className":103824,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":4279,"href":4280},[1071],[1115,103826,103827,103828],{},"Související wiki:\n",[1112,103829,103830,103836,103843,103849,103855,103861,103868],{},[1115,103831,103832,103835],{},[1068,103833,14],{"className":103834,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1680,"href":1681},[1071]," — kurz hub.",[1115,103837,103838,103842],{},[1068,103839,103841],{"className":103840,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":32404,"href":32402},[1071],"Užitek a preference"," — výchozí teorie užitku.",[1115,103844,103845,103848],{},[1068,103846,6646],{"className":103847,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":6644,"href":6645},[1071]," — strategická nejistota.",[1115,103850,103851,103854],{},[1068,103852,19721],{"className":103853,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":4279,"href":4280},[1071]," — všechny řešené předtermíny.",[1115,103856,103857,103860],{},[1068,103858,19714],{"className":103859,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1832,"href":1833},[1071]," — kompletní referenční list.",[1115,103862,103863,103867],{},[1068,103864,103866],{"className":103865,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":33544,"href":33545},[1071],"Užitečnost (obecná teorie)"," — základní pojem ze sdíleného slovníku.",[1115,103869,103870,103876],{},[1068,103871,103875],{"className":103872,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":103873,"href":103874},[1071],"topics\u002Fdefinice-rizika.md","\u002Fwiki\u002Fdefinice-rizika","Definice rizika"," — pojetí v kurzu IRMaNK (manažerské řízení rizik).",{"title":1685,"searchDepth":141,"depth":141,"links":103878},[103879,103880,103883,103886,103891,103892,103895,103902,103911,103917,103918,103924,103925,103928],{"id":97417,"depth":141,"text":97418},{"id":97522,"depth":141,"text":97523,"children":103881},[103882],{"id":97793,"depth":96,"text":97794},{"id":97924,"depth":141,"text":97925,"children":103884},[103885],{"id":98163,"depth":96,"text":98164},{"id":98540,"depth":141,"text":98541,"children":103887},[103888,103889,103890],{"id":98578,"depth":96,"text":98579},{"id":98780,"depth":96,"text":98781},{"id":98941,"depth":96,"text":98942},{"id":99133,"depth":141,"text":99134},{"id":99646,"depth":141,"text":99647,"children":103893},[103894],{"id":99893,"depth":96,"text":99894},{"id":100122,"depth":141,"text":100123,"children":103896},[103897,103898,103899,103900],{"id":100171,"depth":96,"text":100172},{"id":100348,"depth":96,"text":100349},{"id":100475,"depth":96,"text":100476},{"id":100672,"depth":96,"text":103901},"7.4 Vztah πF\\pi_F a πmax⁡\\pi_{\\max}",{"id":100928,"depth":141,"text":100929,"children":103903},[103904,103905,103906,103907,103908,103909,103910],{"id":101042,"depth":96,"text":101043},{"id":101119,"depth":96,"text":101120},{"id":101188,"depth":96,"text":101189},{"id":101239,"depth":96,"text":101240},{"id":101294,"depth":96,"text":101295},{"id":101432,"depth":96,"text":101433},{"id":101555,"depth":96,"text":101556},{"id":101665,"depth":141,"text":101666,"children":103912},[103913,103914,103915,103916],{"id":101676,"depth":96,"text":101677},{"id":101815,"depth":96,"text":101816},{"id":101910,"depth":96,"text":101911},{"id":102362,"depth":96,"text":102363},{"id":102459,"depth":141,"text":102460},{"id":102687,"depth":141,"text":102688,"children":103919},[103920,103921,103922,103923],{"id":102691,"depth":96,"text":102692},{"id":102718,"depth":96,"text":102719},{"id":102849,"depth":96,"text":102850},{"id":102887,"depth":96,"text":102888},{"id":102905,"depth":141,"text":102906},{"id":102983,"depth":141,"text":102984,"children":103926},[103927],{"id":103337,"depth":96,"text":103338},{"id":103815,"depth":141,"text":103816},{},"\u002Ftopics\u002Fmikk-riziko-nejistota-spotrebitele",{"title":97335,"description":1685},[66535,33347],"topics\u002Fmikk-riziko-nejistota-spotrebitele",[13,28,47,742,800,964],"gbHjfzm7Oe2uxUt0mxgiV6HcJ81TNdmIRZ1R1H1h-RI",{"id":103937,"title":103938,"body":103939,"course":13,"courses":1696,"created":1697,"description":1685,"extension":1698,"meta":114592,"navigation":1700,"path":114593,"seo":114594,"sources":114595,"stem":114596,"tags":114597,"type":4439,"updated":1697,"__hash__":114598},"topics\u002Ftopics\u002Fmikk-rovnovaha-spotrebitele.md","Optimalizace spotřebitele — tři metody",{"type":1016,"value":103940,"toc":114541},[103941,103944,104242,104272,104274,104278,104391,104431,104435,104438,104605,104634,104686,104689,104739,104800,104804,104813,104880,104890,104894,104897,105233,105254,105258,105272,105326,105333,105335,105339,105350,105354,105402,105512,105519,105523,105526,105612,105692,105744,105824,105907,105911,105914,105927,105971,105973,105977,105994,106200,106207,106209,106213,106251,106353,106356,106414,106420,106506,106511,106583,106588,106648,106712,106714,106718,106768,106773,106845,106877,106880,106924,106954,106987,107036,107041,107085,107129,107159,107195,107214,107248,107295,107366,107368,107372,107388,107393,107420,107455,107474,107552,107555,107688,107691,107759,107762,107882,107940,107946,108004,108010,108058,108064,108100,108142,108190,108192,108196,108233,108237,108318,108394,108397,108473,108477,108480,108536,108592,108652,108655,108659,108724,108768,108771,108821,108876,108879,108967,108970,109019,109037,109080,109124,109155,109159,109162,109222,109282,109286,109317,109356,109392,109502,109725,109754,109756,109760,109914,109918,109966,110016,110065,110068,110139,110143,110146,110250,110402,110457,110461,110554,110569,110573,110625,110627,110631,110634,110638,110684,110709,110713,110761,110811,110815,110865,110946,110950,111033,111059,111105,111191,111224,111321,111362,111458,111491,111517,111562,111673,111706,111798,111834,111921,111954,111996,112069,112150,112190,112298,112301,112385,112562,112564,112568,112575,112585,112708,112711,112791,112797,112803,112805,112809,112815,112945,112948,113011,113014,113016,113020,113023,113102,113119,113121,113125,113688,113690,113694,113704,114042,114096,114102,114104,114108,114465,114467,114469],[1019,103942,103938],{"id":103943},"optimalizace-spotřebitele-tři-metody",[1023,103945,103947,103953],{"className":103946,"dataCallout":1028},[1026,1027],[1030,103948,103950,1042],{"className":103949},[1033],[1035,103951],{"className":103952,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1039,1040],[1030,103954,103955,103958,103959,103989,103990,104014,104015,104043,104044,104047,104048,104142,104143,104146,104147,104181,104182,104185,104186,104199,104200,104203,104204,4010,104207,104241],{},[1047,103956,103957],{},"Optimum spotřebitele"," je takový spotřební koš ",[1035,103960,103962],{"className":103961},[1772],[1774,103963,103964],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,103965,103966,103986],{},[1781,103967,103968,103970,103976,103978,103984],{},[1788,103969,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2467,103971,103972,103974],{},[1784,103973,20998],{},[1788,103975,7763],{},[1788,103977,1138],{"separator":1041},[2467,103979,103980,103982],{},[1784,103981,21001],{},[1788,103983,7763],{},[1788,103985,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,103987,103988],{"encoding":1810},"(X^*, Y^*)",", kde se sklon nejvyšší dosažitelné indiferenční křivky (tj. ",[1035,103991,103993],{"className":103992},[1772],[1774,103994,103995],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,103996,103997,104011],{},[1781,103998,103999,104001,104003,104005],{},[1788,104000,2371],{},[1784,104002,1857],{},[1784,104004,1860],{},[1792,104006,104007,104009],{},[1784,104008,3212],{},[1784,104010,1868],{},[1808,104012,104013],{"encoding":1810},"-MRS_C",") přesně rovná sklonu rozpočtové přímky (",[1035,104016,104018],{"className":104017},[1772],[1774,104019,104020],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,104021,104022,104040],{},[1781,104023,104024,104026,104032,104034],{},[1788,104025,2371],{},[1792,104027,104028,104030],{},[1784,104029,2264],{},[1784,104031,20998],{},[1784,104033,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,104035,104036,104038],{},[1784,104037,2264],{},[1784,104039,21001],{},[1808,104041,104042],{"encoding":1810},"-P_X\u002FP_Y","), a který současně leží ",[1047,104045,104046],{},"na"," rozpočtové přímce (utratí celý důchod). Algebraicky:\n",[1035,104049,104051],{"className":104050},[1772],[1774,104052,104053],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,104054,104055,104139],{},[1781,104056,104057,104059,104061,104067,104069,104093,104095,104111,104113,104115,104121,104123,104125,104131,104133,104135,104137],{},[1784,104058,1857],{},[1784,104060,1860],{},[1792,104062,104063,104065],{},[1784,104064,3212],{},[1784,104066,1868],{},[1788,104068,1863],{},[14390,104070,104071],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,104072,104073,104083],{},[1781,104074,104075,104077],{},[1784,104076,1857],{},[1792,104078,104079,104081],{},[1784,104080,2126],{},[1784,104082,20998],{},[1781,104084,104085,104087],{},[1784,104086,1857],{},[1792,104088,104089,104091],{},[1784,104090,2126],{},[1784,104092,21001],{},[1788,104094,1863],{},[14390,104096,104097],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,104098,104099,104105],{},[1792,104100,104101,104103],{},[1784,104102,2264],{},[1784,104104,20998],{},[1792,104106,104107,104109],{},[1784,104108,2264],{},[1784,104110,21001],{},[1788,104112,1138],{"separator":1041},[2352,104114],{"width":2354},[1792,104116,104117,104119],{},[1784,104118,2264],{},[1784,104120,20998],{},[1784,104122,20998],{},[1788,104124,2637],{},[1792,104126,104127,104129],{},[1784,104128,2264],{},[1784,104130,21001],{},[1784,104132,21001],{},[1788,104134,1863],{},[1784,104136,3221],{},[1784,104138,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,104140,104141],{"encoding":1810},"MRS_C = \\dfrac{MU_X}{MU_Y} = \\dfrac{P_X}{P_Y}, \\qquad P_X X + P_Y Y = I.","\nSoustavu lze řešit ",[1047,104144,104145],{},"třemi způsoby",": (I) substitucí přes podmínku ",[1035,104148,104150],{"className":104149},[1772],[1774,104151,104152],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,104153,104154,104178],{},[1781,104155,104156,104158,104160,104162,104164,104170,104172],{},[1784,104157,1857],{},[1784,104159,1860],{},[1784,104161,3212],{},[1788,104163,1863],{},[1792,104165,104166,104168],{},[1784,104167,2264],{},[1784,104169,20998],{},[1784,104171,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,104173,104174,104176],{},[1784,104175,2264],{},[1784,104177,21001],{},[1808,104179,104180],{"encoding":1810},"MRS = P_X\u002FP_Y",", (II) dosazením rozpočtové podmínky do funkce užitku a hledáním volného maxima, (III) ",[1047,104183,104184],{},"Lagrangeovou metodou"," s multiplikátorem ",[1035,104187,104189],{"className":104188},[1772],[1774,104190,104191],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,104192,104193,104197],{},[1781,104194,104195],{},[1784,104196,34316],{},[1808,104198,38491],{"encoding":1810}," (jehož hodnota navíc poskytne ekonomickou interpretaci jako ",[1091,104201,104202],{},"stínovou cenu důchodu","). Pokud spotřebitel dosáhne ",[1047,104205,104206],{},"bodu nasycení",[1035,104208,104210],{"className":104209},[1772],[1774,104211,104212],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,104213,104214,104238],{},[1781,104215,104216,104218,104224,104226,104228,104234,104236],{},[1784,104217,1857],{},[1792,104219,104220,104222],{},[1784,104221,2126],{},[1784,104223,20998],{},[1788,104225,1863],{},[1784,104227,1857],{},[1792,104229,104230,104232],{},[1784,104231,2126],{},[1784,104233,21001],{},[1788,104235,1863],{},[2348,104237,2350],{},[1808,104239,104240],{"encoding":1810},"MU_X = MU_Y = 0","), další jednotky důchodu už užitek nezvyšují.",[1030,104243,104244,104245,104248,104249,104253,104254,1062,104258,104262,104263,104267,104268,1075],{},"Tato stránka navazuje na ",[1068,104246,6988],{"className":104247,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1680,"href":1681},[1071],", využívá pojmy z ",[1068,104250,104252],{"className":104251,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":32404,"href":32402},[1071],"funkce užitku, MU a indiferenční křivky"," a poskytuje vstup do navazujících témat ",[1068,104255,104257],{"className":104256,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":32173,"href":32171},[1071],"Marshallovy a Hicksovy poptávky",[1068,104259,104261],{"className":104260,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":25327,"href":25325},[1071],"substitučního a důchodového efektu",". Matematickou stránku Lagrangeovy metody obecně rozebírá ",[1068,104264,104266],{"className":104265,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":33538,"href":33539},[1071],"Lagrangeova metoda (ImeK)","; pro úvod do problému viz ",[1068,104269,104271],{"className":104270,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":33550,"href":33551},[1071],"Optimalizace spotřebitele (ImeK primer)",[4503,104273],{},[1077,104275,104277],{"id":104276},"_1-rozpočtové-omezení","1. Rozpočtové omezení",[1030,104279,104280,104281,104294,104295,104298,104299,24775,104312,104329,104330,24775,104343,20705,104360,104363,104364,104367,104368,104390],{},"Spotřebitel disponuje peněžním důchodem ",[1035,104282,104284],{"className":104283},[1772],[1774,104285,104286],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,104287,104288,104292],{},[1781,104289,104290],{},[1784,104291,3221],{},[1808,104293,3221],{"encoding":1810}," (anglicky ",[1091,104296,104297],{},"income","). Jednotková cena zboží ",[1035,104300,104302],{"className":104301},[1772],[1774,104303,104304],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,104305,104306,104310],{},[1781,104307,104308],{},[1784,104309,20998],{},[1808,104311,20998],{"encoding":1810},[1035,104313,104315],{"className":104314},[1772],[1774,104316,104317],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,104318,104319,104327],{},[1781,104320,104321],{},[1792,104322,104323,104325],{},[1784,104324,2264],{},[1784,104326,20998],{},[1808,104328,36253],{"encoding":1810},", jednotková cena zboží ",[1035,104331,104333],{"className":104332},[1772],[1774,104334,104335],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,104336,104337,104341],{},[1781,104338,104339],{},[1784,104340,21001],{},[1808,104342,21001],{"encoding":1810},[1035,104344,104346],{"className":104345},[1772],[1774,104347,104348],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,104349,104350,104358],{},[1781,104351,104352],{},[1792,104353,104354,104356],{},[1784,104355,2264],{},[1784,104357,21001],{},[1808,104359,39555],{"encoding":1810},[1047,104361,104362],{},"Linie příjmu"," (rozpočtová přímka, ",[1091,104365,104366],{},"budget line",") je množina kombinací ",[1035,104369,104371],{"className":104370},[1772],[1774,104372,104373],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,104374,104375,104387],{},[1781,104376,104377,104379,104381,104383,104385],{},[1788,104378,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,104380,20998],{},[1788,104382,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,104384,21001],{},[1788,104386,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,104388,104389],{"encoding":1810},"(X, Y)",", které spotřebitel může pořídit, pokud utratí přesně celý důchod:",[1035,104392,104394],{"className":104393},[1772],[1774,104395,104396],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,104397,104398,104428],{},[1781,104399,104400,104406,104408,104410,104412,104418,104420,104422,104424,104426],{},[1792,104401,104402,104404],{},[1784,104403,2264],{},[1784,104405,20998],{},[1788,104407,2267],{},[1784,104409,20998],{},[1788,104411,2637],{},[1792,104413,104414,104416],{},[1784,104415,2264],{},[1784,104417,21001],{},[1788,104419,2267],{},[1784,104421,21001],{},[1788,104423,1863],{},[1784,104425,3221],{},[1784,104427,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,104429,104430],{"encoding":1810},"P_X \\cdot X + P_Y \\cdot Y = I.",[1100,104432,104434],{"id":104433},"_11-geometrie-rozpočtové-přímky","1.1 Geometrie rozpočtové přímky",[1030,104436,104437],{},"Rozpočtová přímka je úsečka v prvním kvadrantu mezi dvěma průsečíky s osami:",[1112,104439,104440,104530],{},[1115,104441,104442,104457,104458,46479,104476,104502,104503,104516,104517,1075],{},[1047,104443,29506,104444,1310],{},[1035,104445,104447],{"className":104446},[1772],[1774,104448,104449],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,104450,104451,104455],{},[1781,104452,104453],{},[1784,104454,20998],{},[1808,104456,20998],{"encoding":1810}," položíme ",[1035,104459,104461],{"className":104460},[1772],[1774,104462,104463],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,104464,104465,104473],{},[1781,104466,104467,104469,104471],{},[1784,104468,21001],{},[1788,104470,1863],{},[2348,104472,2350],{},[1808,104474,104475],{"encoding":1810},"Y = 0",[1035,104477,104479],{"className":104478},[1772],[1774,104480,104481],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,104482,104483,104499],{},[1781,104484,104485,104487,104489,104491,104493],{},[1784,104486,20998],{},[1788,104488,1863],{},[1784,104490,3221],{},[1784,104492,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,104494,104495,104497],{},[1784,104496,2264],{},[1784,104498,20998],{},[1808,104500,104501],{"encoding":1810},"X = I\u002FP_X",". To je maximální množství ",[1035,104504,104506],{"className":104505},[1772],[1774,104507,104508],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,104509,104510,104514],{},[1781,104511,104512],{},[1784,104513,20998],{},[1808,104515,20998],{"encoding":1810},", kdyby spotřebitel utratil všechen důchod jen za zboží ",[1035,104518,104520],{"className":104519},[1772],[1774,104521,104522],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,104523,104524,104528],{},[1781,104525,104526],{},[1784,104527,20998],{},[1808,104529,20998],{"encoding":1810},[1115,104531,104532,104457,104547,46479,104565,104591,104592,1075],{},[1047,104533,29506,104534,1310],{},[1035,104535,104537],{"className":104536},[1772],[1774,104538,104539],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,104540,104541,104545],{},[1781,104542,104543],{},[1784,104544,21001],{},[1808,104546,21001],{"encoding":1810},[1035,104548,104550],{"className":104549},[1772],[1774,104551,104552],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,104553,104554,104562],{},[1781,104555,104556,104558,104560],{},[1784,104557,20998],{},[1788,104559,1863],{},[2348,104561,2350],{},[1808,104563,104564],{"encoding":1810},"X = 0",[1035,104566,104568],{"className":104567},[1772],[1774,104569,104570],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,104571,104572,104588],{},[1781,104573,104574,104576,104578,104580,104582],{},[1784,104575,21001],{},[1788,104577,1863],{},[1784,104579,3221],{},[1784,104581,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,104583,104584,104586],{},[1784,104585,2264],{},[1784,104587,21001],{},[1808,104589,104590],{"encoding":1810},"Y = I\u002FP_Y",". Analogicky to je krajní bod nákupu pouze zboží ",[1035,104593,104595],{"className":104594},[1772],[1774,104596,104597],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,104598,104599,104603],{},[1781,104600,104601],{},[1784,104602,21001],{},[1808,104604,21001],{"encoding":1810},[1030,104606,104607,104608,33713,104621,1310],{},"Sklon přímky získáme vyjádřením ",[1035,104609,104611],{"className":104610},[1772],[1774,104612,104613],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,104614,104615,104619],{},[1781,104616,104617],{},[1784,104618,21001],{},[1808,104620,21001],{"encoding":1810},[1035,104622,104624],{"className":104623},[1772],[1774,104625,104626],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,104627,104628,104632],{},[1781,104629,104630],{},[1784,104631,20998],{},[1808,104633,20998],{"encoding":1810},[1035,104635,104637],{"className":104636},[1772],[1774,104638,104639],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,104640,104641,104683],{},[1781,104642,104643,104645,104647,104659,104661,104677,104679,104681],{},[1784,104644,21001],{},[1788,104646,1863],{},[14390,104648,104649],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,104650,104651,104653],{},[1784,104652,3221],{},[1792,104654,104655,104657],{},[1784,104656,2264],{},[1784,104658,21001],{},[1788,104660,2371],{},[14390,104662,104663],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,104664,104665,104671],{},[1792,104666,104667,104669],{},[1784,104668,2264],{},[1784,104670,20998],{},[1792,104672,104673,104675],{},[1784,104674,2264],{},[1784,104676,21001],{},[2149,104678,2769],{},[1784,104680,20998],{},[1784,104682,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,104684,104685],{"encoding":1810},"Y = \\dfrac{I}{P_Y} - \\dfrac{P_X}{P_Y}\\, X.",[1030,104687,104688],{},"Sklon (směrnice) je tedy",[1035,104690,104692],{"className":104691},[1772],[1774,104693,104694],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,104695,104696,104736],{},[1781,104697,104698,104714,104716,104718,104734],{},[14390,104699,104700],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,104701,104702,104708],{},[1781,104703,104704,104706],{},[1784,104705,2328],{},[1784,104707,21001],{},[1781,104709,104710,104712],{},[1784,104711,2328],{},[1784,104713,20998],{},[1788,104715,1863],{},[1788,104717,2371],{},[14390,104719,104720],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,104721,104722,104728],{},[1792,104723,104724,104726],{},[1784,104725,2264],{},[1784,104727,20998],{},[1792,104729,104730,104732],{},[1784,104731,2264],{},[1784,104733,21001],{},[1784,104735,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,104737,104738],{"encoding":1810},"\\dfrac{dY}{dX} = -\\dfrac{P_X}{P_Y}.",[1030,104740,104741,104742,104755,104756,3250,104769,104772,104773,104786,104787,2440],{},"Záporné znaménko vyjadřuje, že nákup další jednotky ",[1035,104743,104745],{"className":104744},[1772],[1774,104746,104747],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,104748,104749,104753],{},[1781,104750,104751],{},[1784,104752,20998],{},[1808,104754,20998],{"encoding":1810}," vyžaduje vzdát se určitého počtu jednotek ",[1035,104757,104759],{"className":104758},[1772],[1774,104760,104761],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,104762,104763,104767],{},[1781,104764,104765],{},[1784,104766,21001],{},[1808,104768,21001],{"encoding":1810},[1047,104770,104771],{},"ekonomicky jde o relativní cenu"," (kolik ",[1035,104774,104776],{"className":104775},[1772],[1774,104777,104778],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,104779,104780,104784],{},[1781,104781,104782],{},[1784,104783,21001],{},[1808,104785,21001],{"encoding":1810}," je nutné obětovat za jednu ",[1035,104788,104790],{"className":104789},[1772],[1774,104791,104792],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,104793,104794,104798],{},[1781,104795,104796],{},[1784,104797,20998],{},[1808,104799,20998],{"encoding":1810},[1100,104801,104803],{"id":104802},"_12-soubor-tržních-příležitostí","1.2 Soubor tržních příležitostí",[1030,104805,104806,4010,104809,104812],{},[1047,104807,104808],{},"Soubor tržních příležitostí",[1091,104810,104811],{},"market opportunity set",") je trojúhelník vymezený rozpočtovou přímkou a souřadnicovými osami:",[1035,104814,104816],{"className":104815},[1772],[1774,104817,104818],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,104819,104820,104877],{},[1781,104821,104822,104824,104826,104828,104830,104832,104834,104836,104849,104851,104857,104859,104861,104867,104869,104871,104873,104875],{},[1788,104823,34972],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,104825,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,104827,20998],{},[1788,104829,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,104831,21001],{},[1788,104833,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,104835,43200],{},[13587,104837,104838,104841,104847],{},[1784,104839,1860],{"mathvariant":104840},"double-struck",[1781,104842,104843,104845],{},[1788,104844,1790],{},[2348,104846,2350],{},[2348,104848,4593],{},[1788,104850,1310],{},[1792,104852,104853,104855],{},[1784,104854,2264],{},[1784,104856,20998],{},[1784,104858,20998],{},[1788,104860,2637],{},[1792,104862,104863,104865],{},[1784,104864,2264],{},[1784,104866,21001],{},[1784,104868,21001],{},[1788,104870,33669],{},[1784,104872,3221],{},[1788,104874,35011],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,104876,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,104878,104879],{"encoding":1810},"\\{ (X, Y) \\in \\mathbb{R}^2_{\\ge 0} : P_X X + P_Y Y \\le I \\}.",[1030,104881,104882,104883,104886,104887,104889],{},"Body uvnitř trojúhelníka (ostrá nerovnost) představují koše, které jsou ",[1091,104884,104885],{},"dostupné, ale nevyčerpávají důchod",". V optimu při monotónních preferencích spotřebitel vždy zvolí bod ",[1047,104888,104046],{}," přímce — neutracený důchod by znamenal nevyužitou příležitost zvýšit užitek.",[1100,104891,104893],{"id":104892},"_13-posuny-rozpočtové-přímky","1.3 Posuny rozpočtové přímky",[1030,104895,104896],{},"Rozpočtová přímka se posouvá v reakci na změnu jejích tří parametrů:",[1153,104898,104899,104909],{},[1156,104900,104901],{},[1159,104902,104903,104906],{},[1162,104904,104905],{},"Změna",[1162,104907,104908],{},"Geometrický efekt",[1172,104910,104911,104963,104984,105056,105112,105180],{},[1159,104912,104913,104930],{},[1177,104914,104915,104916,104929],{},"↑ ",[1035,104917,104919],{"className":104918},[1772],[1774,104920,104921],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,104922,104923,104927],{},[1781,104924,104925],{},[1784,104926,3221],{},[1808,104928,3221],{"encoding":1810}," (důchod)",[1177,104931,104932,104935,104936,2440],{},[1047,104933,104934],{},"Paralelní posun"," přímky doprava nahoru (sklon zůstává ",[1035,104937,104939],{"className":104938},[1772],[1774,104940,104941],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,104942,104943,104961],{},[1781,104944,104945,104947,104953,104955],{},[1788,104946,2371],{},[1792,104948,104949,104951],{},[1784,104950,2264],{},[1784,104952,20998],{},[1784,104954,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,104956,104957,104959],{},[1784,104958,2264],{},[1784,104960,21001],{},[1808,104962,104042],{"encoding":1810},[1159,104964,104965,104981],{},[1177,104966,104967,104968],{},"↓ ",[1035,104969,104971],{"className":104970},[1772],[1774,104972,104973],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,104974,104975,104979],{},[1781,104976,104977],{},[1784,104978,3221],{},[1808,104980,3221],{"encoding":1810},[1177,104982,104983],{},"Paralelní posun doleva dolů.",[1159,104985,104986,105005],{},[1177,104987,104915,104988],{},[1035,104989,104991],{"className":104990},[1772],[1774,104992,104993],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,104994,104995,105003],{},[1781,104996,104997],{},[1792,104998,104999,105001],{},[1784,105000,2264],{},[1784,105002,20998],{},[1808,105004,36253],{"encoding":1810},[1177,105006,105007,1089,105010,40591,105042,105055],{},[1047,105008,105009],{},"Rotace kolem bodu",[1035,105011,105013],{"className":105012},[1772],[1774,105014,105015],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,105016,105017,105039],{},[1781,105018,105019,105021,105023,105025,105027,105029,105031,105037],{},[1788,105020,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,105022,2350],{},[1788,105024,1138],{"separator":1041},[2149,105026,2769],{},[1784,105028,3221],{},[1784,105030,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,105032,105033,105035],{},[1784,105034,2264],{},[1784,105036,21001],{},[1788,105038,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,105040,105041],{"encoding":1810},"(0,\\, I\u002FP_Y)",[1035,105043,105045],{"className":105044},[1772],[1774,105046,105047],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,105048,105049,105053],{},[1781,105050,105051],{},[1784,105052,21001],{},[1808,105054,21001],{"encoding":1810}," směrem dovnitř (přímka se zploští, $",[1159,105057,105058,105077],{},[1177,105059,104967,105060],{},[1035,105061,105063],{"className":105062},[1772],[1774,105064,105065],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,105066,105067,105075],{},[1781,105068,105069],{},[1792,105070,105071,105073],{},[1784,105072,2264],{},[1784,105074,20998],{},[1808,105076,36253],{"encoding":1810},[1177,105078,105079,105080,105111],{},"Rotace kolem ",[1035,105081,105083],{"className":105082},[1772],[1774,105084,105085],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,105086,105087,105109],{},[1781,105088,105089,105091,105093,105095,105097,105099,105101,105107],{},[1788,105090,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,105092,2350],{},[1788,105094,1138],{"separator":1041},[2149,105096,2769],{},[1784,105098,3221],{},[1784,105100,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,105102,105103,105105],{},[1784,105104,2264],{},[1784,105106,21001],{},[1788,105108,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,105110,105041],{"encoding":1810}," směrem ven.",[1159,105113,105114,105133],{},[1177,105115,104915,105116],{},[1035,105117,105119],{"className":105118},[1772],[1774,105120,105121],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,105122,105123,105131],{},[1781,105124,105125],{},[1792,105126,105127,105129],{},[1784,105128,2264],{},[1784,105130,21001],{},[1808,105132,39555],{"encoding":1810},[1177,105134,105135,105136,40591,105166,105179],{},"Rotace kolem bodu ",[1035,105137,105139],{"className":105138},[1772],[1774,105140,105141],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,105142,105143,105163],{},[1781,105144,105145,105147,105149,105151,105157,105159,105161],{},[1788,105146,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,105148,3221],{},[1784,105150,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,105152,105153,105155],{},[1784,105154,2264],{},[1784,105156,20998],{},[1788,105158,1138],{"separator":1041},[2348,105160,2350],{},[1788,105162,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,105164,105165],{"encoding":1810},"(I\u002FP_X, 0)",[1035,105167,105169],{"className":105168},[1772],[1774,105170,105171],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,105172,105173,105177],{},[1781,105174,105175],{},[1784,105176,20998],{},[1808,105178,20998],{"encoding":1810}," dovnitř.",[1159,105181,105182,105201],{},[1177,105183,104967,105184],{},[1035,105185,105187],{"className":105186},[1772],[1774,105188,105189],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,105190,105191,105199],{},[1781,105192,105193],{},[1792,105194,105195,105197],{},[1784,105196,2264],{},[1784,105198,21001],{},[1808,105200,39555],{"encoding":1810},[1177,105202,105079,105203,105232],{},[1035,105204,105206],{"className":105205},[1772],[1774,105207,105208],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,105209,105210,105230],{},[1781,105211,105212,105214,105216,105218,105224,105226,105228],{},[1788,105213,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,105215,3221],{},[1784,105217,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,105219,105220,105222],{},[1784,105221,2264],{},[1784,105223,20998],{},[1788,105225,1138],{"separator":1041},[2348,105227,2350],{},[1788,105229,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,105231,105165],{"encoding":1810}," ven (přímka se napřímí, $",[1023,105234,105236,105243],{"className":105235,"dataCallout":1608},[1026,1607],[1030,105237,105239,105242],{"className":105238},[1033],[1035,105240],{"className":105241,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1615,1040],"Mnemotechnická pomůcka",[1030,105244,105245,105246,105249,105250,105253],{},"Při změně ceny zboží ",[1047,105247,105248],{},"se nemění"," ten průsečík, který se daného zboží ",[1047,105251,105252],{},"netýká"," (protože v něm je nakupované množství onoho zboží nulové). Přímka kolem něj rotuje.",[1100,105255,105257],{"id":105256},"_14-nelineární-rozpočtové-omezení","1.4 Nelineární rozpočtové omezení",[1030,105259,105260,105261,1737,105264,105267,105268,105271],{},"Pokud trh nabízí ",[1047,105262,105263],{},"množstevní slevy",[1047,105265,105266],{},"kupony",", rozpočtová přímka přestane být přímkou a stane se ",[1091,105269,105270],{},"zlomenou křivkou",". Existují dva typické případy:",[1112,105273,105274,105321],{},[1115,105275,105276,105279,105280,105293,105294,105320],{},[1047,105277,105278],{},"Kupon na 2 lístky za cenu 1:"," první lístek za ",[1035,105281,105283],{"className":105282},[1772],[1774,105284,105285],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,105286,105287,105291],{},[1781,105288,105289],{},[1784,105290,2264],{},[1808,105292,2264],{"encoding":1810},", druhý zdarma — efektivní cena druhé jednotky je 0, takže přímka je v intervalu ",[1035,105295,105297],{"className":105296},[1772],[1774,105298,105299],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,105300,105301,105317],{},[1781,105302,105303,105305,105307,105309,105311,105313,105315],{},[1784,105304,20998],{},[1788,105306,43200],{},[1788,105308,21923],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,105310,2374],{},[1788,105312,1138],{"separator":1041},[2348,105314,4593],{},[1788,105316,21948],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,105318,105319],{"encoding":1810},"X \\in [1, 2]"," vodorovná a poté pokračuje s normálním sklonem.",[1115,105322,105323,105325],{},[1047,105324,12732],{}," od určitého počtu kusů: po překročení prahu se sklon změní (přímka se zlomí směrem ven).",[1030,105327,105328,105329,105332],{},"Tyto situace mohou vést ke ",[1047,105330,105331],{},"dvěma vnitřním optimům"," současně nebo k volbě v bodě zlomu.",[4503,105334],{},[1077,105336,105338],{"id":105337},"_2-vnitřní-vs-rohové-řešení","2. Vnitřní vs. rohové řešení",[1030,105340,105341,105342,105345,105346,105349],{},"Optimální koš se může nacházet ve ",[1047,105343,105344],{},"vnitřku"," trojúhelníka tržních příležitostí (na rozpočtové přímce, ale ne v krajním bodě), nebo v jednom z ",[1047,105347,105348],{},"rohů"," přímky (spotřeba pouze jednoho zboží).",[1100,105351,105353],{"id":105352},"_21-vnitřní-řešení","2.1 Vnitřní řešení",[1030,105355,105356,105357,1062,105379,105401],{},"Je-li ",[1035,105358,105360],{"className":105359},[1772],[1774,105361,105362],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,105363,105364,105376],{},[1781,105365,105366,105372,105374],{},[2467,105367,105368,105370],{},[1784,105369,20998],{},[1788,105371,7763],{},[1788,105373,2491],{},[2348,105375,2350],{},[1808,105377,105378],{"encoding":1810},"X^* > 0",[1035,105380,105382],{"className":105381},[1772],[1774,105383,105384],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,105385,105386,105398],{},[1781,105387,105388,105394,105396],{},[2467,105389,105390,105392],{},[1784,105391,21001],{},[1788,105393,7763],{},[1788,105395,2491],{},[2348,105397,2350],{},[1808,105399,105400],{"encoding":1810},"Y^* > 0",", soustavu pro optimum tvoří dvě rovnice:",[1035,105403,105405],{"className":105404},[1772],[1774,105406,105407],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,105408,105409,105509],{},[1781,105410,105411],{},[21766,105412,105413],{"notation":21768},[14390,105414,105415],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,105416,105417],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,105418,105419],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[1781,105420,105421,105423,105425,105427,105433,105435,105459,105461,105477,105479,105481,105483,105489,105491,105493,105499,105501,105503,105505,105507],{},[2149,105422,21702],{},[1784,105424,1857],{},[1784,105426,1860],{},[1792,105428,105429,105431],{},[1784,105430,3212],{},[1784,105432,1868],{},[1788,105434,1863],{},[14390,105436,105437],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,105438,105439,105449],{},[1781,105440,105441,105443],{},[1784,105442,1857],{},[1792,105444,105445,105447],{},[1784,105446,2126],{},[1784,105448,20998],{},[1781,105450,105451,105453],{},[1784,105452,1857],{},[1792,105454,105455,105457],{},[1784,105456,2126],{},[1784,105458,21001],{},[1788,105460,1863],{},[14390,105462,105463],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,105464,105465,105471],{},[1792,105466,105467,105469],{},[1784,105468,2264],{},[1784,105470,20998],{},[1792,105472,105473,105475],{},[1784,105474,2264],{},[1784,105476,21001],{},[2352,105478],{"width":2702},[2149,105480,1068],{},[2352,105482],{"width":2702},[1792,105484,105485,105487],{},[1784,105486,2264],{},[1784,105488,20998],{},[1784,105490,20998],{},[1788,105492,2637],{},[1792,105494,105495,105497],{},[1784,105496,2264],{},[1784,105498,21001],{},[1784,105500,21001],{},[1788,105502,1863],{},[1784,105504,3221],{},[1784,105506,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[2149,105508,21702],{},[1808,105510,105511],{"encoding":1810},"\\boxed{\\;MRS_C = \\dfrac{MU_X}{MU_Y} = \\dfrac{P_X}{P_Y}\\quad \\text{a} \\quad P_X X + P_Y Y = I.\\;}",[1030,105513,105514,105515,105518],{},"První rovnice je ",[1047,105516,105517],{},"podmínka tečnosti"," (sklon indiferenční křivky se rovná sklonu rozpočtové přímky); druhá je rozpočtové omezení.",[1100,105520,105522],{"id":105521},"_22-rohové-řešení","2.2 Rohové řešení",[1030,105524,105525],{},"Pokud nejsou splněny obě podmínky současně, optimum leží v rohu. Algebraická definice dvou možných situací:",[1030,105527,105528,105544,105545,1299,105558,105580,105581,105583,105584,105597,105598,105611],{},[1047,105529,105530,105531],{},"Spotřeba pouze ",[1035,105532,105534],{"className":105533},[1772],[1774,105535,105536],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,105537,105538,105542],{},[1781,105539,105540],{},[1784,105541,20998],{},[1808,105543,20998],{"encoding":1810}," (roh na ose ",[1035,105546,105548],{"className":105547},[1772],[1774,105549,105550],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,105551,105552,105556],{},[1781,105553,105554],{},[1784,105555,20998],{},[1808,105557,20998],{"encoding":1810},[1035,105559,105561],{"className":105560},[1772],[1774,105562,105563],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,105564,105565,105577],{},[1781,105566,105567,105573,105575],{},[2467,105568,105569,105571],{},[1784,105570,21001],{},[1788,105572,7763],{},[1788,105574,1863],{},[2348,105576,2350],{},[1808,105578,105579],{"encoding":1810},"Y^* = 0","): ekonomicky to znamená, že pro daného spotřebitele je ",[1047,105582,79802],{}," jednotka ",[1035,105585,105587],{"className":105586},[1772],[1774,105588,105589],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,105590,105591,105595],{},[1781,105592,105593],{},[1784,105594,20998],{},[1808,105596,20998],{"encoding":1810}," atraktivnější než výměna za ",[1035,105599,105601],{"className":105600},[1772],[1774,105602,105603],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,105604,105605,105609],{},[1781,105606,105607],{},[1784,105608,21001],{},[1808,105610,21001],{"encoding":1810},", i v krajním bodě. Formálně:",[1035,105613,105615],{"className":105614},[1772],[1774,105616,105617],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,105618,105619,105689],{},[1781,105620,105621,105627,105629,105631,105633,105635,105641,105643,105655,105657,105659,105661,105663,105669,105671,105687],{},[2467,105622,105623,105625],{},[1784,105624,21001],{},[1788,105626,7763],{},[1788,105628,1863],{},[2348,105630,2350],{},[1788,105632,1138],{"separator":1041},[2352,105634],{"width":2354},[2467,105636,105637,105639],{},[1784,105638,20998],{},[1788,105640,7763],{},[1788,105642,1863],{},[14390,105644,105645],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,105646,105647,105649],{},[1784,105648,3221],{},[1792,105650,105651,105653],{},[1784,105652,2264],{},[1784,105654,20998],{},[1788,105656,1138],{"separator":1041},[2352,105658],{"width":2354},[1784,105660,1857],{},[1784,105662,1860],{},[1792,105664,105665,105667],{},[1784,105666,3212],{},[1784,105668,1868],{},[1788,105670,1790],{},[14390,105672,105673],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,105674,105675,105681],{},[1792,105676,105677,105679],{},[1784,105678,2264],{},[1784,105680,20998],{},[1792,105682,105683,105685],{},[1784,105684,2264],{},[1784,105686,21001],{},[1784,105688,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,105690,105691],{"encoding":1810},"Y^* = 0, \\qquad X^* = \\dfrac{I}{P_X}, \\qquad MRS_C \\ge \\dfrac{P_X}{P_Y}.",[1030,105693,105694,105544,105709,1299,105722,29726],{},[1047,105695,105530,105696],{},[1035,105697,105699],{"className":105698},[1772],[1774,105700,105701],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,105702,105703,105707],{},[1781,105704,105705],{},[1784,105706,21001],{},[1808,105708,21001],{"encoding":1810},[1035,105710,105712],{"className":105711},[1772],[1774,105713,105714],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,105715,105716,105720],{},[1781,105717,105718],{},[1784,105719,21001],{},[1808,105721,21001],{"encoding":1810},[1035,105723,105725],{"className":105724},[1772],[1774,105726,105727],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,105728,105729,105741],{},[1781,105730,105731,105737,105739],{},[2467,105732,105733,105735],{},[1784,105734,20998],{},[1788,105736,7763],{},[1788,105738,1863],{},[2348,105740,2350],{},[1808,105742,105743],{"encoding":1810},"X^* = 0",[1035,105745,105747],{"className":105746},[1772],[1774,105748,105749],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,105750,105751,105821],{},[1781,105752,105753,105759,105761,105763,105765,105767,105773,105775,105787,105789,105791,105793,105795,105801,105803,105819],{},[2467,105754,105755,105757],{},[1784,105756,20998],{},[1788,105758,7763],{},[1788,105760,1863],{},[2348,105762,2350],{},[1788,105764,1138],{"separator":1041},[2352,105766],{"width":2354},[2467,105768,105769,105771],{},[1784,105770,21001],{},[1788,105772,7763],{},[1788,105774,1863],{},[14390,105776,105777],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,105778,105779,105781],{},[1784,105780,3221],{},[1792,105782,105783,105785],{},[1784,105784,2264],{},[1784,105786,21001],{},[1788,105788,1138],{"separator":1041},[2352,105790],{"width":2354},[1784,105792,1857],{},[1784,105794,1860],{},[1792,105796,105797,105799],{},[1784,105798,3212],{},[1784,105800,1868],{},[1788,105802,33669],{},[14390,105804,105805],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,105806,105807,105813],{},[1792,105808,105809,105811],{},[1784,105810,2264],{},[1784,105812,20998],{},[1792,105814,105815,105817],{},[1784,105816,2264],{},[1784,105818,21001],{},[1784,105820,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,105822,105823],{"encoding":1810},"X^* = 0, \\qquad Y^* = \\dfrac{I}{P_Y}, \\qquad MRS_C \\le \\dfrac{P_X}{P_Y}.",[1023,105825,105827,105834],{"className":105826,"dataCallout":3501},[1026,3500],[1030,105828,105830,105833],{"className":105829},[1033],[1035,105831],{"className":105832,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,3508,1040],"Kdy očekávat rohové řešení",[1030,105835,105836,105837,105840,105841,105854,105855,105881,105882,105884,105885,2440],{},"Rohové řešení vzniká nejčastěji u ",[1047,105838,105839],{},"dokonalých substitutů"," (lineární ",[1035,105842,105844],{"className":105843},[1772],[1774,105845,105846],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,105847,105848,105852],{},[1781,105849,105850],{},[1784,105851,2126],{},[1808,105853,2126],{"encoding":1810},", např. ",[1035,105856,105858],{"className":105857},[1772],[1774,105859,105860],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,105861,105862,105878],{},[1781,105863,105864,105866,105868,105870,105872,105874,105876],{},[1784,105865,2126],{},[1788,105867,1863],{},[1784,105869,1068],{},[1784,105871,20998],{},[1788,105873,2637],{},[1784,105875,8838],{},[1784,105877,21001],{},[1808,105879,105880],{"encoding":1810},"U = aX + bY","), kdy podíl mezních užitků je konstantní a nesplňuje rovnost s poměrem cen. Vnitřní řešení vyžaduje ",[1047,105883,98962],{}," indiferenční křivky (klesající ",[1035,105886,105888],{"className":105887},[1772],[1774,105889,105890],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,105891,105892,105904],{},[1781,105893,105894,105896,105898],{},[1784,105895,1857],{},[1784,105897,1860],{},[1792,105899,105900,105902],{},[1784,105901,3212],{},[1784,105903,1868],{},[1808,105905,105906],{"encoding":1810},"MRS_C",[1100,105908,105910],{"id":105909},"_23-intuice-rohových-řešení","2.3 Intuice rohových řešení",[1030,105912,105913],{},"Rohové řešení můžeme číst dvojím způsobem:",[1112,105915,105916,105921],{},[1115,105917,105918,105920],{},[1047,105919,13527],{}," rozpočtová přímka a indiferenční křivka se v žádném vnitřním bodě nesetkají s tečným kontaktem — nejvyšší dosažitelná indiferenční křivka protíná rozpočtovou přímku právě v jednom z jejích krajních bodů.",[1115,105922,105923,105926],{},[1047,105924,105925],{},"Ekonomicky:"," spotřebitel by chtěl pokračovat v substituci ve prospěch jednoho zboží i za cenu nákupu nulového množství druhého. Mezní užitek z poslední koruny je pro favorizované zboží vyšší než pro to druhé i v krajním bodě.",[1030,105928,105929,105930,105933,105934,1299,105952,105970],{},"V takovém případě ",[1047,105931,105932],{},"klasickou Lagrangeovu metodu nelze použít přímo"," — je potřeba řešit Karush-Kuhn-Tuckerovy podmínky (KKT), které explicitně zacházejí s nezápornostními omezeními ",[1035,105935,105937],{"className":105936},[1772],[1774,105938,105939],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,105940,105941,105949],{},[1781,105942,105943,105945,105947],{},[1784,105944,20998],{},[1788,105946,1790],{},[2348,105948,2350],{},[1808,105950,105951],{"encoding":1810},"X \\ge 0",[1035,105953,105955],{"className":105954},[1772],[1774,105956,105957],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,105958,105959,105967],{},[1781,105960,105961,105963,105965],{},[1784,105962,21001],{},[1788,105964,1790],{},[2348,105966,2350],{},[1808,105968,105969],{"encoding":1810},"Y \\ge 0",". V kurzu MikK se však s rohovým řešením setkáváme jen kvalitativně; všechny počítané příklady vedou na vnitřní řešení.",[4503,105972],{},[1077,105974,105976],{"id":105975},"_3-tři-metody-řešení-optimalizační-úlohy","3. Tři metody řešení optimalizační úlohy",[1030,105978,105979,105980,105993],{},"Pro vnitřní optimum existují tři ekvivalentní postupy. Liší se technikou, ale dávají identické řešení; volba metody závisí na tvaru funkce užitku, počtu proměnných a tom, zda potřebujeme i hodnotu ",[1035,105981,105983],{"className":105982},[1772],[1774,105984,105985],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,105986,105987,105991],{},[1781,105988,105989],{},[1784,105990,34316],{},[1808,105992,38491],{"encoding":1810}," (stínovou cenu).",[1153,105995,105996,106012],{},[1156,105997,105998],{},[1159,105999,106000,106003,106006,106009],{},[1162,106001,106002],{},"Metoda",[1162,106004,106005],{},"Jádro postupu",[1162,106007,106008],{},"Výhoda",[1162,106010,106011],{},"Nevýhoda",[1172,106013,106014,106096,106158],{},[1159,106015,106016,106019,106077,106080],{},[1177,106017,106018],{},"I — substituce přes MRS",[1177,106020,106021,106022,106055,106056,106076],{},"z rovnice ",[1035,106023,106025],{"className":106024},[1772],[1774,106026,106027],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,106028,106029,106053],{},[1781,106030,106031,106033,106035,106037,106039,106045,106047],{},[1784,106032,1857],{},[1784,106034,1860],{},[1784,106036,3212],{},[1788,106038,1863],{},[1792,106040,106041,106043],{},[1784,106042,2264],{},[1784,106044,20998],{},[1784,106046,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,106048,106049,106051],{},[1784,106050,2264],{},[1784,106052,21001],{},[1808,106054,104180],{"encoding":1810}," vyjádřit ",[1035,106057,106059],{"className":106058},[1772],[1774,106060,106061],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,106062,106063,106073],{},[1781,106064,106065,106067,106069,106071],{},[1784,106066,21001],{},[1788,106068,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,106070,20998],{},[1788,106072,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,106074,106075],{"encoding":1810},"Y(X)"," a dosadit do rozpočtu",[1177,106078,106079],{},"nejrychlejší u 2 proměnných",[1177,106081,106082,106083],{},"nedává ",[1035,106084,106086],{"className":106085},[1772],[1774,106087,106088],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,106089,106090,106094],{},[1781,106091,106092],{},[1784,106093,34316],{},[1808,106095,38491],{"encoding":1810},[1159,106097,106098,106114,106152,106155],{},[1177,106099,106100,106101],{},"II — substituce z rozpočtu do ",[1035,106102,106104],{"className":106103},[1772],[1774,106105,106106],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,106107,106108,106112],{},[1781,106109,106110],{},[1784,106111,2126],{},[1808,106113,2126],{"encoding":1810},[1177,106115,106116,106117,106137,106138,106151],{},"z rozpočtu vyjádřit ",[1035,106118,106120],{"className":106119},[1772],[1774,106121,106122],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,106123,106124,106134],{},[1781,106125,106126,106128,106130,106132],{},[1784,106127,20998],{},[1788,106129,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,106131,21001],{},[1788,106133,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,106135,106136],{"encoding":1810},"X(Y)"," a dosadit do ",[1035,106139,106141],{"className":106140},[1772],[1774,106142,106143],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,106144,106145,106149],{},[1781,106146,106147],{},[1784,106148,2126],{},[1808,106150,2126],{"encoding":1810},", pak hledat volné maximum",[1177,106153,106154],{},"mechanicky bezpečná, ověří 2. derivací",[1177,106156,106157],{},"u nelineárního rozpočtu se rozsype",[1159,106159,106160,106163,106181,106197],{},[1177,106161,106162],{},"III — Lagrange",[1177,106164,106165,106166,106180],{},"postavit funkci ",[1035,106167,106169],{"className":106168},[1772],[1774,106170,106171],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,106172,106173,106177],{},[1781,106174,106175],{},[1784,106176,3766],{"mathvariant":36330},[1808,106178,106179],{"encoding":1810},"\\mathcal{L}",", řešit soustavu tří rovnic",[1177,106182,106183,106184],{},"škáluje na více proměnných i podmínek, dává ",[1035,106185,106187],{"className":106186},[1772],[1774,106188,106189],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,106190,106191,106195],{},[1781,106192,106193],{},[1784,106194,34316],{},[1808,106196,38491],{"encoding":1810},[1177,106198,106199],{},"algebraicky náročnější",[1030,106201,106202,106203,106206],{},"V této stránce ukážeme ",[1047,106204,106205],{},"všechny tři metody na témže příkladu"," (Petr-kultura), aby byly výsledky přímo srovnatelné.",[4503,106208],{},[1077,106210,106212],{"id":106211},"_4-společné-zadání-příklad-petr-kultura","4. Společné zadání: příklad Petr-kultura",[1030,106214,106215,106216,106250],{},"Spotřebitel Petr utrácí ročně ",[1035,106217,106219],{"className":106218},[1772],[1774,106220,106221],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,106222,106223,106247],{},[1781,106224,106225,106227,106229,106231,106233,106235,106237],{},[1784,106226,3221],{},[1788,106228,1863],{},[2348,106230,5344],{},[2149,106232,2769],{},[2348,106234,2697],{},[2149,106236,2769],{},[1781,106238,106239,106241],{},[2149,106240,3722],{},[2160,106242,106243,106245],{"accent":1041},[2149,106244,9435],{},[1788,106246,2167],{},[1808,106248,106249],{"encoding":1810},"I = 4\\,400\\,\\text{Kč}"," za kulturu. Nakupuje:",[1112,106252,106253,106303],{},[1115,106254,106255,106268,106269,1138],{},[1035,106256,106258],{"className":106257},[1772],[1774,106259,106260],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,106261,106262,106266],{},[1781,106263,106264],{},[1784,106265,20998],{},[1808,106267,20998],{"encoding":1810}," — videokazety s akčními filmy, jednotková cena ",[1035,106270,106272],{"className":106271},[1772],[1774,106273,106274],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,106275,106276,106300],{},[1781,106277,106278,106284,106286,106288,106290],{},[1792,106279,106280,106282],{},[1784,106281,2264],{},[1784,106283,20998],{},[1788,106285,1863],{},[2348,106287,28338],{},[2149,106289,2769],{},[1781,106291,106292,106294],{},[2149,106293,3722],{},[2160,106295,106296,106298],{"accent":1041},[2149,106297,9435],{},[1788,106299,2167],{},[1808,106301,106302],{"encoding":1810},"P_X = 200\\,\\text{Kč}",[1115,106304,106305,106318,106319,1075],{},[1035,106306,106308],{"className":106307},[1772],[1774,106309,106310],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,106311,106312,106316],{},[1781,106313,106314],{},[1784,106315,21001],{},[1808,106317,21001],{"encoding":1810}," — vstupenky na koncerty Pražského jara, ",[1035,106320,106322],{"className":106321},[1772],[1774,106323,106324],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,106325,106326,106350],{},[1781,106327,106328,106334,106336,106338,106340],{},[1792,106329,106330,106332],{},[1784,106331,2264],{},[1784,106333,21001],{},[1788,106335,1863],{},[2348,106337,15618],{},[2149,106339,2769],{},[1781,106341,106342,106344],{},[2149,106343,3722],{},[2160,106345,106346,106348],{"accent":1041},[2149,106347,9435],{},[1788,106349,2167],{},[1808,106351,106352],{"encoding":1810},"P_Y = 600\\,\\text{Kč}",[1030,106354,106355],{},"Funkce užitku:",[1035,106357,106359],{"className":106358},[1772],[1774,106360,106361],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,106362,106363,106411],{},[1781,106364,106365,106367,106369,106371,106373,106375,106377,106379,106381,106383,106385,106387,106389,106391,106393,106399,106401,106403,106409],{},[1784,106366,2126],{},[1788,106368,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,106370,20998],{},[1788,106372,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,106374,21001],{},[1788,106376,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,106378,1863],{},[2348,106380,3116],{},[1784,106382,20998],{},[1788,106384,2637],{},[2348,106386,2766],{},[1784,106388,21001],{},[1788,106390,2371],{},[2348,106392,15984],{},[2467,106394,106395,106397],{},[1784,106396,20998],{},[2348,106398,4593],{},[1788,106400,2371],{},[2348,106402,15984],{},[2467,106404,106405,106407],{},[1784,106406,21001],{},[2348,106408,4593],{},[1784,106410,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,106412,106413],{"encoding":1810},"U(X, Y) = 10X + 24Y - 0{,}5 X^2 - 0{,}5 Y^2.",[1030,106415,106416,106419],{},[1047,106417,106418],{},"Mezní užitky"," (parciální derivace):",[1035,106421,106423],{"className":106422},[1772],[1774,106424,106425],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,106426,106427,106503],{},[1781,106428,106429,106431,106437,106439,106455,106457,106459,106461,106463,106465,106467,106469,106475,106477,106493,106495,106497,106499,106501],{},[1784,106430,1857],{},[1792,106432,106433,106435],{},[1784,106434,2126],{},[1784,106436,20998],{},[1788,106438,1863],{},[14390,106440,106441],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,106442,106443,106449],{},[1781,106444,106445,106447],{},[1784,106446,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,106448,2126],{},[1781,106450,106451,106453],{},[1784,106452,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,106454,20998],{},[1788,106456,1863],{},[2348,106458,3116],{},[1788,106460,2371],{},[1784,106462,20998],{},[1788,106464,1138],{"separator":1041},[2352,106466],{"width":2354},[1784,106468,1857],{},[1792,106470,106471,106473],{},[1784,106472,2126],{},[1784,106474,21001],{},[1788,106476,1863],{},[14390,106478,106479],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,106480,106481,106487],{},[1781,106482,106483,106485],{},[1784,106484,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,106486,2126],{},[1781,106488,106489,106491],{},[1784,106490,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,106492,21001],{},[1788,106494,1863],{},[2348,106496,2766],{},[1788,106498,2371],{},[1784,106500,21001],{},[1784,106502,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,106504,106505],{"encoding":1810},"MU_X = \\dfrac{\\partial U}{\\partial X} = 10 - X, \\qquad MU_Y = \\dfrac{\\partial U}{\\partial Y} = 24 - Y.",[1030,106507,106508],{},[1047,106509,106510],{},"Mezní míra substituce ve spotřebě:",[1035,106512,106514],{"className":106513},[1772],[1774,106515,106516],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,106517,106518,106580],{},[1781,106519,106520,106522,106524,106530,106532,106556,106558,106578],{},[1784,106521,1857],{},[1784,106523,1860],{},[1792,106525,106526,106528],{},[1784,106527,3212],{},[1784,106529,1868],{},[1788,106531,1863],{},[14390,106533,106534],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,106535,106536,106546],{},[1781,106537,106538,106540],{},[1784,106539,1857],{},[1792,106541,106542,106544],{},[1784,106543,2126],{},[1784,106545,20998],{},[1781,106547,106548,106550],{},[1784,106549,1857],{},[1792,106551,106552,106554],{},[1784,106553,2126],{},[1784,106555,21001],{},[1788,106557,1863],{},[14390,106559,106560],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,106561,106562,106570],{},[1781,106563,106564,106566,106568],{},[2348,106565,3116],{},[1788,106567,2371],{},[1784,106569,20998],{},[1781,106571,106572,106574,106576],{},[2348,106573,2766],{},[1788,106575,2371],{},[1784,106577,21001],{},[1784,106579,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,106581,106582],{"encoding":1810},"MRS_C = \\dfrac{MU_X}{MU_Y} = \\dfrac{10 - X}{24 - Y}.",[1030,106584,106585],{},[1047,106586,106587],{},"Rozpočtová přímka:",[1035,106589,106591],{"className":106590},[1772],[1774,106592,106593],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,106594,106595,106645],{},[1781,106596,106597,106599,106601,106603,106605,106607,106609,106611,106613,106615,106617,106619,106630,106632,106634,106636,106638,106640,106642],{},[2348,106598,28338],{},[1784,106600,20998],{},[1788,106602,2637],{},[2348,106604,15618],{},[1784,106606,21001],{},[1788,106608,1863],{},[2348,106610,5344],{},[2149,106612,2769],{},[2348,106614,2697],{},[1788,106616,1138],{"separator":1041},[2352,106618],{"width":2702},[1781,106620,106621,106624],{},[2149,106622,106623],{},"ekvivalentn",[2160,106625,106626,106628],{"accent":1041},[2149,106627,9309],{},[1788,106629,2167],{},[2352,106631],{"width":2702},[1784,106633,20998],{},[1788,106635,2637],{},[2348,106637,5332],{},[1784,106639,21001],{},[1788,106641,1863],{},[2348,106643,106644],{},"22.",[1808,106646,106647],{"encoding":1810},"200 X + 600 Y = 4\\,400, \\quad \\text{ekvivalentně} \\quad X + 3 Y = 22.",[1030,106649,106650,106651,1062,106673,1075],{},"Krajní body přímky: ",[1035,106652,106654],{"className":106653},[1772],[1774,106655,106656],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,106657,106658,106670],{},[1781,106659,106660,106662,106664,106666,106668],{},[1788,106661,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,106663,15333],{},[1788,106665,1138],{"separator":1041},[2348,106667,2350],{},[1788,106669,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,106671,106672],{"encoding":1810},"(22, 0)",[1035,106674,106676],{"className":106675},[1772],[1774,106677,106678],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,106679,106680,106709],{},[1781,106681,106682,106684,106686,106688,106690,106692,106694,106696,106698,106700,106702,106704,106707],{},[1788,106683,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,106685,2350],{},[1788,106687,1138],{"separator":1041},[2348,106689,15333],{},[1784,106691,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,106693,5332],{},[1788,106695,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,106697,8786],{},[1788,106699,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,106701,2350],{},[1788,106703,1138],{"separator":1041},[2348,106705,106706],{},"7,33",[1788,106708,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,106710,106711],{"encoding":1810},"(0, 22\u002F3) \\approx (0, 7{,}33)",[4503,106713],{},[1077,106715,106717],{"id":106716},"_5-metoda-i-substituce-přes-mrs","5. Metoda I — substituce přes MRS",[1023,106719,106721,106728],{"className":106720,"dataCallout":582},[1026,1225],[1030,106722,106724,106727],{"className":106723},[1033],[1035,106725],{"className":106726,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1232,1040],"Kdy použít",[1030,106729,106730,106731,1062,106749,106767],{},"Standardní volba pro lineární rozpočet a hladkou (diferencovatelnou) funkci užitku se dvěma proměnnými. Když vám stačí znát ",[1035,106732,106734],{"className":106733},[1772],[1774,106735,106736],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,106737,106738,106746],{},[1781,106739,106740],{},[2467,106741,106742,106744],{},[1784,106743,20998],{},[1788,106745,7763],{},[1808,106747,106748],{"encoding":1810},"X^*",[1035,106750,106752],{"className":106751},[1772],[1774,106753,106754],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,106755,106756,106764],{},[1781,106757,106758],{},[2467,106759,106760,106762],{},[1784,106761,21001],{},[1788,106763,7763],{},[1808,106765,106766],{"encoding":1810},"Y^*"," a nepotřebujete stínovou cenu.",[1030,106769,106770],{},[1047,106771,106772],{},"Krok 1: dosadit poměr cen do podmínky tečnosti.",[1035,106774,106776],{"className":106775},[1772],[1774,106777,106778],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,106779,106780,106842],{},[1781,106781,106782,106802,106804,106820,106822,106830,106832,106840],{},[14390,106783,106784],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,106785,106786,106794],{},[1781,106787,106788,106790,106792],{},[2348,106789,3116],{},[1788,106791,2371],{},[1784,106793,20998],{},[1781,106795,106796,106798,106800],{},[2348,106797,2766],{},[1788,106799,2371],{},[1784,106801,21001],{},[1788,106803,1863],{},[14390,106805,106806],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,106807,106808,106814],{},[1792,106809,106810,106812],{},[1784,106811,2264],{},[1784,106813,20998],{},[1792,106815,106816,106818],{},[1784,106817,2264],{},[1784,106819,21001],{},[1788,106821,1863],{},[14390,106823,106824],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,106825,106826,106828],{},[2348,106827,28338],{},[2348,106829,15618],{},[1788,106831,1863],{},[14390,106833,106834],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,106835,106836,106838],{},[2348,106837,2374],{},[2348,106839,5332],{},[1784,106841,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,106843,106844],{"encoding":1810},"\\dfrac{10 - X}{24 - Y} = \\dfrac{P_X}{P_Y} = \\dfrac{200}{600} = \\dfrac{1}{3}.",[1030,106846,106847],{},[1047,106848,106849,106850,106863,106864,1075],{},"Krok 2: vyjádřit ",[1035,106851,106853],{"className":106852},[1772],[1774,106854,106855],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,106856,106857,106861],{},[1781,106858,106859],{},[1784,106860,21001],{},[1808,106862,21001],{"encoding":1810}," jako funkci ",[1035,106865,106867],{"className":106866},[1772],[1774,106868,106869],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,106870,106871,106875],{},[1781,106872,106873],{},[1784,106874,20998],{},[1808,106876,20998],{"encoding":1810},[1030,106878,106879],{},"Roznásobíme křížově:",[1035,106881,106883],{"className":106882},[1772],[1774,106884,106885],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,106886,106887,106921],{},[1781,106888,106889,106891,106893,106895,106897,106899,106901,106903,106905,106907,106909,106911,106913,106915,106917,106919],{},[2348,106890,5332],{},[1788,106892,2267],{},[1788,106894,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,106896,3116],{},[1788,106898,2371],{},[1784,106900,20998],{},[1788,106902,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,106904,1863],{},[2348,106906,2374],{},[1788,106908,2267],{},[1788,106910,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,106912,2766],{},[1788,106914,2371],{},[1784,106916,21001],{},[1788,106918,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,106920,1138],{"separator":1041},[1808,106922,106923],{"encoding":1810},"3 \\cdot (10 - X) = 1 \\cdot (24 - Y),",[1035,106925,106927],{"className":106926},[1772],[1774,106928,106929],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,106930,106931,106951],{},[1781,106932,106933,106935,106937,106939,106941,106943,106945,106947,106949],{},[2348,106934,9189],{},[1788,106936,2371],{},[2348,106938,5332],{},[1784,106940,20998],{},[1788,106942,1863],{},[2348,106944,2766],{},[1788,106946,2371],{},[1784,106948,21001],{},[1788,106950,1138],{"separator":1041},[1808,106952,106953],{"encoding":1810},"30 - 3X = 24 - Y,",[1035,106955,106957],{"className":106956},[1772],[1774,106958,106959],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,106960,106961,106984],{},[1781,106962,106963,106965,106967,106969,106971,106973,106976,106978,106980,106982],{},[1784,106964,21001],{},[1788,106966,1863],{},[2348,106968,5332],{},[1784,106970,20998],{},[1788,106972,2371],{},[2348,106974,106975],{},"6.",[2352,106977],{"width":2702},[1788,106979,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,106981,7763],{},[1788,106983,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,106985,106986],{"encoding":1810},"Y = 3X - 6. \\quad (*)",[1030,106988,106989,106990,106993,106994,107015,107016,1075],{},"Tato rovnice je ",[1047,106991,106992],{},"expanzní cesta"," pro daný poměr cen — geometricky je to přímka v rovině ",[1035,106995,106997],{"className":106996},[1772],[1774,106998,106999],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,107000,107001,107013],{},[1781,107002,107003,107005,107007,107009,107011],{},[1788,107004,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,107006,20998],{},[1788,107008,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,107010,21001],{},[1788,107012,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,107014,104389],{"encoding":1810},", která prochází body, kde se sklon indiferenční křivky vyrovnává s daným ",[1035,107017,107019],{"className":107018},[1772],[1774,107020,107021],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,107022,107023,107033],{},[1781,107024,107025,107027,107029,107031],{},[1788,107026,2371],{},[2348,107028,2374],{},[1784,107030,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,107032,5332],{},[1808,107034,107035],{"encoding":1810},"-1\u002F3",[1030,107037,107038],{},[1047,107039,107040],{},"Krok 3: dosadit do rozpočtu.",[1035,107042,107044],{"className":107043},[1772],[1774,107045,107046],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,107047,107048,107082],{},[1781,107049,107050,107052,107054,107056,107058,107060,107062,107064,107066,107068,107070,107072,107074,107076,107078,107080],{},[2348,107051,5344],{},[2149,107053,2769],{},[2348,107055,2697],{},[1788,107057,1863],{},[2348,107059,28338],{},[1784,107061,20998],{},[1788,107063,2637],{},[2348,107065,15618],{},[1788,107067,2267],{},[1788,107069,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,107071,5332],{},[1784,107073,20998],{},[1788,107075,2371],{},[2348,107077,12017],{},[1788,107079,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,107081,1138],{"separator":1041},[1808,107083,107084],{"encoding":1810},"4\\,400 = 200 X + 600 \\cdot (3X - 6),",[1035,107086,107088],{"className":107087},[1772],[1774,107089,107090],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,107091,107092,107126],{},[1781,107093,107094,107096,107098,107100,107102,107104,107106,107108,107110,107112,107114,107116,107118,107120,107122,107124],{},[2348,107095,5344],{},[2149,107097,2769],{},[2348,107099,2697],{},[1788,107101,1863],{},[2348,107103,28338],{},[1784,107105,20998],{},[1788,107107,2637],{},[2348,107109,2374],{},[2149,107111,2769],{},[2348,107113,23570],{},[1784,107115,20998],{},[1788,107117,2371],{},[2348,107119,5332],{},[2149,107121,2769],{},[2348,107123,15618],{},[1788,107125,1138],{"separator":1041},[1808,107127,107128],{"encoding":1810},"4\\,400 = 200 X + 1\\,800 X - 3\\,600,",[1035,107130,107132],{"className":107131},[1772],[1774,107133,107134],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,107135,107136,107156],{},[1781,107137,107138,107140,107142,107144,107146,107148,107150,107152,107154],{},[2348,107139,9661],{},[2149,107141,2769],{},[2348,107143,2772],{},[1788,107145,1863],{},[2348,107147,4593],{},[2149,107149,2769],{},[2348,107151,2772],{},[1784,107153,20998],{},[1788,107155,1138],{"separator":1041},[1808,107157,107158],{"encoding":1810},"8\\,000 = 2\\,000 X,",[1035,107160,107162],{"className":107161},[1772],[1774,107163,107164],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,107165,107166,107192],{},[1781,107167,107168],{},[21766,107169,107170],{"notation":21768},[14390,107171,107172],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,107173,107174],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,107175,107176],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[1781,107177,107178,107180,107186,107188,107190],{},[2149,107179,2769],{},[2467,107181,107182,107184],{},[1784,107183,20998],{},[1788,107185,7763],{},[1788,107187,1863],{},[2348,107189,48475],{},[2149,107191,2769],{},[1808,107193,107194],{"encoding":1810},"\\boxed{\\,X^* = 4.\\,}",[1030,107196,107197,107213],{},[1047,107198,107199,107200],{},"Krok 4: dopočítat ",[1035,107201,107203],{"className":107202},[1772],[1774,107204,107205],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,107206,107207,107211],{},[1781,107208,107209],{},[1784,107210,21001],{},[1808,107212,21001],{"encoding":1810}," z rovnice (*):",[1035,107215,107217],{"className":107216},[1772],[1774,107218,107219],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,107220,107221,107245],{},[1781,107222,107223,107229,107231,107233,107235,107237,107239,107241,107243],{},[2467,107224,107225,107227],{},[1784,107226,21001],{},[1788,107228,7763],{},[1788,107230,1863],{},[2348,107232,5332],{},[1788,107234,2267],{},[2348,107236,5344],{},[1788,107238,2371],{},[2348,107240,12017],{},[1788,107242,1863],{},[2348,107244,106975],{},[1808,107246,107247],{"encoding":1810},"Y^* = 3 \\cdot 4 - 6 = 6.",[1030,107249,107250,107294],{},[1047,107251,59080,107252,1075],{},[1035,107253,107255],{"className":107254},[1772],[1774,107256,107257],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,107258,107259,107291],{},[1781,107260,107261,107263,107269,107271,107277,107279,107281,107283,107285,107287,107289],{},[1788,107262,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2467,107264,107265,107267],{},[1784,107266,20998],{},[1788,107268,7763],{},[1788,107270,1138],{"separator":1041},[2467,107272,107273,107275],{},[1784,107274,21001],{},[1788,107276,7763],{},[1788,107278,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,107280,1863],{},[1788,107282,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,107284,5344],{},[1788,107286,1138],{"separator":1041},[2348,107288,12017],{},[1788,107290,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,107292,107293],{"encoding":1810},"(X^*, Y^*) = (4, 6)"," Užitek v optimu:",[1035,107296,107298],{"className":107297},[1772],[1774,107299,107300],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,107301,107302,107363],{},[1781,107303,107304,107310,107312,107314,107316,107318,107320,107322,107324,107326,107328,107330,107332,107334,107336,107338,107340,107342,107344,107346,107348,107350,107352,107354,107356,107358,107360],{},[2467,107305,107306,107308],{},[1784,107307,2126],{},[1788,107309,7763],{},[1788,107311,1863],{},[2348,107313,3116],{},[1788,107315,2267],{},[2348,107317,5344],{},[1788,107319,2637],{},[2348,107321,2766],{},[1788,107323,2267],{},[2348,107325,12017],{},[1788,107327,2371],{},[2348,107329,15984],{},[1788,107331,2267],{},[2348,107333,14061],{},[1788,107335,2371],{},[2348,107337,15984],{},[1788,107339,2267],{},[2348,107341,89608],{},[1788,107343,1863],{},[2348,107345,9208],{},[1788,107347,2637],{},[2348,107349,89704],{},[1788,107351,2371],{},[2348,107353,9661],{},[1788,107355,2371],{},[2348,107357,13770],{},[1788,107359,1863],{},[2348,107361,107362],{},"158.",[1808,107364,107365],{"encoding":1810},"U^* = 10 \\cdot 4 + 24 \\cdot 6 - 0{,}5 \\cdot 16 - 0{,}5 \\cdot 36 = 40 + 144 - 8 - 18 = 158.",[4503,107367],{},[1077,107369,107371],{"id":107370},"_6-metoda-ii-substituce-z-rozpočtu-do-funkce-užitku","6. Metoda II — substituce z rozpočtu do funkce užitku",[1023,107373,107375,107381],{"className":107374,"dataCallout":582},[1026,1225],[1030,107376,107378,106727],{"className":107377},[1033],[1035,107379],{"className":107380,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1232,1040],[1030,107382,107383,107384,107387],{},"Pokud chcete ",[1091,107385,107386],{},"mechanicky bezpečný"," postup s explicitní kontrolou druhé derivace. Funguje skvěle u dvou proměnných a lineárního rozpočtu; u tří a více proměnných se substituce stane nepřehlednou.",[1030,107389,107390],{},[1047,107391,107392],{},"Krok 1: z rozpočtu vyjádřit jednu proměnnou.",[1030,107394,26487,107395,107419],{},[1035,107396,107398],{"className":107397},[1772],[1774,107399,107400],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,107401,107402,107416],{},[1781,107403,107404,107406,107408,107410,107412,107414],{},[1784,107405,20998],{},[1788,107407,2637],{},[2348,107409,5332],{},[1784,107411,21001],{},[1788,107413,1863],{},[2348,107415,15333],{},[1808,107417,107418],{"encoding":1810},"X + 3Y = 22"," máme:",[1035,107421,107423],{"className":107422},[1772],[1774,107424,107425],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,107426,107427,107452],{},[1781,107428,107429,107431,107433,107435,107437,107439,107441,107443,107445,107447,107450],{},[1784,107430,20998],{},[1788,107432,1863],{},[2348,107434,15333],{},[1788,107436,2371],{},[2348,107438,5332],{},[1784,107440,21001],{},[1784,107442,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[2352,107444],{"width":2702},[1788,107446,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,107448,107449],{},"†",[1788,107451,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,107453,107454],{"encoding":1810},"X = 22 - 3Y. \\quad (\\dagger)",[1030,107456,107457,107460,107461,1075],{},[1047,107458,107459],{},"Krok 2: dosadit do funkce užitku"," a hledat volné maximum přes ",[1035,107462,107464],{"className":107463},[1772],[1774,107465,107466],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,107467,107468,107472],{},[1781,107469,107470],{},[1784,107471,21001],{},[1808,107473,21001],{"encoding":1810},[1035,107475,107477],{"className":107476},[1772],[1774,107478,107479],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,107480,107481,107549],{},[1781,107482,107483,107485,107487,107489,107491,107493,107495,107497,107499,107501,107503,107505,107507,107509,107511,107513,107515,107517,107519,107521,107523,107525,107527,107529,107531,107537,107539,107541,107547],{},[1784,107484,2126],{},[1788,107486,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,107488,21001],{},[1788,107490,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,107492,1863],{},[2348,107494,3116],{},[1788,107496,2267],{},[1788,107498,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,107500,15333],{},[1788,107502,2371],{},[2348,107504,5332],{},[1784,107506,21001],{},[1788,107508,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,107510,2637],{},[2348,107512,2766],{},[1784,107514,21001],{},[1788,107516,2371],{},[2348,107518,15984],{},[1788,107520,2267],{},[1788,107522,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,107524,15333],{},[1788,107526,2371],{},[2348,107528,5332],{},[1784,107530,21001],{},[2467,107532,107533,107535],{},[1788,107534,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,107536,4593],{},[1788,107538,2371],{},[2348,107540,15984],{},[2467,107542,107543,107545],{},[1784,107544,21001],{},[2348,107546,4593],{},[1784,107548,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,107550,107551],{"encoding":1810},"U(Y) = 10 \\cdot (22 - 3Y) + 24 Y - 0{,}5 \\cdot (22 - 3Y)^2 - 0{,}5 Y^2.",[1030,107553,107554],{},"Roznásobíme po krocích:",[1112,107556,107557,107597],{},[1115,107558,107559],{},[1035,107560,107562],{"className":107561},[1772],[1774,107563,107564],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,107565,107566,107594],{},[1781,107567,107568,107570,107572,107574,107576,107578,107580,107582,107584,107586,107588,107590,107592],{},[2348,107569,3116],{},[1788,107571,2267],{},[1788,107573,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,107575,15333],{},[1788,107577,2371],{},[2348,107579,5332],{},[1784,107581,21001],{},[1788,107583,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,107585,1863],{},[2348,107587,9776],{},[1788,107589,2371],{},[2348,107591,9189],{},[1784,107593,21001],{},[1808,107595,107596],{"encoding":1810},"10 \\cdot (22 - 3Y) = 220 - 30 Y",[1115,107598,107599],{},[1035,107600,107602],{"className":107601},[1772],[1774,107603,107604],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,107605,107606,107685],{},[1781,107607,107608,107610,107612,107614,107616,107618,107620,107622,107624,107630,107632,107634,107636,107638,107640,107643,107645,107648,107650,107652,107654,107660,107662,107664,107666,107669,107671,107673,107675,107677,107679],{},[1788,107609,2371],{},[2348,107611,15984],{},[1788,107613,2267],{},[1788,107615,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,107617,15333],{},[1788,107619,2371],{},[2348,107621,5332],{},[1784,107623,21001],{},[2467,107625,107626,107628],{},[1788,107627,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,107629,4593],{},[1788,107631,1863],{},[1788,107633,2371],{},[2348,107635,15984],{},[1788,107637,2267],{},[1788,107639,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,107641,107642],{},"484",[1788,107644,2371],{},[2348,107646,107647],{},"132",[1784,107649,21001],{},[1788,107651,2637],{},[2348,107653,2777],{},[2467,107655,107656,107658],{},[1784,107657,21001],{},[2348,107659,4593],{},[1788,107661,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,107663,1863],{},[1788,107665,2371],{},[2348,107667,107668],{},"242",[1788,107670,2637],{},[2348,107672,24269],{},[1784,107674,21001],{},[1788,107676,2371],{},[2348,107678,88662],{},[2467,107680,107681,107683],{},[1784,107682,21001],{},[2348,107684,4593],{},[1808,107686,107687],{"encoding":1810},"-0{,}5 \\cdot (22 - 3Y)^2 = -0{,}5 \\cdot (484 - 132 Y + 9 Y^2) = -242 + 66 Y - 4{,}5 Y^2",[1030,107689,107690],{},"Sečteme:",[1035,107692,107694],{"className":107693},[1772],[1774,107695,107696],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,107697,107698,107756],{},[1781,107699,107700,107702,107704,107706,107708,107710,107712,107714,107716,107718,107720,107722,107724,107726,107728,107730,107732,107734,107736,107738,107744,107746,107748,107754],{},[1784,107701,2126],{},[1788,107703,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,107705,21001],{},[1788,107707,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,107709,1863],{},[2348,107711,9776],{},[1788,107713,2371],{},[2348,107715,9189],{},[1784,107717,21001],{},[1788,107719,2637],{},[2348,107721,2766],{},[1784,107723,21001],{},[1788,107725,2371],{},[2348,107727,107668],{},[1788,107729,2637],{},[2348,107731,24269],{},[1784,107733,21001],{},[1788,107735,2371],{},[2348,107737,88662],{},[2467,107739,107740,107742],{},[1784,107741,21001],{},[2348,107743,4593],{},[1788,107745,2371],{},[2348,107747,15984],{},[2467,107749,107750,107752],{},[1784,107751,21001],{},[2348,107753,4593],{},[1784,107755,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,107757,107758],{"encoding":1810},"U(Y) = 220 - 30 Y + 24 Y - 242 + 66 Y - 4{,}5 Y^2 - 0{,}5 Y^2.",[1030,107760,107761],{},"Slučíme členy:",[1112,107763,107764,107791,107835],{},[1115,107765,107766,107767],{},"konstanta: ",[1035,107768,107770],{"className":107769},[1772],[1774,107771,107772],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,107773,107774,107788],{},[1781,107775,107776,107778,107780,107782,107784,107786],{},[2348,107777,9776],{},[1788,107779,2371],{},[2348,107781,107668],{},[1788,107783,1863],{},[1788,107785,2371],{},[2348,107787,15333],{},[1808,107789,107790],{"encoding":1810},"220 - 242 = -22",[1115,107792,107793,107794,4058,107807],{},"lineární ",[1035,107795,107797],{"className":107796},[1772],[1774,107798,107799],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,107800,107801,107805],{},[1781,107802,107803],{},[1784,107804,21001],{},[1808,107806,21001],{"encoding":1810},[1035,107808,107810],{"className":107809},[1772],[1774,107811,107812],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,107813,107814,107832],{},[1781,107815,107816,107818,107820,107822,107824,107826,107828,107830],{},[1788,107817,2371],{},[2348,107819,9189],{},[1788,107821,2637],{},[2348,107823,2766],{},[1788,107825,2637],{},[2348,107827,24269],{},[1788,107829,1863],{},[2348,107831,2709],{},[1808,107833,107834],{"encoding":1810},"-30 + 24 + 66 = 60",[1115,107836,107837,107838,4058,107856],{},"kvadratický ",[1035,107839,107841],{"className":107840},[1772],[1774,107842,107843],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,107844,107845,107853],{},[1781,107846,107847],{},[2467,107848,107849,107851],{},[1784,107850,21001],{},[2348,107852,4593],{},[1808,107854,107855],{"encoding":1810},"Y^2",[1035,107857,107859],{"className":107858},[1772],[1774,107860,107861],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,107862,107863,107879],{},[1781,107864,107865,107867,107869,107871,107873,107875,107877],{},[1788,107866,2371],{},[2348,107868,88662],{},[1788,107870,2371],{},[2348,107872,15984],{},[1788,107874,1863],{},[1788,107876,2371],{},[2348,107878,5356],{},[1808,107880,107881],{"encoding":1810},"-4{,}5 - 0{,}5 = -5",[1035,107883,107885],{"className":107884},[1772],[1774,107886,107887],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,107888,107889,107937],{},[1781,107890,107891],{},[21766,107892,107893],{"notation":21768},[14390,107894,107895],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,107896,107897],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,107898,107899],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[1781,107900,107901,107903,107905,107907,107909,107911,107913,107915,107917,107919,107921,107923,107925,107927,107933,107935],{},[2149,107902,2769],{},[1784,107904,2126],{},[1788,107906,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,107908,21001],{},[1788,107910,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,107912,1863],{},[1788,107914,2371],{},[2348,107916,15333],{},[1788,107918,2637],{},[2348,107920,2709],{},[1784,107922,21001],{},[1788,107924,2371],{},[2348,107926,5356],{},[2467,107928,107929,107931],{},[1784,107930,21001],{},[2348,107932,4593],{},[1784,107934,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[2149,107936,2769],{},[1808,107938,107939],{"encoding":1810},"\\boxed{\\,U(Y) = -22 + 60 Y - 5 Y^2.\\,}",[1030,107941,107942,107945],{},[1047,107943,107944],{},"Krok 3: první derivace = 0"," (nutná podmínka extrému):",[1035,107947,107949],{"className":107948},[1772],[1774,107950,107951],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,107952,107953,108001],{},[1781,107954,107955,107971,107973,107975,107977,107979,107981,107983,107985,107987,107989,107991,107997,107999],{},[14390,107956,107957],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,107958,107959,107965],{},[1781,107960,107961,107963],{},[1784,107962,2328],{},[1784,107964,2126],{},[1781,107966,107967,107969],{},[1784,107968,2328],{},[1784,107970,21001],{},[1788,107972,1863],{},[2348,107974,2709],{},[1788,107976,2371],{},[2348,107978,3116],{},[1784,107980,21001],{},[1788,107982,1863],{},[2348,107984,2350],{},[2352,107986],{"width":2702},[1788,107988,2357],{},[2352,107990],{"width":2702},[2467,107992,107993,107995],{},[1784,107994,21001],{},[1788,107996,7763],{},[1788,107998,1863],{},[2348,108000,106975],{},[1808,108002,108003],{"encoding":1810},"\\dfrac{dU}{dY} = 60 - 10 Y = 0 \\quad\\Rightarrow\\quad Y^* = 6.",[1030,108005,108006,108009],{},[1047,108007,108008],{},"Krok 4: druhá derivace"," (postačující podmínka pro maximum):",[1035,108011,108013],{"className":108012},[1772],[1774,108014,108015],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,108016,108017,108055],{},[1781,108018,108019,108043,108045,108047,108049,108051,108053],{},[14390,108020,108021],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,108022,108023,108033],{},[1781,108024,108025,108031],{},[2467,108026,108027,108029],{},[1784,108028,2328],{},[2348,108030,4593],{},[1784,108032,2126],{},[1781,108034,108035,108037],{},[1784,108036,2328],{},[2467,108038,108039,108041],{},[1784,108040,21001],{},[2348,108042,4593],{},[1788,108044,1863],{},[1788,108046,2371],{},[2348,108048,3116],{},[1788,108050,2537],{},[2348,108052,2350],{},[1788,108054,1138],{"separator":1041},[1808,108056,108057],{"encoding":1810},"\\dfrac{d^2 U}{dY^2} = -10 \u003C 0,",[1030,108059,108060,108061,1075],{},"tedy nalezený stacionární bod je ",[1047,108062,108063],{},"lokální (a vzhledem k tvaru paraboly i globální) maximum",[1030,108065,108066,10729,108082,1310],{},[1047,108067,108068,108069],{},"Krok 5: dopočítat ",[1035,108070,108072],{"className":108071},[1772],[1774,108073,108074],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,108075,108076,108080],{},[1781,108077,108078],{},[1784,108079,20998],{},[1808,108081,20998],{"encoding":1810},[1035,108083,108085],{"className":108084},[1772],[1774,108086,108087],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,108088,108089,108097],{},[1781,108090,108091,108093,108095],{},[1788,108092,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,108094,107449],{},[1788,108096,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,108098,108099],{"encoding":1810},"(\\dagger)",[1035,108101,108103],{"className":108102},[1772],[1774,108104,108105],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,108106,108107,108139],{},[1781,108108,108109,108115,108117,108119,108121,108123,108125,108127,108129,108131,108133,108135,108137],{},[2467,108110,108111,108113],{},[1784,108112,20998],{},[1788,108114,7763],{},[1788,108116,1863],{},[2348,108118,15333],{},[1788,108120,2371],{},[2348,108122,5332],{},[1788,108124,2267],{},[2348,108126,12017],{},[1788,108128,1863],{},[2348,108130,15333],{},[1788,108132,2371],{},[2348,108134,13770],{},[1788,108136,1863],{},[2348,108138,48475],{},[1808,108140,108141],{"encoding":1810},"X^* = 22 - 3 \\cdot 6 = 22 - 18 = 4.",[1030,108143,108144,108145,1299,108167,30068],{},"Stejné optimum: ",[1035,108146,108148],{"className":108147},[1772],[1774,108149,108150],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,108151,108152,108164],{},[1781,108153,108154,108156,108158,108160,108162],{},[1788,108155,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,108157,5344],{},[1788,108159,1138],{"separator":1041},[2348,108161,12017],{},[1788,108163,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,108165,108166],{"encoding":1810},"(4, 6)",[1035,108168,108170],{"className":108169},[1772],[1774,108171,108172],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,108173,108174,108187],{},[1781,108175,108176,108182,108184],{},[2467,108177,108178,108180],{},[1784,108179,2126],{},[1788,108181,7763],{},[1788,108183,1863],{},[2348,108185,108186],{},"158",[1808,108188,108189],{"encoding":1810},"U^* = 158",[4503,108191],{},[1077,108193,108195],{"id":108194},"_7-metoda-iii-lagrangeova-metoda","7. Metoda III — Lagrangeova metoda",[1023,108197,108199,108205],{"className":108198,"dataCallout":582},[1026,1225],[1030,108200,108202,106727],{"className":108201},[1033],[1035,108203],{"className":108204,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1232,1040],[1030,108206,108207,108208,108211,108212,108228,108229,108232],{},"Standardní postup ve vyšší ekonomii: škáluje na ",[1047,108209,108210],{},"libovolný počet proměnných i omezení",", nedělá žádné předpoklady o tom, kterou proměnnou je výhodné vyjádřit, a navíc poskytne hodnotu ",[1047,108213,108214,108215],{},"multiplikátoru ",[1035,108216,108218],{"className":108217},[1772],[1774,108219,108220],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,108221,108222,108226],{},[1781,108223,108224],{},[1784,108225,34316],{},[1808,108227,38491],{"encoding":1810},", kterou lze ekonomicky interpretovat jako ",[1091,108230,108231],{},"stínovou cenu"," uvolnění omezení.",[1100,108234,108236],{"id":108235},"_71-lagrangián","7.1 Lagrangián",[1030,108238,108239,108240,108264,108265,108317],{},"Maximalizujeme ",[1035,108241,108243],{"className":108242},[1772],[1774,108244,108245],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,108246,108247,108261],{},[1781,108248,108249,108251,108253,108255,108257,108259],{},[1784,108250,2126],{},[1788,108252,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,108254,20998],{},[1788,108256,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,108258,21001],{},[1788,108260,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,108262,108263],{"encoding":1810},"U(X, Y)"," za podmínky ",[1035,108266,108268],{"className":108267},[1772],[1774,108269,108270],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,108271,108272,108314],{},[1781,108273,108274,108276,108278,108280,108282,108284,108286,108288,108290,108292,108298,108300,108302,108308,108310,108312],{},[1784,108275,68264],{},[1788,108277,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,108279,20998],{},[1788,108281,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,108283,21001],{},[1788,108285,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,108287,1863],{},[1784,108289,3221],{},[1788,108291,2371],{},[1792,108293,108294,108296],{},[1784,108295,2264],{},[1784,108297,20998],{},[1784,108299,20998],{},[1788,108301,2371],{},[1792,108303,108304,108306],{},[1784,108305,2264],{},[1784,108307,21001],{},[1784,108309,21001],{},[1788,108311,1863],{},[2348,108313,2350],{},[1808,108315,108316],{"encoding":1810},"g(X, Y) = I - P_X X - P_Y Y = 0",". Lagrangián:",[1035,108319,108321],{"className":108320},[1772],[1774,108322,108323],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,108324,108325,108391],{},[1781,108326,108327,108329,108331,108333,108335,108337,108339,108341,108343,108345,108347,108349,108351,108353,108355,108357,108359,108361,108363,108365,108367,108369,108375,108377,108379,108385,108387,108389],{},[1784,108328,3766],{"mathvariant":36330},[1788,108330,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,108332,20998],{},[1788,108334,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,108336,21001],{},[1788,108338,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,108340,34316],{},[1788,108342,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,108344,1863],{},[1784,108346,2126],{},[1788,108348,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,108350,20998],{},[1788,108352,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,108354,21001],{},[1788,108356,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,108358,2637],{},[1784,108360,34316],{},[1788,108362,2267],{},[1788,108364,2143],{"fence":2142,"stretchy":1041,"minsize":35018,"maxsize":35018},[1784,108366,3221],{},[1788,108368,2371],{},[1792,108370,108371,108373],{},[1784,108372,2264],{},[1784,108374,20998],{},[1784,108376,20998],{},[1788,108378,2371],{},[1792,108380,108381,108383],{},[1784,108382,2264],{},[1784,108384,21001],{},[1784,108386,21001],{},[1788,108388,2192],{"fence":2142,"stretchy":1041,"minsize":35018,"maxsize":35018},[1784,108390,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,108392,108393],{"encoding":1810},"\\mathcal{L}(X, Y, \\lambda) = U(X, Y) + \\lambda \\cdot \\big(I - P_X X - P_Y Y\\big).",[1030,108395,108396],{},"Pro náš příklad:",[1035,108398,108400],{"className":108399},[1772],[1774,108401,108402],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,108403,108404,108470],{},[1781,108405,108406,108408,108410,108412,108414,108416,108418,108420,108422,108424,108430,108432,108434,108440,108442,108444,108446,108448,108450,108452,108454,108456,108458,108460,108462,108464,108466,108468],{},[1784,108407,3766],{"mathvariant":36330},[1788,108409,1863],{},[2348,108411,3116],{},[1784,108413,20998],{},[1788,108415,2637],{},[2348,108417,2766],{},[1784,108419,21001],{},[1788,108421,2371],{},[2348,108423,15984],{},[2467,108425,108426,108428],{},[1784,108427,20998],{},[2348,108429,4593],{},[1788,108431,2371],{},[2348,108433,15984],{},[2467,108435,108436,108438],{},[1784,108437,21001],{},[2348,108439,4593],{},[1788,108441,2637],{},[1784,108443,34316],{},[1788,108445,2267],{},[1788,108447,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,108449,5344],{},[2149,108451,2769],{},[2348,108453,2697],{},[1788,108455,2371],{},[2348,108457,28338],{},[1784,108459,20998],{},[1788,108461,2371],{},[2348,108463,15618],{},[1784,108465,21001],{},[1788,108467,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,108469,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,108471,108472],{"encoding":1810},"\\mathcal{L} = 10 X + 24 Y - 0{,}5 X^2 - 0{,}5 Y^2 + \\lambda \\cdot (4\\,400 - 200 X - 600 Y).",[1100,108474,108476],{"id":108475},"_72-podmínky-stacionarity","7.2 Podmínky stacionarity",[1030,108478,108479],{},"Tři parciální derivace musí být nulové:",[1035,108481,108483],{"className":108482},[1772],[1774,108484,108485],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,108486,108487,108533],{},[1781,108488,108489,108505,108507,108509,108511,108513,108515,108517,108519,108521,108523,108525,108527,108529,108531],{},[14390,108490,108491],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,108492,108493,108499],{},[1781,108494,108495,108497],{},[1784,108496,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,108498,3766],{"mathvariant":36330},[1781,108500,108501,108503],{},[1784,108502,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,108504,20998],{},[1788,108506,1863],{},[2348,108508,3116],{},[1788,108510,2371],{},[1784,108512,20998],{},[1788,108514,2371],{},[2348,108516,28338],{},[1784,108518,34316],{},[1788,108520,1863],{},[2348,108522,2350],{},[1788,108524,1138],{"separator":1041},[2352,108526],{"width":2702},[1788,108528,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,108530,2374],{},[1788,108532,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,108534,108535],{"encoding":1810},"\\dfrac{\\partial \\mathcal{L}}{\\partial X} = 10 - X - 200 \\lambda = 0, \\quad (1)",[1035,108537,108539],{"className":108538},[1772],[1774,108540,108541],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,108542,108543,108589],{},[1781,108544,108545,108561,108563,108565,108567,108569,108571,108573,108575,108577,108579,108581,108583,108585,108587],{},[14390,108546,108547],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,108548,108549,108555],{},[1781,108550,108551,108553],{},[1784,108552,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,108554,3766],{"mathvariant":36330},[1781,108556,108557,108559],{},[1784,108558,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,108560,21001],{},[1788,108562,1863],{},[2348,108564,2766],{},[1788,108566,2371],{},[1784,108568,21001],{},[1788,108570,2371],{},[2348,108572,15618],{},[1784,108574,34316],{},[1788,108576,1863],{},[2348,108578,2350],{},[1788,108580,1138],{"separator":1041},[2352,108582],{"width":2702},[1788,108584,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,108586,4593],{},[1788,108588,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,108590,108591],{"encoding":1810},"\\dfrac{\\partial \\mathcal{L}}{\\partial Y} = 24 - Y - 600 \\lambda = 0, \\quad (2)",[1035,108593,108595],{"className":108594},[1772],[1774,108596,108597],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,108598,108599,108649],{},[1781,108600,108601,108617,108619,108621,108623,108625,108627,108629,108631,108633,108635,108637,108639,108641,108643,108645,108647],{},[14390,108602,108603],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,108604,108605,108611],{},[1781,108606,108607,108609],{},[1784,108608,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,108610,3766],{"mathvariant":36330},[1781,108612,108613,108615],{},[1784,108614,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,108616,34316],{},[1788,108618,1863],{},[2348,108620,5344],{},[2149,108622,2769],{},[2348,108624,2697],{},[1788,108626,2371],{},[2348,108628,28338],{},[1784,108630,20998],{},[1788,108632,2371],{},[2348,108634,15618],{},[1784,108636,21001],{},[1788,108638,1863],{},[2348,108640,45234],{},[2352,108642],{"width":2702},[1788,108644,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,108646,5332],{},[1788,108648,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,108650,108651],{"encoding":1810},"\\dfrac{\\partial \\mathcal{L}}{\\partial \\lambda} = 4\\,400 - 200 X - 600 Y = 0. \\quad (3)",[1030,108653,108654],{},"Rovnice (3) je samotné rozpočtové omezení.",[1100,108656,108658],{"id":108657},"_73-řešení-soustavy","7.3 Řešení soustavy",[1030,108660,108661,108662,108692,108693,108723],{},"Z (1): ",[1035,108663,108665],{"className":108664},[1772],[1774,108666,108667],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,108668,108669,108689],{},[1781,108670,108671,108673,108675,108677,108679,108681,108683,108685,108687],{},[1784,108672,34316],{},[1788,108674,1863],{},[1788,108676,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,108678,3116],{},[1788,108680,2371],{},[1784,108682,20998],{},[1788,108684,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,108686,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,108688,28338],{},[1808,108690,108691],{"encoding":1810},"\\lambda = (10 - X)\u002F200",". Z (2): ",[1035,108694,108696],{"className":108695},[1772],[1774,108697,108698],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,108699,108700,108720],{},[1781,108701,108702,108704,108706,108708,108710,108712,108714,108716,108718],{},[1784,108703,34316],{},[1788,108705,1863],{},[1788,108707,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,108709,2766],{},[1788,108711,2371],{},[1784,108713,21001],{},[1788,108715,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,108717,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,108719,15618],{},[1808,108721,108722],{"encoding":1810},"\\lambda = (24 - Y)\u002F600",". Položíme rovno:",[1035,108725,108727],{"className":108726},[1772],[1774,108728,108729],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,108730,108731,108765],{},[1781,108732,108733,108747,108749,108763],{},[14390,108734,108735],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,108736,108737,108745],{},[1781,108738,108739,108741,108743],{},[2348,108740,3116],{},[1788,108742,2371],{},[1784,108744,20998],{},[2348,108746,28338],{},[1788,108748,1863],{},[14390,108750,108751],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,108752,108753,108761],{},[1781,108754,108755,108757,108759],{},[2348,108756,2766],{},[1788,108758,2371],{},[1784,108760,21001],{},[2348,108762,15618],{},[1784,108764,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,108766,108767],{"encoding":1810},"\\dfrac{10 - X}{200} = \\dfrac{24 - Y}{600}.",[1030,108769,108770],{},"Přenásobíme 600:",[1035,108772,108774],{"className":108773},[1772],[1774,108775,108776],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,108777,108778,108818],{},[1781,108779,108780,108782,108784,108786,108788,108790,108792,108794,108796,108798,108800,108802,108804,108806,108808,108810,108812,108814,108816],{},[2348,108781,5332],{},[1788,108783,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,108785,3116],{},[1788,108787,2371],{},[1784,108789,20998],{},[1788,108791,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,108793,1863],{},[2348,108795,2766],{},[1788,108797,2371],{},[1784,108799,21001],{},[2149,108801,21702],{},[1788,108803,2357],{},[2149,108805,21702],{},[1784,108807,21001],{},[1788,108809,1863],{},[2348,108811,5332],{},[1784,108813,20998],{},[1788,108815,2371],{},[2348,108817,106975],{},[1808,108819,108820],{"encoding":1810},"3 (10 - X) = 24 - Y \\;\\Rightarrow\\; Y = 3X - 6.",[1030,108822,108823,108824,108842,108843,60795],{},"To je ta samá rovnice ",[1035,108825,108827],{"className":108826},[1772],[1774,108828,108829],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,108830,108831,108839],{},[1781,108832,108833,108835,108837],{},[1788,108834,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,108836,7763],{},[1788,108838,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,108840,108841],{"encoding":1810},"(*)"," jako v Metodě I — Lagrange ji odvozuje strojově místo intuice \"položíme ",[1035,108844,108846],{"className":108845},[1772],[1774,108847,108848],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,108849,108850,108874],{},[1781,108851,108852,108854,108856,108858,108860,108866,108868],{},[1784,108853,1857],{},[1784,108855,1860],{},[1784,108857,3212],{},[1788,108859,1863],{},[1792,108861,108862,108864],{},[1784,108863,2264],{},[1784,108865,20998],{},[1784,108867,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,108869,108870,108872],{},[1784,108871,2264],{},[1784,108873,21001],{},[1808,108875,104180],{"encoding":1810},[1030,108877,108878],{},"Dosadíme do (3):",[1035,108880,108882],{"className":108881},[1772],[1774,108883,108884],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,108885,108886,108964],{},[1781,108887,108888,108890,108892,108894,108896,108898,108900,108902,108904,108906,108908,108910,108912,108914,108916,108918,108920,108922,108924,108926,108928,108930,108932,108934,108936,108938,108940,108946,108948,108950,108952,108954,108960,108962],{},[2348,108889,5344],{},[2149,108891,2769],{},[2348,108893,2697],{},[1788,108895,1863],{},[2348,108897,28338],{},[1784,108899,20998],{},[1788,108901,2637],{},[2348,108903,15618],{},[1788,108905,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,108907,5332],{},[1784,108909,20998],{},[1788,108911,2371],{},[2348,108913,12017],{},[1788,108915,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,108917,1863],{},[2348,108919,4593],{},[2149,108921,2769],{},[2348,108923,2772],{},[1784,108925,20998],{},[1788,108927,2371],{},[2348,108929,5332],{},[2149,108931,2769],{},[2348,108933,15618],{},[2149,108935,21702],{},[1788,108937,2357],{},[2149,108939,21702],{},[2467,108941,108942,108944],{},[1784,108943,20998],{},[1788,108945,7763],{},[1788,108947,1863],{},[2348,108949,5344],{},[1788,108951,1138],{"separator":1041},[2352,108953],{"width":2702},[2467,108955,108956,108958],{},[1784,108957,21001],{},[1788,108959,7763],{},[1788,108961,1863],{},[2348,108963,106975],{},[1808,108965,108966],{"encoding":1810},"4\\,400 = 200 X + 600 (3 X - 6) = 2\\,000 X - 3\\,600 \\;\\Rightarrow\\; X^* = 4, \\quad Y^* = 6.",[1030,108968,108969],{},"Hodnota multiplikátoru:",[1035,108971,108973],{"className":108972},[1772],[1774,108974,108975],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,108976,108977,109016],{},[1781,108978,108979,108985,108987,109001,109003,109011,109013],{},[2467,108980,108981,108983],{},[1784,108982,34316],{},[1788,108984,7763],{},[1788,108986,1863],{},[14390,108988,108989],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,108990,108991,108999],{},[1781,108992,108993,108995,108997],{},[2348,108994,3116],{},[1788,108996,2371],{},[2348,108998,5344],{},[2348,109000,28338],{},[1788,109002,1863],{},[14390,109004,109005],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,109006,109007,109009],{},[2348,109008,12017],{},[2348,109010,28338],{},[1788,109012,1863],{},[2348,109014,109015],{},"0,03.",[1808,109017,109018],{"encoding":1810},"\\lambda^* = \\dfrac{10 - 4}{200} = \\dfrac{6}{200} = 0{,}03.",[1100,109020,109022,109023,109036],{"id":109021},"_74-interpretace-λlambda-stínová-cena-důchodu","7.4 Interpretace ",[1035,109024,109026],{"className":109025},[1772],[1774,109027,109028],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,109029,109030,109034],{},[1781,109031,109032],{},[1784,109033,34316],{},[1808,109035,38491],{"encoding":1810}," — stínová cena důchodu",[1030,109038,109039,109040,109053,109054,109076,109077,29726],{},"Multiplikátor ",[1035,109041,109043],{"className":109042},[1772],[1774,109044,109045],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,109046,109047,109051],{},[1781,109048,109049],{},[1784,109050,34316],{},[1808,109052,38491],{"encoding":1810}," má v ekonomii konkrétní význam: ",[1047,109055,109056,109057,109075],{},"udává, o kolik vzroste maximální dosažitelný užitek ",[1035,109058,109060],{"className":109059},[1772],[1774,109061,109062],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,109063,109064,109072],{},[1781,109065,109066],{},[2467,109067,109068,109070],{},[1784,109069,2126],{},[1788,109071,7763],{},[1808,109073,109074],{"encoding":1810},"U^*",", pokud se důchod zvýší o jednu jednotku."," Formálně (obálková věta, ",[1091,109078,109079],{},"envelope theorem",[1035,109081,109083],{"className":109082},[1772],[1774,109084,109085],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,109086,109087,109121],{},[1781,109088,109089,109091,109093,109119],{},[1784,109090,34316],{},[1788,109092,1863],{},[14390,109094,109095],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,109096,109097,109113],{},[1781,109098,109099,109101,109107,109109,109111],{},[1784,109100,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,109102,109103,109105],{},[1784,109104,2126],{},[1788,109106,7763],{},[1788,109108,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,109110,3221],{},[1788,109112,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1781,109114,109115,109117],{},[1784,109116,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,109118,3221],{},[1784,109120,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,109122,109123],{"encoding":1810},"\\lambda = \\dfrac{\\partial U^*(I)}{\\partial I}.",[1030,109125,109126,109127,109130,109131,109150,109151,109154],{},"Anglicky se tomu říká ",[1091,109128,109129],{},"shadow price of income",". V našem příkladu ",[1035,109132,109134],{"className":109133},[1772],[1774,109135,109136],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,109137,109138,109147],{},[1781,109139,109140,109142,109144],{},[1784,109141,34316],{},[1788,109143,1863],{},[2348,109145,109146],{},"0,03",[1808,109148,109149],{"encoding":1810},"\\lambda = 0{,}03"," znamená, že ",[1047,109152,109153],{},"každá další koruna ročního kulturního rozpočtu Petra zvýší jeho užitek z kultury o 0{,}03 jednotky užitku"," (v okolí současného optima).",[1100,109156,109158],{"id":109157},"_74b-ekvivalentní-podoba-interpretace-přes-mezní-užitky","7.4b Ekvivalentní podoba interpretace přes mezní užitky",[1030,109160,109161],{},"Z rovnic (1) a (2) můžeme vyjádřit:",[1035,109163,109165],{"className":109164},[1772],[1774,109166,109167],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,109168,109169,109219],{},[1781,109170,109171,109173,109175,109195,109197,109217],{},[1784,109172,34316],{},[1788,109174,1863],{},[14390,109176,109177],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,109178,109179,109189],{},[1781,109180,109181,109183],{},[1784,109182,1857],{},[1792,109184,109185,109187],{},[1784,109186,2126],{},[1784,109188,20998],{},[1792,109190,109191,109193],{},[1784,109192,2264],{},[1784,109194,20998],{},[1788,109196,1863],{},[14390,109198,109199],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,109200,109201,109211],{},[1781,109202,109203,109205],{},[1784,109204,1857],{},[1792,109206,109207,109209],{},[1784,109208,2126],{},[1784,109210,21001],{},[1792,109212,109213,109215],{},[1784,109214,2264],{},[1784,109216,21001],{},[1784,109218,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,109220,109221],{"encoding":1810},"\\lambda = \\dfrac{MU_X}{P_X} = \\dfrac{MU_Y}{P_Y}.",[1030,109223,109224,109225,104294,109228,1737,109231,109234,109235,109251,109252,109268,109269,1075],{},"To je tzv. ",[1047,109226,109227],{},"zákon vyrovnaných mezních užitků",[1091,109229,109230],{},"equimarginal principle",[1091,109232,109233],{},"Gossenův druhý zákon","): v optimu se ",[1047,109236,109237,109238],{},"mezní užitek z koruny utracené za zboží ",[1035,109239,109241],{"className":109240},[1772],[1774,109242,109243],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,109244,109245,109249],{},[1781,109246,109247],{},[1784,109248,20998],{},[1808,109250,20998],{"encoding":1810}," rovná ",[1047,109253,109254,109255],{},"meznímu užitku z koruny utracené za zboží ",[1035,109256,109258],{"className":109257},[1772],[1774,109259,109260],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,109261,109262,109266],{},[1781,109263,109264],{},[1784,109265,21001],{},[1808,109267,21001],{"encoding":1810},". Pokud by tomu tak nebylo, spotřebitel by mohl získat vyšší užitek tím, že přesune korunu z méně produktivní položky do produktivnější — a optimum by tedy ještě nebylo dosaženo. Společná hodnota tohoto poměru je právě ",[1035,109270,109272],{"className":109271},[1772],[1774,109273,109274],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,109275,109276,109280],{},[1781,109277,109278],{},[1784,109279,34316],{},[1808,109281,38491],{"encoding":1810},[1100,109283,109285],{"id":109284},"_75-číselný-test-stínové-ceny","7.5 Číselný test stínové ceny",[1030,109287,109288,109289,109316],{},"Ověříme, že interpretace skutečně platí. Předpokládejme, že důchod stoupne o jednu korunu, ",[1035,109290,109292],{"className":109291},[1772],[1774,109293,109294],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,109295,109296,109313],{},[1781,109297,109298,109304,109306,109308,109310],{},[2467,109299,109300,109302],{},[1784,109301,3221],{},[1788,109303,7862],{"mathvariant":7829,"lspace":7861,"rspace":7861},[1788,109305,1863],{},[2348,109307,5344],{},[2149,109309,2769],{},[2348,109311,109312],{},"401",[1808,109314,109315],{"encoding":1810},"I' = 4\\,401",". Nový rozpočet:",[1035,109318,109320],{"className":109319},[1772],[1774,109321,109322],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,109323,109324,109353],{},[1781,109325,109326,109328,109334,109336,109338,109344,109346,109348,109350],{},[2348,109327,28338],{},[2467,109329,109330,109332],{},[1784,109331,20998],{},[1788,109333,7862],{"mathvariant":7829,"lspace":7861,"rspace":7861},[1788,109335,2637],{},[2348,109337,15618],{},[2467,109339,109340,109342],{},[1784,109341,21001],{},[1788,109343,7862],{"mathvariant":7829,"lspace":7861,"rspace":7861},[1788,109345,1863],{},[2348,109347,5344],{},[2149,109349,2769],{},[2348,109351,109352],{},"401.",[1808,109354,109355],{"encoding":1810},"200 X' + 600 Y' = 4\\,401.",[1030,109357,109358,109359,109391],{},"Z podmínky tečnosti se nezmění tvar ",[1035,109360,109362],{"className":109361},[1772],[1774,109363,109364],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,109365,109366,109388],{},[1781,109367,109368,109374,109376,109378,109384,109386],{},[2467,109369,109370,109372],{},[1784,109371,21001],{},[1788,109373,7862],{"mathvariant":7829,"lspace":7861,"rspace":7861},[1788,109375,1863],{},[2348,109377,5332],{},[2467,109379,109380,109382],{},[1784,109381,20998],{},[1788,109383,7862],{"mathvariant":7829,"lspace":7861,"rspace":7861},[1788,109385,2371],{},[2348,109387,12017],{},[1808,109389,109390],{"encoding":1810},"Y' = 3 X' - 6",". Dosadíme:",[1035,109393,109395],{"className":109394},[1772],[1774,109396,109397],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,109398,109399,109499],{},[1781,109400,109401,109403,109405,109407,109409,109411,109417,109419,109421,109423,109425,109431,109433,109435,109437,109439,109441,109443,109445,109451,109453,109455,109457,109459,109461,109463,109465,109471,109473,109494,109496],{},[2348,109402,5344],{},[2149,109404,2769],{},[2348,109406,109312],{},[1788,109408,1863],{},[2348,109410,28338],{},[2467,109412,109413,109415],{},[1784,109414,20998],{},[1788,109416,7862],{"mathvariant":7829,"lspace":7861,"rspace":7861},[1788,109418,2637],{},[2348,109420,15618],{},[1788,109422,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,109424,5332],{},[2467,109426,109427,109429],{},[1784,109428,20998],{},[1788,109430,7862],{"mathvariant":7829,"lspace":7861,"rspace":7861},[1788,109432,2371],{},[2348,109434,12017],{},[1788,109436,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,109438,1863],{},[2348,109440,4593],{},[2149,109442,2769],{},[2348,109444,2772],{},[2467,109446,109447,109449],{},[1784,109448,20998],{},[1788,109450,7862],{"mathvariant":7829,"lspace":7861,"rspace":7861},[1788,109452,2371],{},[2348,109454,5332],{},[2149,109456,2769],{},[2348,109458,15618],{},[2149,109460,21702],{},[1788,109462,2357],{},[2149,109464,21702],{},[2467,109466,109467,109469],{},[1784,109468,20998],{},[1788,109470,7862],{"mathvariant":7829,"lspace":7861,"rspace":7861},[1788,109472,1863],{},[14390,109474,109475],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,109476,109477,109486],{},[1781,109478,109479,109481,109483],{},[2348,109480,9661],{},[2149,109482,2769],{},[2348,109484,109485],{},"001",[1781,109487,109488,109490,109492],{},[2348,109489,4593],{},[2149,109491,2769],{},[2348,109493,2772],{},[1788,109495,1863],{},[2348,109497,109498],{},"4,0005.",[1808,109500,109501],{"encoding":1810},"4\\,401 = 200 X' + 600 (3 X' - 6) = 2\\,000 X' - 3\\,600 \\;\\Rightarrow\\; X' = \\dfrac{8\\,001}{2\\,000} = 4{,}0005.",[1023,109503,109505,109512],{"className":109504,"dataCallout":2090},[1026,2089],[1030,109506,109508,109511],{"className":109507},[1033],[1035,109509],{"className":109510,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,2097,1040],"Drobná oprava aritmetiky",[1030,109513,109514,109515,1062,109538,109573,109574,109597,109598,109661,109662,109708,109709,30068],{},"Přímý výpočet dává ",[1035,109516,109518],{"className":109517},[1772],[1774,109519,109520],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,109521,109522,109535],{},[1781,109523,109524,109530,109532],{},[2467,109525,109526,109528],{},[1784,109527,20998],{},[1788,109529,7862],{"mathvariant":7829,"lspace":7861,"rspace":7861},[1788,109531,1863],{},[2348,109533,109534],{},"4,0005",[1808,109536,109537],{"encoding":1810},"X' = 4{,}0005",[1035,109539,109541],{"className":109540},[1772],[1774,109542,109543],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,109544,109545,109570],{},[1781,109546,109547,109553,109555,109557,109559,109561,109563,109565,109567],{},[2467,109548,109549,109551],{},[1784,109550,21001],{},[1788,109552,7862],{"mathvariant":7829,"lspace":7861,"rspace":7861},[1788,109554,1863],{},[2348,109556,5332],{},[1788,109558,2267],{},[2348,109560,109534],{},[1788,109562,2371],{},[2348,109564,12017],{},[1788,109566,1863],{},[2348,109568,109569],{},"6,0015",[1808,109571,109572],{"encoding":1810},"Y' = 3 \\cdot 4{,}0005 - 6 = 6{,}0015",". (Hodnota ",[1035,109575,109577],{"className":109576},[1772],[1774,109578,109579],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,109580,109581,109594],{},[1781,109582,109583,109589,109591],{},[2467,109584,109585,109587],{},[1784,109586,20998],{},[1788,109588,7862],{"mathvariant":7829,"lspace":7861,"rspace":7861},[1788,109590,8786],{},[2348,109592,109593],{},"4,0015",[1808,109595,109596],{"encoding":1810},"X' \\approx 4{,}0015"," z ručního přepisu se mírně liší zaokrouhlením.) Užitek:\n",[1035,109599,109601],{"className":109600},[1772],[1774,109602,109603],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,109604,109605,109658],{},[1781,109606,109607,109613,109615,109617,109619,109621,109623,109625,109627,109629,109631,109633,109635,109641,109643,109645,109647,109653,109655],{},[2467,109608,109609,109611],{},[1784,109610,2126],{},[1788,109612,7862],{"mathvariant":7829,"lspace":7861,"rspace":7861},[1788,109614,1863],{},[2348,109616,3116],{},[1788,109618,2267],{},[2348,109620,109534],{},[1788,109622,2637],{},[2348,109624,2766],{},[1788,109626,2267],{},[2348,109628,109569],{},[1788,109630,2371],{},[2348,109632,15984],{},[1788,109634,2267],{},[2467,109636,109637,109639],{},[2348,109638,109534],{},[2348,109640,4593],{},[1788,109642,2371],{},[2348,109644,15984],{},[1788,109646,2267],{},[2467,109648,109649,109651],{},[2348,109650,109569],{},[2348,109652,4593],{},[1788,109654,8786],{},[2348,109656,109657],{},"158,03.",[1808,109659,109660],{"encoding":1810},"U' = 10 \\cdot 4{,}0005 + 24 \\cdot 6{,}0015 - 0{,}5 \\cdot 4{,}0005^2 - 0{,}5 \\cdot 6{,}0015^2 \\approx 158{,}03.","\nZměna užitku ",[1035,109663,109665],{"className":109664},[1772],[1774,109666,109667],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,109668,109669,109705],{},[1781,109670,109671,109673,109675,109677,109683,109685,109691,109693,109696,109698,109701,109703],{},[1784,109672,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,109674,2126],{},[1788,109676,1863],{},[2467,109678,109679,109681],{},[1784,109680,2126],{},[1788,109682,7862],{"mathvariant":7829,"lspace":7861,"rspace":7861},[1788,109684,2371],{},[2467,109686,109687,109689],{},[1784,109688,2126],{},[1788,109690,7763],{},[1788,109692,8786],{},[2348,109694,109695],{},"158,03",[1788,109697,2371],{},[2348,109699,109700],{},"158,00",[1788,109702,1863],{},[2348,109704,109146],{},[1808,109706,109707],{"encoding":1810},"\\Delta U = U' - U^* \\approx 158{,}03 - 158{,}00 = 0{,}03",", což je ",[1047,109710,109711,109712],{},"přesně ",[1035,109713,109715],{"className":109714},[1772],[1774,109716,109717],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,109718,109719,109723],{},[1781,109720,109721],{},[1784,109722,34316],{},[1808,109724,38491],{"encoding":1810},[1030,109726,109727,109728,1075],{},"Tento numerický test potvrzuje obálkovou větu: ",[1035,109729,109731],{"className":109730},[1772],[1774,109732,109733],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,109734,109735,109751],{},[1781,109736,109737,109739,109741,109743,109745,109747,109749],{},[1784,109738,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,109740,2126],{},[1788,109742,8786],{},[1784,109744,34316],{},[1788,109746,2267],{},[1784,109748,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,109750,3221],{},[1808,109752,109753],{"encoding":1810},"\\Delta U \\approx \\lambda \\cdot \\Delta I",[4503,109755],{},[1077,109757,109759],{"id":109758},"_8-bod-nasycení","8. Bod nasycení",[1023,109761,109763,109769],{"className":109762,"dataCallout":4153},[1026,3500],[1030,109764,109766,21676],{"className":109765},[1033],[1035,109767],{"className":109768,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,3508,1040],[1030,109770,109771,4010,109774,109777,109778,109781,109782,109812,109813,2070,109816,109892,109893,1089,109896,109899,109900,109913],{},[1047,109772,109773],{},"Bod nasycení",[1091,109775,109776],{},"satiation point",", někdy také ",[1091,109779,109780],{},"bliss point",") je koš ",[1035,109783,109785],{"className":109784},[1772],[1774,109786,109787],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,109788,109789,109809],{},[1781,109790,109791,109793,109799,109801,109807],{},[1788,109792,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2160,109794,109795,109797],{"accent":1041},[1784,109796,20998],{},[1788,109798,35291],{},[1788,109800,1138],{"separator":1041},[2160,109802,109803,109805],{"accent":1041},[1784,109804,21001],{},[1788,109806,35291],{},[1788,109808,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,109810,109811],{"encoding":1810},"(\\bar X, \\bar Y)",", ve kterém ",[1047,109814,109815],{},"všechny mezní užitky jsou nulové",[1035,109817,109819],{"className":109818},[1772],[1774,109820,109821],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,109822,109823,109889],{},[1781,109824,109825,109827,109833,109835,109841,109843,109849,109851,109853,109855,109857,109859,109861,109867,109869,109875,109877,109883,109885,109887],{},[1784,109826,1857],{},[1792,109828,109829,109831],{},[1784,109830,2126],{},[1784,109832,20998],{},[1788,109834,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2160,109836,109837,109839],{"accent":1041},[1784,109838,20998],{},[1788,109840,35291],{},[1788,109842,1138],{"separator":1041},[2160,109844,109845,109847],{"accent":1041},[1784,109846,21001],{},[1788,109848,35291],{},[1788,109850,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,109852,1863],{},[2348,109854,2350],{},[1788,109856,1138],{"separator":1041},[2352,109858],{"width":2354},[1784,109860,1857],{},[1792,109862,109863,109865],{},[1784,109864,2126],{},[1784,109866,21001],{},[1788,109868,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2160,109870,109871,109873],{"accent":1041},[1784,109872,20998],{},[1788,109874,35291],{},[1788,109876,1138],{"separator":1041},[2160,109878,109879,109881],{"accent":1041},[1784,109880,21001],{},[1788,109882,35291],{},[1788,109884,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,109886,1863],{},[2348,109888,45234],{},[1808,109890,109891],{"encoding":1810},"MU_X(\\bar X, \\bar Y) = 0, \\qquad MU_Y(\\bar X, \\bar Y) = 0.","\nSpotřebitel v něm dosahuje ",[1047,109894,109895],{},"globálního maxima funkce užitku",[1091,109897,109898],{},"bez ohledu na rozpočet"," — jakákoli další jednotka libovolného zboží by mu už užitek nezvyšovala (a u striktně konkávních ",[1035,109901,109903],{"className":109902},[1772],[1774,109904,109905],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,109906,109907,109911],{},[1781,109908,109909],{},[1784,109910,2126],{},[1808,109912,2126],{"encoding":1810}," by jej dokonce snižovala).",[1100,109915,109917],{"id":109916},"_81-bod-nasycení-pro-petrův-užitek","8.1 Bod nasycení pro Petrův užitek",[1030,109919,25314,109920,1310],{},[1035,109921,109923],{"className":109922},[1772],[1774,109924,109925],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,109926,109927,109963],{},[1781,109928,109929,109931,109933,109935,109937,109939,109941,109943,109945,109947,109953,109955,109957],{},[1784,109930,2126],{},[1788,109932,1863],{},[2348,109934,3116],{},[1784,109936,20998],{},[1788,109938,2637],{},[2348,109940,2766],{},[1784,109942,21001],{},[1788,109944,2371],{},[2348,109946,15984],{},[2467,109948,109949,109951],{},[1784,109950,20998],{},[2348,109952,4593],{},[1788,109954,2371],{},[2348,109956,15984],{},[2467,109958,109959,109961],{},[1784,109960,21001],{},[2348,109962,4593],{},[1808,109964,109965],{"encoding":1810},"U = 10X + 24Y - 0{,}5 X^2 - 0{,}5 Y^2",[1035,109967,109969],{"className":109968},[1772],[1774,109970,109971],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,109972,109973,110013],{},[1781,109974,109975,109977,109983,109985,109987,109989,109991,109993,109995,109997,109999,110001,110007,110009,110011],{},[1784,109976,1857],{},[1792,109978,109979,109981],{},[1784,109980,2126],{},[1784,109982,20998],{},[1788,109984,1863],{},[2348,109986,3116],{},[1788,109988,2371],{},[1784,109990,20998],{},[1788,109992,1863],{},[2348,109994,2350],{},[2149,109996,21702],{},[1788,109998,2357],{},[2149,110000,21702],{},[2160,110002,110003,110005],{"accent":1041},[1784,110004,20998],{},[1788,110006,35291],{},[1788,110008,1863],{},[2348,110010,3116],{},[1788,110012,1138],{"separator":1041},[1808,110014,110015],{"encoding":1810},"MU_X = 10 - X = 0 \\;\\Rightarrow\\; \\bar X = 10,",[1035,110017,110019],{"className":110018},[1772],[1774,110020,110021],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,110022,110023,110062],{},[1781,110024,110025,110027,110033,110035,110037,110039,110041,110043,110045,110047,110049,110051,110057,110059],{},[1784,110026,1857],{},[1792,110028,110029,110031],{},[1784,110030,2126],{},[1784,110032,21001],{},[1788,110034,1863],{},[2348,110036,2766],{},[1788,110038,2371],{},[1784,110040,21001],{},[1788,110042,1863],{},[2348,110044,2350],{},[2149,110046,21702],{},[1788,110048,2357],{},[2149,110050,21702],{},[2160,110052,110053,110055],{"accent":1041},[1784,110054,21001],{},[1788,110056,35291],{},[1788,110058,1863],{},[2348,110060,110061],{},"24.",[1808,110063,110064],{"encoding":1810},"MU_Y = 24 - Y = 0 \\;\\Rightarrow\\; \\bar Y = 24.",[1030,110066,110067],{},"Globální maximum užitku:",[1035,110069,110071],{"className":110070},[1772],[1774,110072,110073],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,110074,110075,110136],{},[1781,110076,110077,110083,110085,110087,110089,110091,110093,110095,110097,110099,110101,110103,110105,110107,110109,110111,110113,110115,110117,110119,110121,110123,110125,110127,110129,110131,110133],{},[2160,110078,110079,110081],{"accent":1041},[1784,110080,2126],{},[1788,110082,35291],{},[1788,110084,1863],{},[2348,110086,3116],{},[1788,110088,2267],{},[2348,110090,3116],{},[1788,110092,2637],{},[2348,110094,2766],{},[1788,110096,2267],{},[2348,110098,2766],{},[1788,110100,2371],{},[2348,110102,15984],{},[1788,110104,2267],{},[2348,110106,2605],{},[1788,110108,2371],{},[2348,110110,15984],{},[1788,110112,2267],{},[2348,110114,89933],{},[1788,110116,1863],{},[2348,110118,2605],{},[1788,110120,2637],{},[2348,110122,89933],{},[1788,110124,2371],{},[2348,110126,2853],{},[1788,110128,2371],{},[2348,110130,89673],{},[1788,110132,1863],{},[2348,110134,110135],{},"338.",[1808,110137,110138],{"encoding":1810},"\\bar U = 10 \\cdot 10 + 24 \\cdot 24 - 0{,}5 \\cdot 100 - 0{,}5 \\cdot 576 = 100 + 576 - 50 - 288 = 338.",[1100,110140,110142],{"id":110141},"_82-důchod-potřebný-k-dosažení-bodu-nasycení","8.2 Důchod potřebný k dosažení bodu nasycení",[1030,110144,110145],{},"Při daných cenách je nákladový \"ceník\" bodu nasycení:",[1035,110147,110149],{"className":110148},[1772],[1774,110150,110151],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,110152,110153,110247],{},[1781,110154,110155,110161,110163,110169,110171,110177,110179,110185,110187,110193,110195,110197,110199,110201,110203,110205,110207,110209,110211,110213,110215,110217,110219,110221,110223,110225,110227,110229,110231,110233,110235,110245],{},[2160,110156,110157,110159],{"accent":1041},[1784,110158,3221],{},[1788,110160,35291],{},[1788,110162,1863],{},[1792,110164,110165,110167],{},[1784,110166,2264],{},[1784,110168,20998],{},[1788,110170,2267],{},[2160,110172,110173,110175],{"accent":1041},[1784,110174,20998],{},[1788,110176,35291],{},[1788,110178,2637],{},[1792,110180,110181,110183],{},[1784,110182,2264],{},[1784,110184,21001],{},[1788,110186,2267],{},[2160,110188,110189,110191],{"accent":1041},[1784,110190,21001],{},[1788,110192,35291],{},[1788,110194,1863],{},[2348,110196,28338],{},[1788,110198,2267],{},[2348,110200,3116],{},[1788,110202,2637],{},[2348,110204,15618],{},[1788,110206,2267],{},[2348,110208,2766],{},[1788,110210,1863],{},[2348,110212,4593],{},[2149,110214,2769],{},[2348,110216,2772],{},[1788,110218,2637],{},[2348,110220,2962],{},[2149,110222,2769],{},[2348,110224,2697],{},[1788,110226,1863],{},[2348,110228,14061],{},[2149,110230,2769],{},[2348,110232,2697],{},[2149,110234,2769],{},[1781,110236,110237,110239],{},[2149,110238,3722],{},[2160,110240,110241,110243],{"accent":1041},[2149,110242,9435],{},[1788,110244,2167],{},[1784,110246,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,110248,110249],{"encoding":1810},"\\bar I = P_X \\cdot \\bar X + P_Y \\cdot \\bar Y = 200 \\cdot 10 + 600 \\cdot 24 = 2\\,000 + 14\\,400 = 16\\,400\\,\\text{Kč}.",[1023,110251,110253,110259],{"className":110252,"dataCallout":3501},[1026,3500],[1030,110254,110256,93479],{"className":110255},[1033],[1035,110257],{"className":110258,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,3508,1040],[1030,110260,110261,110262,26248,110300,110303,110304,1299,110326,110348,110349,1299,110379,110382,110383,110401],{},"Pokud Petrův skutečný důchod ",[1035,110263,110265],{"className":110264},[1772],[1774,110266,110267],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,110268,110269,110297],{},[1781,110270,110271,110273,110275,110277,110279,110281,110283,110289,110291,110293,110295],{},[1784,110272,3221],{},[1788,110274,1863],{},[2348,110276,5344],{},[2149,110278,2769],{},[2348,110280,2697],{},[1788,110282,2537],{},[2160,110284,110285,110287],{"accent":1041},[1784,110286,3221],{},[1788,110288,35291],{},[1788,110290,1863],{},[2348,110292,14061],{},[2149,110294,2769],{},[2348,110296,2697],{},[1808,110298,110299],{"encoding":1810},"I = 4\\,400 \u003C \\bar I = 16\\,400",[1047,110301,110302],{},"rozpočtové omezení aktivní"," a optimum leží na rozpočtové přímce (",[1035,110305,110307],{"className":110306},[1772],[1774,110308,110309],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,110310,110311,110323],{},[1781,110312,110313,110319,110321],{},[2467,110314,110315,110317],{},[1784,110316,20998],{},[1788,110318,7763],{},[1788,110320,1863],{},[2348,110322,5344],{},[1808,110324,110325],{"encoding":1810},"X^*=4",[1035,110327,110329],{"className":110328},[1772],[1774,110330,110331],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,110332,110333,110345],{},[1781,110334,110335,110341,110343],{},[2467,110336,110337,110339],{},[1784,110338,21001],{},[1788,110340,7763],{},[1788,110342,1863],{},[2348,110344,12017],{},[1808,110346,110347],{"encoding":1810},"Y^*=6","). Pokud by však Petrův důchod přesáhl ",[1035,110350,110352],{"className":110351},[1772],[1774,110353,110354],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,110355,110356,110376],{},[1781,110357,110358,110360,110362,110364,110366],{},[2348,110359,14061],{},[2149,110361,2769],{},[2348,110363,2697],{},[2149,110365,2769],{},[1781,110367,110368,110370],{},[2149,110369,3722],{},[2160,110371,110372,110374],{"accent":1041},[2149,110373,9435],{},[1788,110375,2167],{},[1808,110377,110378],{"encoding":1810},"16\\,400\\,\\text{Kč}",[1047,110380,110381],{},"další navyšování důchodu už užitek nezvyšuje"," — utratil by jen ",[1035,110384,110386],{"className":110385},[1772],[1774,110387,110388],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,110389,110390,110398],{},[1781,110391,110392,110394,110396],{},[2348,110393,14061],{},[2149,110395,2769],{},[2348,110397,2697],{},[1808,110399,110400],{"encoding":1810},"16\\,400"," a zbytek by zůstal nevyužit (resp. by spotřeboval i víc, ale s klesajícím užitkem).",[1030,110403,110404,110405,110408,110409,110412,110413,1075],{},"V Petrově příběhu to znamená: ",[1047,110406,110407],{},"Petr nemá zájem o víc než 10 videokazet a 24 koncertů Pražského jara za rok",". Po překročení tohoto stropu mu každá další videokazeta působí dokonce ",[1091,110410,110411],{},"negativní"," mezní užitek — viz ",[1035,110414,110416],{"className":110415},[1772],[1774,110417,110418],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,110419,110420,110454],{},[1781,110421,110422,110424,110430,110432,110434,110436,110438,110440,110442,110444,110446,110448,110450,110452],{},[1784,110423,1857],{},[1792,110425,110426,110428],{},[1784,110427,2126],{},[1784,110429,20998],{},[1788,110431,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,110433,2953],{},[1788,110435,1138],{"separator":1041},[1788,110437,2267],{},[1788,110439,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,110441,1863],{},[2348,110443,3116],{},[1788,110445,2371],{},[2348,110447,2953],{},[1788,110449,1863],{},[1788,110451,2371],{},[2348,110453,2374],{},[1808,110455,110456],{"encoding":1810},"MU_X(11, \\cdot) = 10 - 11 = -1",[1100,110458,110460],{"id":110459},"_83-realistická-interpretace-v-petrově-příběhu","8.3 Realistická interpretace v Petrově příběhu",[1030,110462,110463,110464,110509,110510,4010,110513,110553],{},"Bod nasycení nepředstavuje hypotetickou kuriozitu — odráží konečnou kapacitu spotřebitele. Petr má omezený volný čas (24 koncertů Pražského jara je v praxi blízko maximu, který festival ročně nabízí) i omezenou trpělivost s opakovaným sledováním akčních filmů. Funkce užitku ",[1035,110465,110467],{"className":110466},[1772],[1774,110468,110469],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,110470,110471,110507],{},[1781,110472,110473,110475,110477,110479,110481,110483,110485,110487,110489,110491,110497,110499,110501],{},[1784,110474,2126],{},[1788,110476,1863],{},[2348,110478,3116],{},[1784,110480,20998],{},[1788,110482,2637],{},[2348,110484,2766],{},[1784,110486,21001],{},[1788,110488,2371],{},[2348,110490,15984],{},[2467,110492,110493,110495],{},[1784,110494,20998],{},[2348,110496,4593],{},[1788,110498,2371],{},[2348,110500,15984],{},[2467,110502,110503,110505],{},[1784,110504,21001],{},[2348,110506,4593],{},[1808,110508,109965],{"encoding":1810}," přirozeně modeluje ",[1047,110511,110512],{},"klesající mezní užitek",[1035,110514,110516],{"className":110515},[1772],[1774,110517,110518],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,110519,110520,110550],{},[1781,110521,110522,110528,110530,110532,110534,110540,110542,110544,110546,110548],{},[2467,110523,110524,110526],{},[1784,110525,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,110527,4593],{},[1784,110529,2126],{},[1784,110531,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,110533,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,110535,110536,110538],{},[1784,110537,20998],{},[2348,110539,4593],{},[1788,110541,1863],{},[1788,110543,2371],{},[2348,110545,2374],{},[1788,110547,2537],{},[2348,110549,2350],{},[1808,110551,110552],{"encoding":1810},"\\partial^2 U \u002F \\partial X^2 = -1 \u003C 0","), který v určitém bodě dosáhne nuly a poté přejde do záporu (přesycení).",[1030,110555,110556,110557,110560,110561,110564,110565,110568],{},"Pro reálné rozhodování je třeba si pamatovat, že ",[1047,110558,110559],{},"bod nasycení často není dosažen"," — typický spotřebitel je ",[1047,110562,110563],{},"rozpočtem omezen"," dlouho před tím, než by ho mohl dosáhnout. Studium bodu nasycení má tedy spíše ",[1047,110566,110567],{},"diagnostický význam",": ujišťuje nás, že naše funkce užitku má rozumný globální tvar, a slouží jako horní mez pro analýzu důchodové elasticity.",[1100,110570,110572],{"id":110571},"_84-stínová-cena-ve-vztahu-k-bodu-nasycení","8.4 Stínová cena ve vztahu k bodu nasycení",[1030,110574,110575,110576,110624],{},"V bodě nasycení je ",[1035,110577,110579],{"className":110578},[1772],[1774,110580,110581],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,110582,110583,110621],{},[1781,110584,110585,110587,110589,110591,110597,110599,110605,110607,110609,110611,110617,110619],{},[1784,110586,34316],{},[1788,110588,1863],{},[1784,110590,1857],{},[1792,110592,110593,110595],{},[1784,110594,2126],{},[1784,110596,20998],{},[1784,110598,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,110600,110601,110603],{},[1784,110602,2264],{},[1784,110604,20998],{},[1788,110606,1863],{},[2348,110608,2350],{},[1784,110610,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,110612,110613,110615],{},[1784,110614,2264],{},[1784,110616,20998],{},[1788,110618,1863],{},[2348,110620,2350],{},[1808,110622,110623],{"encoding":1810},"\\lambda = MU_X \u002F P_X = 0\u002FP_X = 0"," — důchod přestává mít hodnotu, protože ho nelze \"investovat\" do dalšího užitku. Stínová cena důchodu je nulová.",[4503,110626],{},[1077,110628,110630],{"id":110629},"_9-kompletní-příklad-petr-kultura-všechny-otázky","9. Kompletní příklad Petr-kultura — všechny otázky",[1030,110632,110633],{},"Pro úplnost projděme všechny podotázky zadání.",[1100,110635,110637],{"id":110636},"a-mezní-míra-substituce","(a) Mezní míra substituce",[1035,110639,110641],{"className":110640},[1772],[1774,110642,110643],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,110644,110645,110681],{},[1781,110646,110647,110649,110651,110657,110659,110679],{},[1784,110648,1857],{},[1784,110650,1860],{},[1792,110652,110653,110655],{},[1784,110654,3212],{},[1784,110656,1868],{},[1788,110658,1863],{},[14390,110660,110661],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,110662,110663,110671],{},[1781,110664,110665,110667,110669],{},[2348,110666,3116],{},[1788,110668,2371],{},[1784,110670,20998],{},[1781,110672,110673,110675,110677],{},[2348,110674,2766],{},[1788,110676,2371],{},[1784,110678,21001],{},[1784,110680,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,110682,110683],{"encoding":1810},"MRS_C = \\dfrac{10 - X}{24 - Y}.",[1030,110685,110686,110687,110708],{},"V optimu (vnitřním) musí ",[1035,110688,110690],{"className":110689},[1772],[1774,110691,110692],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,110693,110694,110706],{},[1781,110695,110696,110698,110700],{},[1784,110697,1857],{},[1784,110699,1860],{},[1792,110701,110702,110704],{},[1784,110703,3212],{},[1784,110705,1868],{},[1808,110707,105906],{"encoding":1810}," odpovídat poměru cen.",[1100,110710,110712],{"id":110711},"b-linie-rozpočtu","(b) Linie rozpočtu",[1035,110714,110716],{"className":110715},[1772],[1774,110717,110718],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,110719,110720,110758],{},[1781,110721,110722,110724,110726,110728,110730,110732,110734,110736,110738,110740,110742,110744,110746,110748,110750,110752,110754,110756],{},[2348,110723,28338],{},[1784,110725,20998],{},[1788,110727,2637],{},[2348,110729,15618],{},[1784,110731,21001],{},[1788,110733,1863],{},[2348,110735,5344],{},[2149,110737,2769],{},[2348,110739,2697],{},[2149,110741,21702],{},[1788,110743,15911],{},[2149,110745,21702],{},[1784,110747,20998],{},[1788,110749,2637],{},[2348,110751,5332],{},[1784,110753,21001],{},[1788,110755,1863],{},[2348,110757,106644],{},[1808,110759,110760],{"encoding":1810},"200 X + 600 Y = 4\\,400 \\;\\Leftrightarrow\\; X + 3 Y = 22.",[1030,110762,110763,110764,1062,110785,1075],{},"Průsečíky: ",[1035,110765,110767],{"className":110766},[1772],[1774,110768,110769],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,110770,110771,110783],{},[1781,110772,110773,110775,110777,110779,110781],{},[1788,110774,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,110776,15333],{},[1788,110778,1138],{"separator":1041},[2348,110780,2350],{},[1788,110782,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,110784,106672],{"encoding":1810},[1035,110786,110788],{"className":110787},[1772],[1774,110789,110790],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,110791,110792,110808],{},[1781,110793,110794,110796,110798,110800,110802,110804,110806],{},[1788,110795,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,110797,2350],{},[1788,110799,1138],{"separator":1041},[2348,110801,15333],{},[1784,110803,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,110805,5332],{},[1788,110807,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,110809,110810],{"encoding":1810},"(0, 22\u002F3)",[1100,110812,110814],{"id":110813},"c-optimum","(c) Optimum",[1035,110816,110818],{"className":110817},[1772],[1774,110819,110820],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,110821,110822,110862],{},[1781,110823,110824,110830,110832,110834,110836,110838,110844,110846,110848,110850,110852,110858,110860],{},[2467,110825,110826,110828],{},[1784,110827,20998],{},[1788,110829,7763],{},[1788,110831,1863],{},[2348,110833,5344],{},[1788,110835,1138],{"separator":1041},[2352,110837],{"width":2702},[2467,110839,110840,110842],{},[1784,110841,21001],{},[1788,110843,7763],{},[1788,110845,1863],{},[2348,110847,12017],{},[1788,110849,1138],{"separator":1041},[2352,110851],{"width":2702},[2467,110853,110854,110856],{},[1784,110855,2126],{},[1788,110857,7763],{},[1788,110859,1863],{},[2348,110861,107362],{},[1808,110863,110864],{"encoding":1810},"X^* = 4, \\quad Y^* = 6, \\quad U^* = 158.",[1030,110866,110867,110868,14774],{},"V optimu ",[1035,110869,110871],{"className":110870},[1772],[1774,110872,110873],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,110874,110875,110943],{},[1781,110876,110877,110879,110881,110887,110889,110891,110893,110895,110897,110899,110901,110903,110905,110907,110909,110911,110913,110915,110917,110919,110921,110923,110925,110927,110929,110935,110937],{},[1784,110878,1857],{},[1784,110880,1860],{},[1792,110882,110883,110885],{},[1784,110884,3212],{},[1784,110886,1868],{},[1788,110888,1863],{},[1788,110890,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,110892,3116],{},[1788,110894,2371],{},[2348,110896,5344],{},[1788,110898,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,110900,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,110902,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,110904,2766],{},[1788,110906,2371],{},[2348,110908,12017],{},[1788,110910,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,110912,1863],{},[2348,110914,12017],{},[1784,110916,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,110918,13770],{},[1788,110920,1863],{},[2348,110922,2374],{},[1784,110924,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,110926,5332],{},[1788,110928,1863],{},[1792,110930,110931,110933],{},[1784,110932,2264],{},[1784,110934,20998],{},[1784,110936,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,110938,110939,110941],{},[1784,110940,2264],{},[1784,110942,21001],{},[1808,110944,110945],{"encoding":1810},"MRS_C = (10-4)\u002F(24-6) = 6\u002F18 = 1\u002F3 = P_X\u002FP_Y",[1100,110947,110949],{"id":110948},"d-bod-nasycení","(d) Bod nasycení",[1035,110951,110953],{"className":110952},[1772],[1774,110954,110955],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,110956,110957,111030],{},[1781,110958,110959,110965,110967,110969,110971,110973,110979,110981,110983,110985,110987,110993,110995,110998,111000,111002,111008,111010,111012,111014,111016,111018,111028],{},[2160,110960,110961,110963],{"accent":1041},[1784,110962,20998],{},[1788,110964,35291],{},[1788,110966,1863],{},[2348,110968,3116],{},[1788,110970,1138],{"separator":1041},[2352,110972],{"width":2702},[2160,110974,110975,110977],{"accent":1041},[1784,110976,21001],{},[1788,110978,35291],{},[1788,110980,1863],{},[2348,110982,2766],{},[1788,110984,1138],{"separator":1041},[2352,110986],{"width":2702},[2160,110988,110989,110991],{"accent":1041},[1784,110990,2126],{},[1788,110992,35291],{},[1788,110994,1863],{},[2348,110996,110997],{},"338",[1788,110999,1138],{"separator":1041},[2352,111001],{"width":2702},[2160,111003,111004,111006],{"accent":1041},[1784,111005,3221],{},[1788,111007,35291],{},[1788,111009,1863],{},[2348,111011,14061],{},[2149,111013,2769],{},[2348,111015,2697],{},[2149,111017,2769],{},[1781,111019,111020,111022],{},[2149,111021,3722],{},[2160,111023,111024,111026],{"accent":1041},[2149,111025,9435],{},[1788,111027,2167],{},[1784,111029,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,111031,111032],{"encoding":1810},"\\bar X = 10, \\quad \\bar Y = 24, \\quad \\bar U = 338, \\quad \\bar I = 16\\,400\\,\\text{Kč}.",[1100,111034,111036,111037],{"id":111035},"e-zvýšení-ceny-videokazet-na-px300p_x-300","(e) Zvýšení ceny videokazet na ",[1035,111038,111040],{"className":111039},[1772],[1774,111041,111042],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,111043,111044,111056],{},[1781,111045,111046,111052,111054],{},[1792,111047,111048,111050],{},[1784,111049,2264],{},[1784,111051,20998],{},[1788,111053,1863],{},[2348,111055,9272],{},[1808,111057,111058],{"encoding":1810},"P_X = 300",[1030,111060,111061,111062,111104],{},"Nový poměr cen: ",[1035,111063,111065],{"className":111064},[1772],[1774,111066,111067],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,111068,111069,111101],{},[1781,111070,111071,111077,111079,111085,111087,111089,111091,111093,111095,111097,111099],{},[1792,111072,111073,111075],{},[1784,111074,2264],{},[1784,111076,20998],{},[1784,111078,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,111080,111081,111083],{},[1784,111082,2264],{},[1784,111084,21001],{},[1788,111086,1863],{},[2348,111088,9272],{},[1784,111090,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,111092,15618],{},[1788,111094,1863],{},[2348,111096,2374],{},[1784,111098,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,111100,4593],{},[1808,111102,111103],{"encoding":1810},"P_X \u002F P_Y = 300\u002F600 = 1\u002F2",". Nová podmínka tečnosti:",[1035,111106,111108],{"className":111107},[1772],[1774,111109,111110],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,111111,111112,111188],{},[1781,111113,111114,111134,111136,111144,111146,111148,111150,111152,111154,111156,111158,111160,111162,111164,111166,111168,111170,111172,111174,111176,111178,111180,111182,111184,111186],{},[14390,111115,111116],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,111117,111118,111126],{},[1781,111119,111120,111122,111124],{},[2348,111121,3116],{},[1788,111123,2371],{},[1784,111125,20998],{},[1781,111127,111128,111130,111132],{},[2348,111129,2766],{},[1788,111131,2371],{},[1784,111133,21001],{},[1788,111135,1863],{},[14390,111137,111138],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,111139,111140,111142],{},[2348,111141,2374],{},[2348,111143,4593],{},[2149,111145,21702],{},[1788,111147,2357],{},[2149,111149,21702],{},[2348,111151,4593],{},[1788,111153,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,111155,3116],{},[1788,111157,2371],{},[1784,111159,20998],{},[1788,111161,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,111163,1863],{},[2348,111165,2766],{},[1788,111167,2371],{},[1784,111169,21001],{},[2149,111171,21702],{},[1788,111173,2357],{},[2149,111175,21702],{},[1784,111177,21001],{},[1788,111179,1863],{},[2348,111181,4593],{},[1784,111183,20998],{},[1788,111185,2637],{},[2348,111187,48475],{},[1808,111189,111190],{"encoding":1810},"\\dfrac{10 - X}{24 - Y} = \\dfrac{1}{2} \\;\\Rightarrow\\; 2(10 - X) = 24 - Y \\;\\Rightarrow\\; Y = 2X + 4.",[1030,111192,111193,111194,1310],{},"Dosadíme do nového rozpočtu ",[1035,111195,111197],{"className":111196},[1772],[1774,111198,111199],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,111200,111201,111221],{},[1781,111202,111203,111205,111207,111209,111211,111213,111215,111217,111219],{},[2348,111204,9272],{},[1784,111206,20998],{},[1788,111208,2637],{},[2348,111210,15618],{},[1784,111212,21001],{},[1788,111214,1863],{},[2348,111216,5344],{},[2149,111218,2769],{},[2348,111220,2697],{},[1808,111222,111223],{"encoding":1810},"300 X + 600 Y = 4\\,400",[1035,111225,111227],{"className":111226},[1772],[1774,111228,111229],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,111230,111231,111318],{},[1781,111232,111233,111235,111237,111239,111241,111243,111245,111247,111249,111251,111253,111255,111257,111259,111261,111263,111265,111267,111269,111271,111273,111275,111277,111279,111281,111283,111285,111287,111289,111291,111293,111295,111297,111299,111301,111303,111305,111313,111315],{},[2348,111234,9272],{},[1784,111236,20998],{},[1788,111238,2637],{},[2348,111240,15618],{},[1788,111242,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,111244,4593],{},[1784,111246,20998],{},[1788,111248,2637],{},[2348,111250,5344],{},[1788,111252,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,111254,1863],{},[2348,111256,5344],{},[2149,111258,2769],{},[2348,111260,2697],{},[2149,111262,21702],{},[1788,111264,2357],{},[2149,111266,21702],{},[2348,111268,2374],{},[2149,111270,2769],{},[2348,111272,2842],{},[1784,111274,20998],{},[1788,111276,1863],{},[2348,111278,5344],{},[2149,111280,2769],{},[2348,111282,2697],{},[1788,111284,2371],{},[2348,111286,4593],{},[2149,111288,2769],{},[2348,111290,2697],{},[1788,111292,1863],{},[2348,111294,4593],{},[2149,111296,2769],{},[2348,111298,2772],{},[2149,111300,21702],{},[1788,111302,2357],{},[2149,111304,21702],{},[13587,111306,111307,111309,111311],{},[1784,111308,20998],{},[1784,111310,9309],{},[1788,111312,7763],{},[1788,111314,8786],{},[2348,111316,111317],{},"1,33.",[1808,111319,111320],{"encoding":1810},"300 X + 600 (2X + 4) = 4\\,400 \\;\\Rightarrow\\; 1\\,500 X = 4\\,400 - 2\\,400 = 2\\,000 \\;\\Rightarrow\\; X^*_e \\approx 1{,}33.",[1030,111322,111323,111324,1075],{},"Pak ",[1035,111325,111327],{"className":111326},[1772],[1774,111328,111329],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,111330,111331,111359],{},[1781,111332,111333,111341,111343,111345,111347,111350,111352,111354,111356],{},[13587,111334,111335,111337,111339],{},[1784,111336,21001],{},[1784,111338,9309],{},[1788,111340,7763],{},[1788,111342,1863],{},[2348,111344,4593],{},[1788,111346,2267],{},[2348,111348,111349],{},"1,33",[1788,111351,2637],{},[2348,111353,5344],{},[1788,111355,8786],{},[2348,111357,111358],{},"6,67",[1808,111360,111361],{"encoding":1810},"Y^*_e = 2 \\cdot 1{,}33 + 4 \\approx 6{,}67",[1030,111363,111364,111367,111368,1089,111371,40591,111408,111421,111422,111435,111436,111449,111450,111453,111454,2440],{},[1047,111365,111366],{},"Geometrie:"," rozpočtová přímka rotuje ",[1047,111369,111370],{},"kolem bodu",[1035,111372,111374],{"className":111373},[1772],[1774,111375,111376],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,111377,111378,111406],{},[1781,111379,111380,111382,111384,111386,111388,111390,111392,111394,111396,111398,111400,111402,111404],{},[1788,111381,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,111383,2350],{},[1788,111385,1138],{"separator":1041},[2348,111387,15333],{},[1784,111389,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,111391,5332],{},[1788,111393,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,111395,8786],{},[1788,111397,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,111399,2350],{},[1788,111401,1138],{"separator":1041},[2348,111403,106706],{},[1788,111405,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,111407,106711],{"encoding":1810},[1035,111409,111411],{"className":111410},[1772],[1774,111412,111413],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,111414,111415,111419],{},[1781,111416,111417],{},[1784,111418,21001],{},[1808,111420,21001],{"encoding":1810}," (cena ",[1035,111423,111425],{"className":111424},[1772],[1774,111426,111427],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,111428,111429,111433],{},[1781,111430,111431],{},[1784,111432,21001],{},[1808,111434,21001],{"encoding":1810}," se nezměnila, takže krajní bod na ose ",[1035,111437,111439],{"className":111438},[1772],[1774,111440,111441],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,111442,111443,111447],{},[1781,111444,111445],{},[1784,111446,21001],{},[1808,111448,21001],{"encoding":1810}," je beze změny) směrem ",[1047,111451,111452],{},"dovnitř",". Spotřebitel si dovolí méně videokazet, na koncertech naopak nepatrně přidá (efekty jsou kombinací substituce a důchodu — viz ",[1068,111455,111457],{"className":111456,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":25327,"href":25325},[1071],"substituční a důchodový efekt",[1030,111459,111460,111461,1075],{},"V optimu nový ",[1035,111462,111464],{"className":111463},[1772],[1774,111465,111466],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,111467,111468,111488],{},[1781,111469,111470,111472,111474,111480,111482,111484,111486],{},[1784,111471,1857],{},[1784,111473,1860],{},[1792,111475,111476,111478],{},[1784,111477,3212],{},[1784,111479,1868],{},[1788,111481,1863],{},[2348,111483,2374],{},[1784,111485,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,111487,4593],{},[1808,111489,111490],{"encoding":1810},"MRS_C = 1\u002F2",[1100,111492,111494,111495],{"id":111493},"f-snížení-ceny-lístku-na-koncert-na-py300p_y-300","(f) Snížení ceny lístku na koncert na ",[1035,111496,111498],{"className":111497},[1772],[1774,111499,111500],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,111501,111502,111514],{},[1781,111503,111504,111510,111512],{},[1792,111505,111506,111508],{},[1784,111507,2264],{},[1784,111509,21001],{},[1788,111511,1863],{},[2348,111513,9272],{},[1808,111515,111516],{"encoding":1810},"P_Y = 300",[1030,111518,111061,111519,111561],{},[1035,111520,111522],{"className":111521},[1772],[1774,111523,111524],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,111525,111526,111558],{},[1781,111527,111528,111534,111536,111542,111544,111546,111548,111550,111552,111554,111556],{},[1792,111529,111530,111532],{},[1784,111531,2264],{},[1784,111533,20998],{},[1784,111535,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,111537,111538,111540],{},[1784,111539,2264],{},[1784,111541,21001],{},[1788,111543,1863],{},[2348,111545,28338],{},[1784,111547,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,111549,9272],{},[1788,111551,1863],{},[2348,111553,4593],{},[1784,111555,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,111557,5332],{},[1808,111559,111560],{"encoding":1810},"P_X \u002F P_Y = 200\u002F300 = 2\u002F3",". Podmínka tečnosti:",[1035,111563,111565],{"className":111564},[1772],[1774,111566,111567],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,111568,111569,111670],{},[1781,111570,111571,111591,111593,111601,111603,111605,111607,111609,111611,111613,111615,111617,111619,111621,111623,111625,111627,111629,111631,111633,111635,111637,111639,111641,111643,111645,111647,111649,111651,111653,111655,111657,111659,111661,111663,111665,111667],{},[14390,111572,111573],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,111574,111575,111583],{},[1781,111576,111577,111579,111581],{},[2348,111578,3116],{},[1788,111580,2371],{},[1784,111582,20998],{},[1781,111584,111585,111587,111589],{},[2348,111586,2766],{},[1788,111588,2371],{},[1784,111590,21001],{},[1788,111592,1863],{},[14390,111594,111595],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,111596,111597,111599],{},[2348,111598,4593],{},[2348,111600,5332],{},[2149,111602,21702],{},[1788,111604,2357],{},[2149,111606,21702],{},[2348,111608,5332],{},[1788,111610,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,111612,3116],{},[1788,111614,2371],{},[1784,111616,20998],{},[1788,111618,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,111620,1863],{},[2348,111622,4593],{},[1788,111624,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,111626,2766],{},[1788,111628,2371],{},[1784,111630,21001],{},[1788,111632,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[2149,111634,21702],{},[1788,111636,2357],{},[2149,111638,21702],{},[2348,111640,4593],{},[1784,111642,21001],{},[1788,111644,1863],{},[2348,111646,4593],{},[1784,111648,20998],{},[1788,111650,2637],{},[2348,111652,13770],{},[2149,111654,21702],{},[1788,111656,2357],{},[2149,111658,21702],{},[1784,111660,21001],{},[1788,111662,1863],{},[1784,111664,20998],{},[1788,111666,2637],{},[2348,111668,111669],{},"9.",[1808,111671,111672],{"encoding":1810},"\\dfrac{10 - X}{24 - Y} = \\dfrac{2}{3} \\;\\Rightarrow\\; 3(10 - X) = 2(24 - Y) \\;\\Rightarrow\\; 2 Y = 2 X + 18 \\;\\Rightarrow\\; Y = X + 9.",[1030,111674,111675,111676,1310],{},"Dosadíme do rozpočtu ",[1035,111677,111679],{"className":111678},[1772],[1774,111680,111681],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,111682,111683,111703],{},[1781,111684,111685,111687,111689,111691,111693,111695,111697,111699,111701],{},[2348,111686,28338],{},[1784,111688,20998],{},[1788,111690,2637],{},[2348,111692,9272],{},[1784,111694,21001],{},[1788,111696,1863],{},[2348,111698,5344],{},[2149,111700,2769],{},[2348,111702,2697],{},[1808,111704,111705],{"encoding":1810},"200 X + 300 Y = 4\\,400",[1035,111707,111709],{"className":111708},[1772],[1774,111710,111711],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,111712,111713,111795],{},[1781,111714,111715,111717,111719,111721,111723,111725,111727,111729,111731,111733,111735,111737,111739,111741,111743,111745,111747,111749,111751,111753,111755,111757,111759,111761,111763,111765,111768,111770,111772,111774,111776,111778,111780,111782,111790,111792],{},[2348,111716,28338],{},[1784,111718,20998],{},[1788,111720,2637],{},[2348,111722,9272],{},[1788,111724,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,111726,20998],{},[1788,111728,2637],{},[2348,111730,2777],{},[1788,111732,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,111734,1863],{},[2348,111736,5344],{},[2149,111738,2769],{},[2348,111740,2697],{},[2149,111742,21702],{},[1788,111744,2357],{},[2149,111746,21702],{},[2348,111748,2842],{},[1784,111750,20998],{},[1788,111752,1863],{},[2348,111754,5344],{},[2149,111756,2769],{},[2348,111758,2697],{},[1788,111760,2371],{},[2348,111762,4593],{},[2149,111764,2769],{},[2348,111766,111767],{},"700",[1788,111769,1863],{},[2348,111771,2374],{},[2149,111773,2769],{},[2348,111775,111767],{},[2149,111777,21702],{},[1788,111779,2357],{},[2149,111781,21702],{},[13587,111783,111784,111786,111788],{},[1784,111785,20998],{},[1784,111787,2139],{},[1788,111789,7763],{},[1788,111791,1863],{},[2348,111793,111794],{},"3,4.",[1808,111796,111797],{"encoding":1810},"200 X + 300 (X + 9) = 4\\,400 \\;\\Rightarrow\\; 500 X = 4\\,400 - 2\\,700 = 1\\,700 \\;\\Rightarrow\\; X^*_f = 3{,}4.",[1030,111799,111800,1075],{},[1035,111801,111803],{"className":111802},[1772],[1774,111804,111805],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,111806,111807,111831],{},[1781,111808,111809,111817,111819,111822,111824,111826,111828],{},[13587,111810,111811,111813,111815],{},[1784,111812,21001],{},[1784,111814,2139],{},[1788,111816,7763],{},[1788,111818,1863],{},[2348,111820,111821],{},"3,4",[1788,111823,2637],{},[2348,111825,2777],{},[1788,111827,1863],{},[2348,111829,111830],{},"12,4",[1808,111832,111833],{"encoding":1810},"Y^*_f = 3{,}4 + 9 = 12{,}4",[1030,111835,111836,111838,111839,1089,111841,40591,111862,111421,111875,111888,111889,111892,111893,111906,111907,111920],{},[1047,111837,111366],{}," přímka rotuje ",[1047,111840,111370],{},[1035,111842,111844],{"className":111843},[1772],[1774,111845,111846],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,111847,111848,111860],{},[1781,111849,111850,111852,111854,111856,111858],{},[1788,111851,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,111853,15333],{},[1788,111855,1138],{"separator":1041},[2348,111857,2350],{},[1788,111859,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,111861,106672],{"encoding":1810},[1035,111863,111865],{"className":111864},[1772],[1774,111866,111867],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,111868,111869,111873],{},[1781,111870,111871],{},[1784,111872,20998],{},[1808,111874,20998],{"encoding":1810},[1035,111876,111878],{"className":111877},[1772],[1774,111879,111880],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,111881,111882,111886],{},[1781,111883,111884],{},[1784,111885,20998],{},[1808,111887,20998],{"encoding":1810}," se nezměnila) směrem ",[1047,111890,111891],{},"ven",". Levnější koncerty způsobí, že Petr jich navštíví výrazně více (",[1035,111894,111896],{"className":111895},[1772],[1774,111897,111898],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,111899,111900,111904],{},[1781,111901,111902],{},[1784,111903,21001],{},[1808,111905,21001],{"encoding":1810}," vzroste z 6 na 12{,}4), zatímco ",[1035,111908,111910],{"className":111909},[1772],[1774,111911,111912],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,111913,111914,111918],{},[1781,111915,111916],{},[1784,111917,20998],{},[1808,111919,20998],{"encoding":1810}," klesne mírně z 4 na 3{,}4 — typický substituční efekt ve prospěch zlevněného zboží.",[1030,111922,111923,111924,1075],{},"V novém optimu ",[1035,111925,111927],{"className":111926},[1772],[1774,111928,111929],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,111930,111931,111951],{},[1781,111932,111933,111935,111937,111943,111945,111947,111949],{},[1784,111934,1857],{},[1784,111936,1860],{},[1792,111938,111939,111941],{},[1784,111940,3212],{},[1784,111942,1868],{},[1788,111944,1863],{},[2348,111946,4593],{},[1784,111948,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,111950,5332],{},[1808,111952,111953],{"encoding":1810},"MRS_C = 2\u002F3",[1100,111955,111957,111958],{"id":111956},"g-zvýšení-důchodu-na-i6000kcˇi-6000textkč","(g) Zvýšení důchodu na ",[1035,111959,111961],{"className":111960},[1772],[1774,111962,111963],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,111964,111965,111993],{},[1781,111966,111967,111973,111975,111977,111979,111981,111983],{},[2467,111968,111969,111971],{},[1784,111970,3221],{},[1788,111972,7862],{"mathvariant":7829,"lspace":7861,"rspace":7861},[1788,111974,1863],{},[2348,111976,12017],{},[2149,111978,2769],{},[2348,111980,2772],{},[2149,111982,2769],{},[1781,111984,111985,111987],{},[2149,111986,3722],{},[2160,111988,111989,111991],{"accent":1041},[2149,111990,9435],{},[1788,111992,2167],{},[1808,111994,111995],{"encoding":1810},"I' = 6\\,000\\,\\text{Kč}",[1030,111997,111998,111999,1299,112021,112043,112044,112068],{},"Ceny zůstávají ",[1035,112000,112002],{"className":112001},[1772],[1774,112003,112004],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,112005,112006,112018],{},[1781,112007,112008,112014,112016],{},[1792,112009,112010,112012],{},[1784,112011,2264],{},[1784,112013,20998],{},[1788,112015,1863],{},[2348,112017,28338],{},[1808,112019,112020],{"encoding":1810},"P_X = 200",[1035,112022,112024],{"className":112023},[1772],[1774,112025,112026],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,112027,112028,112040],{},[1781,112029,112030,112036,112038],{},[1792,112031,112032,112034],{},[1784,112033,2264],{},[1784,112035,21001],{},[1788,112037,1863],{},[2348,112039,15618],{},[1808,112041,112042],{"encoding":1810},"P_Y = 600",", takže poměr cen i podmínka tečnosti se nemění. Pořád platí ",[1035,112045,112047],{"className":112046},[1772],[1774,112048,112049],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,112050,112051,112065],{},[1781,112052,112053,112055,112057,112059,112061,112063],{},[1784,112054,21001],{},[1788,112056,1863],{},[2348,112058,5332],{},[1784,112060,20998],{},[1788,112062,2371],{},[2348,112064,12017],{},[1808,112066,112067],{"encoding":1810},"Y = 3X - 6",". Dosadíme do nového rozpočtu:",[1035,112070,112072],{"className":112071},[1772],[1774,112073,112074],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,112075,112076,112147],{},[1781,112077,112078,112080,112082,112084,112086,112088,112090,112092,112094,112096,112098,112100,112102,112104,112106,112108,112110,112112,112114,112116,112118,112120,112122,112124,112126,112128,112130,112132,112134,112142,112144],{},[2348,112079,28338],{},[1784,112081,20998],{},[1788,112083,2637],{},[2348,112085,15618],{},[1788,112087,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,112089,5332],{},[1784,112091,20998],{},[1788,112093,2371],{},[2348,112095,12017],{},[1788,112097,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,112099,1863],{},[2348,112101,12017],{},[2149,112103,2769],{},[2348,112105,2772],{},[2149,112107,21702],{},[1788,112109,2357],{},[2149,112111,21702],{},[2348,112113,4593],{},[2149,112115,2769],{},[2348,112117,2772],{},[1784,112119,20998],{},[1788,112121,1863],{},[2348,112123,2777],{},[2149,112125,2769],{},[2348,112127,15618],{},[2149,112129,21702],{},[1788,112131,2357],{},[2149,112133,21702],{},[13587,112135,112136,112138,112140],{},[1784,112137,20998],{},[1784,112139,68264],{},[1788,112141,7763],{},[1788,112143,1863],{},[2348,112145,112146],{},"4,8.",[1808,112148,112149],{"encoding":1810},"200 X + 600 (3X - 6) = 6\\,000 \\;\\Rightarrow\\; 2\\,000 X = 9\\,600 \\;\\Rightarrow\\; X^*_g = 4{,}8.",[1030,112151,112152,1075],{},[1035,112153,112155],{"className":112154},[1772],[1774,112156,112157],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,112158,112159,112187],{},[1781,112160,112161,112169,112171,112173,112175,112178,112180,112182,112184],{},[13587,112162,112163,112165,112167],{},[1784,112164,21001],{},[1784,112166,68264],{},[1788,112168,7763],{},[1788,112170,1863],{},[2348,112172,5332],{},[1788,112174,2267],{},[2348,112176,112177],{},"4,8",[1788,112179,2371],{},[2348,112181,12017],{},[1788,112183,1863],{},[2348,112185,112186],{},"8,4",[1808,112188,112189],{"encoding":1810},"Y^*_g = 3 \\cdot 4{,}8 - 6 = 8{,}4",[1030,112191,112192,112194,112195,112198,112199,112218,112219,1089,112222,112245,112246,112267,112268,112286,112287,112290,112291,1062,112294,1075],{},[1047,112193,111366],{}," rozpočtová přímka se ",[1047,112196,112197],{},"paralelně posouvá"," doprava nahoru (sklon ",[1035,112200,112202],{"className":112201},[1772],[1774,112203,112204],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,112205,112206,112216],{},[1781,112207,112208,112210,112212,112214],{},[1788,112209,2371],{},[2348,112211,2374],{},[1784,112213,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,112215,5332],{},[1808,112217,107035],{"encoding":1810}," se nemění, oba krajní průsečíky se vzdalují od počátku). Optimum se posouvá podél ",[1047,112220,112221],{},"expanzní cesty",[1035,112223,112225],{"className":112224},[1772],[1774,112226,112227],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,112228,112229,112243],{},[1781,112230,112231,112233,112235,112237,112239,112241],{},[1784,112232,21001],{},[1788,112234,1863],{},[2348,112236,5332],{},[1784,112238,20998],{},[1788,112240,2371],{},[2348,112242,12017],{},[1808,112244,112067],{"encoding":1810},". Protože ",[1035,112247,112249],{"className":112248},[1772],[1774,112250,112251],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,112252,112253,112265],{},[1781,112254,112255,112257,112259],{},[1784,112256,1857],{},[1784,112258,1860],{},[1792,112260,112261,112263],{},[1784,112262,3212],{},[1784,112264,1868],{},[1808,112266,105906],{"encoding":1810}," se v optimu nemění (zůstává ",[1035,112269,112271],{"className":112270},[1772],[1774,112272,112273],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,112274,112275,112283],{},[1781,112276,112277,112279,112281],{},[2348,112278,2374],{},[1784,112280,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,112282,5332],{},[1808,112284,112285],{"encoding":1810},"1\u002F3","), mluvíme o tzv. ",[1091,112288,112289],{},"důchodové spotřební křivce"," (ICC) — viz ",[1068,112292,111457],{"className":112293,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":25327,"href":25325},[1071],[1068,112295,112297],{"className":112296,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":32404,"href":32402},[1071],"funkce užitku",[1030,112299,112300],{},"Užitek v novém optimu:",[1035,112302,112304],{"className":112303},[1772],[1774,112305,112306],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,112307,112308,112382],{},[1781,112309,112310,112318,112320,112322,112324,112326,112328,112330,112332,112334,112336,112338,112340,112346,112348,112350,112352,112358,112360,112362,112364,112367,112369,112372,112374,112377,112379],{},[13587,112311,112312,112314,112316],{},[1784,112313,2126],{},[1784,112315,68264],{},[1788,112317,7763],{},[1788,112319,1863],{},[2348,112321,3116],{},[1788,112323,2267],{},[2348,112325,112177],{},[1788,112327,2637],{},[2348,112329,2766],{},[1788,112331,2267],{},[2348,112333,112186],{},[1788,112335,2371],{},[2348,112337,15984],{},[1788,112339,2267],{},[2467,112341,112342,112344],{},[2348,112343,112177],{},[2348,112345,4593],{},[1788,112347,2371],{},[2348,112349,15984],{},[1788,112351,2267],{},[2467,112353,112354,112356],{},[2348,112355,112186],{},[2348,112357,4593],{},[1788,112359,1863],{},[2348,112361,48550],{},[1788,112363,2637],{},[2348,112365,112366],{},"201,6",[1788,112368,2371],{},[2348,112370,112371],{},"11,52",[1788,112373,2371],{},[2348,112375,112376],{},"35,28",[1788,112378,1863],{},[2348,112380,112381],{},"202,8.",[1808,112383,112384],{"encoding":1810},"U^*_g = 10 \\cdot 4{,}8 + 24 \\cdot 8{,}4 - 0{,}5 \\cdot 4{,}8^2 - 0{,}5 \\cdot 8{,}4^2 = 48 + 201{,}6 - 11{,}52 - 35{,}28 = 202{,}8.",[1023,112386,112388,112395],{"className":112387,"dataCallout":1608},[1026,1607],[1030,112389,112391,112394],{"className":112390},[1033],[1035,112392],{"className":112393,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1615,1040],"Sanity check stínovou cenou",[1030,112396,112397,112437,112438,4058,112455,112487,112488,112518,112519,112532,112533,112557,112558,112561],{},[1035,112398,112400],{"className":112399},[1772],[1774,112401,112402],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,112403,112404,112434],{},[1781,112405,112406,112408,112410,112412,112414,112416,112418,112420,112422,112424,112426,112428,112430,112432],{},[1784,112407,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,112409,3221],{},[1788,112411,1863],{},[2348,112413,12017],{},[2149,112415,2769],{},[2348,112417,2772],{},[1788,112419,2371],{},[2348,112421,5344],{},[2149,112423,2769],{},[2348,112425,2697],{},[1788,112427,1863],{},[2348,112429,2374],{},[2149,112431,2769],{},[2348,112433,15618],{},[1808,112435,112436],{"encoding":1810},"\\Delta I = 6\\,000 - 4\\,400 = 1\\,600",". Lineární odhad pomocí ",[1035,112439,112441],{"className":112440},[1772],[1774,112442,112443],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,112444,112445,112453],{},[1781,112446,112447,112449,112451],{},[1784,112448,34316],{},[1788,112450,1863],{},[2348,112452,109146],{},[1808,112454,109149],{"encoding":1810},[1035,112456,112458],{"className":112457},[1772],[1774,112459,112460],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,112461,112462,112484],{},[1781,112463,112464,112466,112468,112470,112472,112474,112476,112478,112480,112482],{},[1784,112465,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,112467,2126],{},[1788,112469,8786],{},[2348,112471,109146],{},[1788,112473,2267],{},[2348,112475,2374],{},[2149,112477,2769],{},[2348,112479,15618],{},[1788,112481,1863],{},[2348,112483,48550],{},[1808,112485,112486],{"encoding":1810},"\\Delta U \\approx 0{,}03 \\cdot 1\\,600 = 48",". Skutečné ",[1035,112489,112491],{"className":112490},[1772],[1774,112492,112493],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,112494,112495,112515],{},[1781,112496,112497,112499,112501,112503,112506,112508,112510,112512],{},[1784,112498,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,112500,2126],{},[1788,112502,1863],{},[2348,112504,112505],{},"202,8",[1788,112507,2371],{},[2348,112509,108186],{},[1788,112511,1863],{},[2348,112513,112514],{},"44,8",[1808,112516,112517],{"encoding":1810},"\\Delta U = 202{,}8 - 158 = 44{,}8",". Odhad je nadhodnocen — protože při velké změně už ",[1035,112520,112522],{"className":112521},[1772],[1774,112523,112524],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,112525,112526,112530],{},[1781,112527,112528],{},[1784,112529,34316],{},[1808,112531,38491],{"encoding":1810}," není konstantní (klesá, jak se blížíme bodu nasycení). Pro infinitezimální změnu je odhad přesný; pro ",[1035,112534,112536],{"className":112535},[1772],[1774,112537,112538],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,112539,112540,112554],{},[1781,112541,112542,112544,112546,112548,112550,112552],{},[1784,112543,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,112545,3221],{},[1788,112547,1863],{},[2348,112549,2374],{},[2149,112551,2769],{},[2348,112553,15618],{},[1808,112555,112556],{"encoding":1810},"\\Delta I = 1\\,600"," vidíme ",[1047,112559,112560],{},"nelinearitu"," funkce nepřímého užitku.",[4503,112563],{},[1077,112565,112567],{"id":112566},"_10-geometrie-optima-tečnost-křivek","10. Geometrie optima — tečnost křivek",[1030,112569,112570],{},[2206,112571],{"alt":112572,"className":112573,"src":112574},"mikk-optimum-spotrebitele",[1071,2210],"\u002Fwiki-assets\u002Fmikk-optimum-spotrebitele.jpeg",[1030,112576,112577,112578,112581,112582,1310],{},"V bodě optima se sklon ",[1047,112579,112580],{},"indiferenční křivky"," rovná sklonu ",[1047,112583,112584],{},"rozpočtové přímky",[1112,112586,112587,112677],{},[1115,112588,112589,112590,4058,112619,1075],{},"Sklon indiferenční křivky procházející ",[1035,112591,112593],{"className":112592},[1772],[1774,112594,112595],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,112596,112597,112617],{},[1781,112598,112599,112601,112607,112609,112615],{},[1788,112600,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2467,112602,112603,112605],{},[1784,112604,20998],{},[1788,112606,7763],{},[1788,112608,1138],{"separator":1041},[2467,112610,112611,112613],{},[1784,112612,21001],{},[1788,112614,7763],{},[1788,112616,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,112618,103988],{"encoding":1810},[1035,112620,112622],{"className":112621},[1772],[1774,112623,112624],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,112625,112626,112674],{},[1781,112627,112628,112630,112632,112634,112640,112642,112644,112646,112648,112650,112656,112658,112660,112662,112664,112666,112672],{},[1788,112629,2371],{},[1784,112631,1857],{},[1784,112633,1860],{},[1792,112635,112636,112638],{},[1784,112637,3212],{},[1784,112639,1868],{},[1788,112641,1863],{},[1788,112643,2371],{},[1788,112645,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,112647,3116],{},[1788,112649,2371],{},[2467,112651,112652,112654],{},[1784,112653,20998],{},[1788,112655,7763],{},[1788,112657,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,112659,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,112661,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,112663,2766],{},[1788,112665,2371],{},[2467,112667,112668,112670],{},[1784,112669,21001],{},[1788,112671,7763],{},[1788,112673,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,112675,112676],{"encoding":1810},"-MRS_C = -(10 - X^*)\u002F(24 - Y^*)",[1115,112678,112679,112680,1075],{},"Sklon rozpočtové přímky: ",[1035,112681,112683],{"className":112682},[1772],[1774,112684,112685],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,112686,112687,112705],{},[1781,112688,112689,112691,112697,112699],{},[1788,112690,2371],{},[1792,112692,112693,112695],{},[1784,112694,2264],{},[1784,112696,20998],{},[1784,112698,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,112700,112701,112703],{},[1784,112702,2264],{},[1784,112704,21001],{},[1808,112706,112707],{"encoding":1810},"-P_X \u002F P_Y",[1030,112709,112710],{},"Podmínka tečnosti:",[1035,112712,112714],{"className":112713},[1772],[1774,112715,112716],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,112717,112718,112788],{},[1781,112719,112720,112722,112724,112726,112732,112734,112736,112752,112754,112756,112758,112760,112762,112768,112770,112786],{},[1788,112721,2371],{},[1784,112723,1857],{},[1784,112725,1860],{},[1792,112727,112728,112730],{},[1784,112729,3212],{},[1784,112731,1868],{},[1788,112733,1863],{},[1788,112735,2371],{},[14390,112737,112738],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,112739,112740,112746],{},[1792,112741,112742,112744],{},[1784,112743,2264],{},[1784,112745,20998],{},[1792,112747,112748,112750],{},[1784,112749,2264],{},[1784,112751,21001],{},[2149,112753,21702],{},[1788,112755,15911],{},[2149,112757,21702],{},[1784,112759,1857],{},[1784,112761,1860],{},[1792,112763,112764,112766],{},[1784,112765,3212],{},[1784,112767,1868],{},[1788,112769,1863],{},[14390,112771,112772],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[2322,112773,112774,112780],{},[1792,112775,112776,112778],{},[1784,112777,2264],{},[1784,112779,20998],{},[1792,112781,112782,112784],{},[1784,112783,2264],{},[1784,112785,21001],{},[1784,112787,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,112789,112790],{"encoding":1810},"-MRS_C = -\\dfrac{P_X}{P_Y} \\;\\Leftrightarrow\\; MRS_C = \\dfrac{P_X}{P_Y}.",[1030,112792,112793,112794,112796],{},"Indiferenční křivka leží ",[1047,112795,82923],{}," souboru tržních příležitostí (pod rozpočtovou přímkou) všude kromě bodu doteku — kdyby protínala přímku, znamenalo by to, že existuje jiný dostupný koš na vyšší indiferenční křivce, takže původní bod by nebyl optimum.",[1030,112798,112799,112802],{},[1047,112800,112801],{},"Algoritmický pohled:"," posouvejme indiferenční křivku od počátku nahoru, dokud se právě dotýká rozpočtové přímky. Bod doteku = optimum.",[4503,112804],{},[1077,112806,112808],{"id":112807},"_10b-algebraická-symetrie-tří-metod","10b. Algebraická symetrie tří metod",[1030,112810,112811,112812,1310],{},"Stojí za to si všimnout, že všechny tři metody se v jádru opírají o ",[1047,112813,112814],{},"stejné dvě podmínky",[1260,112816,112817,112907],{},[1115,112818,112819,1089,112822,112860,112861,2440],{},[1047,112820,112821],{},"Podmínka tečnosti",[1035,112823,112825],{"className":112824},[1772],[1774,112826,112827],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,112828,112829,112857],{},[1781,112830,112831,112833,112835,112841,112843,112849,112851],{},[1784,112832,1857],{},[1784,112834,1860],{},[1792,112836,112837,112839],{},[1784,112838,3212],{},[1784,112840,1868],{},[1788,112842,1863],{},[1792,112844,112845,112847],{},[1784,112846,2264],{},[1784,112848,20998],{},[1784,112850,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,112852,112853,112855],{},[1784,112854,2264],{},[1784,112856,21001],{},[1808,112858,112859],{"encoding":1810},"MRS_C = P_X \u002F P_Y"," (nebo ekvivalentně ",[1035,112862,112864],{"className":112863},[1772],[1774,112865,112866],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,112867,112868,112904],{},[1781,112869,112870,112872,112878,112880,112886,112888,112890,112896,112898],{},[1784,112871,1857],{},[1792,112873,112874,112876],{},[1784,112875,2126],{},[1784,112877,20998],{},[1784,112879,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,112881,112882,112884],{},[1784,112883,2264],{},[1784,112885,20998],{},[1788,112887,1863],{},[1784,112889,1857],{},[1792,112891,112892,112894],{},[1784,112893,2126],{},[1784,112895,21001],{},[1784,112897,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,112899,112900,112902],{},[1784,112901,2264],{},[1784,112903,21001],{},[1808,112905,112906],{"encoding":1810},"MU_X \u002F P_X = MU_Y \u002F P_Y",[1115,112908,112909,1089,112912,1075],{},[1047,112910,112911],{},"Rozpočtová podmínka",[1035,112913,112915],{"className":112914},[1772],[1774,112916,112917],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,112918,112919,112943],{},[1781,112920,112921,112927,112929,112931,112937,112939,112941],{},[1792,112922,112923,112925],{},[1784,112924,2264],{},[1784,112926,20998],{},[1784,112928,20998],{},[1788,112930,2637],{},[1792,112932,112933,112935],{},[1784,112934,2264],{},[1784,112936,21001],{},[1784,112938,21001],{},[1788,112940,1863],{},[1784,112942,3221],{},[1808,112944,34131],{"encoding":1810},[1030,112946,112947],{},"Liší se pouze pořadím a způsobem, jakým tyto podmínky uplatňují:",[1112,112949,112950,112956,112966],{},[1115,112951,112952,112955],{},[1047,112953,112954],{},"Metoda I"," přímo manipuluje obě podmínky symbolicky.",[1115,112957,112958,112961,112962,112965],{},[1047,112959,112960],{},"Metoda II"," dosadí rozpočet ",[1091,112963,112964],{},"před"," derivováním a tečnost dostane \"zdarma\" z volné optimalizace.",[1115,112967,112968,112961,112971,112974,112975,112997,112998,1075],{},[1047,112969,112970],{},"Metoda III",[1091,112972,112973],{},"po"," derivování (formálně přes ",[1035,112976,112978],{"className":112977},[1772],[1774,112979,112980],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,112981,112982,112994],{},[1781,112983,112984,112986,112988,112990,112992],{},[1784,112985,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,112987,3766],{"mathvariant":36330},[1784,112989,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,112991,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,112993,34316],{},[1808,112995,112996],{"encoding":1810},"\\partial \\mathcal{L} \u002F \\partial \\lambda",") a podmínku tečnosti odvodí z rovnosti dvou výrazů pro ",[1035,112999,113001],{"className":113000},[1772],[1774,113002,113003],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,113004,113005,113009],{},[1781,113006,113007],{},[1784,113008,34316],{},[1808,113010,38491],{"encoding":1810},[1030,113012,113013],{},"Z hlediska matematické teorie jsou si tyto postupy ekvivalentní; volba mezi nimi je čistě otázka přehlednosti a rozšiřitelnosti na složitější úlohy.",[4503,113015],{},[1077,113017,113019],{"id":113018},"_11-kdy-která-metoda","11. Kdy která metoda?",[1030,113021,113022],{},"Praktický rozhodovací rámec:",[1112,113024,113025,113048,113071],{},[1115,113026,113027,113030,113031,113047],{},[1047,113028,113029],{},"Metoda I (substituce přes MRS):"," výchozí volba pro ",[1047,113032,113033,113034],{},"2 zboží + lineární rozpočet + hladkou ",[1035,113035,113037],{"className":113036},[1772],[1774,113038,113039],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,113040,113041,113045],{},[1781,113042,113043],{},[1784,113044,2126],{},[1808,113046,2126],{"encoding":1810},". Nejrychlejší ručně.",[1115,113049,113050,113066,113067,113070],{},[1047,113051,113052,113053,29726],{},"Metoda II (substituce do ",[1035,113054,113056],{"className":113055},[1772],[1774,113057,113058],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,113059,113060,113064],{},[1781,113061,113062],{},[1784,113063,2126],{},[1808,113065,2126],{"encoding":1810}," vhodná, když chcete explicitně ověřit ",[1047,113068,113069],{},"2. derivaci"," a máte 2 proměnné. Pro 3+ proměnné se algebraický balast rychle zvyšuje.",[1115,113072,113073,113076,113077,113080,113081,113084,113085,113101],{},[1047,113074,113075],{},"Metoda III (Lagrange):"," standard pro ",[1047,113078,113079],{},"3 a více proměnných",", pro ",[1047,113082,113083],{},"více omezení současně"," (např. další omezení času, kalorií atd.), a vždy, když potřebujete ",[1047,113086,113087,113088],{},"stínovou cenu ",[1035,113089,113091],{"className":113090},[1772],[1774,113092,113093],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,113094,113095,113099],{},[1781,113096,113097],{},[1784,113098,34316],{},[1808,113100,38491],{"encoding":1810},". V akademickém kontextu (mikroekonomie 2 a vyšší) se používá jako defaultní formalizace.",[1023,113103,113105,113112],{"className":113104,"dataCallout":1707},[1026,1027],[1030,113106,113108,113111],{"className":113107},[1033],[1035,113109],{"className":113110,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1039,1040],"Praktické pravidlo",[1030,113113,113114,113115,113118],{},"Na zkoušku z MikK doporučujeme zvládnout ",[1047,113116,113117],{},"všechny tři"," — Metoda I jako rychlý sanity check, Metoda III jako standardní postup s plnou ekonomickou interpretací. Metoda II je užitečná při kontrole, zda nám 2. derivace skutečně dává maximum (a ne minimum nebo sedlo).",[4503,113120],{},[1077,113122,113124],{"id":113123},"_11b-časté-chyby-a-jak-se-jim-vyhnout","11b. Časté chyby a jak se jim vyhnout",[1023,113126,113130,113138],{"className":113127,"dataCallout":113129},[1026,113128],"callout-danger","danger",[1030,113131,113133,113137],{"className":113132},[1033],[1035,113134],{"className":113135,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,113136,1040],"i-lucide:zap","Pozor na obvyklé chyby ve zkouškových příkladech",[1260,113139,113140,113259,113368,113409,113557,113621],{},[1115,113141,113142,1089,113164,113206,113207,113233,113234,113237,113238,113258],{},[1047,113143,113144,113145,113163],{},"Záměna ",[1035,113146,113148],{"className":113147},[1772],[1774,113149,113150],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,113151,113152,113160],{},[1781,113153,113154,113156,113158],{},[1784,113155,1857],{},[1784,113157,1860],{},[1784,113159,3212],{},[1808,113161,113162],{"encoding":1810},"MRS"," a poměru cen.",[1035,113165,113167],{"className":113166},[1772],[1774,113168,113169],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,113170,113171,113203],{},[1781,113172,113173,113175,113177,113183,113185,113187,113193,113195,113197],{},[1784,113174,1857],{},[1784,113176,1860],{},[1792,113178,113179,113181],{},[1784,113180,3212],{},[1784,113182,1868],{},[1788,113184,1863],{},[1784,113186,1857],{},[1792,113188,113189,113191],{},[1784,113190,2126],{},[1784,113192,20998],{},[1784,113194,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,113196,1857],{},[1792,113198,113199,113201],{},[1784,113200,2126],{},[1784,113202,21001],{},[1808,113204,113205],{"encoding":1810},"MRS_C = MU_X \u002F MU_Y"," (užitky), nikoli ",[1035,113208,113210],{"className":113209},[1772],[1774,113211,113212],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,113213,113214,113230],{},[1781,113215,113216,113222,113224],{},[1792,113217,113218,113220],{},[1784,113219,2264],{},[1784,113221,21001],{},[1784,113223,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,113225,113226,113228],{},[1784,113227,2264],{},[1784,113229,20998],{},[1808,113231,113232],{"encoding":1810},"P_Y \u002F P_X",". Poměr cen se používá ",[1091,113235,113236],{},"na pravé straně"," podmínky tečnosti. Pokud máte v poměru ",[1035,113239,113241],{"className":113240},[1772],[1774,113242,113243],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,113244,113245,113255],{},[1781,113246,113247,113249],{},[1784,113248,1857],{},[1792,113250,113251,113253],{},[1784,113252,2126],{},[1784,113254,21001],{},[1808,113256,113257],{"encoding":1810},"MU_Y"," v čitateli, máte převrácenou rovnici.",[1115,113260,113261,113290,113291,104786,113304,22866,113317,113342,113343,1075],{},[1047,113262,113263,113264,1075],{},"Záměna číselníků ",[1035,113265,113267],{"className":113266},[1772],[1774,113268,113269],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,113270,113271,113287],{},[1781,113272,113273,113279,113281],{},[1792,113274,113275,113277],{},[1784,113276,2264],{},[1784,113278,20998],{},[1784,113280,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,113282,113283,113285],{},[1784,113284,2264],{},[1784,113286,21001],{},[1808,113288,113289],{"encoding":1810},"P_X \u002F P_Y"," Správně: poměr cen vyjadřuje, kolik ",[1035,113292,113294],{"className":113293},[1772],[1774,113295,113296],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,113297,113298,113302],{},[1781,113299,113300],{},[1784,113301,21001],{},[1808,113303,21001],{"encoding":1810},[1035,113305,113307],{"className":113306},[1772],[1774,113308,113309],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,113310,113311,113315],{},[1781,113312,113313],{},[1784,113314,20998],{},[1808,113316,20998],{"encoding":1810},[1035,113318,113320],{"className":113319},[1772],[1774,113321,113322],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,113323,113324,113340],{},[1781,113325,113326,113332,113334],{},[1792,113327,113328,113330],{},[1784,113329,2264],{},[1784,113331,20998],{},[1784,113333,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,113335,113336,113338],{},[1784,113337,2264],{},[1784,113339,21001],{},[1808,113341,113289],{"encoding":1810},", ne ",[1035,113344,113346],{"className":113345},[1772],[1774,113347,113348],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,113349,113350,113366],{},[1781,113351,113352,113358,113360],{},[1792,113353,113354,113356],{},[1784,113355,2264],{},[1784,113357,21001],{},[1784,113359,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,113361,113362,113364],{},[1784,113363,2264],{},[1784,113365,20998],{},[1808,113367,113232],{"encoding":1810},[1115,113369,113370,113373,113374,113408],{},[1047,113371,113372],{},"Zapomenutí ověřit 2. derivaci u Metody II."," První derivace = 0 dává jen stacionární bod; bez ověření ",[1035,113375,113377],{"className":113376},[1772],[1774,113378,113379],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,113380,113381,113405],{},[1781,113382,113383,113389,113391,113393,113395,113401,113403],{},[2467,113384,113385,113387],{},[1784,113386,2328],{},[2348,113388,4593],{},[1784,113390,2126],{},[1784,113392,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,113394,2328],{},[2467,113396,113397,113399],{},[1784,113398,21001],{},[2348,113400,4593],{},[1788,113402,2537],{},[2348,113404,2350],{},[1808,113406,113407],{"encoding":1810},"d^2 U \u002F dY^2 \u003C 0"," nemáme jistotu, že jde o maximum.",[1115,113410,113411,113414,113415,24775,113455,113458,113459,113501,113502,113542,113543,113556],{},[1047,113412,113413],{},"Špatné dosazení v Lagrangiánu."," Znaménko u členu ",[1035,113416,113418],{"className":113417},[1772],[1774,113419,113420],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,113421,113422,113452],{},[1781,113423,113424,113426,113428,113430,113432,113438,113440,113442,113448,113450],{},[1784,113425,34316],{},[1788,113427,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,113429,3221],{},[1788,113431,2371],{},[1792,113433,113434,113436],{},[1784,113435,2264],{},[1784,113437,20998],{},[1784,113439,20998],{},[1788,113441,2371],{},[1792,113443,113444,113446],{},[1784,113445,2264],{},[1784,113447,21001],{},[1784,113449,21001],{},[1788,113451,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,113453,113454],{"encoding":1810},"\\lambda(I - P_X X - P_Y Y)",[1047,113456,113457],{},"kladné",", protože omezení píšeme ve tvaru ",[1035,113460,113462],{"className":113461},[1772],[1774,113463,113464],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,113465,113466,113498],{},[1781,113467,113468,113470,113472,113474,113476,113482,113484,113486,113492,113494,113496],{},[1784,113469,68264],{},[1788,113471,1863],{},[1784,113473,3221],{},[1788,113475,2371],{},[1792,113477,113478,113480],{},[1784,113479,2264],{},[1784,113481,20998],{},[1784,113483,20998],{},[1788,113485,2371],{},[1792,113487,113488,113490],{},[1784,113489,2264],{},[1784,113491,21001],{},[1784,113493,21001],{},[1788,113495,1863],{},[2348,113497,2350],{},[1808,113499,113500],{"encoding":1810},"g = I - P_X X - P_Y Y = 0",". Pokud byste psali ",[1035,113503,113505],{"className":113504},[1772],[1774,113506,113507],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,113508,113509,113539],{},[1781,113510,113511,113513,113515,113521,113523,113525,113531,113533,113535,113537],{},[1784,113512,34316],{},[1788,113514,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,113516,113517,113519],{},[1784,113518,2264],{},[1784,113520,20998],{},[1784,113522,20998],{},[1788,113524,2637],{},[1792,113526,113527,113529],{},[1784,113528,2264],{},[1784,113530,21001],{},[1784,113532,21001],{},[1788,113534,2371],{},[1784,113536,3221],{},[1788,113538,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,113540,113541],{"encoding":1810},"\\lambda(P_X X + P_Y Y - I)",", znaménka v derivacích se otočí (a ",[1035,113544,113546],{"className":113545},[1772],[1774,113547,113548],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,113549,113550,113554],{},[1781,113551,113552],{},[1784,113553,34316],{},[1808,113555,38491],{"encoding":1810}," vyjde záporné).",[1115,113558,113559,113562,113563,113583,113584,1062,113602,113620],{},[1047,113560,113561],{},"Zaokrouhlování v testu stínové ceny."," Pokud chcete numericky ověřit ",[1035,113564,113566],{"className":113565},[1772],[1774,113567,113568],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,113569,113570,113580],{},[1781,113571,113572,113574,113576,113578],{},[1784,113573,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,113575,2126],{},[1788,113577,8786],{},[1784,113579,34316],{},[1808,113581,113582],{"encoding":1810},"\\Delta U \\approx \\lambda",", je třeba spočítat ",[1035,113585,113587],{"className":113586},[1772],[1774,113588,113589],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,113590,113591,113599],{},[1781,113592,113593],{},[2467,113594,113595,113597],{},[1784,113596,20998],{},[1788,113598,7862],{"mathvariant":7829,"lspace":7861,"rspace":7861},[1808,113600,113601],{"encoding":1810},"X'",[1035,113603,113605],{"className":113604},[1772],[1774,113606,113607],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,113608,113609,113617],{},[1781,113610,113611],{},[2467,113612,113613,113615],{},[1784,113614,21001],{},[1788,113616,7862],{"mathvariant":7829,"lspace":7861,"rspace":7861},[1808,113618,113619],{"encoding":1810},"Y'"," na dostatek desetinných míst — na celá čísla zaokrouhlený výsledek dá jen přibližnou shodu.",[1115,113622,113623,113626,113627,113652,113653,113687],{},[1047,113624,113625],{},"Předpoklad vnitřního řešení bez ověření."," U lineárních funkcí užitku (",[1035,113628,113630],{"className":113629},[1772],[1774,113631,113632],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,113633,113634,113650],{},[1781,113635,113636,113638,113640,113642,113644,113646,113648],{},[1784,113637,2126],{},[1788,113639,1863],{},[1784,113641,1068],{},[1784,113643,20998],{},[1788,113645,2637],{},[1784,113647,8838],{},[1784,113649,21001],{},[1808,113651,105880],{"encoding":1810},") nikdy nedostanete vnitřní řešení (kromě degenerovaného případu ",[1035,113654,113656],{"className":113655},[1772],[1774,113657,113658],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,113659,113660,113684],{},[1781,113661,113662,113664,113666,113668,113670,113676,113678],{},[1784,113663,1068],{},[1784,113665,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,113667,8838],{},[1788,113669,1863],{},[1792,113671,113672,113674],{},[1784,113673,2264],{},[1784,113675,20998],{},[1784,113677,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,113679,113680,113682],{},[1784,113681,2264],{},[1784,113683,21001],{},[1808,113685,113686],{"encoding":1810},"a\u002Fb = P_X\u002FP_Y","). Vždy začněte úvahou, zda funkce užitku je striktně konkávní.",[4503,113689],{},[1077,113691,113693],{"id":113692},"_12-vazba-na-duální-úlohu-minimalizace-výdajů","12. Vazba na duální úlohu — minimalizace výdajů",[1030,113695,113696,113697,113699,113700,113703],{},"Maximalizace užitku za daného důchodu má svou ",[1091,113698,33491],{}," podobu: ",[1047,113701,113702],{},"minimalizace výdajů za daného užitku",". Tento vztah shrnuje následující tabulka:",[1153,113705,113706,113716],{},[1156,113707,113708],{},[1159,113709,113710,113713],{},[1162,113711,113712],{},"Primární úloha (Marshall)",[1162,113714,113715],{},"Duální úloha (Hicks)",[1172,113717,113718,113857,113953],{},[1159,113719,113720,113785],{},[1177,113721,113722,113750,113751],{},[1035,113723,113725],{"className":113724},[1772],[1774,113726,113727],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,113728,113729,113747],{},[1781,113730,113731,113733,113735,113737,113739,113741,113743,113745],{},[1784,113732,3347],{},[1788,113734,3350],{},[1784,113736,2126],{},[1788,113738,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,113740,20998],{},[1788,113742,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,113744,21001],{},[1788,113746,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,113748,113749],{"encoding":1810},"\\max U(X, Y)"," za ",[1035,113752,113754],{"className":113753},[1772],[1774,113755,113756],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,113757,113758,113782],{},[1781,113759,113760,113766,113768,113770,113776,113778,113780],{},[1792,113761,113762,113764],{},[1784,113763,2264],{},[1784,113765,20998],{},[1784,113767,20998],{},[1788,113769,2637],{},[1792,113771,113772,113774],{},[1784,113773,2264],{},[1784,113775,21001],{},[1784,113777,21001],{},[1788,113779,33669],{},[1784,113781,3221],{},[1808,113783,113784],{"encoding":1810},"P_X X + P_Y Y \\le I",[1177,113786,113787,113750,113825],{},[1035,113788,113790],{"className":113789},[1772],[1774,113791,113792],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,113793,113794,113822],{},[1781,113795,113796,113798,113800,113802,113804,113810,113812,113814,113820],{},[1784,113797,33767],{},[1788,113799,3350],{},[1784,113801,2364],{},[1788,113803,1863],{},[1792,113805,113806,113808],{},[1784,113807,2264],{},[1784,113809,20998],{},[1784,113811,20998],{},[1788,113813,2637],{},[1792,113815,113816,113818],{},[1784,113817,2264],{},[1784,113819,21001],{},[1784,113821,21001],{},[1808,113823,113824],{"encoding":1810},"\\min E = P_X X + P_Y Y",[1035,113826,113828],{"className":113827},[1772],[1774,113829,113830],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,113831,113832,113854],{},[1781,113833,113834,113836,113838,113840,113842,113844,113846,113848],{},[1784,113835,2126],{},[1788,113837,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,113839,20998],{},[1788,113841,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,113843,21001],{},[1788,113845,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,113847,1790],{},[1792,113849,113850,113852],{},[1784,113851,2126],{},[2348,113853,2350],{},[1808,113855,113856],{"encoding":1810},"U(X, Y) \\ge U_0",[1159,113858,113859,113904],{},[1177,113860,69198,113861,1089,113864],{},[1047,113862,113863],{},"Marshallova poptávka",[1035,113865,113867],{"className":113866},[1772],[1774,113868,113869],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,113870,113871,113901],{},[1781,113872,113873,113879,113881,113883,113885,113891,113893,113899],{},[2467,113874,113875,113877],{},[1784,113876,20998],{},[1784,113878,1857],{},[1788,113880,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,113882,3221],{},[1788,113884,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,113886,113887,113889],{},[1784,113888,2264],{},[1784,113890,20998],{},[1788,113892,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,113894,113895,113897],{},[1784,113896,2264],{},[1784,113898,21001],{},[1788,113900,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,113902,113903],{"encoding":1810},"X^M(I, P_X, P_Y)",[1177,113905,69198,113906,1089,113909],{},[1047,113907,113908],{},"Hicksova poptávka",[1035,113910,113912],{"className":113911},[1772],[1774,113913,113914],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,113915,113916,113950],{},[1781,113917,113918,113924,113926,113932,113934,113940,113942,113948],{},[2467,113919,113920,113922],{},[1784,113921,20998],{},[1784,113923,33448],{},[1788,113925,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,113927,113928,113930],{},[1784,113929,2126],{},[2348,113931,2350],{},[1788,113933,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,113935,113936,113938],{},[1784,113937,2264],{},[1784,113939,20998],{},[1788,113941,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,113943,113944,113946],{},[1784,113945,2264],{},[1784,113947,21001],{},[1788,113949,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,113951,113952],{"encoding":1810},"X^H(U_0, P_X, P_Y)",[1159,113954,113955,113997],{},[1177,113956,113957,113958,1089,113961],{},"Hodnota: ",[1047,113959,113960],{},"nepřímá funkce užitku",[1035,113962,113964],{"className":113963},[1772],[1774,113965,113966],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,113967,113968,113994],{},[1781,113969,113970,113972,113974,113976,113978,113984,113986,113992],{},[1784,113971,31140],{},[1788,113973,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,113975,3221],{},[1788,113977,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,113979,113980,113982],{},[1784,113981,2264],{},[1784,113983,20998],{},[1788,113985,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,113987,113988,113990],{},[1784,113989,2264],{},[1784,113991,21001],{},[1788,113993,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,113995,113996],{"encoding":1810},"V(I, P_X, P_Y)",[1177,113998,113957,113999,1089,114002],{},[1047,114000,114001],{},"výdajová funkce",[1035,114003,114005],{"className":114004},[1772],[1774,114006,114007],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,114008,114009,114039],{},[1781,114010,114011,114013,114015,114021,114023,114029,114031,114037],{},[1784,114012,2364],{},[1788,114014,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,114016,114017,114019],{},[1784,114018,2126],{},[2348,114020,2350],{},[1788,114022,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,114024,114025,114027],{},[1784,114026,2264],{},[1784,114028,20998],{},[1788,114030,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,114032,114033,114035],{},[1784,114034,2264],{},[1784,114036,21001],{},[1788,114038,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,114040,114041],{"encoding":1810},"E(U_0, P_X, P_Y)",[1030,114043,114044,114045,1089,114048,114077,114078,114091,114092,114095],{},"Obě úlohy dávají v optimu ",[1047,114046,114047],{},"tentýž bod",[1035,114049,114051],{"className":114050},[1772],[1774,114052,114053],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,114054,114055,114075],{},[1781,114056,114057,114059,114065,114067,114073],{},[1788,114058,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2467,114060,114061,114063],{},[1784,114062,20998],{},[1788,114064,7763],{},[1788,114066,1138],{"separator":1041},[2467,114068,114069,114071],{},[1784,114070,21001],{},[1788,114072,7763],{},[1788,114074,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,114076,103988],{"encoding":1810}," — liší se jen tím, kterou veličinu fixujeme a kterou minimalizujeme\u002Fmaximalizujeme. Stínová cena ",[1035,114079,114081],{"className":114080},[1772],[1774,114082,114083],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,114084,114085,114089],{},[1781,114086,114087],{},[1784,114088,34316],{},[1808,114090,38491],{"encoding":1810}," z Lagrangiánu primární úlohy se v duálu mění v ",[1091,114093,114094],{},"mezní výdaj na jednotku užitku"," (převrácená hodnota).",[1030,114097,114098,114099,1075],{},"Detailní rozbor duality, odvození obou typů poptávek a Slutskyho rovnice patří do navazujícího tématu ",[1068,114100,104257],{"className":114101,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":32173,"href":32171},[1071],[4503,114103],{},[1077,114105,114107],{"id":114106},"_13-souhrn","13. Souhrn",[1023,114109,114111,114118],{"className":114110,"dataCallout":38709},[1026,38708],[1030,114112,114114,114117],{"className":114113},[1033],[1035,114115],{"className":114116,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,38716,1040],"Co si odnést",[1260,114119,114120,114196,114202,114221,114335,114355],{},[1115,114121,114122,1089,114125,1062,114163,1075],{},[1047,114123,114124],{},"Optimum vnitřní:",[1035,114126,114128],{"className":114127},[1772],[1774,114129,114130],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,114131,114132,114160],{},[1781,114133,114134,114136,114138,114144,114146,114152,114154],{},[1784,114135,1857],{},[1784,114137,1860],{},[1792,114139,114140,114142],{},[1784,114141,3212],{},[1784,114143,1868],{},[1788,114145,1863],{},[1792,114147,114148,114150],{},[1784,114149,2264],{},[1784,114151,20998],{},[1784,114153,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,114155,114156,114158],{},[1784,114157,2264],{},[1784,114159,21001],{},[1808,114161,114162],{"encoding":1810},"MRS_C = P_X\u002FP_Y",[1035,114164,114166],{"className":114165},[1772],[1774,114167,114168],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,114169,114170,114194],{},[1781,114171,114172,114178,114180,114182,114188,114190,114192],{},[1792,114173,114174,114176],{},[1784,114175,2264],{},[1784,114177,20998],{},[1784,114179,20998],{},[1788,114181,2637],{},[1792,114183,114184,114186],{},[1784,114185,2264],{},[1784,114187,21001],{},[1784,114189,21001],{},[1788,114191,1863],{},[1784,114193,3221],{},[1808,114195,34131],{"encoding":1810},[1115,114197,114198,114201],{},[1047,114199,114200],{},"Tři ekvivalentní metody řešení:"," substituce přes MRS (rychlá), substituce do U (mechanická), Lagrange (univerzální + stínová cena).",[1115,114203,114204,114220],{},[1047,114205,114206,114207],{},"Lagrangeův multiplikátor ",[1035,114208,114210],{"className":114209},[1772],[1774,114211,114212],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,114213,114214,114218],{},[1781,114215,114216],{},[1784,114217,34316],{},[1808,114219,38491],{"encoding":1810}," = stínová cena důchodu = mezní užitek z koruny navíc.",[1115,114222,114223,1089,114225,4058,114254,114287,114288,114334],{},[1047,114224,109773],{},[1035,114226,114228],{"className":114227},[1772],[1774,114229,114230],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,114231,114232,114252],{},[1781,114233,114234,114236,114242,114244,114250],{},[1788,114235,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2160,114237,114238,114240],{"accent":1041},[1784,114239,20998],{},[1788,114241,35291],{},[1788,114243,1138],{"separator":1041},[2160,114245,114246,114248],{"accent":1041},[1784,114247,21001],{},[1788,114249,35291],{},[1788,114251,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,114253,109811],{"encoding":1810},[1035,114255,114257],{"className":114256},[1772],[1774,114258,114259],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,114260,114261,114285],{},[1781,114262,114263,114265,114271,114273,114275,114281,114283],{},[1784,114264,1857],{},[1792,114266,114267,114269],{},[1784,114268,2126],{},[1784,114270,20998],{},[1788,114272,1863],{},[1784,114274,1857],{},[1792,114276,114277,114279],{},[1784,114278,2126],{},[1784,114280,21001],{},[1788,114282,1863],{},[2348,114284,2350],{},[1808,114286,104240],{"encoding":1810},". Důchod nad ",[1035,114289,114291],{"className":114290},[1772],[1774,114292,114293],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,114294,114295,114331],{},[1781,114296,114297,114303,114305,114311,114317,114319,114325],{},[2160,114298,114299,114301],{"accent":1041},[1784,114300,3221],{},[1788,114302,35291],{},[1788,114304,1863],{},[1792,114306,114307,114309],{},[1784,114308,2264],{},[1784,114310,20998],{},[2160,114312,114313,114315],{"accent":1041},[1784,114314,20998],{},[1788,114316,35291],{},[1788,114318,2637],{},[1792,114320,114321,114323],{},[1784,114322,2264],{},[1784,114324,21001],{},[2160,114326,114327,114329],{"accent":1041},[1784,114328,21001],{},[1788,114330,35291],{},[1808,114332,114333],{"encoding":1810},"\\bar I = P_X \\bar X + P_Y \\bar Y"," už užitek nezvyšuje.",[1115,114336,114337,114340,114341,114354],{},[1047,114338,114339],{},"Posuny rozpočtové přímky:"," změna ",[1035,114342,114344],{"className":114343},[1772],[1774,114345,114346],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,114347,114348,114352],{},[1781,114349,114350],{},[1784,114351,3221],{},[1808,114353,3221],{"encoding":1810}," → paralelní posun; změna ceny → rotace kolem nedotčeného krajního bodu.",[1115,114356,114357,1089,114360,1299,114381,1299,114402,1299,114424,114442,114443,1075],{},[1047,114358,114359],{},"Petrův příklad:",[1035,114361,114363],{"className":114362},[1772],[1774,114364,114365],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,114366,114367,114379],{},[1781,114368,114369,114375,114377],{},[2467,114370,114371,114373],{},[1784,114372,20998],{},[1788,114374,7763],{},[1788,114376,1863],{},[2348,114378,5344],{},[1808,114380,110325],{"encoding":1810},[1035,114382,114384],{"className":114383},[1772],[1774,114385,114386],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,114387,114388,114400],{},[1781,114389,114390,114396,114398],{},[2467,114391,114392,114394],{},[1784,114393,21001],{},[1788,114395,7763],{},[1788,114397,1863],{},[2348,114399,12017],{},[1808,114401,110347],{"encoding":1810},[1035,114403,114405],{"className":114404},[1772],[1774,114406,114407],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,114408,114409,114421],{},[1781,114410,114411,114417,114419],{},[2467,114412,114413,114415],{},[1784,114414,2126],{},[1788,114416,7763],{},[1788,114418,1863],{},[2348,114420,108186],{},[1808,114422,114423],{"encoding":1810},"U^*=158",[1035,114425,114427],{"className":114426},[1772],[1774,114428,114429],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,114430,114431,114439],{},[1781,114432,114433,114435,114437],{},[1784,114434,34316],{},[1788,114436,1863],{},[2348,114438,109146],{},[1808,114440,114441],{"encoding":1810},"\\lambda=0{,}03",", bod nasycení ",[1035,114444,114446],{"className":114445},[1772],[1774,114447,114448],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,114449,114450,114462],{},[1781,114451,114452,114454,114456,114458,114460],{},[1788,114453,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,114455,3116],{},[1788,114457,1138],{"separator":1041},[2348,114459,2766],{},[1788,114461,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,114463,114464],{"encoding":1810},"(10, 24)",[4503,114466],{},[1077,114468,1646],{"id":1645},[1112,114470,114471,114477,114504,114511,114517,114523,114529,114535],{},[1115,114472,114473,114476],{},[1068,114474,6988],{"className":114475,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1680,"href":1681},[1071]," — mateřský kurz a rozcestník témat.",[1115,114478,114479,114482,114483,1075],{},[1068,114480,33561],{"className":114481,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":32404,"href":32402},[1071]," — funkce užitku, indiferenční křivky, mezní užitek a původ ",[1035,114484,114486],{"className":114485},[1772],[1774,114487,114488],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,114489,114490,114502],{},[1781,114491,114492,114494,114496],{},[1784,114493,1857],{},[1784,114495,1860],{},[1792,114497,114498,114500],{},[1784,114499,3212],{},[1784,114501,1868],{},[1808,114503,105906],{"encoding":1810},[1115,114505,114506,114510],{},[1068,114507,114509],{"className":114508,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":32173,"href":32171},[1071],"mikk-marshall-hicks-poptavka"," — duální úloha, odvození poptávkových funkcí a Slutskyho rozklad.",[1115,114512,114513,114516],{},[1068,114514,33572],{"className":114515,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":25327,"href":25325},[1071]," — analýza změn cen a důchodu, PCC a ICC křivky, Hicksův vs. Slutského rozklad.",[1115,114518,114519,114522],{},[1068,114520,104266],{"className":114521,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":33538,"href":33539},[1071]," — matematická báze metody, vícerozměrné optimum s omezením.",[1115,114524,114525,114528],{},[1068,114526,104271],{"className":114527,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":33550,"href":33551},[1071]," — stručný matematický úvod do problému z pohledu předmětu Matematická ekonomie.",[1115,114530,114531,114534],{},[1068,114532,2390],{"className":114533,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":2388,"href":2389},[1071]," — citlivost optimálních množství na ceny a důchod.",[1115,114536,114537,114540],{},[1068,114538,22239],{"className":114539,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1832,"href":1833},[1071]," — kompaktní formulář pro zkoušku.",{"title":1685,"searchDepth":141,"depth":141,"links":114542},[114543,114549,114554,114555,114556,114557,114558,114567,114573,114585,114586,114587,114588,114589,114590,114591],{"id":104276,"depth":141,"text":104277,"children":114544},[114545,114546,114547,114548],{"id":104433,"depth":96,"text":104434},{"id":104802,"depth":96,"text":104803},{"id":104892,"depth":96,"text":104893},{"id":105256,"depth":96,"text":105257},{"id":105337,"depth":141,"text":105338,"children":114550},[114551,114552,114553],{"id":105352,"depth":96,"text":105353},{"id":105521,"depth":96,"text":105522},{"id":105909,"depth":96,"text":105910},{"id":105975,"depth":141,"text":105976},{"id":106211,"depth":141,"text":106212},{"id":106716,"depth":141,"text":106717},{"id":107370,"depth":141,"text":107371},{"id":108194,"depth":141,"text":108195,"children":114559},[114560,114561,114562,114563,114565,114566],{"id":108235,"depth":96,"text":108236},{"id":108475,"depth":96,"text":108476},{"id":108657,"depth":96,"text":108658},{"id":109021,"depth":96,"text":114564},"7.4 Interpretace λ\\lambda — stínová cena důchodu",{"id":109157,"depth":96,"text":109158},{"id":109284,"depth":96,"text":109285},{"id":109758,"depth":141,"text":109759,"children":114568},[114569,114570,114571,114572],{"id":109916,"depth":96,"text":109917},{"id":110141,"depth":96,"text":110142},{"id":110459,"depth":96,"text":110460},{"id":110571,"depth":96,"text":110572},{"id":110629,"depth":141,"text":110630,"children":114574},[114575,114576,114577,114578,114579,114581,114583],{"id":110636,"depth":96,"text":110637},{"id":110711,"depth":96,"text":110712},{"id":110813,"depth":96,"text":110814},{"id":110948,"depth":96,"text":110949},{"id":111035,"depth":96,"text":114580},"(e) Zvýšení ceny videokazet na PX=300P_X = 300",{"id":111493,"depth":96,"text":114582},"(f) Snížení ceny lístku na koncert na PY=300P_Y = 300",{"id":111956,"depth":96,"text":114584},"(g) Zvýšení důchodu na I′=6 000 KcˇI' = 6\\,000\\,\\text{Kč}",{"id":112566,"depth":141,"text":112567},{"id":112807,"depth":141,"text":112808},{"id":113018,"depth":141,"text":113019},{"id":113123,"depth":141,"text":113124},{"id":113692,"depth":141,"text":113693},{"id":114106,"depth":141,"text":114107},{"id":1645,"depth":141,"text":1646},{},"\u002Ftopics\u002Fmikk-rovnovaha-spotrebitele",{"title":103938,"description":1685},[33347,33348],"topics\u002Fmikk-rovnovaha-spotrebitele",[13,28,45,62,255,862],"Qk9yngv1gcoaPRGi0vK4-mM9cCp2WkWQX5_USMUk2Jw",{"id":114600,"title":114601,"body":114602,"course":13,"courses":1696,"created":1697,"description":1685,"extension":1698,"meta":128293,"navigation":1700,"path":128294,"seo":128295,"sources":128296,"stem":128297,"tags":128298,"type":4439,"updated":1697,"__hash__":128299},"topics\u002Ftopics\u002Fmikk-substitucni-duchodovy-efekt.md","Cenový rozklad: substituční a důchodový efekt",{"type":1016,"value":114603,"toc":128225},[114604,114607,114677,114697,114699,114703,114807,114871,114996,115046,115049,115166,115169,115272,115301,115305,115312,115358,115396,115402,115476,115480,115483,115632,115719,115950,115988,115995,116069,116358,116395,116590,116631,116635,116760,116784,116873,116876,116985,117012,117022,117026,117167,117228,117274,117315,117328,117395,117399,117485,117608,117628,117834,117837,117972,117976,118211,118214,118218,118239,118356,118461,118465,118471,118555,118566,118639,118643,118673,118675,118753,118821,118851,119024,119041,119045,119148,119245,119249,119334,119562,119566,119633,119637,119691,119712,119716,119719,119891,119920,119924,119991,119995,120086,120090,120093,120194,120198,120201,120350,120520,120532,120536,120540,120575,120600,120604,120624,120628,120631,120635,120638,120642,120786,120790,120828,120920,120956,121025,121049,121117,121154,121158,121202,121267,121309,121346,121384,121422,121457,121461,121464,121543,121546,121658,121694,121724,121761,121799,121848,121852,121855,121945,122002,122101,122277,122281,122284,122312,122322,122326,122366,122527,122531,122560,122696,122753,122757,122790,122870,122903,123192,123232,123236,123349,123507,123687,123691,123694,124024,124162,124286,124309,124313,124343,124490,124500,124504,124607,124705,124728,124773,124880,124920,125045,125085,125124,125178,125185,125266,125270,125344,125347,125437,125476,125517,125608,125767,125838,125889,125974,126099,126116,126183,126239,126296,126300,126362,126366,126370,126433,126591,126639,126643,126795,126799,126970,126974,127098,127115,127159,127162,127166,127229,127302,127312,127316,127404,127408,127618,127718,127720,127724,127778,127874,127950,128099,128154,128198],[1019,114605,114601],{"id":114606},"cenový-rozklad-substituční-a-důchodový-efekt",[1023,114608,114610,114616],{"className":114609,"dataCallout":1028},[1026,1027],[1030,114611,114613,1042],{"className":114612},[1033],[1035,114614],{"className":114615,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1039,1040],[1030,114617,114618,114619,114621,114622,114625,114626,114629,114630,114633,114634,114637,114638,114641,114642,114645,114646,114649,114650,1089,114653,1075],{},"Když se změní cena statku, spotřebitel reaguje dvěma souběžnými důvody: relativní cena se posunula (",[1047,114620,33485],{},", SE) a reálná kupní síla důchodu se posunula (",[1047,114623,114624],{},"důchodový efekt",", IE). Součet obou je ",[1047,114627,114628],{},"cenový (celkový) efekt",". Substituční efekt je vždy záporný — proti směru změny ceny. Důchodový efekt je záporný u normálních statků, kladný u podřadných. Když u podřadného statku kladný IE převáží záporný SE, dostáváme ",[1047,114631,114632],{},"Giffenův paradox",": cena roste a poptávka roste s ní. ",[1047,114635,114636],{},"Hicksův rozklad"," drží spotřebitele na původní indiferenční křivce (zachovává užitek), ",[1047,114639,114640],{},"Slutského rozklad"," mu drží dosažitelnost původního koše (zachovává reálné množství). Z trajektorie optima při změně ceny vzniká ",[1047,114643,114644],{},"PCC"," (cenová spotřební křivka, zdroj individuální poptávky), z trajektorie při změně důchodu vzniká ",[1047,114647,114648],{},"ICC"," (důchodová spotřební křivka), a z ICC se přímo odvozuje ",[1047,114651,114652],{},"Engelova křivka",[1035,114654,114656],{"className":114655},[1772],[1774,114657,114658],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,114659,114660,114674],{},[1781,114661,114662,114668,114670,114672],{},[2467,114663,114664,114666],{},[1784,114665,20998],{},[1788,114667,7763],{},[1788,114669,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,114671,3221],{},[1788,114673,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,114675,114676],{"encoding":1810},"X^*(I)",[1030,114678,104244,114679,1062,114683,114686,114687,114691,114692,114696],{},[1068,114680,114682],{"className":114681,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":33565,"href":33566},[1071],"rovnováhu spotřebitele",[1068,114684,97398],{"className":114685,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":32404,"href":32402},[1071],". Cenový rozklad je páteří celé mikroekonomické analýzy poptávky — bez něj nelze pochopit ani ",[1068,114688,114690],{"className":114689,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":32173,"href":32171},[1071],"rozdíl mezi Marshallovou a Hicksovou poptávkou",", ani ",[1068,114693,114695],{"className":114694,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":2388,"href":2389},[1071],"elasticity",", ani daňovou incidenci.",[4503,114698],{},[1077,114700,114702],{"id":114701},"_1-cenový-celkový-efekt-substituční-důchodový","1. Cenový (celkový) efekt = substituční + důchodový",[1030,114704,114705,114706,1062,114719,114732,114733,114758,114759,114772,114773,114806],{},"Předpoklady úlohy: spotřebitel volí mezi statky ",[1035,114707,114709],{"className":114708},[1772],[1774,114710,114711],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,114712,114713,114717],{},[1781,114714,114715],{},[1784,114716,20998],{},[1808,114718,20998],{"encoding":1810},[1035,114720,114722],{"className":114721},[1772],[1774,114723,114724],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,114725,114726,114730],{},[1781,114727,114728],{},[1784,114729,21001],{},[1808,114731,21001],{"encoding":1810}," při daných cenách ",[1035,114734,114736],{"className":114735},[1772],[1774,114737,114738],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,114739,114740,114756],{},[1781,114741,114742,114748,114750],{},[1792,114743,114744,114746],{},[1784,114745,2264],{},[1784,114747,20998],{},[1788,114749,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,114751,114752,114754],{},[1784,114753,2264],{},[1784,114755,21001],{},[1808,114757,34249],{"encoding":1810}," a peněžním důchodu ",[1035,114760,114762],{"className":114761},[1772],[1774,114763,114764],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,114765,114766,114770],{},[1781,114767,114768],{},[1784,114769,3221],{},[1808,114771,3221],{"encoding":1810},". Optimum splňuje rozpočtové omezení ",[1035,114774,114776],{"className":114775},[1772],[1774,114777,114778],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,114779,114780,114804],{},[1781,114781,114782,114788,114790,114792,114798,114800,114802],{},[1792,114783,114784,114786],{},[1784,114785,2264],{},[1784,114787,20998],{},[1784,114789,20998],{},[1788,114791,2637],{},[1792,114793,114794,114796],{},[1784,114795,2264],{},[1784,114797,21001],{},[1784,114799,21001],{},[1788,114801,1863],{},[1784,114803,3221],{},[1808,114805,34131],{"encoding":1810}," a tečnost indiferenční křivky a rozpočtové přímky:",[1035,114808,114810],{"className":114809},[1772],[1774,114811,114812],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,114813,114814,114868],{},[1781,114815,114816,114826,114828,114850,114852,114866],{},[1792,114817,114818,114820],{},[2149,114819,113162],{},[1781,114821,114822,114824],{},[1784,114823,20998],{},[1784,114825,21001],{},[1788,114827,1863],{},[2322,114829,114830,114840],{},[1781,114831,114832,114834],{},[1784,114833,1857],{},[1792,114835,114836,114838],{},[1784,114837,2126],{},[1784,114839,20998],{},[1781,114841,114842,114844],{},[1784,114843,1857],{},[1792,114845,114846,114848],{},[1784,114847,2126],{},[1784,114849,21001],{},[1788,114851,1863],{},[2322,114853,114854,114860],{},[1792,114855,114856,114858],{},[1784,114857,2264],{},[1784,114859,20998],{},[1792,114861,114862,114864],{},[1784,114863,2264],{},[1784,114865,21001],{},[1784,114867,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,114869,114870],{"encoding":1810},"\\text{MRS}_{XY} = \\frac{MU_X}{MU_Y} = \\frac{P_X}{P_Y}.",[1030,114872,114873,114874,114891,114892,114912,114913,1062,114930,114943,114944,114962,114963,114980,114981,24775,114994,1310],{},"Nyní změňme cenu jednoho statku, např. ",[1035,114875,114877],{"className":114876},[1772],[1774,114878,114879],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,114880,114881,114889],{},[1781,114882,114883],{},[1792,114884,114885,114887],{},[1784,114886,2264],{},[1784,114888,20998],{},[1808,114890,36253],{"encoding":1810}," klesne na ",[1035,114893,114895],{"className":114894},[1772],[1774,114896,114897],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,114898,114899,114909],{},[1781,114900,114901],{},[13587,114902,114903,114905,114907],{},[1784,114904,2264],{},[1784,114906,20998],{},[1788,114908,7862],{"mathvariant":7829,"lspace":7861,"rspace":7861},[1808,114910,114911],{"encoding":1810},"P_X'"," při zachování ",[1035,114914,114916],{"className":114915},[1772],[1774,114917,114918],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,114919,114920,114928],{},[1781,114921,114922],{},[1792,114923,114924,114926],{},[1784,114925,2264],{},[1784,114927,21001],{},[1808,114929,39555],{"encoding":1810},[1035,114931,114933],{"className":114932},[1772],[1774,114934,114935],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,114936,114937,114941],{},[1781,114938,114939],{},[1784,114940,3221],{},[1808,114942,3221],{"encoding":1810},". Spotřebitel přechází z původního optima ",[1035,114945,114947],{"className":114946},[1772],[1774,114948,114949],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,114950,114951,114959],{},[1781,114952,114953],{},[1792,114954,114955,114957],{},[1784,114956,2364],{},[2348,114958,2350],{},[1808,114960,114961],{"encoding":1810},"E_0"," do nového optima ",[1035,114964,114966],{"className":114965},[1772],[1774,114967,114968],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,114969,114970,114978],{},[1781,114971,114972],{},[1792,114973,114974,114976],{},[1784,114975,2364],{},[2348,114977,4593],{},[1808,114979,17395],{"encoding":1810},". Změna spotřebovaného množství ",[1035,114982,114984],{"className":114983},[1772],[1774,114985,114986],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,114987,114988,114992],{},[1781,114989,114990],{},[1784,114991,20998],{},[1808,114993,20998],{"encoding":1810},[1047,114995,114628],{},[1035,114997,114999],{"className":114998},[1772],[1774,115000,115001],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,115002,115003,115043],{},[1781,115004,115005,115007,115013,115015,115017,115019,115025,115027,115029,115031,115033,115039,115041],{},[1784,115006,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,115008,115009,115011],{},[1784,115010,20998],{},[2149,115012,34223],{},[1788,115014,1863],{},[1784,115016,20998],{},[1788,115018,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,115020,115021,115023],{},[1784,115022,2364],{},[2348,115024,4593],{},[1788,115026,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,115028,2371],{},[1784,115030,20998],{},[1788,115032,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,115034,115035,115037],{},[1784,115036,2364],{},[2348,115038,2350],{},[1788,115040,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,115042,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,115044,115045],{"encoding":1810},"\\Delta X^{\\text{cen}} = X(E_2) - X(E_0).",[1030,115047,115048],{},"Tento celkový pohyb lze rozložit na dvě části:",[1112,115050,115051,115109],{},[1115,115052,115053,115055,115056,115076,115077,115080,115081,115094,115095,115108],{},[1047,115054,42043],{}," — kolik z ",[1035,115057,115059],{"className":115058},[1772],[1774,115060,115061],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,115062,115063,115073],{},[1781,115064,115065,115067],{},[1784,115066,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,115068,115069,115071],{},[1784,115070,20998],{},[2149,115072,34223],{},[1808,115074,115075],{"encoding":1810},"\\Delta X^{\\text{cen}}"," je způsobeno samotnou změnou ",[1091,115078,115079],{},"relativních"," cen, tj. tím, že ",[1035,115082,115084],{"className":115083},[1772],[1774,115085,115086],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,115087,115088,115092],{},[1781,115089,115090],{},[1784,115091,20998],{},[1808,115093,20998],{"encoding":1810}," je teď oproti ",[1035,115096,115098],{"className":115097},[1772],[1774,115099,115100],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,115101,115102,115106],{},[1781,115103,115104],{},[1784,115105,21001],{},[1808,115107,21001],{"encoding":1810}," levnější (resp. dražší). Při čistě relativní změně cen by spotřebitel přesunul část výdajů ze zdraženého statku k tomu zlevněnému, i kdyby celková kupní síla zůstala konstantní.",[1115,115110,115111,115055,115114,115133,115134,115147,115148,115151,115152,115165],{},[1047,115112,115113],{},"Důchodový efekt (IE)",[1035,115115,115117],{"className":115116},[1772],[1774,115118,115119],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,115120,115121,115131],{},[1781,115122,115123,115125],{},[1784,115124,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,115126,115127,115129],{},[1784,115128,20998],{},[2149,115130,34223],{},[1808,115132,115075],{"encoding":1810}," je způsobeno tím, že po zlevnění ",[1035,115135,115137],{"className":115136},[1772],[1774,115138,115139],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,115140,115141,115145],{},[1781,115142,115143],{},[1784,115144,20998],{},[1808,115146,20998],{"encoding":1810}," má spotřebitel za stejné peníze efektivně víc než dřív (vzrostla ",[1091,115149,115150],{},"reálná"," kupní síla, i když nominální ",[1035,115153,115155],{"className":115154},[1772],[1774,115156,115157],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,115158,115159,115163],{},[1781,115160,115161],{},[1784,115162,3221],{},[1808,115164,3221],{"encoding":1810}," se nezměnilo).",[1030,115167,115168],{},"Symbolicky:",[1035,115170,115172],{"className":115171},[1772],[1774,115173,115174],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,115175,115176,115269],{},[1781,115177,115178,115180,115186,115188,115219,115221,115267],{},[1784,115179,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,115181,115182,115184],{},[1784,115183,20998],{},[2149,115185,34223],{},[1788,115187,1863],{},[3341,115189,115190,115205],{},[3341,115191,115192,115203],{},[1781,115193,115194,115196],{},[1784,115195,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,115197,115198,115200],{},[1784,115199,20998],{},[2149,115201,115202],{},"SE",[1788,115204,8059],{"stretchy":1041},[1781,115206,115207,115210,115216],{},[2149,115208,115209],{},"relativn",[2160,115211,115212,115214],{"accent":1041},[2149,115213,9298],{},[1788,115215,2181],{},[2149,115217,115218],{}," cena",[1788,115220,2637],{},[3341,115222,115223,115237],{},[3341,115224,115225,115235],{},[1781,115226,115227,115229],{},[1784,115228,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,115230,115231,115233],{},[1784,115232,20998],{},[2149,115234,37272],{},[1788,115236,8059],{"stretchy":1041},[1781,115238,115239,115241,115247,115249,115255,115258,115264],{},[2149,115240,100910],{},[2160,115242,115243,115245],{"accent":1041},[2149,115244,1068],{},[1788,115246,2181],{},[2149,115248,24184],{},[2160,115250,115251,115253],{"accent":1041},[2149,115252,3750],{},[1788,115254,2181],{},[2149,115256,115257],{}," d",[2160,115259,115260,115262],{"accent":1041},[2149,115261,2480],{},[1788,115263,8102],{},[2149,115265,115266],{},"chod",[1784,115268,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,115270,115271],{"encoding":1810},"\\Delta X^{\\text{cen}} = \\underbrace{\\Delta X^{\\text{SE}}}_{\\text{relativní cena}} + \\underbrace{\\Delta X^{\\text{IE}}}_{\\text{reálný důchod}}.",[1023,115273,115275,115282],{"className":115274,"dataCallout":582},[1026,1225],[1030,115276,115278,115281],{"className":115277},[1033],[1035,115279],{"className":115280,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1232,1040],"Proč to vůbec rozkládat?",[1030,115283,115284,115285,115288,115289,115292,115293,115296,115297,115300],{},"Čtyři hlavní důvody: (1) Konstrukce ",[1047,115286,115287],{},"cenové spotřební křivky"," a tím i tržní poptávky. (2) Vyčíslení, do jaké míry spotřebitel přechází k ",[1091,115290,115291],{},"substitutům"," — to je SE. (3) Vyčíslení, jak změna ceny mění ",[1091,115294,115295],{},"celkovou"," spotřebu daného statku — to je úloha IE. (4) Konstrukce ",[1047,115298,115299],{},"důchodové spotřební křivky"," a Engelových křivek pro predikci poptávky při změnách příjmu.",[1077,115302,115304],{"id":115303},"_2-substituční-efekt-je-vždy-záporný","2. Substituční efekt je vždy záporný",[1030,115306,115307,115308,115311],{},"Slovo „záporný\" zde znamená ",[1091,115309,115310],{},"proti směru změny ceny"," — pokud cena roste, SE snižuje poptávané množství; pokud cena klesá, SE zvyšuje poptávané množství. Důvod je čistě geometrický: indiferenční křivky jsou konvexní (klesající MRS), takže při změně sklonu rozpočtové přímky se tečna posouvá podél IC ve směru zlevňujícího se statku.",[1030,115313,115314,115315,52250],{},"Formálně, pro Hicksovu kompenzovanou poptávku ",[1035,115316,115318],{"className":115317},[1772],[1774,115319,115320],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,115321,115322,115356],{},[1781,115323,115324,115330,115332,115338,115340,115346,115348,115354],{},[2467,115325,115326,115328],{},[1784,115327,20998],{},[1784,115329,33448],{},[1788,115331,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,115333,115334,115336],{},[1784,115335,2264],{},[1784,115337,20998],{},[1788,115339,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,115341,115342,115344],{},[1784,115343,2264],{},[1784,115345,21001],{},[1788,115347,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,115349,115350,115352],{},[1784,115351,2126],{},[2348,115353,2350],{},[1788,115355,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,115357,33477],{"encoding":1810},[1035,115359,115361],{"className":115360},[1772],[1774,115362,115363],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,115364,115365,115393],{},[1781,115366,115367,115389,115391],{},[2322,115368,115369,115379],{},[1781,115370,115371,115373],{},[1784,115372,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,115374,115375,115377],{},[1784,115376,20998],{},[1784,115378,33448],{},[1781,115380,115381,115383],{},[1784,115382,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,115384,115385,115387],{},[1784,115386,2264],{},[1784,115388,20998],{},[1788,115390,33669],{},[2348,115392,45234],{},[1808,115394,115395],{"encoding":1810},"\\frac{\\partial X^H}{\\partial P_X} \\le 0.",[1030,115397,115398,115399,2440],{},"Tato nerovnost je zákonem (důsledek konkávní výdajové funkce, viz ",[1068,115400,32174],{"className":115401,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":32173,"href":32171},[1071],[1023,115403,115405,115411],{"className":115404,"dataCallout":1608},[1026,1607],[1030,115406,115408,26956],{"className":115407},[1033],[1035,115409],{"className":115410,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1615,1040],[1030,115412,115413,115414,115431,115432,24775,115445,115448,115449,115462,115463,1075],{},"Když ",[1035,115415,115417],{"className":115416},[1772],[1774,115418,115419],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,115420,115421,115429],{},[1781,115422,115423],{},[1792,115424,115425,115427],{},[1784,115426,2264],{},[1784,115428,20998],{},[1808,115430,36253],{"encoding":1810}," klesne, ale „odečteme\" spotřebiteli takovou částku, aby zůstal stejně bohatý jako předtím (Hicksovsky stejně užitkový, Slutsky-stejně schopný koupit původní koš), pak jediným důvodem ke změně koše je to, že ",[1035,115433,115435],{"className":115434},[1772],[1774,115436,115437],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,115438,115439,115443],{},[1781,115440,115441],{},[1784,115442,20998],{},[1808,115444,20998],{"encoding":1810},[1091,115446,115447],{},"relativně"," levnější. A spotřebitel reaguje předvídatelně: nakoupí víc ",[1035,115450,115452],{"className":115451},[1772],[1774,115453,115454],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,115455,115456,115460],{},[1781,115457,115458],{},[1784,115459,20998],{},[1808,115461,20998],{"encoding":1810}," a méně ",[1035,115464,115466],{"className":115465},[1772],[1774,115467,115468],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,115469,115470,115474],{},[1781,115471,115472],{},[1784,115473,21001],{},[1808,115475,21001],{"encoding":1810},[1077,115477,115479],{"id":115478},"_3-důchodový-efekt-normální-vs-podřadné-zboží","3. Důchodový efekt — normální vs. podřadné zboží",[1030,115481,115482],{},"Po izolaci SE zbývá doplnit zpět právě tu kupní sílu, kterou jsme spotřebiteli „odebrali\". To je důchodový efekt. Jeho znaménko závisí na typu statku:",[1112,115484,115485,115557],{},[1115,115486,115487,115490,115491,115520,115521,115538,115539,115552,115553,115556],{},[1047,115488,115489],{},"Normální zboží"," — s rostoucím důchodem roste poptávané množství, ",[1035,115492,115494],{"className":115493},[1772],[1774,115495,115496],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,115497,115498,115518],{},[1781,115499,115500,115502,115508,115510,115512,115514,115516],{},[1784,115501,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,115503,115504,115506],{},[1784,115505,20998],{},[1784,115507,1857],{},[1784,115509,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,115511,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,115513,3221],{},[1788,115515,2491],{},[2348,115517,2350],{},[1808,115519,37444],{"encoding":1810},". Pokles ",[1035,115522,115524],{"className":115523},[1772],[1774,115525,115526],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,115527,115528,115536],{},[1781,115529,115530],{},[1792,115531,115532,115534],{},[1784,115533,2264],{},[1784,115535,20998],{},[1808,115537,36253],{"encoding":1810}," zvýší reálný důchod, takže poptávka po ",[1035,115540,115542],{"className":115541},[1772],[1774,115543,115544],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,115545,115546,115550],{},[1781,115547,115548],{},[1784,115549,20998],{},[1808,115551,20998],{"encoding":1810}," ještě dál vzroste. IE proto působí ",[1091,115554,115555],{},"stejným směrem"," jako SE → zesiluje cenový efekt.",[1115,115558,115559,115562,115563,1299,115566,115520,115596,115613,115614,115627,115628,115631],{},[1047,115560,115561],{},"Podřadné (inferiorní) zboží"," — s rostoucím důchodem poptávané množství ",[1091,115564,115565],{},"klesá",[1035,115567,115569],{"className":115568},[1772],[1774,115570,115571],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,115572,115573,115593],{},[1781,115574,115575,115577,115583,115585,115587,115589,115591],{},[1784,115576,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,115578,115579,115581],{},[1784,115580,20998],{},[1784,115582,1857],{},[1784,115584,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,115586,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,115588,3221],{},[1788,115590,2537],{},[2348,115592,2350],{},[1808,115594,115595],{"encoding":1810},"\\partial X^M\u002F\\partial I \u003C 0",[1035,115597,115599],{"className":115598},[1772],[1774,115600,115601],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,115602,115603,115611],{},[1781,115604,115605],{},[1792,115606,115607,115609],{},[1784,115608,2264],{},[1784,115610,20998],{},[1808,115612,36253],{"encoding":1810}," zvýší reálný důchod, ale spotřebitel ho použije k posunu k „lepším\" statkům, takže poptávka po ",[1035,115615,115617],{"className":115616},[1772],[1774,115618,115619],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,115620,115621,115625],{},[1781,115622,115623],{},[1784,115624,20998],{},[1808,115626,20998],{"encoding":1810}," se sníží. IE působí ",[1091,115629,115630],{},"proti"," SE → oslabuje cenový efekt.",[1023,115633,115635,115642],{"className":115634,"dataCallout":3501},[1026,3500],[1030,115636,115638,115641],{"className":115637},[1033],[1035,115639],{"className":115640,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,3508,1040],"Pozor na konvenci znamének",[1030,115643,115644,115645,115665,115666,115679,115680,115683,115684,115697,115698,115715,115716,115718],{},"V některých učebnicích se „kladný IE\" rozumí stejným směrem jako SE; jinde se IE definuje jako ",[1035,115646,115648],{"className":115647},[1772],[1774,115649,115650],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,115651,115652,115662],{},[1781,115653,115654,115656],{},[1784,115655,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,115657,115658,115660],{},[1784,115659,20998],{},[2149,115661,37272],{},[1808,115663,115664],{"encoding":1810},"\\Delta X^{\\text{IE}}"," a jeho znaménko se odvíjí od toho, zda ",[1035,115667,115669],{"className":115668},[1772],[1774,115670,115671],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,115672,115673,115677],{},[1781,115674,115675],{},[1784,115676,20998],{},[1808,115678,20998],{"encoding":1810}," klesá nebo roste. V této stránce držíme konvenci přednášky: pro normální zboží jdou SE i IE ",[1091,115681,115682],{},"stejným"," směrem (oba zvyšují ",[1035,115685,115687],{"className":115686},[1772],[1774,115688,115689],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,115690,115691,115695],{},[1781,115692,115693],{},[1784,115694,20998],{},[1808,115696,20998],{"encoding":1810}," při poklesu ",[1035,115699,115701],{"className":115700},[1772],[1774,115702,115703],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,115704,115705,115713],{},[1781,115706,115707],{},[1792,115708,115709,115711],{},[1784,115710,2264],{},[1784,115712,20998],{},[1808,115714,36253],{"encoding":1810},"); pro podřadné zboží jdou ",[1091,115717,115630],{}," sobě (SE zvyšuje, IE snižuje).",[1153,115720,115721,115765],{},[1156,115722,115723],{},[1159,115724,115725,115728,115756,115759,115762],{},[1162,115726,115727],{},"Typ zboží",[1162,115729,115730,115731],{},"znaménko ",[1035,115732,115734],{"className":115733},[1772],[1774,115735,115736],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,115737,115738,115754],{},[1781,115739,115740,115742,115748,115750,115752],{},[1784,115741,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,115743,115744,115746],{},[1784,115745,20998],{},[1784,115747,1857],{},[1784,115749,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,115751,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,115753,3221],{},[1808,115755,37375],{"encoding":1810},[1162,115757,115758],{},"znaménko SE",[1162,115760,115761],{},"znaménko IE",[1162,115763,115764],{},"výsledný cenový efekt",[1172,115766,115767,115828,115888],{},[1159,115768,115769,115772,115789,115808,115825],{},[1177,115770,115771],{},"normální",[1177,115773,115774],{},[1035,115775,115777],{"className":115776},[1772],[1774,115778,115779],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,115780,115781,115787],{},[1781,115782,115783,115785],{},[1788,115784,2491],{},[2348,115786,2350],{},[1808,115788,26888],{"encoding":1810},[1177,115790,115791,115792],{},"proti ",[1035,115793,115795],{"className":115794},[1772],[1774,115796,115797],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,115798,115799,115805],{},[1781,115800,115801,115803],{},[1784,115802,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,115804,2264],{},[1808,115806,115807],{"encoding":1810},"\\Delta P",[1177,115809,115791,115810],{},[1035,115811,115813],{"className":115812},[1772],[1774,115814,115815],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,115816,115817,115823],{},[1781,115818,115819,115821],{},[1784,115820,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,115822,2264],{},[1808,115824,115807],{"encoding":1810},[1177,115826,115827],{},"vždy klesající D",[1159,115829,115830,115833,115850,115867,115885],{},[1177,115831,115832],{},"podřadné, ne-Giffen",[1177,115834,115835],{},[1035,115836,115838],{"className":115837},[1772],[1774,115839,115840],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,115841,115842,115848],{},[1781,115843,115844,115846],{},[1788,115845,2537],{},[2348,115847,2350],{},[1808,115849,26914],{"encoding":1810},[1177,115851,115791,115852],{},[1035,115853,115855],{"className":115854},[1772],[1774,115856,115857],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,115858,115859,115865],{},[1781,115860,115861,115863],{},[1784,115862,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,115864,2264],{},[1808,115866,115807],{"encoding":1810},[1177,115868,115869,115870],{},"po směru ",[1035,115871,115873],{"className":115872},[1772],[1774,115874,115875],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,115876,115877,115883],{},[1781,115878,115879,115881],{},[1784,115880,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,115882,2264],{},[1808,115884,115807],{"encoding":1810},[1177,115886,115887],{},"klesající D, ale plošší",[1159,115889,115890,115893,115913,115930,115948],{},[1177,115891,115892],{},"Giffen",[1177,115894,115895,115912],{},[1035,115896,115898],{"className":115897},[1772],[1774,115899,115900],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,115901,115902,115909],{},[1781,115903,115904,115907],{},[1788,115905,115906],{},"≪",[2348,115908,2350],{},[1808,115910,115911],{"encoding":1810},"\\ll 0"," a velký podíl výdajů",[1177,115914,115791,115915],{},[1035,115916,115918],{"className":115917},[1772],[1774,115919,115920],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,115921,115922,115928],{},[1781,115923,115924,115926],{},[1784,115925,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,115927,2264],{},[1808,115929,115807],{"encoding":1810},[1177,115931,115869,115932,115947],{},[1035,115933,115935],{"className":115934},[1772],[1774,115936,115937],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,115938,115939,115945],{},[1781,115940,115941,115943],{},[1784,115942,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,115944,2264],{},[1808,115946,115807],{"encoding":1810},", $",[1177,115949,37272],{},[1077,115951,115953,115954],{"id":115952},"_4-geometrie-rozkladu-body-e0e1e2e_0-e_1-e_2","4. Geometrie rozkladu — body ",[1035,115955,115957],{"className":115956},[1772],[1774,115958,115959],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,115960,115961,115985],{},[1781,115962,115963,115969,115971,115977,115979],{},[1792,115964,115965,115967],{},[1784,115966,2364],{},[2348,115968,2350],{},[1788,115970,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,115972,115973,115975],{},[1784,115974,2364],{},[2348,115976,2374],{},[1788,115978,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,115980,115981,115983],{},[1784,115982,2364],{},[2348,115984,4593],{},[1808,115986,115987],{"encoding":1810},"E_0, E_1, E_2",[1030,115989,115990],{},[2206,115991],{"alt":115992,"className":115993,"src":115994},"mikk-slutsky-hicks-rozklad",[1071,2210],"\u002Fwiki-assets\u002Fmikk-slutsky-hicks-rozklad.jpeg",[1030,115996,115997,115998,116011,116012,4974,116039,29726],{},"V grafu indiferenčních křivek uvažujme zlevnění ",[1035,115999,116001],{"className":116000},[1772],[1774,116002,116003],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,116004,116005,116009],{},[1781,116006,116007],{},[1784,116008,20998],{},[1808,116010,20998],{"encoding":1810}," (ze sklonu ",[1035,116013,116015],{"className":116014},[1772],[1774,116016,116017],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,116018,116019,116037],{},[1781,116020,116021,116023,116029,116031],{},[1788,116022,2371],{},[1792,116024,116025,116027],{},[1784,116026,2264],{},[1784,116028,20998],{},[1784,116030,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,116032,116033,116035],{},[1784,116034,2264],{},[1784,116036,21001],{},[1808,116038,104042],{"encoding":1810},[1035,116040,116042],{"className":116041},[1772],[1774,116043,116044],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,116045,116046,116066],{},[1781,116047,116048,116050,116058,116060],{},[1788,116049,2371],{},[13587,116051,116052,116054,116056],{},[1784,116053,2264],{},[1784,116055,20998],{},[1788,116057,7862],{"mathvariant":7829,"lspace":7861,"rspace":7861},[1784,116059,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,116061,116062,116064],{},[1784,116063,2264],{},[1784,116065,21001],{},[1808,116067,116068],{"encoding":1810},"-P_X'\u002FP_Y",[1112,116070,116071,116152,116252],{},[1115,116072,116073,116092,116093,116106,116107,116124,116125,116138,116139,1075],{},[1047,116074,99426,116075],{},[1035,116076,116078],{"className":116077},[1772],[1774,116079,116080],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,116081,116082,116090],{},[1781,116083,116084],{},[1792,116085,116086,116088],{},[1784,116087,2364],{},[2348,116089,2350],{},[1808,116091,114961],{"encoding":1810}," — původní optimum na rozpočtové přímce ",[1035,116094,116096],{"className":116095},[1772],[1774,116097,116098],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,116099,116100,116104],{},[1781,116101,116102],{},[1784,116103,3766],{},[1808,116105,3766],{"encoding":1810},", na indiferenční křivce ",[1035,116108,116110],{"className":116109},[1772],[1774,116111,116112],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,116113,116114,116122],{},[1781,116115,116116],{},[1792,116117,116118,116120],{},[1784,116119,2126],{},[2348,116121,2350],{},[1808,116123,33861],{"encoding":1810},". Spotřebovává množství ",[1035,116126,116128],{"className":116127},[1772],[1774,116129,116130],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,116131,116132,116136],{},[1781,116133,116134],{},[1784,116135,2270],{},[1808,116137,2270],{"encoding":1810}," statku ",[1035,116140,116142],{"className":116141},[1772],[1774,116143,116144],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,116145,116146,116150],{},[1781,116147,116148],{},[1784,116149,20998],{},[1808,116151,20998],{"encoding":1810},[1115,116153,116154,116173,116174,116192,116193,116206,116207,116225,116226,116138,116239,1075],{},[1047,116155,99426,116156],{},[1035,116157,116159],{"className":116158},[1772],[1774,116160,116161],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,116162,116163,116171],{},[1781,116164,116165],{},[1792,116166,116167,116169],{},[1784,116168,2364],{},[2348,116170,4593],{},[1808,116172,17395],{"encoding":1810}," — nové optimum na nové rozpočtové přímce ",[1035,116175,116177],{"className":116176},[1772],[1774,116178,116179],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,116180,116181,116189],{},[1781,116182,116183],{},[2467,116184,116185,116187],{},[1784,116186,3766],{},[1788,116188,7862],{"mathvariant":7829,"lspace":7861,"rspace":7861},[1808,116190,116191],{"encoding":1810},"L'"," (s mírnějším sklonem, protože ",[1035,116194,116196],{"className":116195},[1772],[1774,116197,116198],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,116199,116200,116204],{},[1781,116201,116202],{},[1784,116203,20998],{},[1808,116205,20998],{"encoding":1810}," zlevnilo), na vyšší indiferenční křivce ",[1035,116208,116210],{"className":116209},[1772],[1774,116211,116212],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,116213,116214,116222],{},[1781,116215,116216],{},[1792,116217,116218,116220],{},[1784,116219,2126],{},[2348,116221,2374],{},[1808,116223,116224],{"encoding":1810},"U_1",". Spotřebovává ",[1035,116227,116229],{"className":116228},[1772],[1774,116230,116231],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,116232,116233,116237],{},[1781,116234,116235],{},[1784,116236,3212],{},[1808,116238,3212],{"encoding":1810},[1035,116240,116242],{"className":116241},[1772],[1774,116243,116244],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,116245,116246,116250],{},[1781,116247,116248],{},[1784,116249,20998],{},[1808,116251,20998],{"encoding":1810},[1115,116253,116254,116273,116274,116293,116294,116314,116315,116225,116332,116138,116345,1075],{},[1047,116255,99426,116256],{},[1035,116257,116259],{"className":116258},[1772],[1774,116260,116261],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,116262,116263,116271],{},[1781,116264,116265],{},[1792,116266,116267,116269],{},[1784,116268,2364],{},[2348,116270,2374],{},[1808,116272,17374],{"encoding":1810}," — pomocný „kompenzovaný\" bod. Leží na pomocné rozpočtové přímce ",[1035,116275,116277],{"className":116276},[1772],[1774,116278,116279],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,116280,116281,116290],{},[1781,116282,116283],{},[2467,116284,116285,116287],{},[1784,116286,3766],{},[1788,116288,116289],{},"∧",[1808,116291,116292],{"encoding":1810},"L^\\wedge",", která má ",[1047,116295,116296,116297],{},"stejný sklon jako ",[1035,116298,116300],{"className":116299},[1772],[1774,116301,116302],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,116303,116304,116312],{},[1781,116305,116306],{},[2467,116307,116308,116310],{},[1784,116309,3766],{},[1788,116311,7862],{"mathvariant":7829,"lspace":7861,"rspace":7861},[1808,116313,116191],{"encoding":1810}," (tj. nové relativní ceny), ale je posunutá tak, aby spotřebitel zůstal stejně bohatý jako v ",[1035,116316,116318],{"className":116317},[1772],[1774,116319,116320],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,116321,116322,116330],{},[1781,116323,116324],{},[1792,116325,116326,116328],{},[1784,116327,2364],{},[2348,116329,2350],{},[1808,116331,114961],{"encoding":1810},[1035,116333,116335],{"className":116334},[1772],[1774,116336,116337],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,116338,116339,116343],{},[1781,116340,116341],{},[1784,116342,1860],{},[1808,116344,1860],{"encoding":1810},[1035,116346,116348],{"className":116347},[1772],[1774,116349,116350],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,116351,116352,116356],{},[1781,116353,116354],{},[1784,116355,20998],{},[1808,116357,20998],{"encoding":1810},[1030,116359,116360,116361,1310],{},"V interval ",[1035,116362,116364],{"className":116363},[1772],[1774,116365,116366],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,116367,116368,116392],{},[1781,116369,116370,116376,116378,116384,116386],{},[1792,116371,116372,116374],{},[1784,116373,2364],{},[2348,116375,2350],{},[1788,116377,8824],{},[1792,116379,116380,116382],{},[1784,116381,2364],{},[2348,116383,2374],{},[1788,116385,8824],{},[1792,116387,116388,116390],{},[1784,116389,2364],{},[2348,116391,4593],{},[1808,116393,116394],{"encoding":1810},"E_0 \\to E_1 \\to E_2",[1112,116396,116397,116455,116511],{},[1115,116398,116399,116417,116418,11150,116435,116452,116453,49448],{},[1035,116400,116402],{"className":116401},[1772],[1774,116403,116404],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,116405,116406,116414],{},[1781,116407,116408,116410,116412],{},[1784,116409,2270],{},[1784,116411,1860],{},[1788,116413,1863],{},[1808,116415,116416],{"encoding":1810},"QR ="," posun z ",[1035,116419,116421],{"className":116420},[1772],[1774,116422,116423],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,116424,116425,116433],{},[1781,116426,116427],{},[1792,116428,116429,116431],{},[1784,116430,2364],{},[2348,116432,2350],{},[1808,116434,114961],{"encoding":1810},[1035,116436,116438],{"className":116437},[1772],[1774,116439,116440],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,116441,116442,116450],{},[1781,116443,116444],{},[1792,116445,116446,116448],{},[1784,116447,2364],{},[2348,116449,2374],{},[1808,116451,17374],{"encoding":1810}," = ",[1047,116454,33485],{},[1115,116456,116457,116417,116475,11150,116492,116452,116509,49448],{},[1035,116458,116460],{"className":116459},[1772],[1774,116461,116462],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,116463,116464,116472],{},[1781,116465,116466,116468,116470],{},[1784,116467,1860],{},[1784,116469,3212],{},[1788,116471,1863],{},[1808,116473,116474],{"encoding":1810},"RS =",[1035,116476,116478],{"className":116477},[1772],[1774,116479,116480],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,116481,116482,116490],{},[1781,116483,116484],{},[1792,116485,116486,116488],{},[1784,116487,2364],{},[2348,116489,2374],{},[1808,116491,17374],{"encoding":1810},[1035,116493,116495],{"className":116494},[1772],[1774,116496,116497],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,116498,116499,116507],{},[1781,116500,116501],{},[1792,116502,116503,116505],{},[1784,116504,2364],{},[2348,116506,4593],{},[1808,116508,17395],{"encoding":1810},[1047,116510,114624],{},[1115,116512,116513,116417,116531,11150,116548,116452,116565,116452,116568,1075],{},[1035,116514,116516],{"className":116515},[1772],[1774,116517,116518],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,116519,116520,116528],{},[1781,116521,116522,116524,116526],{},[1784,116523,2270],{},[1784,116525,3212],{},[1788,116527,1863],{},[1808,116529,116530],{"encoding":1810},"QS =",[1035,116532,116534],{"className":116533},[1772],[1774,116535,116536],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,116537,116538,116546],{},[1781,116539,116540],{},[1792,116541,116542,116544],{},[1784,116543,2364],{},[2348,116545,2350],{},[1808,116547,114961],{"encoding":1810},[1035,116549,116551],{"className":116550},[1772],[1774,116552,116553],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,116554,116555,116563],{},[1781,116556,116557],{},[1792,116558,116559,116561],{},[1784,116560,2364],{},[2348,116562,4593],{},[1808,116564,17395],{"encoding":1810},[1047,116566,116567],{},"cenový efekt",[1035,116569,116571],{"className":116570},[1772],[1774,116572,116573],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,116574,116575,116587],{},[1781,116576,116577,116579,116581,116583,116585],{},[1784,116578,2270],{},[1784,116580,1860],{},[1788,116582,2637],{},[1784,116584,1860],{},[1784,116586,3212],{},[1808,116588,116589],{"encoding":1810},"QR + RS",[1030,116591,116592,116593,116595,116596,116613,116614,1075],{},"Rozdíl mezi Hicksovým a Slutského rozkladem spočívá ",[1091,116594,85168],{}," v tom, jak je definováno „stejně bohatý jako předtím\" — neboli kde přesně leží pomocná přímka ",[1035,116597,116599],{"className":116598},[1772],[1774,116600,116601],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,116602,116603,116611],{},[1781,116604,116605],{},[2467,116606,116607,116609],{},[1784,116608,3766],{},[1788,116610,116289],{},[1808,116612,116292],{"encoding":1810}," a kde leží ",[1035,116615,116617],{"className":116616},[1772],[1774,116618,116619],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,116620,116621,116629],{},[1781,116622,116623],{},[1792,116624,116625,116627],{},[1784,116626,2364],{},[2348,116628,2374],{},[1808,116630,17374],{"encoding":1810},[1077,116632,116634],{"id":116633},"_5-hicksova-separace-zachování-užitku","5. Hicksova separace — zachování užitku",[1023,116636,116638,116645],{"className":116637,"dataCallout":25986},[1026,25985],[1030,116639,116641,116644],{"className":116640},[1033],[1035,116642],{"className":116643,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,25993,1040],"Hicksova konstrukce",[1030,116646,116647,116648,24775,116668,116688,116689,43325,116718,116738,116739,116759],{},"Pomocná rozpočtová přímka ",[1035,116649,116651],{"className":116650},[1772],[1774,116652,116653],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,116654,116655,116665],{},[1781,116656,116657],{},[13587,116658,116659,116661,116663],{},[1784,116660,3766],{},[1784,116662,33448],{},[1788,116664,116289],{},[1808,116666,116667],{"encoding":1810},"L^\\wedge_H",[1047,116669,116670,116671],{},"paralelní s novou rozpočtovou přímkou ",[1035,116672,116674],{"className":116673},[1772],[1774,116675,116676],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,116677,116678,116686],{},[1781,116679,116680],{},[2467,116681,116682,116684],{},[1784,116683,3766],{},[1788,116685,7862],{"mathvariant":7829,"lspace":7861,"rspace":7861},[1808,116687,116191],{"encoding":1810}," (sklon ",[1035,116690,116692],{"className":116691},[1772],[1774,116693,116694],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,116695,116696,116716],{},[1781,116697,116698,116700,116708,116710],{},[1788,116699,2371],{},[13587,116701,116702,116704,116706],{},[1784,116703,2264],{},[1784,116705,20998],{},[1788,116707,7862],{"mathvariant":7829,"lspace":7861,"rspace":7861},[1784,116709,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,116711,116712,116714],{},[1784,116713,2264],{},[1784,116715,21001],{},[1808,116717,116068],{"encoding":1810},[1047,116719,116720,116721],{},"tečná k původní indiferenční křivce ",[1035,116722,116724],{"className":116723},[1772],[1774,116725,116726],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,116727,116728,116736],{},[1781,116729,116730],{},[1792,116731,116732,116734],{},[1784,116733,2126],{},[2348,116735,2350],{},[1808,116737,33861],{"encoding":1810},". Bod ",[1035,116740,116742],{"className":116741},[1772],[1774,116743,116744],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,116745,116746,116756],{},[1781,116747,116748],{},[13587,116749,116750,116752,116754],{},[1784,116751,2364],{},[2348,116753,2374],{},[1784,116755,33448],{},[1808,116757,116758],{"encoding":1810},"E_1^H"," je tečným bodem.",[1030,116761,116762,116763,116765,116766,116783],{},"Hicks definuje „stejně bohatého spotřebitele\" tak, že má ",[1047,116764,99656],{}," jako v původním optimu. Substituční efekt je proto čistě pohyb po ",[1035,116767,116769],{"className":116768},[1772],[1774,116770,116771],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,116772,116773,116781],{},[1781,116774,116775],{},[1792,116776,116777,116779],{},[1784,116778,2126],{},[2348,116780,2350],{},[1808,116782,33861],{"encoding":1810},", jen s novými relativními cenami:",[1035,116785,116787],{"className":116786},[1772],[1774,116788,116789],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,116790,116791,116870],{},[1781,116792,116793,116799,116801,116809,116811,116813,116816,116818,116820,116822,116824,116832,116834,116836,116842,116844,116846,116848,116850,116852,116854,116856,116858,116860,116866,116868],{},[2467,116794,116795,116797],{},[1784,116796,20998],{},[1784,116798,33448],{},[1788,116800,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[13587,116802,116803,116805,116807],{},[1784,116804,2364],{},[2348,116806,2374],{},[1784,116808,33448],{},[1788,116810,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,116812,1863],{},[1784,116814,116815],{},"arg",[1788,116817,3350],{},[1784,116819,33767],{},[1788,116821,3350],{},[1788,116823,34972],{"stretchy":2142},[13587,116825,116826,116828,116830],{},[1784,116827,2264],{},[1784,116829,20998],{},[1788,116831,7862],{"mathvariant":7829,"lspace":7861,"rspace":7861},[1784,116833,20998],{},[1788,116835,2637],{},[1792,116837,116838,116840],{},[1784,116839,2264],{},[1784,116841,21001],{},[1784,116843,21001],{},[1788,116845,1310],{},[1784,116847,2126],{},[1788,116849,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,116851,20998],{},[1788,116853,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,116855,21001],{},[1788,116857,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,116859,1863],{},[1792,116861,116862,116864],{},[1784,116863,2126],{},[2348,116865,2350],{},[1788,116867,35011],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,116869,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,116871,116872],{"encoding":1810},"X^H(E_1^H) = \\arg\\min \\{ P_X' X + P_Y Y : U(X,Y) = U_0 \\}.",[1030,116874,116875],{},"Substituční efekt v Hicksově pojetí je:",[1035,116877,116879],{"className":116878},[1772],[1774,116880,116881],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,116882,116883,116982],{},[1781,116884,116885,116887,116894,116896,116902,116904,116912,116914,116916,116918,116920,116926,116928,116930,116970,116972,116974,116980],{},[1784,116886,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,116888,116889,116891],{},[1784,116890,20998],{},[2149,116892,116893],{},"SE,H",[1788,116895,1863],{},[2467,116897,116898,116900],{},[1784,116899,20998],{},[1784,116901,33448],{},[1788,116903,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[13587,116905,116906,116908,116910],{},[1784,116907,2364],{},[2348,116909,2374],{},[1784,116911,33448],{},[1788,116913,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,116915,2371],{},[1784,116917,20998],{},[1788,116919,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,116921,116922,116924],{},[1784,116923,2364],{},[2348,116925,2350],{},[1788,116927,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,116929,1863],{},[1792,116931,116932,116958],{},[1781,116933,116934,116956],{},[2322,116935,116936,116946],{},[1781,116937,116938,116940],{},[1784,116939,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,116941,116942,116944],{},[1784,116943,20998],{},[1784,116945,33448],{},[1781,116947,116948,116950],{},[1784,116949,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,116951,116952,116954],{},[1784,116953,2264],{},[1784,116955,20998],{},[1788,116957,20612],{"fence":1041},[1781,116959,116960,116962,116964],{},[1784,116961,2126],{},[1788,116963,1863],{},[1792,116965,116966,116968],{},[1784,116967,2126],{},[2348,116969,2350],{},[1788,116971,2267],{},[1784,116973,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,116975,116976,116978],{},[1784,116977,2264],{},[1784,116979,20998],{},[1784,116981,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,116983,116984],{"encoding":1810},"\\Delta X^{\\text{SE,H}} = X^H(E_1^H) - X(E_0) = \\left.\\frac{\\partial X^H}{\\partial P_X}\\right|_{U=U_0} \\cdot \\Delta P_X.",[1023,116986,116988,116995],{"className":116987,"dataCallout":1608},[1026,1607],[1030,116989,116991,116994],{"className":116990},[1033],[1035,116992],{"className":116993,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1615,1040],"Hicks v jedné větě",[1030,116996,116997,116998,117011],{},"„Sebrat spotřebiteli takový peněžní obnos, aby přesně dorovnal zlevnění ",[1035,116999,117001],{"className":117000},[1772],[1774,117002,117003],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,117004,117005,117009],{},[1781,117006,117007],{},[1784,117008,20998],{},[1808,117010,20998],{"encoding":1810}," z hlediska jeho užitku — pak ho nechat se přeoptimalizovat.\"",[1030,117013,117014,117015,117018,117019,117021],{},"Hicksova separace je ",[1091,117016,117017],{},"teoreticky čistší",": drží konstantní ",[1091,117020,37469],{},", což je hlavní pojmová proměnná teorie spotřebitele. Pro analytické úlohy (Slutského rovnice, dualita s výdajovou funkcí) je nepostradatelná.",[1077,117023,117025],{"id":117024},"_6-slutského-separace-zachování-koše","6. Slutského separace — zachování koše",[1023,117027,117029,117036],{"className":117028,"dataCallout":25986},[1026,25985],[1030,117030,117032,117035],{"className":117031},[1033],[1035,117033],{"className":117034,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,25993,1040],"Slutského konstrukce",[1030,117037,116647,117038,24775,117058,116688,117077,43325,117106,116738,117126,117146,117147,117149,117150,1075],{},[1035,117039,117041],{"className":117040},[1772],[1774,117042,117043],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,117044,117045,117055],{},[1781,117046,117047],{},[13587,117048,117049,117051,117053],{},[1784,117050,3766],{},[1784,117052,3212],{},[1788,117054,116289],{},[1808,117056,117057],{"encoding":1810},"L^\\wedge_S",[1047,117059,116670,117060],{},[1035,117061,117063],{"className":117062},[1772],[1774,117064,117065],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,117066,117067,117075],{},[1781,117068,117069],{},[2467,117070,117071,117073],{},[1784,117072,3766],{},[1788,117074,7862],{"mathvariant":7829,"lspace":7861,"rspace":7861},[1808,117076,116191],{"encoding":1810},[1035,117078,117080],{"className":117079},[1772],[1774,117081,117082],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,117083,117084,117104],{},[1781,117085,117086,117088,117096,117098],{},[1788,117087,2371],{},[13587,117089,117090,117092,117094],{},[1784,117091,2264],{},[1784,117093,20998],{},[1788,117095,7862],{"mathvariant":7829,"lspace":7861,"rspace":7861},[1784,117097,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,117099,117100,117102],{},[1784,117101,2264],{},[1784,117103,21001],{},[1808,117105,116068],{"encoding":1810},[1047,117107,117108,117109],{},"prochází původním optimem ",[1035,117110,117112],{"className":117111},[1772],[1774,117113,117114],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,117115,117116,117124],{},[1781,117117,117118],{},[1792,117119,117120,117122],{},[1784,117121,2364],{},[2348,117123,2350],{},[1808,117125,114961],{"encoding":1810},[1035,117127,117129],{"className":117128},[1772],[1774,117130,117131],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,117132,117133,117143],{},[1781,117134,117135],{},[13587,117136,117137,117139,117141],{},[1784,117138,2364],{},[2348,117140,2374],{},[1784,117142,3212],{},[1808,117144,117145],{"encoding":1810},"E_1^S"," je nové optimum na této přímce — leží na ",[1091,117148,99889],{}," IC než ",[1035,117151,117153],{"className":117152},[1772],[1774,117154,117155],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,117156,117157,117165],{},[1781,117158,117159],{},[1792,117160,117161,117163],{},[1784,117162,2126],{},[2348,117164,2350],{},[1808,117166,33861],{"encoding":1810},[1030,117168,117169,117170,1089,117173,117190,117191,117204,117205,117207,117208,117227],{},"Slutsky definuje „stejně bohatého spotřebitele\" tak, že má ",[1047,117171,117172],{},"stále k dispozici původní spotřební koš",[1035,117174,117176],{"className":117175},[1772],[1774,117177,117178],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,117179,117180,117188],{},[1781,117181,117182],{},[1792,117183,117184,117186],{},[1784,117185,2364],{},[2348,117187,2350],{},[1808,117189,114961],{"encoding":1810},". Při zlevnění ",[1035,117192,117194],{"className":117193},[1772],[1774,117195,117196],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,117197,117198,117202],{},[1781,117199,117200],{},[1784,117201,20998],{},[1808,117203,20998],{"encoding":1810}," ale původní koš leží ",[1091,117206,82923],{}," nové rozpočtové množiny (na pomocné přímce ",[1035,117209,117211],{"className":117210},[1772],[1774,117212,117213],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,117214,117215,117225],{},[1781,117216,117217],{},[13587,117218,117219,117221,117223],{},[1784,117220,3766],{},[1784,117222,3212],{},[1788,117224,116289],{},[1808,117226,117057],{"encoding":1810}," je to její koncový bod), takže se spotřebitel může pohnout na vyšší IC.",[1030,117229,117230,117231,117234,117235,117254,117255,1310],{},"Důsledek: Slutského substituční efekt je ",[1091,117232,117233],{},"větší"," (v absolutní hodnotě) než Hicksův, protože ",[1035,117236,117238],{"className":117237},[1772],[1774,117239,117240],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,117241,117242,117252],{},[1781,117243,117244],{},[13587,117245,117246,117248,117250],{},[1784,117247,2364],{},[2348,117249,2374],{},[1784,117251,3212],{},[1808,117253,117145],{"encoding":1810}," leží na vyšší IC než ",[1035,117256,117258],{"className":117257},[1772],[1774,117259,117260],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,117261,117262,117272],{},[1781,117263,117264],{},[13587,117265,117266,117268,117270],{},[1784,117267,2364],{},[2348,117269,2374],{},[1784,117271,33448],{},[1808,117273,116758],{"encoding":1810},[1035,117275,117277],{"className":117276},[1772],[1774,117278,117279],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,117280,117281,117312],{},[1781,117282,117283,117285,117287,117294,117296,117298,117300,117302,117308,117310],{},[1784,117284,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,117286,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,117288,117289,117291],{},[1784,117290,20998],{},[2149,117292,117293],{},"SE,S",[1784,117295,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,117297,1790],{},[1784,117299,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,117301,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,117303,117304,117306],{},[1784,117305,20998],{},[2149,117307,116893],{},[1784,117309,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,117311,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,117313,117314],{"encoding":1810},"|\\Delta X^{\\text{SE,S}}| \\ge |\\Delta X^{\\text{SE,H}}|.",[1023,117316,117318,117325],{"className":117317,"dataCallout":1608},[1026,1607],[1030,117319,117321,117324],{"className":117320},[1033],[1035,117322],{"className":117323,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1615,1040],"Slutsky v jedné větě",[1030,117326,117327],{},"„Sebrat spotřebiteli takový peněžní obnos, aby si stále mohl koupit přesně to, co kupoval předtím — pak ho nechat se přeoptimalizovat.\"",[1030,117329,117330,117331,117334,117335,117352,117353,117370,117371,2440],{},"Slutského separace je ",[1091,117332,117333],{},"empiricky operativnější",": spotřební koš ",[1035,117336,117338],{"className":117337},[1772],[1774,117339,117340],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,117341,117342,117350],{},[1781,117343,117344],{},[1792,117345,117346,117348],{},[1784,117347,2364],{},[2348,117349,2350],{},[1808,117351,114961],{"encoding":1810}," je přímo pozorovatelný (z dat o domácnostech), zatímco užitek ",[1035,117354,117356],{"className":117355},[1772],[1774,117357,117358],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,117359,117360,117368],{},[1781,117361,117362],{},[1792,117363,117364,117366],{},[1784,117365,2126],{},[2348,117367,2350],{},[1808,117369,33861],{"encoding":1810}," je latentní. Statistici a empirici proto dávají Slutského rozkladu přednost. Pro infinitesimální změny ceny se oba rozklady shodují (limita ",[1035,117372,117374],{"className":117373},[1772],[1774,117375,117376],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,117377,117378,117392],{},[1781,117379,117380,117382,117388,117390],{},[1784,117381,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,117383,117384,117386],{},[1784,117385,2264],{},[1784,117387,20998],{},[1788,117389,8824],{},[2348,117391,2350],{},[1808,117393,117394],{"encoding":1810},"\\Delta P_X \\to 0",[1077,117396,117398],{"id":117397},"_7-slutského-rovnice","7. Slutského rovnice",[1030,117400,117401,117402,117441,117442,1310],{},"Centrální identita celé teorie spojuje pozorovatelnou Marshallovu (tržní) poptávku ",[1035,117403,117405],{"className":117404},[1772],[1774,117406,117407],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,117408,117409,117439],{},[1781,117410,117411,117417,117419,117421,117423,117429,117431,117437],{},[2467,117412,117413,117415],{},[1784,117414,20998],{},[1784,117416,1857],{},[1788,117418,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,117420,3221],{},[1788,117422,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,117424,117425,117427],{},[1784,117426,2264],{},[1784,117428,20998],{},[1788,117430,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,117432,117433,117435],{},[1784,117434,2264],{},[1784,117436,21001],{},[1788,117438,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,117440,113903],{"encoding":1810}," s Hicksovou kompenzovanou poptávkou ",[1035,117443,117445],{"className":117444},[1772],[1774,117446,117447],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,117448,117449,117483],{},[1781,117450,117451,117457,117459,117465,117467,117473,117475,117481],{},[2467,117452,117453,117455],{},[1784,117454,20998],{},[1784,117456,33448],{},[1788,117458,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,117460,117461,117463],{},[1784,117462,2126],{},[2348,117464,2350],{},[1788,117466,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,117468,117469,117471],{},[1784,117470,2264],{},[1784,117472,20998],{},[1788,117474,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,117476,117477,117479],{},[1784,117478,2264],{},[1784,117480,21001],{},[1788,117482,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,117484,113952],{"encoding":1810},[1035,117486,117488],{"className":117487},[1772],[1774,117489,117490],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,117491,117492,117605],{},[1781,117493,117494],{},[21766,117495,117496],{"notation":21768},[14390,117497,117498],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,117499,117500],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,117501,117502],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[1781,117503,117504,117506,117528,117530,117532,117534,117565,117567,117569,117571,117603],{},[2149,117505,21702],{},[2322,117507,117508,117518],{},[1781,117509,117510,117512],{},[1784,117511,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,117513,117514,117516],{},[1784,117515,20998],{},[1784,117517,1857],{},[1781,117519,117520,117522],{},[1784,117521,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,117523,117524,117526],{},[1784,117525,2264],{},[1784,117527,20998],{},[2149,117529,21702],{},[1788,117531,1863],{},[2149,117533,21702],{},[3341,117535,117536,117562],{},[3341,117537,117538,117560],{},[2322,117539,117540,117550],{},[1781,117541,117542,117544],{},[1784,117543,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,117545,117546,117548],{},[1784,117547,20998],{},[1784,117549,33448],{},[1781,117551,117552,117554],{},[1784,117553,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,117555,117556,117558],{},[1784,117557,2264],{},[1784,117559,20998],{},[1788,117561,8059],{"stretchy":1041},[2149,117563,117564],{},"SE (Hicks)",[2149,117566,21702],{},[1788,117568,2371],{},[2149,117570,21702],{},[3341,117572,117573,117601],{},[3341,117574,117575,117599],{},[1781,117576,117577,117579,117581],{},[1784,117578,20998],{},[1788,117580,2267],{},[2322,117582,117583,117593],{},[1781,117584,117585,117587],{},[1784,117586,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,117588,117589,117591],{},[1784,117590,20998],{},[1784,117592,1857],{},[1781,117594,117595,117597],{},[1784,117596,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,117598,3221],{},[1788,117600,8059],{"stretchy":1041},[2149,117602,37272],{},[2149,117604,21702],{},[1808,117606,117607],{"encoding":1810},"\\boxed{\\;\\frac{\\partial X^M}{\\partial P_X} \\;=\\; \\underbrace{\\frac{\\partial X^H}{\\partial P_X}}_{\\text{SE (Hicks)}} \\;-\\; \\underbrace{X \\cdot \\frac{\\partial X^M}{\\partial I}}_{\\text{IE}}\\;}",[1030,117609,117610,117611,117614,117615,1075],{},"Levá strana je ",[1091,117612,117613],{},"cenový"," (celkový) efekt — to, co skutečně pozorujeme na trhu. Pravá strana je rozklad: první člen je substituční efekt podle Hicksova pojetí (vždy nekladný), druhý je důchodový efekt vážený stávající spotřebou ",[1035,117616,117618],{"className":117617},[1772],[1774,117619,117620],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,117621,117622,117626],{},[1781,117623,117624],{},[1784,117625,20998],{},[1808,117627,20998],{"encoding":1810},[1023,117629,117631,117638],{"className":117630,"dataCallout":2090},[1026,2089],[1030,117632,117634,117637],{"className":117633},[1033],[1035,117635],{"className":117636,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,2097,1040],"Odvození ve dvou krocích",[1260,117639,117640,117773],{},[1115,117641,26487,117642,117645,117646,117724,117725,1075],{},[1047,117643,117644],{},"duality"," výdajové a nepřímé užitkové funkce platí ",[1035,117647,117649],{"className":117648},[1772],[1774,117650,117651],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,117652,117653,117721],{},[1781,117654,117655,117661,117663,117669,117671,117677,117679,117685,117687,117689,117695,117697,117703,117705,117711,117713,117719],{},[2467,117656,117657,117659],{},[1784,117658,20998],{},[1784,117660,1857],{},[1788,117662,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2467,117664,117665,117667],{},[1784,117666,3221],{},[1788,117668,7763],{},[1788,117670,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,117672,117673,117675],{},[1784,117674,2264],{},[1784,117676,20998],{},[1788,117678,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,117680,117681,117683],{},[1784,117682,2264],{},[1784,117684,21001],{},[1788,117686,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,117688,1863],{},[2467,117690,117691,117693],{},[1784,117692,20998],{},[1784,117694,33448],{},[1788,117696,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,117698,117699,117701],{},[1784,117700,2126],{},[2348,117702,2350],{},[1788,117704,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,117706,117707,117709],{},[1784,117708,2264],{},[1784,117710,20998],{},[1788,117712,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,117714,117715,117717],{},[1784,117716,2264],{},[1784,117718,21001],{},[1788,117720,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,117722,117723],{"encoding":1810},"X^M(I^*, P_X, P_Y) = X^H(U_0, P_X, P_Y)"," podél optima, kde ",[1035,117726,117728],{"className":117727},[1772],[1774,117729,117730],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,117731,117732,117770],{},[1781,117733,117734,117740,117742,117744,117746,117752,117754,117760,117762,117768],{},[2467,117735,117736,117738],{},[1784,117737,3221],{},[1788,117739,7763],{},[1788,117741,1863],{},[1784,117743,2364],{},[1788,117745,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,117747,117748,117750],{},[1784,117749,2126],{},[2348,117751,2350],{},[1788,117753,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,117755,117756,117758],{},[1784,117757,2264],{},[1784,117759,20998],{},[1788,117761,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,117763,117764,117766],{},[1784,117765,2264],{},[1784,117767,21001],{},[1788,117769,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,117771,117772],{"encoding":1810},"I^* = E(U_0, P_X, P_Y)",[1115,117774,117775,117776,117793,117794,1089,117797,117830,117831,1075],{},"Derivováním obou stran podle ",[1035,117777,117779],{"className":117778},[1772],[1774,117780,117781],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,117782,117783,117791],{},[1781,117784,117785],{},[1792,117786,117787,117789],{},[1784,117788,2264],{},[1784,117790,20998],{},[1808,117792,36253],{"encoding":1810}," a využitím ",[1047,117795,117796],{},"Shephardova lemmatu",[1035,117798,117800],{"className":117799},[1772],[1774,117801,117802],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,117803,117804,117828],{},[1781,117805,117806,117808,117810,117812,117814,117820,117822],{},[1784,117807,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,117809,2364],{},[1784,117811,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,117813,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,117815,117816,117818],{},[1784,117817,2264],{},[1784,117819,20998],{},[1788,117821,1863],{},[2467,117823,117824,117826],{},[1784,117825,20998],{},[1784,117827,33448],{},[1808,117829,36622],{"encoding":1810}," získáme přesně boxovou identitu výše. Detail viz ",[1068,117832,32174],{"className":117833,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":32173,"href":32171},[1071],[1030,117835,117836],{},"Praktické důsledky Slutského rovnice:",[1112,117838,117839,117889],{},[1115,117840,117841,117842,117871,117872,1075],{},"Pro normální zboží (",[1035,117843,117845],{"className":117844},[1772],[1774,117846,117847],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,117848,117849,117869],{},[1781,117850,117851,117853,117859,117861,117863,117865,117867],{},[1784,117852,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,117854,117855,117857],{},[1784,117856,20998],{},[1784,117858,1857],{},[1784,117860,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,117862,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,117864,3221],{},[1788,117866,2491],{},[2348,117868,2350],{},[1808,117870,37444],{"encoding":1810},") jsou oba členy záporné → Marshallova poptávka klesá v ",[1035,117873,117875],{"className":117874},[1772],[1774,117876,117877],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,117878,117879,117887],{},[1781,117880,117881],{},[1792,117882,117883,117885],{},[1784,117884,2264],{},[1784,117886,20998],{},[1808,117888,36253],{"encoding":1810},[1115,117890,117891,117892,117921,117922,117935,117936,4752,117970,1075],{},"Pro podřadné (",[1035,117893,117895],{"className":117894},[1772],[1774,117896,117897],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,117898,117899,117919],{},[1781,117900,117901,117903,117909,117911,117913,117915,117917],{},[1784,117902,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,117904,117905,117907],{},[1784,117906,20998],{},[1784,117908,1857],{},[1784,117910,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,117912,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,117914,3221],{},[1788,117916,2537],{},[2348,117918,2350],{},[1808,117920,115595],{"encoding":1810},") je druhý člen kladný — když je dost velký (statek tvoří velký podíl výdajů, ",[1035,117923,117925],{"className":117924},[1772],[1774,117926,117927],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,117928,117929,117933],{},[1781,117930,117931],{},[1784,117932,20998],{},[1808,117934,20998],{"encoding":1810}," velké), může převážit nad záporným SE a dostat ",[1035,117937,117939],{"className":117938},[1772],[1774,117940,117941],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,117942,117943,117967],{},[1781,117944,117945,117947,117953,117955,117957,117963,117965],{},[1784,117946,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,117948,117949,117951],{},[1784,117950,20998],{},[1784,117952,1857],{},[1784,117954,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,117956,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,117958,117959,117961],{},[1784,117960,2264],{},[1784,117962,20998],{},[1788,117964,2491],{},[2348,117966,2350],{},[1808,117968,117969],{"encoding":1810},"\\partial X^M\u002F\\partial P_X > 0",[1047,117971,114632],{},[1077,117973,117975],{"id":117974},"_8-srovnání-hicks-vs-slutsky","8. Srovnání Hicks vs. Slutsky",[1153,117977,117978,117989],{},[1156,117979,117980],{},[1159,117981,117982,117985,117987],{},[1162,117983,117984],{},"kritérium",[1162,117986,42330],{},[1162,117988,42333],{},[1172,117990,117991,118048,118093,118139,118148,118159,118170,118181],{},[1159,117992,117993,117996,118016],{},[1177,117994,117995],{},"co se zachovává",[1177,117997,117998,117999],{},"užitek ",[1035,118000,118002],{"className":118001},[1772],[1774,118003,118004],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,118005,118006,118014],{},[1781,118007,118008],{},[1792,118009,118010,118012],{},[1784,118011,2126],{},[2348,118013,2350],{},[1808,118015,33861],{"encoding":1810},[1177,118017,118018,118019],{},"koš ",[1035,118020,118022],{"className":118021},[1772],[1774,118023,118024],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,118025,118026,118046],{},[1781,118027,118028,118030,118036,118038,118044],{},[1788,118029,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,118031,118032,118034],{},[1784,118033,20998],{},[2348,118035,2350],{},[1788,118037,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,118039,118040,118042],{},[1784,118041,21001],{},[2348,118043,2350],{},[1788,118045,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,118047,42393],{"encoding":1810},[1159,118049,118050,118053,118073],{},[1177,118051,118052],{},"pomocná IC",[1177,118054,118055,118056],{},"původní ",[1035,118057,118059],{"className":118058},[1772],[1774,118060,118061],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,118062,118063,118071],{},[1781,118064,118065],{},[1792,118066,118067,118069],{},[1784,118068,2126],{},[2348,118070,2350],{},[1808,118072,33861],{"encoding":1810},[1177,118074,118075,118076],{},"vyšší než ",[1035,118077,118079],{"className":118078},[1772],[1774,118080,118081],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,118082,118083,118091],{},[1781,118084,118085],{},[1792,118086,118087,118089],{},[1784,118088,2126],{},[2348,118090,2350],{},[1808,118092,33861],{"encoding":1810},[1159,118094,118095,118098,118119],{},[1177,118096,118097],{},"pomocná rozpočtová přímka",[1177,118099,118100,118101,118118],{},"tečná k ",[1035,118102,118104],{"className":118103},[1772],[1774,118105,118106],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,118107,118108,118116],{},[1781,118109,118110],{},[1792,118111,118112,118114],{},[1784,118113,2126],{},[2348,118115,2350],{},[1808,118117,33861],{"encoding":1810},", sklon nový",[1177,118120,118121,118122,118118],{},"prochází ",[1035,118123,118125],{"className":118124},[1772],[1774,118126,118127],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,118128,118129,118137],{},[1781,118130,118131],{},[1792,118132,118133,118135],{},[1784,118134,2364],{},[2348,118136,2350],{},[1808,118138,114961],{"encoding":1810},[1159,118140,118141,118144,118146],{},[1177,118142,118143],{},"velikost SE",[1177,118145,9059],{},[1177,118147,117233],{},[1159,118149,118150,118153,118156],{},[1177,118151,118152],{},"pozorovatelnost",[1177,118154,118155],{},"latentní (užitek)",[1177,118157,118158],{},"přímá (koš z dat)",[1159,118160,118161,118164,118167],{},[1177,118162,118163],{},"výhoda",[1177,118165,118166],{},"čisté pojmově, dualita",[1177,118168,118169],{},"empirie, indexy cen",[1159,118171,118172,118175,118178],{},[1177,118173,118174],{},"typické použití",[1177,118176,118177],{},"teoretická analýza, Slutského identita",[1177,118179,118180],{},"aplikovaná ekonomie, CPI",[1159,118182,118183,118206,118209],{},[1177,118184,118185,118186],{},"limita ",[1035,118187,118189],{"className":118188},[1772],[1774,118190,118191],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,118192,118193,118203],{},[1781,118194,118195,118197,118199,118201],{},[1784,118196,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,118198,2264],{},[1788,118200,8824],{},[2348,118202,2350],{},[1808,118204,118205],{"encoding":1810},"\\Delta P \\to 0",[1177,118207,118208],{},"shodují se",[1177,118210,118208],{},[1030,118212,118213],{},"Doporučení: pro odvození a důkazy používáme Hicksův rozklad; pro empirickou aproximaci z reálných dat a pro výpočty přes Laspeyresovy\u002FPaascheho indexy používáme Slutského.",[1077,118215,118217],{"id":118216},"_9-cenový-efekt-pro-normální-zboží","9. Cenový efekt pro normální zboží",[1030,118219,118220,118221,118238],{},"Pro normální zboží jdou SE i IE stejným směrem. Pokud ",[1035,118222,118224],{"className":118223},[1772],[1774,118225,118226],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,118227,118228,118236],{},[1781,118229,118230],{},[1792,118231,118232,118234],{},[1784,118233,2264],{},[1784,118235,20998],{},[1808,118237,36253],{"encoding":1810}," klesne:",[1112,118240,118241,118308],{},[1115,118242,118243,118279,118280,118293,118294,118307],{},[1035,118244,118246],{"className":118245},[1772],[1774,118247,118248],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,118249,118250,118276],{},[1781,118251,118252,118254,118256,118258,118260,118263,118269,118271,118274],{},[1784,118253,3212],{},[1784,118255,2364],{},[1788,118257,1310],{},[2149,118259,21702],{},[1788,118261,118262],{},"↓",[1792,118264,118265,118267],{},[1784,118266,2264],{},[1784,118268,20998],{},[1788,118270,8824],{},[1788,118272,118273],{},"↑",[1784,118275,20998],{},[1808,118277,118278],{"encoding":1810},"SE: \\;\\downarrow P_X \\to \\uparrow X"," (substituce z ",[1035,118281,118283],{"className":118282},[1772],[1774,118284,118285],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,118286,118287,118291],{},[1781,118288,118289],{},[1784,118290,21001],{},[1808,118292,21001],{"encoding":1810}," k levnějšímu ",[1035,118295,118297],{"className":118296},[1772],[1774,118298,118299],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,118300,118301,118305],{},[1781,118302,118303],{},[1784,118304,20998],{},[1808,118306,20998],{"encoding":1810},");",[1115,118309,118310,118355],{},[1035,118311,118313],{"className":118312},[1772],[1774,118314,118315],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,118316,118317,118352],{},[1781,118318,118319,118321,118323,118325,118327,118329,118335,118337,118339,118346,118348,118350],{},[1784,118320,3221],{},[1784,118322,2364],{},[1788,118324,1310],{},[2149,118326,21702],{},[1788,118328,118262],{},[1792,118330,118331,118333],{},[1784,118332,2264],{},[1784,118334,20998],{},[1788,118336,8824],{},[1788,118338,118273],{},[1792,118340,118341,118343],{},[1784,118342,3221],{},[2149,118344,118345],{},"real",[1788,118347,8824],{},[1788,118349,118273],{},[1784,118351,20998],{},[1808,118353,118354],{"encoding":1810},"IE: \\;\\downarrow P_X \\to \\uparrow I_{\\text{real}} \\to \\uparrow X"," (vyšší kupní síla, X normální).",[1030,118357,118358,118359,22866,118372,118375,118376,118393,118394,118427,118428,118460],{},"Oba efekty zvyšují ",[1035,118360,118362],{"className":118361},[1772],[1774,118363,118364],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,118365,118366,118370],{},[1781,118367,118368],{},[1784,118369,20998],{},[1808,118371,20998],{"encoding":1810},[1047,118373,118374],{},"Marshallova poptávka po normálním zboží je vždy klesající"," v ",[1035,118377,118379],{"className":118378},[1772],[1774,118380,118381],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,118382,118383,118391],{},[1781,118384,118385],{},[1792,118386,118387,118389],{},[1784,118388,2264],{},[1784,118390,20998],{},[1808,118392,36253],{"encoding":1810},". Graficky to odpovídá třem bodům ",[1035,118395,118397],{"className":118396},[1772],[1774,118398,118399],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,118400,118401,118425],{},[1781,118402,118403,118409,118411,118417,118419],{},[1792,118404,118405,118407],{},[1784,118406,2364],{},[2348,118408,2350],{},[1788,118410,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,118412,118413,118415],{},[1784,118414,2364],{},[2348,118416,2374],{},[1788,118418,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,118420,118421,118423],{},[1784,118422,2364],{},[2348,118424,4593],{},[1808,118426,115987],{"encoding":1810},", všem posunutým vpravo, kde ",[1035,118429,118431],{"className":118430},[1772],[1774,118432,118433],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,118434,118435,118457],{},[1781,118436,118437,118439,118441,118443,118445,118447,118449,118451,118453,118455],{},[1784,118438,2270],{},[1784,118440,3212],{},[1788,118442,1863],{},[1784,118444,2270],{},[1784,118446,1860],{},[1788,118448,2637],{},[1784,118450,1860],{},[1784,118452,3212],{},[1788,118454,2491],{},[2348,118456,2350],{},[1808,118458,118459],{"encoding":1810},"QS = QR + RS > 0"," pro pokles ceny.",[1077,118462,118464],{"id":118463},"_10-cenový-efekt-pro-podřadné-zboží","10. Cenový efekt pro podřadné zboží",[1030,118466,118467,118468,1310],{},"Pro podřadné (inferiorní, ne ovšem Giffenovo) zboží jdou SE a IE ",[1091,118469,118470],{},"proti sobě",[1112,118472,118473,118508],{},[1115,118474,118475,49448],{},[1035,118476,118478],{"className":118477},[1772],[1774,118479,118480],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,118481,118482,118506],{},[1781,118483,118484,118486,118488,118490,118492,118494,118500,118502,118504],{},[1784,118485,3212],{},[1784,118487,2364],{},[1788,118489,1310],{},[2149,118491,21702],{},[1788,118493,118262],{},[1792,118495,118496,118498],{},[1784,118497,2264],{},[1784,118499,20998],{},[1788,118501,8824],{},[1788,118503,118273],{},[1784,118505,20998],{},[1808,118507,118278],{"encoding":1810},[1115,118509,118510,118554],{},[1035,118511,118513],{"className":118512},[1772],[1774,118514,118515],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,118516,118517,118551],{},[1781,118518,118519,118521,118523,118525,118527,118529,118535,118537,118539,118545,118547,118549],{},[1784,118520,3221],{},[1784,118522,2364],{},[1788,118524,1310],{},[2149,118526,21702],{},[1788,118528,118262],{},[1792,118530,118531,118533],{},[1784,118532,2264],{},[1784,118534,20998],{},[1788,118536,8824],{},[1788,118538,118273],{},[1792,118540,118541,118543],{},[1784,118542,3221],{},[2149,118544,118345],{},[1788,118546,8824],{},[1788,118548,118262],{},[1784,118550,20998],{},[1808,118552,118553],{"encoding":1810},"IE: \\;\\downarrow P_X \\to \\uparrow I_{\\text{real}} \\to \\downarrow X"," (X podřadné).",[1030,118556,118557,118558,118561,118562,118565],{},"Tuto situaci lze popsat slovy: „substituční a důchodový efekt se ",[1091,118559,118560],{},"přetahují","\". Výsledný cenový efekt je ",[1091,118563,118564],{},"součet"," dvou opačně orientovaných sil:",[1112,118567,118568,118604],{},[1115,118569,1270,118570,118600,118601,118603],{},[1035,118571,118573],{"className":118572},[1772],[1774,118574,118575],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,118576,118577,118597],{},[1781,118578,118579,118581,118583,118585,118587,118589,118591,118593,118595],{},[1784,118580,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,118582,3212],{},[1784,118584,2364],{},[1784,118586,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,118588,2491],{},[1784,118590,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,118592,3221],{},[1784,118594,2364],{},[1784,118596,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,118598,118599],{"encoding":1810},"|SE| > |IE|"," — typické pro mírně podřadné statky — D křivka stále klesá, ale je ",[1091,118602,40672],{}," než pro normální zboží.",[1115,118605,1270,118606,118636,118637,1075],{},[1035,118607,118609],{"className":118608},[1772],[1774,118610,118611],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,118612,118613,118633],{},[1781,118614,118615,118617,118619,118621,118623,118625,118627,118629,118631],{},[1784,118616,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,118618,3212],{},[1784,118620,2364],{},[1784,118622,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,118624,2537],{},[1784,118626,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,118628,3221],{},[1784,118630,2364],{},[1784,118632,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,118634,118635],{"encoding":1810},"|SE| \u003C |IE|"," — typické pro statky tvořící velkou část rozpočtu chudých domácností bez substitutů — vzniká ",[1047,118638,115892],{},[1077,118640,118642],{"id":118641},"_11-giffenův-paradox","11. Giffenův paradox",[1023,118644,118646,118652],{"className":118645,"dataCallout":3501},[1026,3500],[1030,118647,118649,21676],{"className":118648},[1033],[1035,118650],{"className":118651,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,3508,1040],[1030,118653,118654,118657,118658,118661,118662,118665,118666,118669,118670,118672],{},[1047,118655,118656],{},"Giffenovo zboží"," je takové podřadné zboží, u nějž ",[1047,118659,118660],{},"kladný důchodový efekt převáží nad záporným substitučním",", takže s ",[1047,118663,118664],{},"poklesem ceny poptávané množství klesá"," a s ",[1047,118667,118668],{},"růstem ceny roste",". Marshallova poptávka po Giffenově zboží je ",[1091,118671,31518],{}," v ceně.",[1030,118674,1258],{},[1260,118676,118677,118693,118731,118750],{},[1115,118678,118679,118692],{},[1035,118680,118682],{"className":118681},[1772],[1774,118683,118684],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,118685,118686,118690],{},[1781,118687,118688],{},[1784,118689,20998],{},[1808,118691,20998],{"encoding":1810}," je silně podřadné — s rostoucím důchodem ho spotřebitel rád nahrazuje lepšími statky.",[1115,118694,118695,118708,118709,118712,118713,118730],{},[1035,118696,118698],{"className":118697},[1772],[1774,118699,118700],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,118701,118702,118706],{},[1781,118703,118704],{},[1784,118705,20998],{},[1808,118707,20998],{"encoding":1810}," tvoří ",[1047,118710,118711],{},"značnou část"," spotřebitelových výdajů — pokles ",[1035,118714,118716],{"className":118715},[1772],[1774,118717,118718],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,118719,118720,118728],{},[1781,118721,118722],{},[1792,118723,118724,118726],{},[1784,118725,2264],{},[1784,118727,20998],{},[1808,118729,36253],{"encoding":1810}," způsobí velký nárůst reálného důchodu.",[1115,118732,118733,24775,118746,118749],{},[1035,118734,118736],{"className":118735},[1772],[1774,118737,118738],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,118739,118740,118744],{},[1781,118741,118742],{},[1784,118743,20998],{},[1808,118745,20998],{"encoding":1810},[1047,118747,118748],{},"základní životní potřeba"," — nelze ji jednoduše substituovat ničím jiným.",[1115,118751,118752],{},"Žádné blízké substituty neexistují → SE je malý.",[1030,118754,118755,118756,118769,118770,118788,118789,118792,118793,118806,118807,118820],{},"Pak: zlevnění ",[1035,118757,118759],{"className":118758},[1772],[1774,118760,118761],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,118762,118763,118767],{},[1781,118764,118765],{},[1784,118766,20998],{},[1808,118768,20998],{"encoding":1810}," → velký nárůst ",[1035,118771,118773],{"className":118772},[1772],[1774,118774,118775],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,118776,118777,118785],{},[1781,118778,118779],{},[1792,118780,118781,118783],{},[1784,118782,3221],{},[2149,118784,118345],{},[1808,118786,118787],{"encoding":1810},"I_{\\text{real}}"," → spotřebitel si za uvolněné peníze koupí ",[1091,118790,118791],{},"jiné, lepší"," statky a ",[1035,118794,118796],{"className":118795},[1772],[1774,118797,118798],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,118799,118800,118804],{},[1781,118801,118802],{},[1784,118803,20998],{},[1808,118805,20998],{"encoding":1810}," omezí. Záporný (silně) IE > záporný (slabě) SE → poptávané množství ",[1035,118808,118810],{"className":118809},[1772],[1774,118811,118812],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,118813,118814,118818],{},[1781,118815,118816],{},[1784,118817,20998],{},[1808,118819,20998],{"encoding":1810}," klesá.",[1023,118822,118824,118831],{"className":118823,"dataCallout":25986},[1026,25985],[1030,118825,118827,118830],{"className":118826},[1033],[1035,118828],{"className":118829,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,25993,1040],"Klasické historické příklady",[1112,118832,118833,118842,118848],{},[1115,118834,118835,118838,118839,118841],{},[1047,118836,118837],{},"Brambory v Irsku během hladomoru 1845–1849."," Brambory tvořily většinu kalorického příjmu chudé populace. Když cena brambor v důsledku úrody-i-poškození rostla, chudá rodina nemohla nahradit brambory masem (na to nebyly peníze) a místo toho omezila i ty malé výdaje na maso — a kupovala ",[1091,118840,52170],{}," brambor, ne méně. Empiricky kontroverzní; klasickou fenomenologii popsal Robert Giffen.",[1115,118843,118844,118847],{},[1047,118845,118846],{},"Rýže a chléb v některých chudých regionech Asie a Číny"," (studie Jensen & Miller, Hunan a Gansu, kolem 2007).",[1115,118849,118850],{},"Stručně: „Při zdražení zboží Y poptávka po něm vzrostla.\"",[1023,118852,118854,118861],{"className":118853,"dataCallout":1608},[1026,1607],[1030,118855,118857,118860],{"className":118856},[1033],[1035,118858],{"className":118859,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1615,1040],"Vztah ke Slutského rovnici",[1030,118862,118863,118864,118962,118963,118976,118977,119002,119003,119023],{},"Giffen ",[1035,118865,118867],{"className":118866},[1772],[1774,118868,118869],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,118870,118871,118959],{},[1781,118872,118873,118875,118877,118879,118881,118887,118889,118891,118897,118899,118901,118903,118905,118907,118909,118911,118913,118915,118921,118923,118925,118927,118929,118931,118933,118939,118941,118943,118949,118951,118953,118955,118957],{},[2149,118874,21702],{},[1788,118876,43125],{},[2149,118878,21702],{},[1784,118880,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,118882,118883,118885],{},[1784,118884,20998],{},[1784,118886,1857],{},[1784,118888,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,118890,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,118892,118893,118895],{},[1784,118894,2264],{},[1784,118896,20998],{},[1788,118898,2491],{},[2348,118900,2350],{},[2149,118902,21702],{},[1788,118904,43125],{},[2149,118906,21702],{},[1788,118908,2371],{},[1784,118910,20998],{},[1788,118912,2267],{},[1784,118914,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,118916,118917,118919],{},[1784,118918,20998],{},[1784,118920,1857],{},[1784,118922,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,118924,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,118926,3221],{},[1788,118928,2491],{},[1788,118930,2371],{},[1784,118932,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,118934,118935,118937],{},[1784,118936,20998],{},[1784,118938,33448],{},[1784,118940,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,118942,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,118944,118945,118947],{},[1784,118946,2264],{},[1784,118948,20998],{},[1788,118950,1863],{},[1784,118952,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,118954,3212],{},[1784,118956,2364],{},[1784,118958,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,118960,118961],{"encoding":1810},"\\iff \\partial X^M\u002F\\partial P_X > 0 \\iff -X \\cdot \\partial X^M\u002F\\partial I > -\\partial X^H\u002F\\partial P_X = |SE|",". Druhá podmínka rozepíše: ",[1035,118964,118966],{"className":118965},[1772],[1774,118967,118968],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,118969,118970,118974],{},[1781,118971,118972],{},[1784,118973,20998],{},[1808,118975,20998],{"encoding":1810}," velké (hlavní výdajová položka), ",[1035,118978,118980],{"className":118979},[1772],[1774,118981,118982],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,118983,118984,119000],{},[1781,118985,118986,118988,118994,118996,118998],{},[1784,118987,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,118989,118990,118992],{},[1784,118991,20998],{},[1784,118993,1857],{},[1784,118995,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,118997,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,118999,3221],{},[1808,119001,37375],{"encoding":1810}," silně záporné (silně podřadné), ",[1035,119004,119006],{"className":119005},[1772],[1774,119007,119008],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,119009,119010,119020],{},[1781,119011,119012,119014,119016,119018],{},[1784,119013,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,119015,3212],{},[1784,119017,2364],{},[1784,119019,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,119021,119022],{"encoding":1810},"|SE|"," malé (málo substitutů).",[1023,119025,119027,119034],{"className":119026,"dataCallout":3501},[1026,3500],[1030,119028,119030,119033],{"className":119029},[1033],[1035,119031],{"className":119032,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,3508,1040],"Každý Giffen je podřadný, ne každé podřadné zboží je Giffen.",[1030,119035,119036,119037,119040],{},"Podmínka „podřadný\" je ",[1091,119038,119039],{},"nutná",", ale ne dostatečná. Většina podřadných statků (např. rohlíky pro středostavovskou rodinu) má příliš malý podíl na rozpočtu, takže IE je nedostatečně silný k převažení nad SE.",[1077,119042,119044],{"id":119043},"_12-cenová-spotřební-křivka-pcc","12. Cenová spotřební křivka (PCC)",[1023,119046,119048,119054],{"className":119047,"dataCallout":582},[1026,1225],[1030,119049,119051,21676],{"className":119050},[1033],[1035,119052],{"className":119053,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1232,1040],[1030,119055,119056,119059,119060,119098,119099,119116,119117,1062,119134,119147],{},[1047,119057,119058],{},"Cenová spotřební křivka (Price Consumption Curve, PCC)"," je trajektorie spotřebitelových optim ",[1035,119061,119063],{"className":119062},[1772],[1774,119064,119065],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,119066,119067,119095],{},[1781,119068,119069,119075,119077,119083,119085,119091,119093],{},[1792,119070,119071,119073],{},[1784,119072,2364],{},[2348,119074,2350],{},[1788,119076,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,119078,119079,119081],{},[1784,119080,2364],{},[2348,119082,2374],{},[1788,119084,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,119086,119087,119089],{},[1784,119088,2364],{},[2348,119090,4593],{},[1788,119092,1138],{"separator":1041},[1788,119094,12008],{},[1808,119096,119097],{"encoding":1810},"E_0, E_1, E_2, \\dots"," při různých hodnotách ",[1035,119100,119102],{"className":119101},[1772],[1774,119103,119104],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,119105,119106,119114],{},[1781,119107,119108],{},[1792,119109,119110,119112],{},[1784,119111,2264],{},[1784,119113,20998],{},[1808,119115,36253],{"encoding":1810},", zatímco ",[1035,119118,119120],{"className":119119},[1772],[1774,119121,119122],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,119123,119124,119132],{},[1781,119125,119126],{},[1792,119127,119128,119130],{},[1784,119129,2264],{},[1784,119131,21001],{},[1808,119133,39555],{"encoding":1810},[1035,119135,119137],{"className":119136},[1772],[1774,119138,119139],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,119140,119141,119145],{},[1781,119142,119143],{},[1784,119144,3221],{},[1808,119146,3221],{"encoding":1810}," jsou konstantní.",[1030,119149,119150,119151,119168,119169,119190,119191,119218,119219,1075],{},"Jinak řečeno: pro každou hodnotu ",[1035,119152,119154],{"className":119153},[1772],[1774,119155,119156],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,119157,119158,119166],{},[1781,119159,119160],{},[1792,119161,119162,119164],{},[1784,119163,2264],{},[1784,119165,20998],{},[1808,119167,36253],{"encoding":1810}," máme rozpočtovou přímku, na ní tečné optimum, a body všech těchto optim spojené v rovině ",[1035,119170,119172],{"className":119171},[1772],[1774,119173,119174],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,119175,119176,119188],{},[1781,119177,119178,119180,119182,119184,119186],{},[1788,119179,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,119181,20998],{},[1788,119183,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,119185,21001],{},[1788,119187,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,119189,104389],{"encoding":1810}," tvoří PCC. Z PCC se přímo odvozuje individuální Marshallova poptávková křivka ",[1035,119192,119194],{"className":119193},[1772],[1774,119195,119196],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,119197,119198,119216],{},[1781,119199,119200,119206,119208,119214],{},[2467,119201,119202,119204],{},[1784,119203,20998],{},[1784,119205,1857],{},[1788,119207,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,119209,119210,119212],{},[1784,119211,2264],{},[1784,119213,20998],{},[1788,119215,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,119217,40668],{"encoding":1810}," — projekcí každého bodu PCC do roviny ",[1035,119220,119222],{"className":119221},[1772],[1774,119223,119224],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,119225,119226,119242],{},[1781,119227,119228,119230,119232,119234,119240],{},[1788,119229,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,119231,20998],{},[1788,119233,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,119235,119236,119238],{},[1784,119237,2264],{},[1784,119239,20998],{},[1788,119241,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,119243,119244],{"encoding":1810},"(X, P_X)",[1100,119246,119248],{"id":119247},"_121-tvar-pcc-a-elasticita-poptávky","12.1 Tvar PCC a elasticita poptávky",[1030,119250,119251,119252,119256,119257,12494,119270,119292,119293,119306,119307,119320,119321,118238],{},"Vztah mezi sklonem PCC a ",[1068,119253,119255],{"className":119254,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":2388,"href":2389},[1071],"cenovou elasticitou poptávky",": výdaje na ",[1035,119258,119260],{"className":119259},[1772],[1774,119261,119262],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,119263,119264,119268],{},[1781,119265,119266],{},[1784,119267,20998],{},[1808,119269,20998],{"encoding":1810},[1035,119271,119273],{"className":119272},[1772],[1774,119274,119275],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,119276,119277,119289],{},[1781,119278,119279,119285,119287],{},[1792,119280,119281,119283],{},[1784,119282,2264],{},[1784,119284,20998],{},[1788,119286,2267],{},[1784,119288,20998],{},[1808,119290,119291],{"encoding":1810},"P_X \\cdot X",". Pohybem podél PCC se výdaje na ",[1035,119294,119296],{"className":119295},[1772],[1774,119297,119298],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,119299,119300,119304],{},[1781,119301,119302],{},[1784,119303,21001],{},[1808,119305,21001],{"encoding":1810}," mění opačně k výdajům na ",[1035,119308,119310],{"className":119309},[1772],[1774,119311,119312],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,119313,119314,119318],{},[1781,119315,119316],{},[1784,119317,20998],{},[1808,119319,20998],{"encoding":1810}," (kvůli rozpočtovému omezení). Když cena ",[1035,119322,119324],{"className":119323},[1772],[1774,119325,119326],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,119327,119328,119332],{},[1781,119329,119330],{},[1784,119331,20998],{},[1808,119333,20998],{"encoding":1810},[1112,119335,119336,119434,119498],{},[1115,119337,119338,119369,119370,119383,119384,113750,119386,1062,119399,113750,119402,119415,119416,119419,119420,119433],{},[1047,119339,119340,119341,2192],{},"Pružná poptávka (",[1035,119342,119344],{"className":119343},[1772],[1774,119345,119346],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,119347,119348,119366],{},[1781,119349,119350,119352,119360,119362,119364],{},[1784,119351,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[13587,119353,119354,119356,119358],{},[1784,119355,2364],{},[1784,119357,20998],{},[1784,119359,2264],{},[1784,119361,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,119363,2491],{},[2348,119365,2374],{},[1808,119367,119368],{"encoding":1810},"|E_X^P| > 1"," — výdaje na ",[1035,119371,119373],{"className":119372},[1772],[1774,119374,119375],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,119376,119377,119381],{},[1781,119378,119379],{},[1784,119380,20998],{},[1808,119382,20998],{"encoding":1810}," rostou (procentní pokles ceny vyvolá větší procentní růst poptávaného množství). Spotřebitel utrácí ",[1091,119385,52170],{},[1035,119387,119389],{"className":119388},[1772],[1774,119390,119391],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,119392,119393,119397],{},[1781,119394,119395],{},[1784,119396,20998],{},[1808,119398,20998],{"encoding":1810},[1091,119400,119401],{},"míň",[1035,119403,119405],{"className":119404},[1772],[1774,119406,119407],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,119408,119409,119413],{},[1781,119410,119411],{},[1784,119412,21001],{},[1808,119414,21001],{"encoding":1810}," → bod se na PCC posune ",[1091,119417,119418],{},"dolů"," (méně ",[1035,119421,119423],{"className":119422},[1772],[1774,119424,119425],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,119426,119427,119431],{},[1781,119428,119429],{},[1784,119430,21001],{},[1808,119432,21001],{"encoding":1810},"). PCC klesá.",[1115,119435,119436,119369,119467,119480,119481,119494,119495,1075],{},[1047,119437,119438,119439,2192],{},"Jednotková elasticita (",[1035,119440,119442],{"className":119441},[1772],[1774,119443,119444],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,119445,119446,119464],{},[1781,119447,119448,119450,119458,119460,119462],{},[1784,119449,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[13587,119451,119452,119454,119456],{},[1784,119453,2364],{},[1784,119455,20998],{},[1784,119457,2264],{},[1784,119459,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,119461,1863],{},[2348,119463,2374],{},[1808,119465,119466],{"encoding":1810},"|E_X^P| = 1",[1035,119468,119470],{"className":119469},[1772],[1774,119471,119472],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,119473,119474,119478],{},[1781,119475,119476],{},[1784,119477,20998],{},[1808,119479,20998],{"encoding":1810}," se nemění, takže ani výdaje na ",[1035,119482,119484],{"className":119483},[1772],[1774,119485,119486],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,119487,119488,119492],{},[1781,119489,119490],{},[1784,119491,21001],{},[1808,119493,21001],{"encoding":1810}," se nemění → PCC je ",[1091,119496,119497],{},"vodorovná",[1115,119499,119500,119369,119531,119544,119545,119558,119559,1075],{},[1047,119501,119502,119503,2192],{},"Nepružná poptávka (",[1035,119504,119506],{"className":119505},[1772],[1774,119507,119508],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,119509,119510,119528],{},[1781,119511,119512,119514,119522,119524,119526],{},[1784,119513,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[13587,119515,119516,119518,119520],{},[1784,119517,2364],{},[1784,119519,20998],{},[1784,119521,2264],{},[1784,119523,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,119525,2537],{},[2348,119527,2374],{},[1808,119529,119530],{"encoding":1810},"|E_X^P| \u003C 1",[1035,119532,119534],{"className":119533},[1772],[1774,119535,119536],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,119537,119538,119542],{},[1781,119539,119540],{},[1784,119541,20998],{},[1808,119543,20998],{"encoding":1810}," klesají, výdaje na ",[1035,119546,119548],{"className":119547},[1772],[1774,119549,119550],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,119551,119552,119556],{},[1781,119553,119554],{},[1784,119555,21001],{},[1808,119557,21001],{"encoding":1810}," rostou → PCC roste ",[1091,119560,119561],{},"vpravo nahoru",[1100,119563,119565],{"id":119564},"_122-pcc-pro-giffenovo-zboží","12.2 PCC pro Giffenovo zboží",[1030,119567,119568,119569,119572,119573,119590,119591,119419,119593,119606,119607,119632],{},"Pro Giffenovo zboží má PCC ",[1091,119570,119571],{},"netypický"," tvar: při poklesu ",[1035,119574,119576],{"className":119575},[1772],[1774,119577,119578],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,119579,119580,119588],{},[1781,119581,119582],{},[1792,119583,119584,119586],{},[1784,119585,2264],{},[1784,119587,20998],{},[1808,119589,36253],{"encoding":1810}," se optimum posune ",[1091,119592,60116],{},[1035,119594,119596],{"className":119595},[1772],[1774,119597,119598],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,119599,119600,119604],{},[1781,119601,119602],{},[1784,119603,20998],{},[1808,119605,20998],{"encoding":1810},"), nikoli vpravo. PCC tedy ohýbá zpět, a odpovídající projekce do ",[1035,119608,119610],{"className":119609},[1772],[1774,119611,119612],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,119613,119614,119630],{},[1781,119615,119616,119618,119620,119622,119628],{},[1788,119617,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,119619,20998],{},[1788,119621,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,119623,119624,119626],{},[1784,119625,2264],{},[1784,119627,20998],{},[1788,119629,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,119631,119244],{"encoding":1810}," je rostoucí — to je rostoucí Marshallova poptávka po Giffenovi.",[1077,119634,119636],{"id":119635},"_13-důchodová-spotřební-křivka-icc","13. Důchodová spotřební křivka (ICC)",[1023,119638,119640,119646],{"className":119639,"dataCallout":582},[1026,1225],[1030,119641,119643,21676],{"className":119642},[1033],[1035,119644],{"className":119645,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1232,1040],[1030,119647,119648,119651,119652,119116,119665,119690],{},[1047,119649,119650],{},"Důchodová spotřební křivka (Income Consumption Curve, ICC)"," je trajektorie spotřebitelových optim při různých hodnotách peněžního důchodu ",[1035,119653,119655],{"className":119654},[1772],[1774,119656,119657],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,119658,119659,119663],{},[1781,119660,119661],{},[1784,119662,3221],{},[1808,119664,3221],{"encoding":1810},[1035,119666,119668],{"className":119667},[1772],[1774,119669,119670],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,119671,119672,119688],{},[1781,119673,119674,119680,119682],{},[1792,119675,119676,119678],{},[1784,119677,2264],{},[1784,119679,20998],{},[1788,119681,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,119683,119684,119686],{},[1784,119685,2264],{},[1784,119687,21001],{},[1808,119689,34249],{"encoding":1810}," jsou konstantní (a nemění se preference, ceteris paribus).",[1030,119692,119693,119694,119707,119708,119711],{},"Při růstu ",[1035,119695,119697],{"className":119696},[1772],[1774,119698,119699],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,119700,119701,119705],{},[1781,119702,119703],{},[1784,119704,3221],{},[1808,119706,3221],{"encoding":1810}," se rozpočtová přímka ",[1091,119709,119710],{},"paralelně"," posouvá vpravo nahoru, sklon zůstává stejný. Optima se posouvají po IC vyšších tříd, a jejich spojnice je ICC.",[1100,119713,119715],{"id":119714},"_131-tvar-icc-podle-typu-zboží","13.1 Tvar ICC podle typu zboží",[1030,119717,119718],{},"Rozlišujeme tři typické tvary:",[1112,119720,119721,119753,119830],{},[1115,119722,119723,119752],{},[1047,119724,119725,51447,119738,119751],{},[1035,119726,119728],{"className":119727},[1772],[1774,119729,119730],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,119731,119732,119736],{},[1781,119733,119734],{},[1784,119735,20998],{},[1808,119737,20998],{"encoding":1810},[1035,119739,119741],{"className":119740},[1772],[1774,119742,119743],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,119744,119745,119749],{},[1781,119746,119747],{},[1784,119748,21001],{},[1808,119750,21001],{"encoding":1810}," normální"," — ICC stoupá vpravo nahoru, zhruba pod úhlem 45° (přesně 45° pro homotetické preference jako Cobb-Douglas).",[1115,119754,119755,119784,119785,119788,119789,119802,119803,119816,119817,1075],{},[1047,119756,119757,119770,119771,119751],{},[1035,119758,119760],{"className":119759},[1772],[1774,119761,119762],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,119763,119764,119768],{},[1781,119765,119766],{},[1784,119767,20998],{},[1808,119769,20998],{"encoding":1810}," podřadné, ",[1035,119772,119774],{"className":119773},[1772],[1774,119775,119776],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,119777,119778,119782],{},[1781,119779,119780],{},[1784,119781,21001],{},[1808,119783,21001],{"encoding":1810}," — ICC se po jisté úrovni důchodu ",[1091,119786,119787],{},"odklání vlevo"," (klesá ",[1035,119790,119792],{"className":119791},[1772],[1774,119793,119794],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,119795,119796,119800],{},[1781,119797,119798],{},[1784,119799,20998],{},[1808,119801,20998],{"encoding":1810},", roste ",[1035,119804,119806],{"className":119805},[1772],[1774,119807,119808],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,119809,119810,119814],{},[1781,119811,119812],{},[1784,119813,21001],{},[1808,119815,21001],{"encoding":1810},"). Spotřebitel s vyšším příjmem omezuje podřadný ",[1035,119818,119820],{"className":119819},[1772],[1774,119821,119822],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,119823,119824,119828],{},[1781,119825,119826],{},[1784,119827,20998],{},[1808,119829,20998],{"encoding":1810},[1115,119831,119832,119784,119860,119863,119864,119877,119878,2440],{},[1047,119833,119834,119770,119847,119751],{},[1035,119835,119837],{"className":119836},[1772],[1774,119838,119839],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,119840,119841,119845],{},[1781,119842,119843],{},[1784,119844,21001],{},[1808,119846,21001],{"encoding":1810},[1035,119848,119850],{"className":119849},[1772],[1774,119851,119852],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,119853,119854,119858],{},[1781,119855,119856],{},[1784,119857,20998],{},[1808,119859,20998],{"encoding":1810},[1091,119861,119862],{},"odklání dolů"," (roste ",[1035,119865,119867],{"className":119866},[1772],[1774,119868,119869],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,119870,119871,119875],{},[1781,119872,119873],{},[1784,119874,20998],{},[1808,119876,20998],{"encoding":1810},", klesá ",[1035,119879,119881],{"className":119880},[1772],[1774,119882,119883],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,119884,119885,119889],{},[1781,119886,119887],{},[1784,119888,21001],{},[1808,119890,21001],{"encoding":1810},[1030,119892,119893,119894,119896,119897,119915,119916,119919],{},"Statek nemůže být podřadný v ",[1091,119895,46663],{}," rozsahu důchodů — pro ",[1035,119898,119900],{"className":119899},[1772],[1774,119901,119902],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,119903,119904,119912],{},[1781,119905,119906,119908,119910],{},[1784,119907,3221],{},[1788,119909,8824],{},[2348,119911,2350],{},[1808,119913,119914],{"encoding":1810},"I \\to 0"," musí být každý spotřebovávaný statek normální (jinak by jeho spotřeba byla z definice nulová). Statek je tedy obvykle normální v ",[1091,119917,119918],{},"nízkých"," příjmech a stává se podřadným až nad jistou úrovní.",[1100,119921,119923],{"id":119922},"_132-vliv-změny-ceny-na-icc","13.2 Vliv změny ceny na ICC",[1030,119925,119926,119927,119944,119945,119948,119949,119962,119963,119976,119977,119990],{},"Pokles ",[1035,119928,119930],{"className":119929},[1772],[1774,119931,119932],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,119933,119934,119942],{},[1781,119935,119936],{},[1792,119937,119938,119940],{},[1784,119939,2264],{},[1784,119941,20998],{},[1808,119943,36253],{"encoding":1810}," změní ",[1091,119946,119947],{},"sklon"," všech rozpočtových přímek a tedy přesune i ICC. Po zlevnění ",[1035,119950,119952],{"className":119951},[1772],[1774,119953,119954],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,119955,119956,119960],{},[1781,119957,119958],{},[1784,119959,20998],{},[1808,119961,20998],{"encoding":1810}," se každé optimum při daném ",[1035,119964,119966],{"className":119965},[1772],[1774,119967,119968],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,119969,119970,119974],{},[1781,119971,119972],{},[1784,119973,3221],{},[1808,119975,3221],{"encoding":1810}," posune vpravo (více ",[1035,119978,119980],{"className":119979},[1772],[1774,119981,119982],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,119983,119984,119988],{},[1781,119985,119986],{},[1784,119987,20998],{},[1808,119989,20998],{"encoding":1810},"), takže celá ICC se posune vpravo. To je ekvivalentní pohybu podél PCC pro každou hodnotu důchodu.",[1077,119992,119994],{"id":119993},"_14-engelovy-křivky","14. Engelovy křivky",[1023,119996,119998,120004],{"className":119997,"dataCallout":582},[1026,1225],[1030,119999,120001,21676],{"className":120000},[1033],[1035,120002],{"className":120003,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1232,1040],[1030,120005,120006,116138,120008,120021,120022,120045,120046,120059,120060,120085],{},[1047,120007,114652],{},[1035,120009,120011],{"className":120010},[1772],[1774,120012,120013],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,120014,120015,120019],{},[1781,120016,120017],{},[1784,120018,20998],{},[1808,120020,20998],{"encoding":1810}," je funkce ",[1035,120023,120025],{"className":120024},[1772],[1774,120026,120027],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,120028,120029,120043],{},[1781,120030,120031,120037,120039,120041],{},[2467,120032,120033,120035],{},[1784,120034,20998],{},[1788,120036,7763],{},[1788,120038,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,120040,3221],{},[1788,120042,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,120044,114676],{"encoding":1810},", vyjadřující optimální spotřebu ",[1035,120047,120049],{"className":120048},[1772],[1774,120050,120051],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,120052,120053,120057],{},[1781,120054,120055],{},[1784,120056,20998],{},[1808,120058,20998],{"encoding":1810}," jako funkci důchodu při fixních cenách. Geometricky se Engelova křivka ",[1091,120061,120062,120063],{},"kreslí v rovině ",[1035,120064,120066],{"className":120065},[1772],[1774,120067,120068],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,120069,120070,120082],{},[1781,120071,120072,120074,120076,120078,120080],{},[1788,120073,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,120075,20998],{},[1788,120077,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,120079,3221],{},[1788,120081,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,120083,120084],{"encoding":1810},"(X, I)"," a získává se přímo projekcí ICC.",[1100,120087,120089],{"id":120088},"_141-konstrukce-z-icc","14.1 Konstrukce z ICC",[1030,120091,120092],{},"Postup:",[1260,120094,120095,120135,120191],{},[1115,120096,120097,120098,120111,120112,1075],{},"Pro každou hodnotu ",[1035,120099,120101],{"className":120100},[1772],[1774,120102,120103],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,120104,120105,120109],{},[1781,120106,120107],{},[1784,120108,3221],{},[1808,120110,3221],{"encoding":1810}," najdi optimum na ICC, odečti ",[1035,120113,120115],{"className":120114},[1772],[1774,120116,120117],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,120118,120119,120133],{},[1781,120120,120121,120127,120129,120131],{},[2467,120122,120123,120125],{},[1784,120124,20998],{},[1788,120126,7763],{},[1788,120128,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,120130,3221],{},[1788,120132,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,120134,114676],{"encoding":1810},[1115,120136,81645,120137,120158,120159,1075],{},[1035,120138,120140],{"className":120139},[1772],[1774,120141,120142],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,120143,120144,120156],{},[1781,120145,120146,120148,120150,120152,120154],{},[1788,120147,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,120149,20998],{},[1788,120151,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,120153,3221],{},[1788,120155,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,120157,120084],{"encoding":1810}," vynes bod ",[1035,120160,120162],{"className":120161},[1772],[1774,120163,120164],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,120165,120166,120188],{},[1781,120167,120168,120170,120176,120178,120180,120182,120184,120186],{},[1788,120169,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2467,120171,120172,120174],{},[1784,120173,20998],{},[1788,120175,7763],{},[1788,120177,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,120179,3221],{},[1788,120181,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,120183,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,120185,3221],{},[1788,120187,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,120189,120190],{"encoding":1810},"(X^*(I), I)",[1115,120192,120193],{},"Spojení těchto bodů je Engelova křivka.",[1100,120195,120197],{"id":120196},"_142-tvary-engelových-křivek","14.2 Tvary Engelových křivek",[1030,120199,120200],{},"Typické tvary:",[1112,120202,120203,120280,120344],{},[1115,120204,120205,120207,120208,120238,120239],{},[1047,120206,115489],{}," — Engelova křivka je rostoucí, ",[1035,120209,120211],{"className":120210},[1772],[1774,120212,120213],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,120214,120215,120235],{},[1781,120216,120217,120219,120225,120227,120229,120231,120233],{},[1784,120218,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,120220,120221,120223],{},[1784,120222,20998],{},[1788,120224,7763],{},[1784,120226,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,120228,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,120230,3221],{},[1788,120232,2491],{},[2348,120234,2350],{},[1808,120236,120237],{"encoding":1810},"\\partial X^*\u002F\\partial I > 0",".\n",[1112,120240,120241,120247],{},[1115,120242,120243,120246],{},[1047,120244,120245],{},"Nezbytný statek"," — roste, ale konkávně (mezní sklon klesá s důchodem).",[1115,120248,120249,120252,120253,120266,120267,2440],{},[1047,120250,120251],{},"Luxusní statek"," — roste konvexně (mezní sklon roste s důchodem; podíl výdajů na ",[1035,120254,120256],{"className":120255},[1772],[1774,120257,120258],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,120259,120260,120264],{},[1781,120261,120262],{},[1784,120263,20998],{},[1808,120265,20998],{"encoding":1810}," roste s ",[1035,120268,120270],{"className":120269},[1772],[1774,120271,120272],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,120273,120274,120278],{},[1781,120275,120276],{},[1784,120277,3221],{},[1808,120279,3221],{"encoding":1810},[1115,120281,120282,120285,120286,120307,120308,120325,120326,120343],{},[1047,120283,120284],{},"Podřadné zboží"," — Engelova křivka má ",[1047,120287,120288,120289],{},"zlom v ",[1035,120290,120292],{"className":120291},[1772],[1774,120293,120294],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,120295,120296,120304],{},[1781,120297,120298],{},[1792,120299,120300,120302],{},[1784,120301,3221],{},[2348,120303,2350],{},[1808,120305,120306],{"encoding":1810},"I_0",": pod ",[1035,120309,120311],{"className":120310},[1772],[1774,120312,120313],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,120314,120315,120323],{},[1781,120316,120317],{},[1792,120318,120319,120321],{},[1784,120320,3221],{},[2348,120322,2350],{},[1808,120324,120306],{"encoding":1810}," je rostoucí (statek je při nízkých příjmech normální), nad ",[1035,120327,120329],{"className":120328},[1772],[1774,120330,120331],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,120332,120333,120341],{},[1781,120334,120335],{},[1792,120336,120337,120339],{},[1784,120338,3221],{},[2348,120340,2350],{},[1808,120342,120306],{"encoding":1810}," klesá (statek se stává podřadným).",[1115,120345,120346,120349],{},[1047,120347,120348],{},"Souhrnná Engelova křivka"," — agregace přes všechny statky a domácnosti, používá se při empirických studiích spotřeby.",[1023,120351,120353,120360,120433],{"className":120352,"dataCallout":2090},[1026,2089],[1030,120354,120356,120359],{"className":120355},[1033],[1035,120357],{"className":120358,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,2097,1040],"Vztah k důchodové elasticitě",[1030,120361,120362,120363,120413,120414,120432],{},"Důchodová elasticita poptávky ",[1035,120364,120366],{"className":120365},[1772],[1774,120367,120368],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,120369,120370,120410],{},[1781,120371,120372,120380,120382,120384,120386,120392,120394,120396,120398,120400,120402,120404,120406,120408],{},[13587,120373,120374,120376,120378],{},[1784,120375,2364],{},[1784,120377,20998],{},[1784,120379,3221],{},[1788,120381,1863],{},[1788,120383,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,120385,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,120387,120388,120390],{},[1784,120389,20998],{},[1788,120391,7763],{},[1784,120393,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,120395,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,120397,3221],{},[1788,120399,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,120401,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,120403,3221],{},[1784,120405,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,120407,20998],{},[1788,120409,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,120411,120412],{"encoding":1810},"E_X^I = (\\partial X^*\u002F\\partial I)(I\u002FX)"," je sklon Engelovy křivky vážený poměrem ",[1035,120415,120417],{"className":120416},[1772],[1774,120418,120419],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,120420,120421,120429],{},[1781,120422,120423,120425,120427],{},[1784,120424,3221],{},[1784,120426,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,120428,20998],{},[1808,120430,120431],{"encoding":1810},"I\u002FX",". Klasifikace:",[1112,120434,120435,120462,120493],{},[1115,120436,120437,120461],{},[1035,120438,120440],{"className":120439},[1772],[1774,120441,120442],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,120443,120444,120458],{},[1781,120445,120446,120454,120456],{},[13587,120447,120448,120450,120452],{},[1784,120449,2364],{},[1784,120451,20998],{},[1784,120453,3221],{},[1788,120455,2537],{},[2348,120457,2350],{},[1808,120459,120460],{"encoding":1810},"E_X^I \u003C 0"," → podřadné;",[1115,120463,120464,120492],{},[1035,120465,120467],{"className":120466},[1772],[1774,120468,120469],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,120470,120471,120489],{},[1781,120472,120473,120475,120477,120485,120487],{},[2348,120474,2350],{},[1788,120476,2537],{},[13587,120478,120479,120481,120483],{},[1784,120480,2364],{},[1784,120482,20998],{},[1784,120484,3221],{},[1788,120486,2537],{},[2348,120488,2374],{},[1808,120490,120491],{"encoding":1810},"0 \u003C E_X^I \u003C 1"," → nezbytné (normální);",[1115,120494,120495,120519],{},[1035,120496,120498],{"className":120497},[1772],[1774,120499,120500],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,120501,120502,120516],{},[1781,120503,120504,120512,120514],{},[13587,120505,120506,120508,120510],{},[1784,120507,2364],{},[1784,120509,20998],{},[1784,120511,3221],{},[1788,120513,2491],{},[2348,120515,2374],{},[1808,120517,120518],{"encoding":1810},"E_X^I > 1"," → luxusní.",[1023,120521,120523,120529],{"className":120522,"dataCallout":1608},[1026,1607],[1030,120524,120526,27719],{"className":120525},[1033],[1035,120527],{"className":120528,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1615,1040],[1030,120530,120531],{},"Empirické pravidlo (Ernst Engel, 1857): podíl výdajů na potraviny klesá s rostoucím příjmem. Potraviny mají Engelovu křivku konkávní (nezbytný statek). To je dnes základní fakt empirické ekonomie.",[1077,120533,120535],{"id":120534},"_15-aplikace-v-praxi","15. Aplikace v praxi",[1100,120537,120539],{"id":120538},"_151-daňová-politika-a-daňová-incidence","15.1 Daňová politika a daňová incidence",[1030,120541,120542,120543,120556,120557,120574],{},"Když stát uvalí spotřební daň na statek ",[1035,120544,120546],{"className":120545},[1772],[1774,120547,120548],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,120549,120550,120554],{},[1781,120551,120552],{},[1784,120553,20998],{},[1808,120555,20998],{"encoding":1810}," (např. cigarety), ",[1035,120558,120560],{"className":120559},[1772],[1774,120561,120562],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,120563,120564,120572],{},[1781,120565,120566],{},[1792,120567,120568,120570],{},[1784,120569,2264],{},[1784,120571,20998],{},[1808,120573,36253],{"encoding":1810}," pro spotřebitele roste. Cenový efekt rozhodne, jak moc poptávka klesne — tedy kolik státu vybere a jak moc je daň regresivní:",[1112,120576,120577,120580,120583],{},[1115,120578,120579],{},"Statek s nepružnou D (nízká SE, nízký podíl) → vysoký výnos, malý dopad na spotřebu.",[1115,120581,120582],{},"Statek s pružnou D → nízký výnos (spotřebitelé přejdou k substitutům).",[1115,120584,120585,120586,120599],{},"Pro chudé domácnosti, kde ",[1035,120587,120589],{"className":120588},[1772],[1774,120590,120591],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,120592,120593,120597],{},[1781,120594,120595],{},[1784,120596,20998],{},[1808,120598,20998],{"encoding":1810}," tvoří velký podíl rozpočtu, je IE silný a daň regresivní (více ji pociťují).",[1100,120601,120603],{"id":120602},"_152-sociální-dávky-a-rozpočtová-politika","15.2 Sociální dávky a rozpočtová politika",[1030,120605,120606,120607,120623],{},"Změna důchodu ",[1035,120608,120610],{"className":120609},[1772],[1774,120611,120612],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,120613,120614,120620],{},[1781,120615,120616,120618],{},[1784,120617,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,120619,3221],{},[1808,120621,120622],{"encoding":1810},"\\Delta I"," přesouvá spotřebitele po ICC. Z Engelových křivek lze odhadnout, do čeho přesně poteče případné navýšení sociálních dávek: u domácností pod prahem chudoby do potravin a bydlení (nezbytné statky), u středních příjmů do volnočasových služeb (luxusní statky).",[1100,120625,120627],{"id":120626},"_153-marketingová-segmentace","15.3 Marketingová segmentace",[1030,120629,120630],{},"Identifikace luxusního vs. nezbytného vs. podřadného zboží (přes Engelovu křivku) určuje cílovou skupinu. Luxusní auta rostou s příjmem konvexně → cílit na vysokopříjmové segmenty. Discountní řetězce tržou na podřadných statcích → cílit na pokles příjmů, recese.",[1100,120632,120634],{"id":120633},"_154-analýza-šoků-energie-potraviny","15.4 Analýza šoků (energie, potraviny)",[1030,120636,120637],{},"Energetické krize (zdražení zemního plynu) pro nízkopříjmové domácnosti aktivují silný IE u jiných statků: musí omezit spotřebu „luxusních\" položek, aby udrželi zaplatitelný plyn. Empiricky pozorovatelné jako pokles spotřeby restaurací, dovolených apod. — všechno přes Slutského rovnici.",[1077,120639,120641],{"id":120640},"_16-příklad-cobb-douglasovy-preference","16. Příklad — Cobb-Douglasovy preference",[1023,120643,120645,120651],{"className":120644,"dataCallout":25986},[1026,25985],[1030,120646,120648,95569],{"className":120647},[1033],[1035,120649],{"className":120650,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,25993,1040],[1030,120652,120653,1299,120703,1299,120720,1299,120741,120758,120759,4974,120772,120785],{},[1035,120654,120656],{"className":120655},[1772],[1774,120657,120658],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,120659,120660,120700],{},[1781,120661,120662,120664,120666,120668,120670,120672,120674,120676,120688],{},[1784,120663,2126],{},[1788,120665,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,120667,20998],{},[1788,120669,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,120671,21001],{},[1788,120673,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,120675,1863],{},[2467,120677,120678,120680],{},[1784,120679,20998],{},[1781,120681,120682,120684,120686],{},[2348,120683,2350],{},[1788,120685,1138],{"separator":1041},[2348,120687,5356],{},[2467,120689,120690,120692],{},[1784,120691,21001],{},[1781,120693,120694,120696,120698],{},[2348,120695,2350],{},[1788,120697,1138],{"separator":1041},[2348,120699,5356],{},[1808,120701,120702],{"encoding":1810},"U(X,Y) = X^{0,5} Y^{0,5}",[1035,120704,120706],{"className":120705},[1772],[1774,120707,120708],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,120709,120710,120718],{},[1781,120711,120712,120714,120716],{},[1784,120713,3221],{},[1788,120715,1863],{},[2348,120717,2605],{},[1808,120719,41418],{"encoding":1810},[1035,120721,120723],{"className":120722},[1772],[1774,120724,120725],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,120726,120727,120739],{},[1781,120728,120729,120735,120737],{},[1792,120730,120731,120733],{},[1784,120732,2264],{},[1784,120734,21001],{},[1788,120736,1863],{},[2348,120738,2374],{},[1808,120740,41440],{"encoding":1810},[1035,120742,120744],{"className":120743},[1772],[1774,120745,120746],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,120747,120748,120756],{},[1781,120749,120750],{},[1792,120751,120752,120754],{},[1784,120753,2264],{},[1784,120755,20998],{},[1808,120757,36253],{"encoding":1810}," klesne z ",[1035,120760,120762],{"className":120761},[1772],[1774,120763,120764],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,120765,120766,120770],{},[1781,120767,120768],{},[2348,120769,4593],{},[1808,120771,4593],{"encoding":1810},[1035,120773,120775],{"className":120774},[1772],[1774,120776,120777],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,120778,120779,120783],{},[1781,120780,120781],{},[2348,120782,2374],{},[1808,120784,2374],{"encoding":1810},". Najdi cenový efekt a jeho rozklad podle Slutského.",[1100,120787,120789],{"id":120788},"_161-marshallova-poptávka","16.1 Marshallova poptávka",[1030,120791,120792,120793,120827],{},"Pro Cobb-Douglas ",[1035,120794,120796],{"className":120795},[1772],[1774,120797,120798],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,120799,120800,120824],{},[1781,120801,120802,120804,120806,120812],{},[1784,120803,2126],{},[1788,120805,1863],{},[2467,120807,120808,120810],{},[1784,120809,20998],{},[1784,120811,38066],{},[2467,120813,120814,120816],{},[1784,120815,21001],{},[1781,120817,120818,120820,120822],{},[2348,120819,2374],{},[1788,120821,2371],{},[1784,120823,38066],{},[1808,120825,120826],{"encoding":1810},"U = X^\\alpha Y^{1-\\alpha}"," je Marshallova poptávka:",[1035,120829,120831],{"className":120830},[1772],[1774,120832,120833],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,120834,120835,120917],{},[1781,120836,120837,120843,120845,120847,120849,120855,120857,120863,120865,120867,120881,120883,120885,120891,120893,120915],{},[2467,120838,120839,120841],{},[1784,120840,20998],{},[1784,120842,1857],{},[1788,120844,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,120846,3221],{},[1788,120848,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,120850,120851,120853],{},[1784,120852,2264],{},[1784,120854,20998],{},[1788,120856,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,120858,120859,120861],{},[1784,120860,2264],{},[1784,120862,21001],{},[1788,120864,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,120866,1863],{},[2322,120868,120869,120875],{},[1781,120870,120871,120873],{},[1784,120872,38066],{},[1784,120874,3221],{},[1792,120876,120877,120879],{},[1784,120878,2264],{},[1784,120880,20998],{},[1788,120882,1138],{"separator":1041},[2352,120884],{"width":2702},[2467,120886,120887,120889],{},[1784,120888,21001],{},[1784,120890,1857],{},[1788,120892,1863],{},[2322,120894,120895,120909],{},[1781,120896,120897,120899,120901,120903,120905,120907],{},[1788,120898,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,120900,2374],{},[1788,120902,2371],{},[1784,120904,38066],{},[1788,120906,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,120908,3221],{},[1792,120910,120911,120913],{},[1784,120912,2264],{},[1784,120914,21001],{},[1784,120916,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,120918,120919],{"encoding":1810},"X^M(I, P_X, P_Y) = \\frac{\\alpha I}{P_X}, \\quad Y^M = \\frac{(1-\\alpha)I}{P_Y}.",[1030,120921,25314,120922,1299,120939,1310],{},[1035,120923,120925],{"className":120924},[1772],[1774,120926,120927],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,120928,120929,120937],{},[1781,120930,120931,120933,120935],{},[1784,120932,38066],{},[1788,120934,1863],{},[2348,120936,15984],{},[1808,120938,42272],{"encoding":1810},[1035,120940,120942],{"className":120941},[1772],[1774,120943,120944],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,120945,120946,120954],{},[1781,120947,120948,120950,120952],{},[1784,120949,3221],{},[1788,120951,1863],{},[2348,120953,2605],{},[1808,120955,41418],{"encoding":1810},[1035,120957,120959],{"className":120958},[1772],[1774,120960,120961],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,120962,120963,121022],{},[1781,120964,120965,120973,120975,120987,120989,120991,120993,120995,121003,121005,121017,121019],{},[13587,120966,120967,120969,120971],{},[1784,120968,20998],{},[2348,120970,2350],{},[1784,120972,1857],{},[1788,120974,1863],{},[2322,120976,120977,120985],{},[1781,120978,120979,120981,120983],{},[2348,120980,15984],{},[1788,120982,2267],{},[2348,120984,2605],{},[2348,120986,4593],{},[1788,120988,1863],{},[2348,120990,2882],{},[1788,120992,1138],{"separator":1041},[2352,120994],{"width":2702},[13587,120996,120997,120999,121001],{},[1784,120998,21001],{},[2348,121000,2350],{},[1784,121002,1857],{},[1788,121004,1863],{},[2322,121006,121007,121015],{},[1781,121008,121009,121011,121013],{},[2348,121010,15984],{},[1788,121012,2267],{},[2348,121014,2605],{},[2348,121016,2374],{},[1788,121018,1863],{},[2348,121020,121021],{},"50.",[1808,121023,121024],{"encoding":1810},"X^M_0 = \\frac{0{,}5 \\cdot 100}{2} = 25, \\quad Y^M_0 = \\frac{0{,}5 \\cdot 100}{1} = 50.",[1030,121026,121027,121028,1310],{},"Po zlevnění ",[1035,121029,121031],{"className":121030},[1772],[1774,121032,121033],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,121034,121035,121047],{},[1781,121036,121037,121043,121045],{},[1792,121038,121039,121041],{},[1784,121040,2264],{},[1784,121042,20998],{},[1788,121044,1863],{},[2348,121046,2374],{},[1808,121048,41486],{"encoding":1810},[1035,121050,121052],{"className":121051},[1772],[1774,121053,121054],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,121055,121056,121114],{},[1781,121057,121058,121066,121068,121080,121082,121084,121086,121088,121096,121098,121110,121112],{},[13587,121059,121060,121062,121064],{},[1784,121061,20998],{},[2348,121063,2374],{},[1784,121065,1857],{},[1788,121067,1863],{},[2322,121069,121070,121078],{},[1781,121071,121072,121074,121076],{},[2348,121073,15984],{},[1788,121075,2267],{},[2348,121077,2605],{},[2348,121079,2374],{},[1788,121081,1863],{},[2348,121083,2853],{},[1788,121085,1138],{"separator":1041},[2352,121087],{"width":2702},[13587,121089,121090,121092,121094],{},[1784,121091,21001],{},[2348,121093,2374],{},[1784,121095,1857],{},[1788,121097,1863],{},[2322,121099,121100,121108],{},[1781,121101,121102,121104,121106],{},[2348,121103,15984],{},[1788,121105,2267],{},[2348,121107,2605],{},[2348,121109,2374],{},[1788,121111,1863],{},[2348,121113,121021],{},[1808,121115,121116],{"encoding":1810},"X^M_1 = \\frac{0{,}5 \\cdot 100}{1} = 50, \\quad Y^M_1 = \\frac{0{,}5 \\cdot 100}{1} = 50.",[1030,121118,121119,1089,121122,1075],{},[1047,121120,121121],{},"Cenový efekt:",[1035,121123,121125],{"className":121124},[1772],[1774,121126,121127],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,121128,121129,121151],{},[1781,121130,121131,121133,121139,121141,121143,121145,121147,121149],{},[1784,121132,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,121134,121135,121137],{},[1784,121136,20998],{},[2149,121138,34223],{},[1788,121140,1863],{},[2348,121142,2853],{},[1788,121144,2371],{},[2348,121146,2882],{},[1788,121148,1863],{},[2348,121150,2882],{},[1808,121152,121153],{"encoding":1810},"\\Delta X^{\\text{cen}} = 50 - 25 = 25",[1100,121155,121157],{"id":121156},"_162-slutského-rozklad","16.2 Slutského rozklad",[1030,121159,121160,121161,121179,121180,1310],{},"Pomocný „Slutského\" důchod ",[1035,121162,121164],{"className":121163},[1772],[1774,121165,121166],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,121167,121168,121176],{},[1781,121169,121170],{},[2467,121171,121172,121174],{},[1784,121173,3221],{},[1784,121175,3212],{},[1808,121177,121178],{"encoding":1810},"I^S"," je takový, aby si spotřebitel za nové ceny mohl koupit původní koš ",[1035,121181,121183],{"className":121182},[1772],[1774,121184,121185],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,121186,121187,121199],{},[1781,121188,121189,121191,121193,121195,121197],{},[1788,121190,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,121192,2882],{},[1788,121194,1138],{"separator":1041},[2348,121196,2853],{},[1788,121198,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,121200,121201],{"encoding":1810},"(25, 50)",[1035,121203,121205],{"className":121204},[1772],[1774,121206,121207],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,121208,121209,121264],{},[1781,121210,121211,121217,121219,121227,121229,121231,121233,121239,121241,121243,121245,121247,121249,121251,121253,121255,121257,121259,121261],{},[2467,121212,121213,121215],{},[1784,121214,3221],{},[1784,121216,3212],{},[1788,121218,1863],{},[13587,121220,121221,121223,121225],{},[1784,121222,2264],{},[1784,121224,20998],{},[1788,121226,7862],{"mathvariant":7829,"lspace":7861,"rspace":7861},[1788,121228,2267],{},[2348,121230,2882],{},[1788,121232,2637],{},[1792,121234,121235,121237],{},[1784,121236,2264],{},[1784,121238,21001],{},[1788,121240,2267],{},[2348,121242,2853],{},[1788,121244,1863],{},[2348,121246,2374],{},[1788,121248,2267],{},[2348,121250,2882],{},[1788,121252,2637],{},[2348,121254,2374],{},[1788,121256,2267],{},[2348,121258,2853],{},[1788,121260,1863],{},[2348,121262,121263],{},"75.",[1808,121265,121266],{"encoding":1810},"I^S = P_X' \\cdot 25 + P_Y \\cdot 50 = 1 \\cdot 25 + 1 \\cdot 50 = 75.",[1030,121268,121269,121270,1299,121288,1310],{},"Slutského pomocná Marshallova poptávka při ",[1035,121271,121273],{"className":121272},[1772],[1774,121274,121275],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,121276,121277,121285],{},[1781,121278,121279,121281,121283],{},[1784,121280,3221],{},[1788,121282,1863],{},[2348,121284,15605],{},[1808,121286,121287],{"encoding":1810},"I = 75",[1035,121289,121291],{"className":121290},[1772],[1774,121292,121293],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,121294,121295,121307],{},[1781,121296,121297,121303,121305],{},[1792,121298,121299,121301],{},[1784,121300,2264],{},[1784,121302,20998],{},[1788,121304,1863],{},[2348,121306,2374],{},[1808,121308,41486],{"encoding":1810},[1035,121310,121312],{"className":121311},[1772],[1774,121313,121314],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,121315,121316,121343],{},[1781,121317,121318,121324,121326,121338,121340],{},[2467,121319,121320,121322],{},[1784,121321,20998],{},[1784,121323,3212],{},[1788,121325,1863],{},[2322,121327,121328,121336],{},[1781,121329,121330,121332,121334],{},[2348,121331,15984],{},[1788,121333,2267],{},[2348,121335,15605],{},[2348,121337,2374],{},[1788,121339,1863],{},[2348,121341,121342],{},"37,5.",[1808,121344,121345],{"encoding":1810},"X^S = \\frac{0{,}5 \\cdot 75}{1} = 37{,}5.",[1030,121347,121348,1089,121351,1075],{},[1047,121349,121350],{},"Substituční efekt (Slutsky):",[1035,121352,121354],{"className":121353},[1772],[1774,121355,121356],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,121357,121358,121381],{},[1781,121359,121360,121362,121368,121370,121373,121375,121377,121379],{},[1784,121361,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,121363,121364,121366],{},[1784,121365,20998],{},[2149,121367,117293],{},[1788,121369,1863],{},[2348,121371,121372],{},"37,5",[1788,121374,2371],{},[2348,121376,2882],{},[1788,121378,1863],{},[2348,121380,53697],{},[1808,121382,121383],{"encoding":1810},"\\Delta X^{\\text{SE,S}} = 37{,}5 - 25 = 12{,}5",[1030,121385,121386,1089,121389,1075],{},[1047,121387,121388],{},"Důchodový efekt (Slutsky):",[1035,121390,121392],{"className":121391},[1772],[1774,121393,121394],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,121395,121396,121419],{},[1781,121397,121398,121400,121407,121409,121411,121413,121415,121417],{},[1784,121399,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,121401,121402,121404],{},[1784,121403,20998],{},[2149,121405,121406],{},"IE,S",[1788,121408,1863],{},[2348,121410,2853],{},[1788,121412,2371],{},[2348,121414,121372],{},[1788,121416,1863],{},[2348,121418,53697],{},[1808,121420,121421],{"encoding":1810},"\\Delta X^{\\text{IE,S}} = 50 - 37{,}5 = 12{,}5",[1030,121423,47606,121424,121456],{},[1035,121425,121427],{"className":121426},[1772],[1774,121428,121429],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,121430,121431,121453],{},[1781,121432,121433,121435,121437,121439,121441,121443,121445,121447],{},[2348,121434,53697],{},[1788,121436,2637],{},[2348,121438,53697],{},[1788,121440,1863],{},[2348,121442,2882],{},[1788,121444,1863],{},[1784,121446,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,121448,121449,121451],{},[1784,121450,20998],{},[2149,121452,34223],{},[1808,121454,121455],{"encoding":1810},"12{,}5 + 12{,}5 = 25 = \\Delta X^{\\text{cen}}",". Sedí.",[1100,121458,121460],{"id":121459},"_163-hicksův-rozklad","16.3 Hicksův rozklad",[1030,121462,121463],{},"Pro Cobb-Douglas je nepřímá užitková funkce:",[1035,121465,121467],{"className":121466},[1772],[1774,121468,121469],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,121470,121471,121540],{},[1781,121472,121473,121479,121481,121483,121491,121497,121499,121507,121513,121515,121521,121523,121529,121531,121535,121537],{},[1792,121474,121475,121477],{},[1784,121476,2126],{},[2348,121478,2350],{},[1788,121480,1863],{},[1788,121482,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[13587,121484,121485,121487,121489],{},[1784,121486,20998],{},[2348,121488,2350],{},[1784,121490,1857],{},[2467,121492,121493,121495],{},[1788,121494,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,121496,15984],{},[1788,121498,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[13587,121500,121501,121503,121505],{},[1784,121502,21001],{},[2348,121504,2350],{},[1784,121506,1857],{},[2467,121508,121509,121511],{},[1788,121510,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,121512,15984],{},[1788,121514,1863],{},[2467,121516,121517,121519],{},[2348,121518,2882],{},[2348,121520,15984],{},[1788,121522,2267],{},[2467,121524,121525,121527],{},[2348,121526,2853],{},[2348,121528,15984],{},[1788,121530,1863],{},[22228,121532,121533],{},[2348,121534,41786],{},[1788,121536,8786],{},[2348,121538,121539],{},"35,36.",[1808,121541,121542],{"encoding":1810},"U_0 = (X^M_0)^{0{,}5} (Y^M_0)^{0{,}5} = 25^{0{,}5} \\cdot 50^{0{,}5} = \\sqrt{1250} \\approx 35{,}36.",[1030,121544,121545],{},"Hicksova kompenzovaná poptávka pro Cobb-Douglas:",[1035,121547,121549],{"className":121548},[1772],[1774,121550,121551],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,121552,121553,121655],{},[1781,121554,121555,121561,121563,121569,121621,121623,121629,121653],{},[2467,121556,121557,121559],{},[1784,121558,20998],{},[1784,121560,33448],{},[1788,121562,1863],{},[1792,121564,121565,121567],{},[1784,121566,2126],{},[2348,121568,2350],{},[2467,121570,121571,121607],{},[1781,121572,121573,121575,121605],{},[1788,121574,2143],{"fence":1041},[2322,121576,121577,121595],{},[1781,121578,121579,121581,121583,121585,121587,121589],{},[1788,121580,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,121582,2374],{},[1788,121584,2371],{},[1784,121586,38066],{},[1788,121588,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,121590,121591,121593],{},[1784,121592,2264],{},[1784,121594,20998],{},[1781,121596,121597,121599],{},[1784,121598,38066],{},[1792,121600,121601,121603],{},[1784,121602,2264],{},[1784,121604,21001],{},[1788,121606,2192],{"fence":1041},[1781,121608,121609,121611,121613,121615,121617,121619],{},[1788,121610,2371],{},[1788,121612,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,121614,2374],{},[1788,121616,2371],{},[1784,121618,38066],{},[1788,121620,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,121622,1863],{},[1792,121624,121625,121627],{},[1784,121626,2126],{},[2348,121628,2350],{},[2467,121630,121631,121651],{},[1781,121632,121633,121635,121649],{},[1788,121634,2143],{"fence":1041},[2322,121636,121637,121643],{},[1792,121638,121639,121641],{},[1784,121640,2264],{},[1784,121642,21001],{},[1792,121644,121645,121647],{},[1784,121646,2264],{},[1784,121648,20998],{},[1788,121650,2192],{"fence":1041},[2348,121652,15984],{},[1784,121654,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,121656,121657],{"encoding":1810},"X^H = U_0 \\left(\\frac{(1-\\alpha) P_X}{\\alpha P_Y}\\right)^{-(1-\\alpha)} = U_0 \\left(\\frac{P_Y}{P_X}\\right)^{0{,}5}.",[1030,121659,53324,121660,1310],{},[1035,121661,121663],{"className":121662},[1772],[1774,121664,121665],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,121666,121667,121691],{},[1781,121668,121669,121675,121677,121679,121681,121687,121689],{},[1792,121670,121671,121673],{},[1784,121672,2264],{},[1784,121674,20998],{},[1788,121676,1863],{},[2348,121678,2374],{},[1788,121680,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,121682,121683,121685],{},[1784,121684,2264],{},[1784,121686,21001],{},[1788,121688,1863],{},[2348,121690,2374],{},[1808,121692,121693],{"encoding":1810},"P_X = 1, P_Y = 1",[1035,121695,121697],{"className":121696},[1772],[1774,121698,121699],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,121700,121701,121721],{},[1781,121702,121703,121709,121711,121713,121715,121717,121719],{},[2467,121704,121705,121707],{},[1784,121706,20998],{},[1784,121708,33448],{},[1788,121710,1863],{},[2348,121712,41791],{},[1788,121714,2267],{},[2348,121716,2374],{},[1788,121718,1863],{},[2348,121720,121539],{},[1808,121722,121723],{"encoding":1810},"X^H = 35{,}36 \\cdot 1 = 35{,}36.",[1030,121725,121726,1089,121729,1075],{},[1047,121727,121728],{},"Substituční efekt (Hicks):",[1035,121730,121732],{"className":121731},[1772],[1774,121733,121734],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,121735,121736,121758],{},[1781,121737,121738,121740,121746,121748,121750,121752,121754,121756],{},[1784,121739,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,121741,121742,121744],{},[1784,121743,20998],{},[2149,121745,116893],{},[1788,121747,1863],{},[2348,121749,41791],{},[1788,121751,2371],{},[2348,121753,2882],{},[1788,121755,8786],{},[2348,121757,42093],{},[1808,121759,121760],{"encoding":1810},"\\Delta X^{\\text{SE,H}} = 35{,}36 - 25 \\approx 10{,}36",[1030,121762,121763,1089,121766,1075],{},[1047,121764,121765],{},"Důchodový efekt (Hicks):",[1035,121767,121769],{"className":121768},[1772],[1774,121770,121771],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,121772,121773,121796],{},[1781,121774,121775,121777,121784,121786,121788,121790,121792,121794],{},[1784,121776,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,121778,121779,121781],{},[1784,121780,20998],{},[2149,121782,121783],{},"IE,H",[1788,121785,1863],{},[2348,121787,2853],{},[1788,121789,2371],{},[2348,121791,41791],{},[1788,121793,8786],{},[2348,121795,42142],{},[1808,121797,121798],{"encoding":1810},"\\Delta X^{\\text{IE,H}} = 50 - 35{,}36 \\approx 14{,}64",[1030,121800,8766,121801,121847],{},[1035,121802,121804],{"className":121803},[1772],[1774,121805,121806],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,121807,121808,121844],{},[1781,121809,121810,121812,121814,121820,121822,121824,121826,121828,121830,121832,121838,121840,121842],{},[1784,121811,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,121813,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,121815,121816,121818],{},[1784,121817,20998],{},[2149,121819,117293],{},[1784,121821,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,121823,1863],{},[2348,121825,53697],{},[1788,121827,2491],{},[1784,121829,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,121831,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,121833,121834,121836],{},[1784,121835,20998],{},[2149,121837,116893],{},[1784,121839,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,121841,8786],{},[2348,121843,42093],{},[1808,121845,121846],{"encoding":1810},"|\\Delta X^{\\text{SE,S}}| = 12{,}5 > |\\Delta X^{\\text{SE,H}}| \\approx 10{,}36"," — Slutského SE je větší než Hicksův SE, jak teorie předpovídá.",[1100,121849,121851],{"id":121850},"_164-kontrola-slutského-rovnice","16.4 Kontrola Slutského rovnice",[1030,121853,121854],{},"Pro Cobb-Douglas:",[1035,121856,121858],{"className":121857},[1772],[1774,121859,121860],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,121861,121862,121942],{},[1781,121863,121864,121886,121888,121890,121906,121908,121910,121928,121930,121940],{},[2322,121865,121866,121876],{},[1781,121867,121868,121870],{},[1784,121869,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,121871,121872,121874],{},[1784,121873,20998],{},[1784,121875,1857],{},[1781,121877,121878,121880],{},[1784,121879,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,121881,121882,121884],{},[1784,121883,2264],{},[1784,121885,20998],{},[1788,121887,1863],{},[1788,121889,2371],{},[2322,121891,121892,121898],{},[1781,121893,121894,121896],{},[1784,121895,38066],{},[1784,121897,3221],{},[13587,121899,121900,121902,121904],{},[1784,121901,2264],{},[1784,121903,20998],{},[2348,121905,4593],{},[1788,121907,1138],{"separator":1041},[2352,121909],{"width":2702},[2322,121911,121912,121922],{},[1781,121913,121914,121916],{},[1784,121915,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,121917,121918,121920],{},[1784,121919,20998],{},[1784,121921,1857],{},[1781,121923,121924,121926],{},[1784,121925,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,121927,3221],{},[1788,121929,1863],{},[2322,121931,121932,121934],{},[1784,121933,38066],{},[1792,121935,121936,121938],{},[1784,121937,2264],{},[1784,121939,20998],{},[1784,121941,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,121943,121944],{"encoding":1810},"\\frac{\\partial X^M}{\\partial P_X} = -\\frac{\\alpha I}{P_X^2}, \\quad \\frac{\\partial X^M}{\\partial I} = \\frac{\\alpha}{P_X}.",[1030,121946,29443,121947,4010,121964,1299,121985,29726],{},[1035,121948,121950],{"className":121949},[1772],[1774,121951,121952],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,121953,121954,121962],{},[1781,121955,121956],{},[1792,121957,121958,121960],{},[1784,121959,2364],{},[2348,121961,2350],{},[1808,121963,114961],{"encoding":1810},[1035,121965,121967],{"className":121966},[1772],[1774,121968,121969],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,121970,121971,121983],{},[1781,121972,121973,121979,121981],{},[1792,121974,121975,121977],{},[1784,121976,2264],{},[1784,121978,20998],{},[1788,121980,1863],{},[2348,121982,4593],{},[1808,121984,41463],{"encoding":1810},[1035,121986,121988],{"className":121987},[1772],[1774,121989,121990],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,121991,121992,122000],{},[1781,121993,121994,121996,121998],{},[1784,121995,3221],{},[1788,121997,1863],{},[2348,121999,2605],{},[1808,122001,41418],{"encoding":1810},[1035,122003,122005],{"className":122004},[1772],[1774,122006,122007],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,122008,122009,122098],{},[1781,122010,122011,122033,122035,122037,122049,122051,122053,122055,122057,122059,122061,122063,122081,122083,122085,122087,122093,122095],{},[2322,122012,122013,122023],{},[1781,122014,122015,122017],{},[1784,122016,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,122018,122019,122021],{},[1784,122020,20998],{},[1784,122022,1857],{},[1781,122024,122025,122027],{},[1784,122026,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,122028,122029,122031],{},[1784,122030,2264],{},[1784,122032,20998],{},[1788,122034,1863],{},[1788,122036,2371],{},[2322,122038,122039,122047],{},[1781,122040,122041,122043,122045],{},[2348,122042,15984],{},[1788,122044,2267],{},[2348,122046,2605],{},[2348,122048,5344],{},[1788,122050,1863],{},[1788,122052,2371],{},[2348,122054,53697],{},[1788,122056,1138],{"separator":1041},[2352,122058],{"width":2702},[1784,122060,20998],{},[1788,122062,2267],{},[2322,122064,122065,122075],{},[1781,122066,122067,122069],{},[1784,122068,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,122070,122071,122073],{},[1784,122072,20998],{},[1784,122074,1857],{},[1781,122076,122077,122079],{},[1784,122078,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,122080,3221],{},[1788,122082,1863],{},[2348,122084,2882],{},[1788,122086,2267],{},[2322,122088,122089,122091],{},[2348,122090,15984],{},[2348,122092,4593],{},[1788,122094,1863],{},[2348,122096,122097],{},"6,25.",[1808,122099,122100],{"encoding":1810},"\\frac{\\partial X^M}{\\partial P_X} = -\\frac{0{,}5 \\cdot 100}{4} = -12{,}5, \\quad X \\cdot \\frac{\\partial X^M}{\\partial I} = 25 \\cdot \\frac{0{,}5}{2} = 6{,}25.",[1030,122102,122103,122104,122171,122172,122194,122195,122216,122217,122243,122244,122260,122261,122276],{},"Tedy SE musí být ",[1035,122105,122107],{"className":122106},[1772],[1774,122108,122109],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,122110,122111,122168],{},[1781,122112,122113,122115,122121,122123,122125,122131,122133,122135,122137,122139,122145,122147,122149,122151,122153,122155,122157,122159,122162,122164,122166],{},[1784,122114,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,122116,122117,122119],{},[1784,122118,20998],{},[1784,122120,1857],{},[1784,122122,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,122124,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,122126,122127,122129],{},[1784,122128,2264],{},[1784,122130,20998],{},[1788,122132,2637],{},[1784,122134,20998],{},[1788,122136,2267],{},[1784,122138,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,122140,122141,122143],{},[1784,122142,20998],{},[1784,122144,1857],{},[1784,122146,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,122148,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,122150,3221],{},[1788,122152,1863],{},[1788,122154,2371],{},[2348,122156,53697],{},[1788,122158,2637],{},[2348,122160,122161],{},"6,25",[1788,122163,1863],{},[1788,122165,2371],{},[2348,122167,122161],{},[1808,122169,122170],{"encoding":1810},"\\partial X^M\u002F\\partial P_X + X \\cdot \\partial X^M\u002F\\partial I = -12{,}5 + 6{,}25 = -6{,}25",". Pro infinitesimální změny tedy SE\u002F",[1035,122173,122175],{"className":122174},[1772],[1774,122176,122177],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,122178,122179,122191],{},[1781,122180,122181,122183,122185,122187,122189],{},[1784,122182,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,122184,2264],{},[1788,122186,1863],{},[1788,122188,2371],{},[2348,122190,122161],{},[1808,122192,122193],{"encoding":1810},"\\Delta P = -6{,}25",", a IE\u002F",[1035,122196,122198],{"className":122197},[1772],[1774,122199,122200],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,122201,122202,122214],{},[1781,122203,122204,122206,122208,122210,122212],{},[1784,122205,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,122207,2264],{},[1788,122209,1863],{},[1788,122211,2371],{},[2348,122213,122161],{},[1808,122215,122193],{"encoding":1810},". Pro velkou změnu ",[1035,122218,122220],{"className":122219},[1772],[1774,122221,122222],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,122223,122224,122240],{},[1781,122225,122226,122228,122234,122236,122238],{},[1784,122227,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,122229,122230,122232],{},[1784,122231,2264],{},[1784,122233,20998],{},[1788,122235,1863],{},[1788,122237,2371],{},[2348,122239,2374],{},[1808,122241,122242],{"encoding":1810},"\\Delta P_X = -1"," aproximace dává SE ",[1035,122245,122247],{"className":122246},[1772],[1774,122248,122249],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,122250,122251,122257],{},[1781,122252,122253,122255],{},[1788,122254,8786],{},[2348,122256,122161],{},[1808,122258,122259],{"encoding":1810},"\\approx 6{,}25",", IE ",[1035,122262,122264],{"className":122263},[1772],[1774,122265,122266],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,122267,122268,122274],{},[1781,122269,122270,122272],{},[1788,122271,8786],{},[2348,122273,122161],{},[1808,122275,122259],{"encoding":1810}," — což je mezi Hicksovým a Slutského diskrétním rozkladem výše (jak má být — pro infinitesimální změnu se obě metody shodují).",[1077,122278,122280],{"id":122279},"_17-numerické-příklady-ze-zkoušek","17. Numerické příklady ze zkoušek",[1030,122282,122283],{},"V archivu zkouškových variant najdeme řešené příklady na cenový rozklad. Konkrétně:",[1112,122285,122286,122292],{},[1115,122287,122288,122291],{},[1047,122289,122290],{},"Varianta W"," — klasický Slutského rozklad pro Cobb-Douglasovy preference podobné výše uvedenému.",[1115,122293,122294,122297,122298,122311],{},[1047,122295,122296],{},"Varianta H"," — úloha s Giffenovým zbožím: dáno extrémně podřadné ",[1035,122299,122301],{"className":122300},[1772],[1774,122302,122303],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,122304,122305,122309],{},[1781,122306,122307],{},[1784,122308,20998],{},[1808,122310,20998],{"encoding":1810}," a velký podíl rozpočtu, požaduje se vyšetřit znaménko cenového efektu.",[1030,122313,122314,122315,122318,122319,1075],{},"Detailní řešení viz ",[1068,122316,19721],{"className":122317,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":4279,"href":4280},[1071]," a souhrn vzorců ",[1068,122320,22239],{"className":122321,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1832,"href":1833},[1071],[1077,122323,122325],{"id":122324},"_17a-substituty-a-komplementy-přes-se-a-ie","17a. Substituty a komplementy přes SE a IE",[1030,122327,122328,122329,122332,122333,122346,122347,122360,122361,1737,122363,122365],{},"Cenový rozklad lze rozšířit na ",[1047,122330,122331],{},"křížové"," efekty — tj. změnu ceny statku ",[1035,122334,122336],{"className":122335},[1772],[1774,122337,122338],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,122339,122340,122344],{},[1781,122341,122342],{},[1784,122343,21001],{},[1808,122345,21001],{"encoding":1810}," na poptávku po statku ",[1035,122348,122350],{"className":122349},[1772],[1774,122351,122352],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,122353,122354,122358],{},[1781,122355,122356],{},[1784,122357,20998],{},[1808,122359,20998],{"encoding":1810},". Klasifikace dvojic statků jako ",[1091,122362,26891],{},[1091,122364,26917],{}," závisí na poměru SE a IE pro křížový efekt:",[1035,122367,122369],{"className":122368},[1772],[1774,122370,122371],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,122372,122373,122524],{},[1781,122374,122375,122397,122399,122459,122461,122522],{},[2322,122376,122377,122387],{},[1781,122378,122379,122381],{},[1784,122380,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,122382,122383,122385],{},[1784,122384,20998],{},[1784,122386,1857],{},[1781,122388,122389,122391],{},[1784,122390,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,122392,122393,122395],{},[1784,122394,2264],{},[1784,122396,21001],{},[1788,122398,1863],{},[3341,122400,122401,122427],{},[3341,122402,122403,122425],{},[2322,122404,122405,122415],{},[1781,122406,122407,122409],{},[1784,122408,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,122410,122411,122413],{},[1784,122412,20998],{},[1784,122414,33448],{},[1781,122416,122417,122419],{},[1784,122418,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,122420,122421,122423],{},[1784,122422,2264],{},[1784,122424,21001],{},[1788,122426,8059],{"stretchy":1041},[1781,122428,122429,122432,122438,122444,122450,122453],{},[2149,122430,122431],{},"SE k",[2160,122433,122434,122436],{"accent":1041},[2149,122435,3794],{},[1788,122437,2167],{},[2160,122439,122440,122442],{"accent":1041},[2149,122441,9298],{},[1788,122443,2181],{},[2160,122445,122446,122448],{"accent":1041},[2149,122447,2164],{},[1788,122449,2167],{},[2149,122451,122452],{},"ov",[2160,122454,122455,122457],{"accent":1041},[2149,122456,3750],{},[1788,122458,2181],{},[1788,122460,2371],{},[3341,122462,122463,122491],{},[3341,122464,122465,122489],{},[1781,122466,122467,122469,122471],{},[1784,122468,21001],{},[1788,122470,2267],{},[2322,122472,122473,122483],{},[1781,122474,122475,122477],{},[1784,122476,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,122478,122479,122481],{},[1784,122480,20998],{},[1784,122482,1857],{},[1781,122484,122485,122487],{},[1784,122486,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,122488,3221],{},[1788,122490,8059],{"stretchy":1041},[1781,122492,122493,122496,122502,122508,122514,122516],{},[2149,122494,122495],{},"IE k",[2160,122497,122498,122500],{"accent":1041},[2149,122499,3794],{},[1788,122501,2167],{},[2160,122503,122504,122506],{"accent":1041},[2149,122505,9298],{},[1788,122507,2181],{},[2160,122509,122510,122512],{"accent":1041},[2149,122511,2164],{},[1788,122513,2167],{},[2149,122515,122452],{},[2160,122517,122518,122520],{"accent":1041},[2149,122519,3750],{},[1788,122521,2181],{},[1784,122523,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,122525,122526],{"encoding":1810},"\\frac{\\partial X^M}{\\partial P_Y} = \\underbrace{\\frac{\\partial X^H}{\\partial P_Y}}_{\\text{SE křížový}} - \\underbrace{Y \\cdot \\frac{\\partial X^M}{\\partial I}}_{\\text{IE křížový}}.",[1100,122528,122530],{"id":122529},"_17a1-hicksovi-substituty-a-komplementy","17a.1 Hicksovi substituty a komplementy",[1030,122532,122533,122534,122555,122556,122559],{},"Hicksovsky se dvojice ",[1035,122535,122537],{"className":122536},[1772],[1774,122538,122539],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,122540,122541,122553],{},[1781,122542,122543,122545,122547,122549,122551],{},[1788,122544,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,122546,20998],{},[1788,122548,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,122550,21001],{},[1788,122552,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,122554,104389],{"encoding":1810}," klasifikuje znaménkem ",[1091,122557,122558],{},"kompenzovaného"," křížového efektu:",[1112,122561,122562,122629],{},[1115,122563,122564,1089,122567,122601,122602,122615,122616,2440],{},[1047,122565,122566],{},"Hicksovi substituty:",[1035,122568,122570],{"className":122569},[1772],[1774,122571,122572],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,122573,122574,122598],{},[1781,122575,122576,122578,122584,122586,122588,122594,122596],{},[1784,122577,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,122579,122580,122582],{},[1784,122581,20998],{},[1784,122583,33448],{},[1784,122585,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,122587,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,122589,122590,122592],{},[1784,122591,2264],{},[1784,122593,21001],{},[1788,122595,2491],{},[2348,122597,2350],{},[1808,122599,122600],{"encoding":1810},"\\partial X^H\u002F\\partial P_Y > 0"," (zdražení ",[1035,122603,122605],{"className":122604},[1772],[1774,122606,122607],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,122608,122609,122613],{},[1781,122610,122611],{},[1784,122612,21001],{},[1808,122614,21001],{"encoding":1810}," → spotřebitel přechází k ",[1035,122617,122619],{"className":122618},[1772],[1774,122620,122621],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,122622,122623,122627],{},[1781,122624,122625],{},[1784,122626,20998],{},[1808,122628,20998],{"encoding":1810},[1115,122630,122631,1089,122634,122601,122668,122681,122682,122695],{},[1047,122632,122633],{},"Hicksovi komplementy:",[1035,122635,122637],{"className":122636},[1772],[1774,122638,122639],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,122640,122641,122665],{},[1781,122642,122643,122645,122651,122653,122655,122661,122663],{},[1784,122644,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,122646,122647,122649],{},[1784,122648,20998],{},[1784,122650,33448],{},[1784,122652,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,122654,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,122656,122657,122659],{},[1784,122658,2264],{},[1784,122660,21001],{},[1788,122662,2537],{},[2348,122664,2350],{},[1808,122666,122667],{"encoding":1810},"\\partial X^H\u002F\\partial P_Y \u003C 0",[1035,122669,122671],{"className":122670},[1772],[1774,122672,122673],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,122674,122675,122679],{},[1781,122676,122677],{},[1784,122678,21001],{},[1808,122680,21001],{"encoding":1810}," → spotřeba ",[1035,122683,122685],{"className":122684},[1772],[1774,122686,122687],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,122688,122689,122693],{},[1781,122690,122691],{},[1784,122692,20998],{},[1808,122694,20998],{"encoding":1810}," klesá, „chodí spolu\").",[1030,122697,122698,122699,4058,122702,122752],{},"Tato klasifikace je ",[1091,122700,122701],{},"symetrická",[1035,122703,122705],{"className":122704},[1772],[1774,122706,122707],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,122708,122709,122749],{},[1781,122710,122711,122713,122719,122721,122723,122729,122731,122733,122739,122741,122743],{},[1784,122712,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,122714,122715,122717],{},[1784,122716,20998],{},[1784,122718,33448],{},[1784,122720,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,122722,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,122724,122725,122727],{},[1784,122726,2264],{},[1784,122728,21001],{},[1788,122730,1863],{},[1784,122732,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,122734,122735,122737],{},[1784,122736,21001],{},[1784,122738,33448],{},[1784,122740,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,122742,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,122744,122745,122747],{},[1784,122746,2264],{},[1784,122748,20998],{},[1808,122750,122751],{"encoding":1810},"\\partial X^H\u002F\\partial P_Y = \\partial Y^H\u002F\\partial P_X"," (Slutského symetrie, plyne z konkávní výdajové funkce).",[1100,122754,122756],{"id":122755},"_17a2-hrubé-marshallovy-substituty-a-komplementy","17a.2 Hrubé (Marshallovy) substituty a komplementy",[1030,122758,122759,122760,1310],{},"V tržně pozorovatelné poptávce klasifikujeme znaménkem ",[1035,122761,122763],{"className":122762},[1772],[1774,122764,122765],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,122766,122767,122787],{},[1781,122768,122769,122771,122777,122779,122781],{},[1784,122770,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,122772,122773,122775],{},[1784,122774,20998],{},[1784,122776,1857],{},[1784,122778,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,122780,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,122782,122783,122785],{},[1784,122784,2264],{},[1784,122786,21001],{},[1808,122788,122789],{"encoding":1810},"\\partial X^M\u002F\\partial P_Y",[1112,122791,122792,122831],{},[1115,122793,122794,1089,122797,1075],{},[1047,122795,122796],{},"Hrubé substituty:",[1035,122798,122800],{"className":122799},[1772],[1774,122801,122802],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,122803,122804,122828],{},[1781,122805,122806,122808,122814,122816,122818,122824,122826],{},[1784,122807,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,122809,122810,122812],{},[1784,122811,20998],{},[1784,122813,1857],{},[1784,122815,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,122817,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,122819,122820,122822],{},[1784,122821,2264],{},[1784,122823,21001],{},[1788,122825,2491],{},[2348,122827,2350],{},[1808,122829,122830],{"encoding":1810},"\\partial X^M\u002F\\partial P_Y > 0",[1115,122832,122833,1089,122836,1075],{},[1047,122834,122835],{},"Hrubé komplementy:",[1035,122837,122839],{"className":122838},[1772],[1774,122840,122841],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,122842,122843,122867],{},[1781,122844,122845,122847,122853,122855,122857,122863,122865],{},[1784,122846,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,122848,122849,122851],{},[1784,122850,20998],{},[1784,122852,1857],{},[1784,122854,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,122856,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,122858,122859,122861],{},[1784,122860,2264],{},[1784,122862,21001],{},[1788,122864,2537],{},[2348,122866,2350],{},[1808,122868,122869],{"encoding":1810},"\\partial X^M\u002F\\partial P_Y \u003C 0",[1030,122871,122872,122873,122875,122876,1062,122889,122902],{},"Tato klasifikace ",[1091,122874,41251],{}," symetrická — záleží na velikostech ",[1035,122877,122879],{"className":122878},[1772],[1774,122880,122881],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,122882,122883,122887],{},[1781,122884,122885],{},[1784,122886,21001],{},[1808,122888,21001],{"encoding":1810},[1035,122890,122892],{"className":122891},[1772],[1774,122893,122894],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,122895,122896,122900],{},[1781,122897,122898],{},[1784,122899,20998],{},[1808,122901,20998],{"encoding":1810}," a důchodových efektech. Konkrétně:",[1112,122904,122905,123049],{},[1115,122906,122907,4010,122910,1062,122923,122936,122937,122969,122970,89554,122983,123025,123026,123048],{},[1047,122908,122909],{},"Komplementy",[1035,122911,122913],{"className":122912},[1772],[1774,122914,122915],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,122916,122917,122921],{},[1781,122918,122919],{},[1784,122920,20998],{},[1808,122922,20998],{"encoding":1810},[1035,122924,122926],{"className":122925},[1772],[1774,122927,122928],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,122929,122930,122934],{},[1781,122931,122932],{},[1784,122933,21001],{},[1808,122935,21001],{"encoding":1810}," se konzumují společně, např. káva a cukr): ",[1035,122938,122940],{"className":122939},[1772],[1774,122941,122942],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,122943,122944,122966],{},[1781,122945,122946,122948,122950,122952,122954,122960,122962,122964],{},[1784,122947,3212],{},[1784,122949,2364],{},[1788,122951,1310],{},[1788,122953,118262],{},[1792,122955,122956,122958],{},[1784,122957,2264],{},[1784,122959,21001],{},[1788,122961,8824],{},[1788,122963,118273],{},[1784,122965,20998],{},[1808,122967,122968],{"encoding":1810},"SE: \\downarrow P_Y \\to \\uparrow X"," (převažující komplementarita posune k ",[1035,122971,122973],{"className":122972},[1772],[1774,122974,122975],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,122976,122977,122981],{},[1781,122978,122979],{},[1784,122980,20998],{},[1808,122982,20998],{"encoding":1810},[1035,122984,122986],{"className":122985},[1772],[1774,122987,122988],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,122989,122990,123022],{},[1781,122991,122992,122994,122996,122998,123000,123006,123008,123010,123016,123018,123020],{},[1784,122993,3221],{},[1784,122995,2364],{},[1788,122997,1310],{},[1788,122999,118262],{},[1792,123001,123002,123004],{},[1784,123003,2264],{},[1784,123005,21001],{},[1788,123007,8824],{},[1788,123009,118273],{},[1792,123011,123012,123014],{},[1784,123013,3221],{},[2149,123015,118345],{},[1788,123017,8824],{},[1788,123019,118273],{},[1784,123021,20998],{},[1808,123023,123024],{"encoding":1810},"IE: \\downarrow P_Y \\to \\uparrow I_{\\text{real}} \\to \\uparrow X"," (oba kladně), výsledek: ",[1035,123027,123029],{"className":123028},[1772],[1774,123030,123031],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,123032,123033,123045],{},[1781,123034,123035,123037,123039,123041,123043],{},[1784,123036,3221],{},[1784,123038,2364],{},[1788,123040,2491],{},[1784,123042,3212],{},[1784,123044,2364],{},[1808,123046,123047],{"encoding":1810},"IE > SE",", hrubě komplementy.",[1115,123050,123051,4010,123054,1062,123067,123080,123081,123113,123114,89554,123127,123168,123169,123191],{},[1047,123052,123053],{},"Substituty",[1035,123055,123057],{"className":123056},[1772],[1774,123058,123059],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,123060,123061,123065],{},[1781,123062,123063],{},[1784,123064,20998],{},[1808,123066,20998],{"encoding":1810},[1035,123068,123070],{"className":123069},[1772],[1774,123071,123072],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,123073,123074,123078],{},[1781,123075,123076],{},[1784,123077,21001],{},[1808,123079,21001],{"encoding":1810}," se nahrazují, např. káva a čaj): ",[1035,123082,123084],{"className":123083},[1772],[1774,123085,123086],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,123087,123088,123110],{},[1781,123089,123090,123092,123094,123096,123098,123104,123106,123108],{},[1784,123091,3212],{},[1784,123093,2364],{},[1788,123095,1310],{},[1788,123097,118262],{},[1792,123099,123100,123102],{},[1784,123101,2264],{},[1784,123103,21001],{},[1788,123105,8824],{},[1788,123107,118262],{},[1784,123109,20998],{},[1808,123111,123112],{"encoding":1810},"SE: \\downarrow P_Y \\to \\downarrow X"," (přechod k ",[1035,123115,123117],{"className":123116},[1772],[1774,123118,123119],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,123120,123121,123125],{},[1781,123122,123123],{},[1784,123124,21001],{},[1808,123126,21001],{"encoding":1810},[1035,123128,123130],{"className":123129},[1772],[1774,123131,123132],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,123133,123134,123166],{},[1781,123135,123136,123138,123140,123142,123144,123150,123152,123154,123160,123162,123164],{},[1784,123137,3221],{},[1784,123139,2364],{},[1788,123141,1310],{},[1788,123143,118262],{},[1792,123145,123146,123148],{},[1784,123147,2264],{},[1784,123149,21001],{},[1788,123151,8824],{},[1788,123153,118273],{},[1792,123155,123156,123158],{},[1784,123157,3221],{},[2149,123159,118345],{},[1788,123161,8824],{},[1788,123163,118273],{},[1784,123165,20998],{},[1808,123167,123024],{"encoding":1810}," (kladně), výsledek: ",[1035,123170,123172],{"className":123171},[1772],[1774,123173,123174],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,123175,123176,123188],{},[1781,123177,123178,123180,123182,123184,123186],{},[1784,123179,3212],{},[1784,123181,2364],{},[1788,123183,2491],{},[1784,123185,3221],{},[1784,123187,2364],{},[1808,123189,123190],{"encoding":1810},"SE > IE",", hrubě substituty.",[1023,123193,123195,123201],{"className":123194,"dataCallout":1608},[1026,1607],[1030,123196,123198,37063],{"className":123197},[1033],[1035,123199],{"className":123200,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1615,1040],[1030,123202,123203,123204,123217,123218,123231],{},"Při daňové analýze se rozhoduje: zdaníme-li ",[1035,123205,123207],{"className":123206},[1772],[1774,123208,123209],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,123210,123211,123215],{},[1781,123212,123213],{},[1784,123214,21001],{},[1808,123216,21001],{"encoding":1810},", jak se to odrazí na poptávce po ",[1035,123219,123221],{"className":123220},[1772],[1774,123222,123223],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,123224,123225,123229],{},[1781,123226,123227],{},[1784,123228,20998],{},[1808,123230,20998],{"encoding":1810},"? Pro substituty (káva–čaj) kávovna získá zákazníky, když stát zdaní čaj. Pro komplementy (auta–benzin) prodejci aut tratí, když stát zdaní benzin.",[1077,123233,123235],{"id":123234},"_17b-výdajová-funkce-a-její-derivace","17b. Výdajová funkce a její derivace",[1030,123237,123238,1089,123240,123330,123331,123348],{},[1047,123239,35359],{},[1035,123241,123243],{"className":123242},[1772],[1774,123244,123245],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,123246,123247,123327],{},[1781,123248,123249,123251,123253,123259,123261,123267,123269,123275,123277,123279,123281,123283,123285,123291,123293,123295,123301,123303,123305,123307,123309,123311,123313,123315,123317,123319,123325],{},[1784,123250,2364],{},[1788,123252,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,123254,123255,123257],{},[1784,123256,2126],{},[2348,123258,2350],{},[1788,123260,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,123262,123263,123265],{},[1784,123264,2264],{},[1784,123266,20998],{},[1788,123268,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,123270,123271,123273],{},[1784,123272,2264],{},[1784,123274,21001],{},[1788,123276,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,123278,1863],{},[1784,123280,33767],{},[1788,123282,3350],{},[1788,123284,34972],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,123286,123287,123289],{},[1784,123288,2264],{},[1784,123290,20998],{},[1784,123292,20998],{},[1788,123294,2637],{},[1792,123296,123297,123299],{},[1784,123298,2264],{},[1784,123300,21001],{},[1784,123302,21001],{},[1788,123304,1310],{},[1784,123306,2126],{},[1788,123308,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,123310,20998],{},[1788,123312,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,123314,21001],{},[1788,123316,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,123318,1790],{},[1792,123320,123321,123323],{},[1784,123322,2126],{},[2348,123324,2350],{},[1788,123326,35011],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,123328,123329],{"encoding":1810},"E(U_0, P_X, P_Y) = \\min\\{P_X X + P_Y Y : U(X,Y) \\ge U_0\\}"," je peněžní obnos potřebný k dosažení užitku ",[1035,123332,123334],{"className":123333},[1772],[1774,123335,123336],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,123337,123338,123346],{},[1781,123339,123340],{},[1792,123341,123342,123344],{},[1784,123343,2126],{},[2348,123345,2350],{},[1808,123347,33861],{"encoding":1810}," při daných cenách. Vlastnosti:",[1112,123350,123351,123373,123379,123384,123426],{},[1115,123352,123353,1089,123356,49448],{},[1047,123354,123355],{},"rostoucí v užitku",[1035,123357,123359],{"className":123358},[1772],[1774,123360,123361],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,123362,123363,123371],{},[1781,123364,123365],{},[1792,123366,123367,123369],{},[1784,123368,2126],{},[2348,123370,2350],{},[1808,123372,33861],{"encoding":1810},[1115,123374,123375,123378],{},[1047,123376,123377],{},"neklesající v cenách"," (zdražení statku zvýší minimální výdaje);",[1115,123380,123381,49448],{},[1047,123382,123383],{},"rostoucí, pokud roste alespoň jedna cena",[1115,123385,123386,123388,123389,123425],{},[1047,123387,35514],{}," — geometricky to znamená, že parciální derivace ",[1035,123390,123392],{"className":123391},[1772],[1774,123393,123394],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,123395,123396,123422],{},[1781,123397,123398,123404,123406,123408,123410,123418,123420],{},[2467,123399,123400,123402],{},[1784,123401,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,123403,4593],{},[1784,123405,2364],{},[1784,123407,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,123409,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[13587,123411,123412,123414,123416],{},[1784,123413,2264],{},[1784,123415,20998],{},[2348,123417,4593],{},[1788,123419,33669],{},[2348,123421,2350],{},[1808,123423,123424],{"encoding":1810},"\\partial^2 E\u002F\\partial P_X^2 \\le 0",", což je matematickým jádrem zákona klesající Hicksovy poptávky;",[1115,123427,123428,3250,123431,1075],{},[1047,123429,123430],{},"homogenní stupně 1 v cenách",[1035,123432,123434],{"className":123433},[1772],[1774,123435,123436],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,123437,123438,123504],{},[1781,123439,123440,123442,123444,123450,123452,123454,123460,123462,123464,123470,123472,123474,123476,123478,123480,123486,123488,123494,123496,123502],{},[1784,123441,2364],{},[1788,123443,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,123445,123446,123448],{},[1784,123447,2126],{},[2348,123449,2350],{},[1788,123451,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,123453,34316],{},[1792,123455,123456,123458],{},[1784,123457,2264],{},[1784,123459,20998],{},[1788,123461,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,123463,34316],{},[1792,123465,123466,123468],{},[1784,123467,2264],{},[1784,123469,21001],{},[1788,123471,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,123473,1863],{},[1784,123475,34316],{},[1784,123477,2364],{},[1788,123479,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,123481,123482,123484],{},[1784,123483,2126],{},[2348,123485,2350],{},[1788,123487,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,123489,123490,123492],{},[1784,123491,2264],{},[1784,123493,20998],{},[1788,123495,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,123497,123498,123500],{},[1784,123499,2264],{},[1784,123501,21001],{},[1788,123503,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,123505,123506],{"encoding":1810},"E(U_0, \\lambda P_X, \\lambda P_Y) = \\lambda E(U_0, P_X, P_Y)",[1023,123508,123510,123516],{"className":123509,"dataCallout":2090},[1026,2089],[1030,123511,123513,33498],{"className":123512},[1033],[1035,123514],{"className":123515,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,2097,1040],[1030,123517,123518,123519,123611,123612,123668,123669,123682,123683,123686],{},"Parciální derivace výdajové funkce podle ceny statku je Hicksova poptávka po tomto statku:\n",[1035,123520,123522],{"className":123521},[1772],[1774,123523,123524],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,123525,123526,123608],{},[1781,123527,123528,123572,123574,123580,123582,123588,123590,123596,123598,123604,123606],{},[2322,123529,123530,123562],{},[1781,123531,123532,123534,123536,123538,123544,123546,123552,123554,123560],{},[1784,123533,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,123535,2364],{},[1788,123537,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,123539,123540,123542],{},[1784,123541,2126],{},[2348,123543,2350],{},[1788,123545,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,123547,123548,123550],{},[1784,123549,2264],{},[1784,123551,20998],{},[1788,123553,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,123555,123556,123558],{},[1784,123557,2264],{},[1784,123559,21001],{},[1788,123561,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1781,123563,123564,123566],{},[1784,123565,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,123567,123568,123570],{},[1784,123569,2264],{},[1784,123571,20998],{},[1788,123573,1863],{},[2467,123575,123576,123578],{},[1784,123577,20998],{},[1784,123579,33448],{},[1788,123581,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,123583,123584,123586],{},[1784,123585,2126],{},[2348,123587,2350],{},[1788,123589,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,123591,123592,123594],{},[1784,123593,2264],{},[1784,123595,20998],{},[1788,123597,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,123599,123600,123602],{},[1784,123601,2264],{},[1784,123603,21001],{},[1788,123605,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,123607,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,123609,123610],{"encoding":1810},"\\frac{\\partial E(U_0, P_X, P_Y)}{\\partial P_X} = X^H(U_0, P_X, P_Y).","\nDůsledek: druhá derivace ",[1035,123613,123615],{"className":123614},[1772],[1774,123616,123617],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,123618,123619,123665],{},[1781,123620,123621,123627,123629,123631,123633,123641,123643,123645,123651,123653,123655,123661,123663],{},[2467,123622,123623,123625],{},[1784,123624,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,123626,4593],{},[1784,123628,2364],{},[1784,123630,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,123632,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[13587,123634,123635,123637,123639],{},[1784,123636,2264],{},[1784,123638,20998],{},[2348,123640,4593],{},[1788,123642,1863],{},[1784,123644,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,123646,123647,123649],{},[1784,123648,20998],{},[1784,123650,33448],{},[1784,123652,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,123654,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,123656,123657,123659],{},[1784,123658,2264],{},[1784,123660,20998],{},[1788,123662,33669],{},[2348,123664,2350],{},[1808,123666,123667],{"encoding":1810},"\\partial^2 E\u002F\\partial P_X^2 = \\partial X^H\u002F\\partial P_X \\le 0"," (z konkávity ",[1035,123670,123672],{"className":123671},[1772],[1774,123673,123674],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,123675,123676,123680],{},[1781,123677,123678],{},[1784,123679,2364],{},[1808,123681,2364],{"encoding":1810}," v cenách). To je formální důkaz, že ",[1047,123684,123685],{},"Hicksova poptávka je vždy klesající"," v ceně daného statku.",[1100,123688,123690],{"id":123689},"_17b1-vztah-maximalizace-užitku-a-minimalizace-výdajů","17b.1 Vztah maximalizace užitku a minimalizace výdajů",[1030,123692,123693],{},"Dvě duální úlohy:",[1153,123695,123696,123708],{},[1156,123697,123698],{},[1159,123699,123700,123702,123705],{},[1162,123701],{},[1162,123703,123704],{},"Primární (max užitek)",[1162,123706,123707],{},"Duální (min výdaje)",[1172,123709,123710,123847,123940],{},[1159,123711,123712,123715,123779],{},[1177,123713,123714],{},"úloha",[1177,123716,123717,123745,123746],{},[1035,123718,123720],{"className":123719},[1772],[1774,123721,123722],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,123723,123724,123742],{},[1781,123725,123726,123728,123730,123732,123734,123736,123738,123740],{},[1784,123727,3347],{},[1788,123729,3350],{},[1784,123731,2126],{},[1788,123733,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,123735,20998],{},[1788,123737,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,123739,21001],{},[1788,123741,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,123743,123744],{"encoding":1810},"\\max U(X,Y)"," s.t. ",[1035,123747,123749],{"className":123748},[1772],[1774,123750,123751],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,123752,123753,123777],{},[1781,123754,123755,123761,123763,123765,123771,123773,123775],{},[1792,123756,123757,123759],{},[1784,123758,2264],{},[1784,123760,20998],{},[1784,123762,20998],{},[1788,123764,2637],{},[1792,123766,123767,123769],{},[1784,123768,2264],{},[1784,123770,21001],{},[1784,123772,21001],{},[1788,123774,1863],{},[1784,123776,3221],{},[1808,123778,34131],{"encoding":1810},[1177,123780,123781,123745,123815],{},[1035,123782,123784],{"className":123783},[1772],[1774,123785,123786],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,123787,123788,123812],{},[1781,123789,123790,123792,123794,123800,123802,123804,123810],{},[1784,123791,33767],{},[1788,123793,3350],{},[1792,123795,123796,123798],{},[1784,123797,2264],{},[1784,123799,20998],{},[1784,123801,20998],{},[1788,123803,2637],{},[1792,123805,123806,123808],{},[1784,123807,2264],{},[1784,123809,21001],{},[1784,123811,21001],{},[1808,123813,123814],{"encoding":1810},"\\min P_X X + P_Y Y",[1035,123816,123818],{"className":123817},[1772],[1774,123819,123820],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,123821,123822,123844],{},[1781,123823,123824,123826,123828,123830,123832,123834,123836,123838],{},[1784,123825,2126],{},[1788,123827,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,123829,20998],{},[1788,123831,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,123833,21001],{},[1788,123835,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,123837,1863],{},[1792,123839,123840,123842],{},[1784,123841,2126],{},[2348,123843,2350],{},[1808,123845,123846],{"encoding":1810},"U(X,Y) = U_0",[1159,123848,123849,123852,123894],{},[1177,123850,123851],{},"řešení",[1177,123853,123854,123855],{},"Marshallova poptávka ",[1035,123856,123858],{"className":123857},[1772],[1774,123859,123860],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,123861,123862,123892],{},[1781,123863,123864,123870,123872,123874,123876,123882,123884,123890],{},[2467,123865,123866,123868],{},[1784,123867,20998],{},[1784,123869,1857],{},[1788,123871,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,123873,3221],{},[1788,123875,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,123877,123878,123880],{},[1784,123879,2264],{},[1784,123881,20998],{},[1788,123883,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,123885,123886,123888],{},[1784,123887,2264],{},[1784,123889,21001],{},[1788,123891,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,123893,113903],{"encoding":1810},[1177,123895,123896,123897],{},"Hicksova poptávka ",[1035,123898,123900],{"className":123899},[1772],[1774,123901,123902],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,123903,123904,123938],{},[1781,123905,123906,123912,123914,123920,123922,123928,123930,123936],{},[2467,123907,123908,123910],{},[1784,123909,20998],{},[1784,123911,33448],{},[1788,123913,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,123915,123916,123918],{},[1784,123917,2126],{},[2348,123919,2350],{},[1788,123921,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,123923,123924,123926],{},[1784,123925,2264],{},[1784,123927,20998],{},[1788,123929,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,123931,123932,123934],{},[1784,123933,2264],{},[1784,123935,21001],{},[1788,123937,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,123939,113952],{"encoding":1810},[1159,123941,123942,123944,123982],{},[1177,123943,65194],{},[1177,123945,123946,123947],{},"nepřímá užitková funkce ",[1035,123948,123950],{"className":123949},[1772],[1774,123951,123952],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,123953,123954,123980],{},[1781,123955,123956,123958,123960,123962,123964,123970,123972,123978],{},[1784,123957,31140],{},[1788,123959,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,123961,3221],{},[1788,123963,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,123965,123966,123968],{},[1784,123967,2264],{},[1784,123969,20998],{},[1788,123971,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,123973,123974,123976],{},[1784,123975,2264],{},[1784,123977,21001],{},[1788,123979,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,123981,113996],{"encoding":1810},[1177,123983,123984,123985],{},"výdajová funkce ",[1035,123986,123988],{"className":123987},[1772],[1774,123989,123990],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,123991,123992,124022],{},[1781,123993,123994,123996,123998,124004,124006,124012,124014,124020],{},[1784,123995,2364],{},[1788,123997,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,123999,124000,124002],{},[1784,124001,2126],{},[2348,124003,2350],{},[1788,124005,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,124007,124008,124010],{},[1784,124009,2264],{},[1784,124011,20998],{},[1788,124013,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,124015,124016,124018],{},[1784,124017,2264],{},[1784,124019,21001],{},[1788,124021,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,124023,114041],{"encoding":1810},[1030,124025,124026,1089,124029,1062,124099,124161],{},[1047,124027,124028],{},"Dualita:",[1035,124030,124032],{"className":124031},[1772],[1774,124033,124034],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,124035,124036,124096],{},[1781,124037,124038,124040,124042,124044,124046,124052,124054,124060,124062,124068,124070,124072,124078,124080,124086,124088,124090],{},[1784,124039,31140],{},[1788,124041,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,124043,2364],{},[1788,124045,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,124047,124048,124050],{},[1784,124049,2126],{},[2348,124051,2350],{},[1788,124053,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,124055,124056,124058],{},[1784,124057,2264],{},[1784,124059,20998],{},[1788,124061,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,124063,124064,124066],{},[1784,124065,2264],{},[1784,124067,21001],{},[1788,124069,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,124071,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,124073,124074,124076],{},[1784,124075,2264],{},[1784,124077,20998],{},[1788,124079,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,124081,124082,124084],{},[1784,124083,2264],{},[1784,124085,21001],{},[1788,124087,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,124089,1863],{},[1792,124091,124092,124094],{},[1784,124093,2126],{},[2348,124095,2350],{},[1808,124097,124098],{"encoding":1810},"V(E(U_0, P_X, P_Y), P_X, P_Y) = U_0",[1035,124100,124102],{"className":124101},[1772],[1774,124103,124104],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,124105,124106,124158],{},[1781,124107,124108,124110,124112,124114,124116,124118,124120,124126,124128,124134,124136,124138,124144,124146,124152,124154,124156],{},[1784,124109,2364],{},[1788,124111,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,124113,31140],{},[1788,124115,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,124117,3221],{},[1788,124119,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,124121,124122,124124],{},[1784,124123,2264],{},[1784,124125,20998],{},[1788,124127,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,124129,124130,124132],{},[1784,124131,2264],{},[1784,124133,21001],{},[1788,124135,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,124137,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,124139,124140,124142],{},[1784,124141,2264],{},[1784,124143,20998],{},[1788,124145,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,124147,124148,124150],{},[1784,124149,2264],{},[1784,124151,21001],{},[1788,124153,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,124155,1863],{},[1784,124157,3221],{},[1808,124159,124160],{"encoding":1810},"E(V(I, P_X, P_Y), P_X, P_Y) = I",". Tj. obě funkce jsou navzájem inverzní v užitkové dimenzi.",[1030,124163,124164,1089,124167,124267,124268,124285],{},[1047,124165,124166],{},"Substituce:",[1035,124168,124170],{"className":124169},[1772],[1774,124171,124172],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,124173,124174,124264],{},[1781,124175,124176,124182,124184,124186,124188,124194,124196,124202,124204,124210,124212,124214,124220,124222,124228,124230,124232,124238,124240,124246,124248,124254,124256,124262],{},[2467,124177,124178,124180],{},[1784,124179,20998],{},[1784,124181,1857],{},[1788,124183,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,124185,2364],{},[1788,124187,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,124189,124190,124192],{},[1784,124191,2126],{},[2348,124193,2350],{},[1788,124195,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,124197,124198,124200],{},[1784,124199,2264],{},[1784,124201,20998],{},[1788,124203,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,124205,124206,124208],{},[1784,124207,2264],{},[1784,124209,21001],{},[1788,124211,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,124213,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,124215,124216,124218],{},[1784,124217,2264],{},[1784,124219,20998],{},[1788,124221,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,124223,124224,124226],{},[1784,124225,2264],{},[1784,124227,21001],{},[1788,124229,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,124231,1863],{},[2467,124233,124234,124236],{},[1784,124235,20998],{},[1784,124237,33448],{},[1788,124239,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,124241,124242,124244],{},[1784,124243,2126],{},[2348,124245,2350],{},[1788,124247,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,124249,124250,124252],{},[1784,124251,2264],{},[1784,124253,20998],{},[1788,124255,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,124257,124258,124260],{},[1784,124259,2264],{},[1784,124261,21001],{},[1788,124263,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,124265,124266],{"encoding":1810},"X^M(E(U_0, P_X, P_Y), P_X, P_Y) = X^H(U_0, P_X, P_Y)",". Tj. když do Marshallovy poptávky dosadíme přesně tolik důchodu, abychom dosáhli užitku ",[1035,124269,124271],{"className":124270},[1772],[1774,124272,124273],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,124274,124275,124283],{},[1781,124276,124277],{},[1792,124278,124279,124281],{},[1784,124280,2126],{},[2348,124282,2350],{},[1808,124284,33861],{"encoding":1810},", dostaneme Hicksovu poptávku.",[1030,124287,124288,124289,124291,124292,2440],{},"Z této identity přímo plyne ",[1047,124290,33495],{}," (derivace obou stran podle ",[1035,124293,124295],{"className":124294},[1772],[1774,124296,124297],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,124298,124299,124307],{},[1781,124300,124301],{},[1792,124302,124303,124305],{},[1784,124304,2264],{},[1784,124306,20998],{},[1808,124308,36253],{"encoding":1810},[1077,124310,124312],{"id":124311},"_17c-rozklad-pro-velkou-změnu-ceny-pozor-na-cestu","17c. Rozklad pro velkou změnu ceny — pozor na cestu",[1030,124314,124315,124316,124319,124320,124339,124340,1310],{},"Rozklad přes SE a IE jsme dosud psali pro ",[1091,124317,124318],{},"konečnou"," změnu ",[1035,124321,124323],{"className":124322},[1772],[1774,124324,124325],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,124326,124327,124337],{},[1781,124328,124329,124331],{},[1784,124330,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,124332,124333,124335],{},[1784,124334,2264],{},[1784,124336,20998],{},[1808,124338,36274],{"encoding":1810},". Pro infinitesimální změnu se obě metody (Hicks i Slutsky) shodují s parciálními derivacemi. Pro velkou diskrétní změnu ale rozklad závisí na ",[1091,124341,124342],{},"cestě",[1112,124344,124345,124387,124392],{},[1115,124346,124347,124349,124350,124367,124368,118307],{},[1047,124348,42330],{}," = projekce na pomocnou IC ",[1035,124351,124353],{"className":124352},[1772],[1774,124354,124355],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,124356,124357,124365],{},[1781,124358,124359],{},[1792,124360,124361,124363],{},[1784,124362,2126],{},[2348,124364,2350],{},[1808,124366,33861],{"encoding":1810}," (jedna a táž IC pro libovolnou velikost ",[1035,124369,124371],{"className":124370},[1772],[1774,124372,124373],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,124374,124375,124385],{},[1781,124376,124377,124379],{},[1784,124378,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,124380,124381,124383],{},[1784,124382,2264],{},[1784,124384,20998],{},[1808,124386,36274],{"encoding":1810},[1115,124388,124389,124391],{},[1047,124390,42333],{}," = posun rozpočtové přímky o pevný offset (původní koš dosažitelný i v novém režimu);",[1115,124393,124394,124395,4058,124414,1299,124452,1075],{},"pro velké ",[1035,124396,124398],{"className":124397},[1772],[1774,124399,124400],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,124401,124402,124412],{},[1781,124403,124404,124406],{},[1784,124405,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,124407,124408,124410],{},[1784,124409,2264],{},[1784,124411,20998],{},[1808,124413,36274],{"encoding":1810},[1035,124415,124417],{"className":124416},[1772],[1774,124418,124419],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,124420,124421,124449],{},[1781,124422,124423,124425,124427,124433,124435,124437,124439,124441,124447],{},[1784,124424,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,124426,3212],{},[1792,124428,124429,124431],{},[1784,124430,2364],{},[1784,124432,3212],{},[1784,124434,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,124436,2491],{},[1784,124438,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,124440,3212],{},[1792,124442,124443,124445],{},[1784,124444,2364],{},[1784,124446,33448],{},[1784,124448,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,124450,124451],{"encoding":1810},"|SE_S| > |SE_H|",[1035,124453,124455],{"className":124454},[1772],[1774,124456,124457],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,124458,124459,124487],{},[1781,124460,124461,124463,124465,124471,124473,124475,124477,124479,124485],{},[1784,124462,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,124464,3221],{},[1792,124466,124467,124469],{},[1784,124468,2364],{},[1784,124470,3212],{},[1784,124472,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,124474,2537],{},[1784,124476,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,124478,3221],{},[1792,124480,124481,124483],{},[1784,124482,2364],{},[1784,124484,33448],{},[1784,124486,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,124488,124489],{"encoding":1810},"|IE_S| \u003C |IE_H|",[1030,124491,124492,124493,124495,124496,124499],{},"Důsledek pro praxi: empirické indexy spotřebitelské inflace (CPI, Laspeyres, Paasche) jsou Slutského typu — počítají kompenzaci jako „kolik bych musel mít, abych si pořídil původní koš za nové ceny\". Skutečná Hicksova kompenzace by byla menší (protože spotřebitel se může adaptovat substitucí), takže Laspeyresův index ",[1091,124494,41285],{}," skutečnou inflaci. To je tzv. ",[1091,124497,124498],{},"substitution bias"," indexů.",[1077,124501,124503],{"id":124502},"_17d-detailní-příklad-giffenův-paradox-krok-po-kroku","17d. Detailní příklad — Giffenův paradox krok po kroku",[1023,124505,124507,124513],{"className":124506,"dataCallout":25986},[1026,25985],[1030,124508,124510,95569],{"className":124509},[1033],[1035,124511],{"className":124512,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,25993,1040],[1030,124514,124515,124516,124534,124535,1299,124548,124570,124571,1299,124584,124606],{},"Chudý spotřebitel má ",[1035,124517,124519],{"className":124518},[1772],[1774,124520,124521],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,124522,124523,124531],{},[1781,124524,124525,124527,124529],{},[1784,124526,3221],{},[1788,124528,1863],{},[2348,124530,2709],{},[1808,124532,124533],{"encoding":1810},"I = 60"," Kč týdně. Spotřebovává brambory (",[1035,124536,124538],{"className":124537},[1772],[1774,124539,124540],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,124541,124542,124546],{},[1781,124543,124544],{},[1784,124545,20998],{},[1808,124547,20998],{"encoding":1810},[1035,124549,124551],{"className":124550},[1772],[1774,124552,124553],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,124554,124555,124567],{},[1781,124556,124557,124563,124565],{},[1792,124558,124559,124561],{},[1784,124560,2264],{},[1784,124562,20998],{},[1788,124564,1863],{},[2348,124566,5344],{},[1808,124568,124569],{"encoding":1810},"P_X = 4"," Kč\u002Fkg) a maso (",[1035,124572,124574],{"className":124573},[1772],[1774,124575,124576],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,124577,124578,124582],{},[1781,124579,124580],{},[1784,124581,21001],{},[1808,124583,21001],{"encoding":1810},[1035,124585,124587],{"className":124586},[1772],[1774,124588,124589],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,124590,124591,124603],{},[1781,124592,124593,124599,124601],{},[1792,124594,124595,124597],{},[1784,124596,2264],{},[1784,124598,21001],{},[1788,124600,1863],{},[2348,124602,2640],{},[1808,124604,124605],{"encoding":1810},"P_Y = 20"," Kč\u002Fkg). Kvůli silné podřadnosti brambor a velkému podílu výdajů (spotřebovává 10 kg brambor) předpokládáme Giffenovo chování.",[1030,124608,124609,1089,124612,1299,124634,124676,124677,124704],{},[1047,124610,124611],{},"Výchozí stav:",[1035,124613,124615],{"className":124614},[1772],[1774,124616,124617],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,124618,124619,124631],{},[1781,124620,124621,124627,124629],{},[1792,124622,124623,124625],{},[1784,124624,20998],{},[2348,124626,2350],{},[1788,124628,1863],{},[2348,124630,3116],{},[1808,124632,124633],{"encoding":1810},"X_0 = 10",[1035,124635,124637],{"className":124636},[1772],[1774,124638,124639],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,124640,124641,124673],{},[1781,124642,124643,124649,124651,124653,124655,124657,124659,124661,124663,124665,124667,124669,124671],{},[1792,124644,124645,124647],{},[1784,124646,21001],{},[2348,124648,2350],{},[1788,124650,1863],{},[1788,124652,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,124654,2709],{},[1788,124656,2371],{},[2348,124658,5344],{},[1788,124660,2267],{},[2348,124662,3116],{},[1788,124664,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,124666,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,124668,2640],{},[1788,124670,1863],{},[2348,124672,2374],{},[1808,124674,124675],{"encoding":1810},"Y_0 = (60 - 4 \\cdot 10)\u002F20 = 1",". Tj. 10 kg brambor a 1 kg masa za 60 Kč. Brambory tvoří ",[1035,124678,124680],{"className":124679},[1772],[1774,124681,124682],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,124683,124684,124701],{},[1781,124685,124686,124688,124690,124692,124694,124697,124699],{},[2348,124687,9208],{},[1784,124689,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,124691,2709],{},[1788,124693,8786],{},[2348,124695,124696],{},"67",[2149,124698,2769],{},[1784,124700,9016],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,124702,124703],{"encoding":1810},"40\u002F60 \\approx 67\\,\\%"," výdajů.",[1030,124706,124707,1089,124710,124727],{},[1047,124708,124709],{},"Šok:",[1035,124711,124713],{"className":124712},[1772],[1774,124714,124715],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,124716,124717,124725],{},[1781,124718,124719],{},[1792,124720,124721,124723],{},[1784,124722,2264],{},[1784,124724,20998],{},[1808,124726,36253],{"encoding":1810}," klesne z 4 na 3 Kč\u002Fkg.",[1030,124729,124730,124733,124734,124772],{},[1047,124731,124732],{},"Slutského kompenzace:"," aby si stále mohl koupit původní koš, potřebuje ",[1035,124735,124737],{"className":124736},[1772],[1774,124738,124739],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,124740,124741,124769],{},[1781,124742,124743,124749,124751,124753,124755,124757,124759,124761,124763,124765,124767],{},[2467,124744,124745,124747],{},[1784,124746,3221],{},[1784,124748,3212],{},[1788,124750,1863],{},[2348,124752,5332],{},[1788,124754,2267],{},[2348,124756,3116],{},[1788,124758,2637],{},[2348,124760,2640],{},[1788,124762,2267],{},[2348,124764,2374],{},[1788,124766,1863],{},[2348,124768,2853],{},[1808,124770,124771],{"encoding":1810},"I^S = 3 \\cdot 10 + 20 \\cdot 1 = 50"," Kč. „Sebrali jsme mu\" 10 Kč z 60.",[1030,124774,124775,46314,124778,124800,124801,124814,124815,124818,124819,22866,124841,1075],{},[1047,124776,124777],{},"Pomocné optimum:",[1035,124779,124781],{"className":124780},[1772],[1774,124782,124783],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,124784,124785,124797],{},[1781,124786,124787,124793,124795],{},[2467,124788,124789,124791],{},[1784,124790,3221],{},[1784,124792,3212],{},[1788,124794,1863],{},[2348,124796,2853],{},[1808,124798,124799],{"encoding":1810},"I^S = 50"," a nových cenách. Pokud je ",[1035,124802,124804],{"className":124803},[1772],[1774,124805,124806],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,124807,124808,124812],{},[1781,124809,124810],{},[1784,124811,20998],{},[1808,124813,20998],{"encoding":1810}," silně podřadné, spotřebitel s nižším důchodem ale levnějším X ",[1091,124816,124817],{},"zvýší"," spotřebu brambor — řekněme na ",[1035,124820,124822],{"className":124821},[1772],[1774,124823,124824],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,124825,124826,124838],{},[1781,124827,124828,124834,124836],{},[2467,124829,124830,124832],{},[1784,124831,20998],{},[1784,124833,3212],{},[1788,124835,1863],{},[2348,124837,29967],{},[1808,124839,124840],{"encoding":1810},"X^S = 12",[1035,124842,124844],{"className":124843},[1772],[1774,124845,124846],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,124847,124848,124877],{},[1781,124849,124850,124856,124858,124860,124862,124864,124866,124868,124870,124872,124874],{},[2467,124851,124852,124854],{},[1784,124853,21001],{},[1784,124855,3212],{},[1788,124857,1863],{},[1788,124859,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,124861,2853],{},[1788,124863,2371],{},[2348,124865,89608],{},[1788,124867,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,124869,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,124871,2640],{},[1788,124873,1863],{},[2348,124875,124876],{},"0,7",[1808,124878,124879],{"encoding":1810},"Y^S = (50 - 36)\u002F20 = 0{,}7",[1030,124881,124882,1089,124885,124919],{},[1047,124883,124884],{},"Slutského SE:",[1035,124886,124888],{"className":124887},[1772],[1774,124889,124890],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,124891,124892,124916],{},[1781,124893,124894,124896,124902,124904,124906,124908,124910,124912,124914],{},[1784,124895,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,124897,124898,124900],{},[1784,124899,20998],{},[2149,124901,115202],{},[1788,124903,1863],{},[2348,124905,29967],{},[1788,124907,2371],{},[2348,124909,3116],{},[1788,124911,1863],{},[1788,124913,2637],{},[2348,124915,4593],{},[1808,124917,124918],{"encoding":1810},"\\Delta X^{\\text{SE}} = 12 - 10 = +2"," kg (kladný, jak má SE u poklesu ceny být).",[1030,124921,124922,124925,124926,46314,124943,112245,124965,124978,124979,124982,124983,1299,125005,1075],{},[1047,124923,124924],{},"Vrátíme důchod:"," spotřebitel má teď ",[1035,124927,124929],{"className":124928},[1772],[1774,124930,124931],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,124932,124933,124941],{},[1781,124934,124935,124937,124939],{},[1784,124936,3221],{},[1788,124938,1863],{},[2348,124940,2709],{},[1808,124942,124533],{"encoding":1810},[1035,124944,124946],{"className":124945},[1772],[1774,124947,124948],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,124949,124950,124962],{},[1781,124951,124952,124958,124960],{},[1792,124953,124954,124956],{},[1784,124955,2264],{},[1784,124957,20998],{},[1788,124959,1863],{},[2348,124961,5332],{},[1808,124963,124964],{"encoding":1810},"P_X = 3",[1035,124966,124968],{"className":124967},[1772],[1774,124969,124970],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,124971,124972,124976],{},[1781,124973,124974],{},[1784,124975,20998],{},[1808,124977,20998],{"encoding":1810}," je silně podřadné, dodatečných 10 Kč ho odvede ",[1091,124980,124981],{},"od"," brambor k masu: může si koupit ",[1035,124984,124986],{"className":124985},[1772],[1774,124987,124988],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,124989,124990,125002],{},[1781,124991,124992,124998,125000],{},[1792,124993,124994,124996],{},[1784,124995,20998],{},[2348,124997,4593],{},[1788,124999,1863],{},[2348,125001,2777],{},[1808,125003,125004],{"encoding":1810},"X_2 = 9",[1035,125006,125008],{"className":125007},[1772],[1774,125009,125010],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,125011,125012,125042],{},[1781,125013,125014,125020,125022,125024,125026,125028,125031,125033,125035,125037,125039],{},[1792,125015,125016,125018],{},[1784,125017,21001],{},[2348,125019,4593],{},[1788,125021,1863],{},[1788,125023,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,125025,2709],{},[1788,125027,2371],{},[2348,125029,125030],{},"27",[1788,125032,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,125034,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,125036,2640],{},[1788,125038,1863],{},[2348,125040,125041],{},"1,65",[1808,125043,125044],{"encoding":1810},"Y_2 = (60 - 27)\u002F20 = 1{,}65",[1030,125046,125047,1089,125050,125084],{},[1047,125048,125049],{},"Slutského IE:",[1035,125051,125053],{"className":125052},[1772],[1774,125054,125055],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,125056,125057,125081],{},[1781,125058,125059,125061,125067,125069,125071,125073,125075,125077,125079],{},[1784,125060,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,125062,125063,125065],{},[1784,125064,20998],{},[2149,125066,37272],{},[1788,125068,1863],{},[2348,125070,2777],{},[1788,125072,2371],{},[2348,125074,29967],{},[1788,125076,1863],{},[1788,125078,2371],{},[2348,125080,5332],{},[1808,125082,125083],{"encoding":1810},"\\Delta X^{\\text{IE}} = 9 - 12 = -3"," kg (záporný, podřadné zboží).",[1030,125086,125087,1089,125089,125123],{},[1047,125088,121121],{},[1035,125090,125092],{"className":125091},[1772],[1774,125093,125094],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,125095,125096,125120],{},[1781,125097,125098,125100,125106,125108,125110,125112,125114,125116,125118],{},[1784,125099,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,125101,125102,125104],{},[1784,125103,20998],{},[2149,125105,34223],{},[1788,125107,1863],{},[2348,125109,2777],{},[1788,125111,2371],{},[2348,125113,3116],{},[1788,125115,1863],{},[1788,125117,2371],{},[2348,125119,2374],{},[1808,125121,125122],{"encoding":1810},"\\Delta X^{\\text{cen}} = 9 - 10 = -1"," kg.",[1030,125125,47606,125126,121456],{},[1035,125127,125129],{"className":125128},[1772],[1774,125130,125131],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,125132,125133,125175],{},[1781,125134,125135,125137,125139,125141,125143,125145,125147,125149,125151,125153,125155,125157,125159,125161,125163,125165,125167,125169],{},[1784,125136,3212],{},[1784,125138,2364],{},[1788,125140,2637],{},[1784,125142,3221],{},[1784,125144,2364],{},[1788,125146,1863],{},[2348,125148,4593],{},[1788,125150,2637],{},[1788,125152,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,125154,2371],{},[2348,125156,5332],{},[1788,125158,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,125160,1863],{},[1788,125162,2371],{},[2348,125164,2374],{},[1788,125166,1863],{},[1784,125168,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,125170,125171,125173],{},[1784,125172,20998],{},[2149,125174,34223],{},[1808,125176,125177],{"encoding":1810},"SE + IE = 2 + (-3) = -1 = \\Delta X^{\\text{cen}}",[1030,125179,125180,125181,125184],{},"Cena brambor klesla, ale spotřeba brambor ",[1091,125182,125183],{},"taky"," klesla — protože uvolněné peníze stačily na víc masa. To je Giffen.",[1023,125186,125188,125195],{"className":125187,"dataCallout":3501},[1026,3500],[1030,125189,125191,125194],{"className":125190},[1033],[1035,125192],{"className":125193,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,3508,1040],"Klíčové podmínky",[1260,125196,125197,125216,125250],{},[1115,125198,125199,24775,125212,125215],{},[1035,125200,125202],{"className":125201},[1772],[1774,125203,125204],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,125205,125206,125210],{},[1781,125207,125208],{},[1784,125209,20998],{},[1808,125211,20998],{"encoding":1810},[1091,125213,125214],{},"silně"," podřadné — IE je velký a záporný.",[1115,125217,125218,125231,125232,125249],{},[1035,125219,125221],{"className":125220},[1772],[1774,125222,125223],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,125224,125225,125229],{},[1781,125226,125227],{},[1784,125228,20998],{},[1808,125230,20998],{"encoding":1810}," tvoří velký podíl rozpočtu — pokles ",[1035,125233,125235],{"className":125234},[1772],[1774,125236,125237],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,125238,125239,125247],{},[1781,125240,125241],{},[1792,125242,125243,125245],{},[1784,125244,2264],{},[1784,125246,20998],{},[1808,125248,36253],{"encoding":1810}," uvolní hodně reálné kupní síly.",[1115,125251,125252,125253,1075],{},"SE je malý — spotřebitel nemá blízké substituty pro ",[1035,125254,125256],{"className":125255},[1772],[1774,125257,125258],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,125259,125260,125264],{},[1781,125261,125262],{},[1784,125263,20998],{},[1808,125265,20998],{"encoding":1810},[1077,125267,125269],{"id":125268},"_17e-detailní-příklad-konstrukce-pcc-icc-engelovy-křivky","17e. Detailní příklad — konstrukce PCC, ICC, Engelovy křivky",[1023,125271,125273,125279],{"className":125272,"dataCallout":25986},[1026,25985],[1030,125274,125276,95569],{"className":125275},[1033],[1035,125277],{"className":125278,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,25993,1040],[1030,125280,125281,125282,1299,125322,125343],{},"Cobb-Douglas ",[1035,125283,125285],{"className":125284},[1772],[1774,125286,125287],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,125288,125289,125319],{},[1781,125290,125291,125293,125295,125307],{},[1784,125292,2126],{},[1788,125294,1863],{},[2467,125296,125297,125299],{},[1784,125298,20998],{},[1781,125300,125301,125303,125305],{},[2348,125302,2374],{},[1784,125304,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,125306,5332],{},[2467,125308,125309,125311],{},[1784,125310,21001],{},[1781,125312,125313,125315,125317],{},[2348,125314,4593],{},[1784,125316,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,125318,5332],{},[1808,125320,125321],{"encoding":1810},"U = X^{1\u002F3} Y^{2\u002F3}",[1035,125323,125325],{"className":125324},[1772],[1774,125326,125327],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,125328,125329,125341],{},[1781,125330,125331,125337,125339],{},[1792,125332,125333,125335],{},[1784,125334,2264],{},[1784,125336,21001],{},[1788,125338,1863],{},[2348,125340,2374],{},[1808,125342,41440],{"encoding":1810},". Sestrojíme PCC, ICC a Engelovu křivku.",[1100,125345,113863],{"id":125346},"marshallova-poptávka",[1035,125348,125350],{"className":125349},[1772],[1774,125351,125352],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,125353,125354,125434],{},[1781,125355,125356,125362,125364,125386,125388,125390,125396,125398,125420,125422,125432],{},[2467,125357,125358,125360],{},[1784,125359,20998],{},[1784,125361,1857],{},[1788,125363,1863],{},[2322,125365,125366,125380],{},[1781,125367,125368,125370,125372,125374,125376,125378],{},[1788,125369,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,125371,2374],{},[1784,125373,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,125375,5332],{},[1788,125377,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,125379,3221],{},[1792,125381,125382,125384],{},[1784,125383,2264],{},[1784,125385,20998],{},[1788,125387,1138],{"separator":1041},[2352,125389],{"width":2702},[2467,125391,125392,125394],{},[1784,125393,21001],{},[1784,125395,1857],{},[1788,125397,1863],{},[2322,125399,125400,125414],{},[1781,125401,125402,125404,125406,125408,125410,125412],{},[1788,125403,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,125405,4593],{},[1784,125407,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,125409,5332],{},[1788,125411,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,125413,3221],{},[1792,125415,125416,125418],{},[1784,125417,2264],{},[1784,125419,21001],{},[1788,125421,1863],{},[2322,125423,125424,125430],{},[1781,125425,125426,125428],{},[2348,125427,4593],{},[1784,125429,3221],{},[2348,125431,5332],{},[1784,125433,1075],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,125435,125436],{"encoding":1810},"X^M = \\frac{(1\u002F3) I}{P_X}, \\quad Y^M = \\frac{(2\u002F3) I}{P_Y} = \\frac{2I}{3}.",[1100,125438,125440,125441,125458,125459],{"id":125439},"pcc-měníme-pxp_x-fixujeme-i60i-60","PCC — měníme ",[1035,125442,125444],{"className":125443},[1772],[1774,125445,125446],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,125447,125448,125456],{},[1781,125449,125450],{},[1792,125451,125452,125454],{},[1784,125453,2264],{},[1784,125455,20998],{},[1808,125457,36253],{"encoding":1810},", fixujeme ",[1035,125460,125462],{"className":125461},[1772],[1774,125463,125464],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,125465,125466,125474],{},[1781,125467,125468,125470,125472],{},[1784,125469,3221],{},[1788,125471,1863],{},[2348,125473,2709],{},[1808,125475,124533],{"encoding":1810},[1030,125477,125478,125479,1310],{},"Pro různé ",[1035,125480,125482],{"className":125481},[1772],[1774,125483,125484],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,125485,125486,125514],{},[1781,125487,125488,125494,125496,125498,125500,125502,125504,125506,125508,125510,125512],{},[1792,125489,125490,125492],{},[1784,125491,2264],{},[1784,125493,20998],{},[1788,125495,43200],{},[1788,125497,34972],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,125499,2374],{},[1788,125501,1138],{"separator":1041},[2348,125503,4593],{},[1788,125505,1138],{"separator":1041},[2348,125507,5332],{},[1788,125509,1138],{"separator":1041},[2348,125511,12017],{},[1788,125513,35011],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,125515,125516],{"encoding":1810},"P_X \\in \\{1, 2, 3, 6\\}",[1153,125518,125519,125572],{},[1156,125520,125521],{},[1159,125522,125523,125542,125557],{},[1162,125524,125525],{},[1035,125526,125528],{"className":125527},[1772],[1774,125529,125530],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,125531,125532,125540],{},[1781,125533,125534],{},[1792,125535,125536,125538],{},[1784,125537,2264],{},[1784,125539,20998],{},[1808,125541,36253],{"encoding":1810},[1162,125543,125544],{},[1035,125545,125547],{"className":125546},[1772],[1774,125548,125549],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,125550,125551,125555],{},[1781,125552,125553],{},[1784,125554,20998],{},[1808,125556,20998],{"encoding":1810},[1162,125558,125559],{},[1035,125560,125562],{"className":125561},[1772],[1774,125563,125564],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,125565,125566,125570],{},[1781,125567,125568],{},[1784,125569,21001],{},[1808,125571,21001],{"encoding":1810},[1172,125573,125574,125582,125590,125599],{},[1159,125575,125576,125578,125580],{},[1177,125577,2374],{},[1177,125579,2640],{},[1177,125581,9208],{},[1159,125583,125584,125586,125588],{},[1177,125585,4593],{},[1177,125587,3116],{},[1177,125589,9208],{},[1159,125591,125592,125594,125597],{},[1177,125593,5332],{},[1177,125595,125596],{},"6{,}67",[1177,125598,9208],{},[1159,125600,125601,125603,125606],{},[1177,125602,12017],{},[1177,125604,125605],{},"3{,}33",[1177,125607,9208],{},[1030,125609,125610,1089,125612,125625,125626,125650,125651,125672,125673,125691,125692,125695,125696,125709,125710,125723,125724,125752,125753,125766],{},[1047,125611,17660],{},[1035,125613,125615],{"className":125614},[1772],[1774,125616,125617],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,125618,125619,125623],{},[1781,125620,125621],{},[1784,125622,21001],{},[1808,125624,21001],{"encoding":1810}," je konstantní (= ",[1035,125627,125629],{"className":125628},[1772],[1774,125630,125631],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,125632,125633,125647],{},[1781,125634,125635,125637,125639,125641,125643,125645],{},[2348,125636,4593],{},[1784,125638,3221],{},[1784,125640,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,125642,5332],{},[1788,125644,1863],{},[2348,125646,9208],{},[1808,125648,125649],{"encoding":1810},"2I\u002F3 = 40","). PCC je v rovině ",[1035,125652,125654],{"className":125653},[1772],[1774,125655,125656],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,125657,125658,125670],{},[1781,125659,125660,125662,125664,125666,125668],{},[1788,125661,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,125663,20998],{},[1788,125665,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,125667,21001],{},[1788,125669,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,125671,104389],{"encoding":1810}," vodorovná přímka ",[1035,125674,125676],{"className":125675},[1772],[1774,125677,125678],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,125679,125680,125688],{},[1781,125681,125682,125684,125686],{},[1784,125683,21001],{},[1788,125685,1863],{},[2348,125687,9208],{},[1808,125689,125690],{"encoding":1810},"Y = 40",". Důvod: pro Cobb-Douglas je ",[1091,125693,125694],{},"jednotková"," cenová elasticita poptávky po ",[1035,125697,125699],{"className":125698},[1772],[1774,125700,125701],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,125702,125703,125707],{},[1781,125704,125705],{},[1784,125706,20998],{},[1808,125708,20998],{"encoding":1810},", takže výdaje na ",[1035,125711,125713],{"className":125712},[1772],[1774,125714,125715],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,125716,125717,125721],{},[1781,125718,125719],{},[1784,125720,20998],{},[1808,125722,20998],{"encoding":1810}," jsou konstantní ",[1035,125725,125727],{"className":125726},[1772],[1774,125728,125729],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,125730,125731,125749],{},[1781,125732,125733,125735,125737,125739,125741,125743,125745,125747],{},[1788,125734,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,125736,2374],{},[1784,125738,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,125740,5332],{},[1788,125742,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,125744,3221],{},[1788,125746,1863],{},[2348,125748,2640],{},[1808,125750,125751],{"encoding":1810},"(1\u002F3) I = 20",", a výdaje na ",[1035,125754,125756],{"className":125755},[1772],[1774,125757,125758],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,125759,125760,125764],{},[1781,125761,125762],{},[1784,125763,21001],{},[1808,125765,21001],{"encoding":1810}," jsou doplňkem.",[1030,125768,125769,125785,125786,29538,125811,125837],{},[1047,125770,125771,125772],{},"Marshallova poptávka po ",[1035,125773,125775],{"className":125774},[1772],[1774,125776,125777],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,125778,125779,125783],{},[1781,125780,125781],{},[1784,125782,20998],{},[1808,125784,20998],{"encoding":1810}," (projekce do ",[1035,125787,125789],{"className":125788},[1772],[1774,125790,125791],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,125792,125793,125809],{},[1781,125794,125795,125797,125799,125801,125807],{},[1788,125796,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,125798,20998],{},[1788,125800,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,125802,125803,125805],{},[1784,125804,2264],{},[1784,125806,20998],{},[1788,125808,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,125810,119244],{"encoding":1810},[1035,125812,125814],{"className":125813},[1772],[1774,125815,125816],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,125817,125818,125834],{},[1781,125819,125820,125822,125824,125826,125828],{},[1784,125821,20998],{},[1788,125823,1863],{},[2348,125825,2640],{},[1784,125827,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,125829,125830,125832],{},[1784,125831,2264],{},[1784,125833,20998],{},[1808,125835,125836],{"encoding":1810},"X = 20\u002FP_X"," — klasická hyperbola.",[1100,125839,125841,125842,125458,125855],{"id":125840},"icc-měníme-ii-fixujeme-px2py1p_x-2-p_y-1","ICC — měníme ",[1035,125843,125845],{"className":125844},[1772],[1774,125846,125847],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,125848,125849,125853],{},[1781,125850,125851],{},[1784,125852,3221],{},[1808,125854,3221],{"encoding":1810},[1035,125856,125858],{"className":125857},[1772],[1774,125859,125860],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,125861,125862,125886],{},[1781,125863,125864,125870,125872,125874,125876,125882,125884],{},[1792,125865,125866,125868],{},[1784,125867,2264],{},[1784,125869,20998],{},[1788,125871,1863],{},[2348,125873,4593],{},[1788,125875,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,125877,125878,125880],{},[1784,125879,2264],{},[1784,125881,21001],{},[1788,125883,1863],{},[2348,125885,2374],{},[1808,125887,125888],{"encoding":1810},"P_X = 2, P_Y = 1",[1153,125890,125891,125940],{},[1156,125892,125893],{},[1159,125894,125895,125910,125925],{},[1162,125896,125897],{},[1035,125898,125900],{"className":125899},[1772],[1774,125901,125902],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,125903,125904,125908],{},[1781,125905,125906],{},[1784,125907,3221],{},[1808,125909,3221],{"encoding":1810},[1162,125911,125912],{},[1035,125913,125915],{"className":125914},[1772],[1774,125916,125917],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,125918,125919,125923],{},[1781,125920,125921],{},[1784,125922,20998],{},[1808,125924,20998],{"encoding":1810},[1162,125926,125927],{},[1035,125928,125930],{"className":125929},[1772],[1774,125931,125932],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,125933,125934,125938],{},[1781,125935,125936],{},[1784,125937,21001],{},[1808,125939,21001],{"encoding":1810},[1172,125941,125942,125950,125958,125966],{},[1159,125943,125944,125946,125948],{},[1177,125945,9189],{},[1177,125947,5356],{},[1177,125949,2640],{},[1159,125951,125952,125954,125956],{},[1177,125953,2709],{},[1177,125955,3116],{},[1177,125957,9208],{},[1159,125959,125960,125962,125964],{},[1177,125961,9789],{},[1177,125963,2786],{},[1177,125965,2709],{},[1159,125967,125968,125970,125972],{},[1177,125969,23526],{},[1177,125971,2640],{},[1177,125973,9698],{},[1030,125975,125976,125978,125979,126001,126002,126094,126095,126098],{},[1047,125977,17660],{}," ICC je přímka procházející počátkem se sklonem ",[1035,125980,125982],{"className":125981},[1772],[1774,125983,125984],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,125985,125986,125998],{},[1781,125987,125988,125990,125992,125994,125996],{},[1784,125989,21001],{},[1784,125991,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,125993,20998],{},[1788,125995,1863],{},[2348,125997,5344],{},[1808,125999,126000],{"encoding":1810},"Y\u002FX = 4"," (přesně ",[1035,126003,126005],{"className":126004},[1772],[1774,126006,126007],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,126008,126009,126091],{},[1781,126010,126011,126013,126015,126017,126019,126021,126023,126025,126027,126029,126031,126033,126035,126037,126039,126041,126043,126045,126051,126053,126055,126061,126063,126069,126071,126073,126079,126081,126087,126089],{},[1784,126012,21001],{},[1784,126014,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,126016,20998],{},[1788,126018,1863],{},[1788,126020,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,126022,4593],{},[1784,126024,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,126026,5332],{},[1788,126028,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,126030,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,126032,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,126034,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,126036,2374],{},[1784,126038,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,126040,5332],{},[1788,126042,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,126044,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,126046,126047,126049],{},[1784,126048,2264],{},[1784,126050,20998],{},[1788,126052,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,126054,2267],{},[1792,126056,126057,126059],{},[1784,126058,2264],{},[1784,126060,20998],{},[1784,126062,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,126064,126065,126067],{},[1784,126066,2264],{},[1784,126068,21001],{},[1788,126070,1863],{},[2348,126072,4593],{},[1792,126074,126075,126077],{},[1784,126076,2264],{},[1784,126078,20998],{},[1784,126080,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,126082,126083,126085],{},[1784,126084,2264],{},[1784,126086,21001],{},[1788,126088,1863],{},[2348,126090,5344],{},[1808,126092,126093],{"encoding":1810},"Y\u002FX = (2\u002F3)\u002F((1\u002F3)\u002FP_X) \\cdot P_X\u002FP_Y = 2 P_X \u002F P_Y = 4","). Pro Cobb-Douglas je ICC vždy lineární s konstantním sklonem — to je důsledek ",[1047,126096,126097],{},"homotetičnosti"," preferencí.",[1100,126100,126102,126103],{"id":126101},"engelova-křivka-pro-xx","Engelova křivka pro ",[1035,126104,126106],{"className":126105},[1772],[1774,126107,126108],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,126109,126110,126114],{},[1781,126111,126112],{},[1784,126113,20998],{},[1808,126115,20998],{"encoding":1810},[1030,126117,26487,126118,46314,126162,1310],{},[1035,126119,126121],{"className":126120},[1772],[1774,126122,126123],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,126124,126125,126159],{},[1781,126126,126127,126133,126135,126137,126139,126141,126143,126149,126151,126153,126155,126157],{},[2467,126128,126129,126131],{},[1784,126130,20998],{},[1784,126132,1857],{},[1788,126134,1863],{},[1784,126136,3221],{},[1784,126138,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,126140,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,126142,5332],{},[1792,126144,126145,126147],{},[1784,126146,2264],{},[1784,126148,20998],{},[1788,126150,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,126152,1863],{},[1784,126154,3221],{},[1784,126156,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,126158,12017],{},[1808,126160,126161],{"encoding":1810},"X^M = I\u002F(3 P_X) = I\u002F6",[1035,126163,126165],{"className":126164},[1772],[1774,126166,126167],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,126168,126169,126181],{},[1781,126170,126171,126177,126179],{},[1792,126172,126173,126175],{},[1784,126174,2264],{},[1784,126176,20998],{},[1788,126178,1863],{},[2348,126180,4593],{},[1808,126182,41463],{"encoding":1810},[1153,126184,126185,126219],{},[1156,126186,126187],{},[1159,126188,126189,126204],{},[1162,126190,126191],{},[1035,126192,126194],{"className":126193},[1772],[1774,126195,126196],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,126197,126198,126202],{},[1781,126199,126200],{},[1784,126201,3221],{},[1808,126203,3221],{"encoding":1810},[1162,126205,126206],{},[1035,126207,126209],{"className":126208},[1772],[1774,126210,126211],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,126212,126213,126217],{},[1781,126214,126215],{},[1784,126216,20998],{},[1808,126218,20998],{"encoding":1810},[1172,126220,126221,126227,126233],{},[1159,126222,126223,126225],{},[1177,126224,2350],{},[1177,126226,2350],{},[1159,126228,126229,126231],{},[1177,126230,2709],{},[1177,126232,3116],{},[1159,126234,126235,126237],{},[1177,126236,23526],{},[1177,126238,2640],{},[1030,126240,126241,126243,126244,126266,126267,126291,126292,126295],{},[1047,126242,17660],{}," Engelova křivka je přímka ",[1035,126245,126247],{"className":126246},[1772],[1774,126248,126249],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,126250,126251,126263],{},[1781,126252,126253,126255,126257,126259,126261],{},[1784,126254,20998],{},[1788,126256,1863],{},[1784,126258,3221],{},[1784,126260,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,126262,12017],{},[1808,126264,126265],{"encoding":1810},"X = I\u002F6",", lineární a rostoucí. Důchodová elasticita ",[1035,126268,126270],{"className":126269},[1772],[1774,126271,126272],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,126273,126274,126288],{},[1781,126275,126276,126284,126286],{},[13587,126277,126278,126280,126282],{},[1784,126279,2364],{},[1784,126281,20998],{},[1784,126283,3221],{},[1788,126285,1863],{},[2348,126287,2374],{},[1808,126289,126290],{"encoding":1810},"E_X^I = 1"," — Cobb-Douglasovy preference popisují ",[1091,126293,126294],{},"zboží s jednotkovou důchodovou elasticitou",". Žádný luxus, žádné nezbytné, žádné podřadné — zlatá střední cesta. To je důvod, proč Cobb-Douglas slouží jen jako didaktický základ; reálná data vyžadují bohatší užitkové funkce (Stone-Geary, CES, kvázi-lineární).",[1077,126297,126299],{"id":126298},"_17f-historický-kontext","17f. Historický kontext",[1023,126301,126303,126310,126313],{"className":126302,"dataCallout":2090},[1026,2089],[1030,126304,126306,126309],{"className":126305},[1033],[1035,126307],{"className":126308,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,2097,1040],"Historie konceptu",[1030,126311,126312],{},"Rozklad cenového efektu vznikal postupně mezi koncem 19. a polovinou 20. století:",[1112,126314,126315,126325,126334,126344,126353],{},[1115,126316,126317,126320,126321,126324],{},[1047,126318,126319],{},"Eugen Slutsky (1915)"," — italský článek „Sulla teoria del bilancio del consumatore\" v ",[1091,126322,126323],{},"Giornale degli Economisti",". Slutsky odvodil základní rovnici i koncept zachování koše. Práce zůstala dlouho neznámá, protože vyšla v italštině v době první světové války.",[1115,126326,126327,3250,126330,126333],{},[1047,126328,126329],{},"John R. Hicks a R. G. D. Allen (1934)",[1091,126331,126332],{},"Economica",", „A Reconsideration of the Theory of Value\". Hicks a Allen nezávisle objevili obdobu Slutského rozkladu, ale s pojetím zachovaného užitku místo zachovaného koše. Hicksův přístup se stal dominantním v anglosaské mikroekonomii.",[1115,126335,126336,126339,126340,126343],{},[1047,126337,126338],{},"Robert Giffen"," (paradox pojmenován po něm) — anglický statistik, popisoval anomální chování poptávky po chlebu chudých dělníků v 19. století. Sám o sobě paradox nikdy formálně nepojmenoval; přiřazení udělal Alfred Marshall ve své ",[1091,126341,126342],{},"Principles of Economics"," (1895).",[1115,126345,126346,3250,126349,126352],{},[1047,126347,126348],{},"Paul A. Samuelson (1947)",[1091,126350,126351],{},"Foundations of Economic Analysis",". Sjednotil Slutského a Hicksův přístup pod „theory of revealed preference\" a ukázal, že obě dekompozice se shodují v limitě infinitesimálních změn.",[1115,126354,126355,3250,126358,126361],{},[1047,126356,126357],{},"Jensen & Miller (2008)",[1091,126359,126360],{},"American Economic Review",", „Giffen Behavior and Subsistence Consumption\". První moderní empirický důkaz Giffenova chování (rýže ve venkovských oblastech Číny).",[1077,126363,126365],{"id":126364},"_17g-limitní-případy-a-rohové-řešení","17g. Limitní případy a rohové řešení",[1100,126367,126369],{"id":126368},"perfektní-substituty","Perfektní substituty",[1030,126371,1270,126372,126408,126409,126412,126413,1310],{},[1035,126373,126375],{"className":126374},[1772],[1774,126376,126377],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,126378,126379,126405],{},[1781,126380,126381,126383,126385,126387,126389,126391,126393,126395,126397,126399,126401,126403],{},[1784,126382,2126],{},[1788,126384,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,126386,20998],{},[1788,126388,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,126390,21001],{},[1788,126392,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,126394,1863],{},[1784,126396,1068],{},[1784,126398,20998],{},[1788,126400,2637],{},[1784,126402,8838],{},[1784,126404,21001],{},[1808,126406,126407],{"encoding":1810},"U(X, Y) = aX + bY"," (lineární užitek, perfektní substituty), spotřebitel nakupuje ",[1091,126410,126411],{},"jen jeden"," statek — ten s vyšším poměrem ",[1035,126414,126416],{"className":126415},[1772],[1774,126417,126418],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,126419,126420,126430],{},[1781,126421,126422,126424,126426,126428],{},[1784,126423,1857],{},[1784,126425,2126],{},[1784,126427,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,126429,2264],{},[1808,126431,126432],{"encoding":1810},"MU\u002FP",[1112,126434,126435,126513],{},[1115,126436,1270,126437,4058,126471,1299,126496,1075],{},[1035,126438,126440],{"className":126439},[1772],[1774,126441,126442],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,126443,126444,126468],{},[1781,126445,126446,126448,126450,126456,126458,126460,126462],{},[1784,126447,1068],{},[1784,126449,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,126451,126452,126454],{},[1784,126453,2264],{},[1784,126455,20998],{},[1788,126457,2491],{},[1784,126459,8838],{},[1784,126461,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,126463,126464,126466],{},[1784,126465,2264],{},[1784,126467,21001],{},[1808,126469,126470],{"encoding":1810},"a\u002FP_X > b\u002FP_Y",[1035,126472,126474],{"className":126473},[1772],[1774,126475,126476],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,126477,126478,126494],{},[1781,126479,126480,126482,126484,126486,126488],{},[1784,126481,20998],{},[1788,126483,1863],{},[1784,126485,3221],{},[1784,126487,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,126489,126490,126492],{},[1784,126491,2264],{},[1784,126493,20998],{},[1808,126495,104501],{"encoding":1810},[1035,126497,126499],{"className":126498},[1772],[1774,126500,126501],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,126502,126503,126511],{},[1781,126504,126505,126507,126509],{},[1784,126506,21001],{},[1788,126508,1863],{},[2348,126510,2350],{},[1808,126512,104475],{"encoding":1810},[1115,126514,1270,126515,4058,126549,1299,126566,1075],{},[1035,126516,126518],{"className":126517},[1772],[1774,126519,126520],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,126521,126522,126546],{},[1781,126523,126524,126526,126528,126534,126536,126538,126540],{},[1784,126525,1068],{},[1784,126527,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,126529,126530,126532],{},[1784,126531,2264],{},[1784,126533,20998],{},[1788,126535,2537],{},[1784,126537,8838],{},[1784,126539,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,126541,126542,126544],{},[1784,126543,2264],{},[1784,126545,21001],{},[1808,126547,126548],{"encoding":1810},"a\u002FP_X \u003C b\u002FP_Y",[1035,126550,126552],{"className":126551},[1772],[1774,126553,126554],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,126555,126556,126564],{},[1781,126557,126558,126560,126562],{},[1784,126559,20998],{},[1788,126561,1863],{},[2348,126563,2350],{},[1808,126565,104564],{"encoding":1810},[1035,126567,126569],{"className":126568},[1772],[1774,126570,126571],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,126572,126573,126589],{},[1781,126574,126575,126577,126579,126581,126583],{},[1784,126576,21001],{},[1788,126578,1863],{},[1784,126580,3221],{},[1784,126582,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,126584,126585,126587],{},[1784,126586,2264],{},[1784,126588,21001],{},[1808,126590,104590],{"encoding":1810},[1030,126592,126593,126594,126597,126598,126611,126612,4974,126625,126638],{},"V tomto případě ",[1047,126595,126596],{},"substituční efekt skokově dominuje",": malé zlevnění ",[1035,126599,126601],{"className":126600},[1772],[1774,126602,126603],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,126604,126605,126609],{},[1781,126606,126607],{},[1784,126608,20998],{},[1808,126610,20998],{"encoding":1810}," (přesné překročení prahu) přepne celou spotřebu z ",[1035,126613,126615],{"className":126614},[1772],[1774,126616,126617],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,126618,126619,126623],{},[1781,126620,126621],{},[1784,126622,21001],{},[1808,126624,21001],{"encoding":1810},[1035,126626,126628],{"className":126627},[1772],[1774,126629,126630],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,126631,126632,126636],{},[1781,126633,126634],{},[1784,126635,20998],{},[1808,126637,20998],{"encoding":1810},". IE je definován jen v rohu a má interpretaci „dopad na spotřebu kvantitativní veličiny, kterou už nakupujeme\".",[1100,126640,126642],{"id":126641},"perfektní-komplementy","Perfektní komplementy",[1030,126644,126645,126689,126690,22866,126716,126738,126739,126742,126743,1075],{},[1035,126646,126648],{"className":126647},[1772],[1774,126649,126650],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,126651,126652,126686],{},[1781,126653,126654,126656,126658,126660,126662,126664,126666,126668,126670,126672,126674,126676,126678,126680,126682,126684],{},[1784,126655,2126],{},[1788,126657,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,126659,20998],{},[1788,126661,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,126663,21001],{},[1788,126665,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,126667,1863],{},[1784,126669,33767],{},[1788,126671,3350],{},[1788,126673,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,126675,1068],{},[1784,126677,20998],{},[1788,126679,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,126681,8838],{},[1784,126683,21001],{},[1788,126685,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,126687,126688],{"encoding":1810},"U(X, Y) = \\min(aX, bY)"," — Leontiefův užitek. Spotřebitel kupuje vždy v poměru ",[1035,126691,126693],{"className":126692},[1772],[1774,126694,126695],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,126696,126697,126713],{},[1781,126698,126699,126701,126703,126705,126707,126709,126711],{},[1784,126700,20998],{},[1788,126702,1310],{},[1784,126704,21001],{},[1788,126706,1863],{},[1784,126708,8838],{},[1788,126710,1310],{},[1784,126712,1068],{},[1808,126714,126715],{"encoding":1810},"X:Y = b:a",[1035,126717,126719],{"className":126718},[1772],[1774,126720,126721],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,126722,126723,126735],{},[1781,126724,126725,126727,126729,126731,126733],{},[1784,126726,1068],{},[1784,126728,20998],{},[1788,126730,1863],{},[1784,126732,8838],{},[1784,126734,21001],{},[1808,126736,126737],{"encoding":1810},"aX = bY",". Důsledek: ",[1047,126740,126741],{},"substituční efekt je nulový"," (žádná substituce při změně relativních cen — proporcionální nákup je dán technologií, ne preferencemi). Veškerý cenový efekt je důchodový. Slutského rovnice degeneruje na ",[1035,126744,126746],{"className":126745},[1772],[1774,126747,126748],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,126749,126750,126792],{},[1781,126751,126752,126754,126760,126762,126764,126770,126772,126774,126776,126778,126780,126786,126788,126790],{},[1784,126753,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,126755,126756,126758],{},[1784,126757,20998],{},[1784,126759,1857],{},[1784,126761,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,126763,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,126765,126766,126768],{},[1784,126767,2264],{},[1784,126769,20998],{},[1788,126771,1863],{},[1788,126773,2371],{},[1784,126775,20998],{},[1788,126777,2267],{},[1784,126779,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,126781,126782,126784],{},[1784,126783,20998],{},[1784,126785,1857],{},[1784,126787,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,126789,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,126791,3221],{},[1808,126793,126794],{"encoding":1810},"\\partial X^M\u002F\\partial P_X = -X \\cdot \\partial X^M\u002F\\partial I",[1100,126796,126798],{"id":126797},"kvázi-lineární-užitek","Kvázi-lineární užitek",[1030,126800,126801,126839,126840,126853,126854,126738,126894,126911,126912,126962,126963,1062,126966,126969],{},[1035,126802,126804],{"className":126803},[1772],[1774,126805,126806],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,126807,126808,126836],{},[1781,126809,126810,126812,126814,126816,126818,126820,126822,126824,126826,126828,126830,126832,126834],{},[1784,126811,2126],{},[1788,126813,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,126815,20998],{},[1788,126817,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,126819,21001],{},[1788,126821,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,126823,1863],{},[1784,126825,9426],{},[1788,126827,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,126829,20998],{},[1788,126831,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,126833,2637],{},[1784,126835,21001],{},[1808,126837,126838],{"encoding":1810},"U(X, Y) = v(X) + Y",". Marshallova poptávka po ",[1035,126841,126843],{"className":126842},[1772],[1774,126844,126845],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,126846,126847,126851],{},[1781,126848,126849],{},[1784,126850,20998],{},[1808,126852,20998],{"encoding":1810}," nezávisí na důchodu (pokud není rohová): ",[1035,126855,126857],{"className":126856},[1772],[1774,126858,126859],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,126860,126861,126891],{},[1781,126862,126863,126869,126871,126873,126875,126877,126883,126885],{},[2467,126864,126865,126867],{},[1784,126866,9426],{},[1788,126868,7862],{"mathvariant":7829,"lspace":7861,"rspace":7861},[1788,126870,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,126872,20998],{},[1788,126874,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,126876,1863],{},[1792,126878,126879,126881],{},[1784,126880,2264],{},[1784,126882,20998],{},[1784,126884,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,126886,126887,126889],{},[1784,126888,2264],{},[1784,126890,21001],{},[1808,126892,126893],{"encoding":1810},"v'(X) = P_X\u002FP_Y",[1047,126895,126896,126897,126910],{},"důchodový efekt na ",[1035,126898,126900],{"className":126899},[1772],[1774,126901,126902],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,126903,126904,126908],{},[1781,126905,126906],{},[1784,126907,20998],{},[1808,126909,20998],{"encoding":1810}," je nulový"," (kromě extrémně nízkých důchodů). Veškerý cenový efekt je substituční. Slutského rovnice se zjednoduší: ",[1035,126913,126915],{"className":126914},[1772],[1774,126916,126917],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,126918,126919,126959],{},[1781,126920,126921,126923,126929,126931,126933,126939,126941,126943,126949,126951,126953],{},[1784,126922,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,126924,126925,126927],{},[1784,126926,20998],{},[1784,126928,1857],{},[1784,126930,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,126932,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,126934,126935,126937],{},[1784,126936,2264],{},[1784,126938,20998],{},[1788,126940,1863],{},[1784,126942,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,126944,126945,126947],{},[1784,126946,20998],{},[1784,126948,33448],{},[1784,126950,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,126952,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,126954,126955,126957],{},[1784,126956,2264],{},[1784,126958,20998],{},[1808,126960,126961],{"encoding":1810},"\\partial X^M\u002F\\partial P_X = \\partial X^H\u002F\\partial P_X",". Tato vlastnost je důvod, proč se kvázi-lineární užitek používá v ",[1091,126964,126965],{},"teorii průmyslových organizací",[1091,126967,126968],{},"welfare ekonomii"," — vyhneme se komplikacím s důchodovými efekty.",[1077,126971,126973],{"id":126972},"_17h-se-a-ie-pro-spotřebitele-s-pracovní-nabídkou","17h. SE a IE pro spotřebitele s pracovní nabídkou",[1030,126975,126976,126977,126980,126981,126994,126995,127008,127009,127022,127023,127036,127037,127069,127070,127083,127084,127097],{},"Cenový rozklad se ",[1091,126978,126979],{},"přirozeně"," přenáší na pracovní nabídku, kde je „cenou\" mzda ",[1035,126982,126984],{"className":126983},[1772],[1774,126985,126986],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,126987,126988,126992],{},[1781,126989,126990],{},[1784,126991,3775],{},[1808,126993,3775],{"encoding":1810}," a „statkem\" volný čas ",[1035,126996,126998],{"className":126997},[1772],[1774,126999,127000],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,127001,127002,127006],{},[1781,127003,127004],{},[1784,127005,3766],{},[1808,127007,3766],{"encoding":1810},". Spotřebitel volí mezi spotřebou ",[1035,127010,127012],{"className":127011},[1772],[1774,127013,127014],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,127015,127016,127020],{},[1781,127017,127018],{},[1784,127019,1868],{},[1808,127021,1868],{"encoding":1810}," a volným časem ",[1035,127024,127026],{"className":127025},[1772],[1774,127027,127028],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,127029,127030,127034],{},[1781,127031,127032],{},[1784,127033,3766],{},[1808,127035,3766],{"encoding":1810}," při omezení ",[1035,127038,127040],{"className":127039},[1772],[1774,127041,127042],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,127043,127044,127066],{},[1781,127045,127046,127048,127050,127052,127054,127056,127058,127060,127062,127064],{},[1784,127047,1868],{},[1788,127049,1863],{},[1784,127051,3775],{},[1788,127053,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,127055,2257],{},[1788,127057,2371],{},[1784,127059,3766],{},[1788,127061,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,127063,2637],{},[1784,127065,31140],{},[1808,127067,127068],{"encoding":1810},"C = w(T - L) + V"," (kde ",[1035,127071,127073],{"className":127072},[1772],[1774,127074,127075],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,127076,127077,127081],{},[1781,127078,127079],{},[1784,127080,2257],{},[1808,127082,2257],{"encoding":1810}," je dispozice času, ",[1035,127085,127087],{"className":127086},[1772],[1774,127088,127089],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,127090,127091,127095],{},[1781,127092,127093],{},[1784,127094,31140],{},[1808,127096,31140],{"encoding":1810}," jsou nepracovní příjmy).",[1030,127099,127100,127101,127114],{},"Růst mzdy ",[1035,127102,127104],{"className":127103},[1772],[1774,127105,127106],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,127107,127108,127112],{},[1781,127109,127110],{},[1784,127111,3775],{},[1808,127113,3775],{"encoding":1810}," rozkládáme:",[1112,127116,127117,127151],{},[1115,127118,127119,127121,127122,127136,127137,127150],{},[1047,127120,115202],{},": volný čas zdražil → spotřebitel snižuje volný čas (víc pracuje). Vždy ",[1035,127123,127125],{"className":127124},[1772],[1774,127126,127127],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,127128,127129,127133],{},[1781,127130,127131],{},[1788,127132,2371],{},[1808,127134,127135],{"encoding":1810},"-"," k volnému času, ",[1035,127138,127140],{"className":127139},[1772],[1774,127141,127142],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,127143,127144,127148],{},[1781,127145,127146],{},[1788,127147,2637],{},[1808,127149,2637],{"encoding":1810}," k práci.",[1115,127152,127153,127155,127156,127158],{},[1047,127154,37272],{},": vzrostl reálný důchod (volný čas je obvykle normální statek) → spotřebitel chce ",[1091,127157,52170],{}," volného času, méně pracovat.",[1030,127160,127161],{},"Pro nízké mzdy SE > IE → křivka nabídky práce roste. Pro vysoké mzdy IE > SE → křivka „ohýbá zpět\" (backward-bending labor supply). Tento jev je další verze Giffena, jen pro pracovní nabídku, a detailněji se s ním pracuje v rámci modelů spotřebitele s časovou volbou.",[1077,127163,127165],{"id":127164},"_17i-se-a-ie-v-intertemporální-volbě","17i. SE a IE v intertemporální volbě",[1030,127167,127168,127169,1062,127172,127174,127175,127201,127202,127215,127216,1310],{},"Stejný rozklad funguje pro volbu mezi ",[1091,127170,127171],{},"současnou",[1091,127173,66562],{}," spotřebou (",[1035,127176,127178],{"className":127177},[1772],[1774,127179,127180],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,127181,127182,127198],{},[1781,127183,127184,127190,127192],{},[1792,127185,127186,127188],{},[1784,127187,1868],{},[2348,127189,2374],{},[1788,127191,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,127193,127194,127196],{},[1784,127195,1868],{},[2348,127197,4593],{},[1808,127199,127200],{"encoding":1810},"C_1, C_2",") při úrokové míře ",[1035,127203,127205],{"className":127204},[1772],[1774,127206,127207],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,127208,127209,127213],{},[1781,127210,127211],{},[1784,127212,3794],{},[1808,127214,3794],{"encoding":1810},". Růst ",[1035,127217,127219],{"className":127218},[1772],[1774,127220,127221],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,127222,127223,127227],{},[1781,127224,127225],{},[1784,127226,3794],{},[1808,127228,3794],{"encoding":1810},[1112,127230,127231,127254,127296],{},[1115,127232,127233,127235,127236,127253],{},[1047,127234,115202],{},": budoucí spotřeba je „levnější\" (vysoká cena současné) → spotřebitel přesouvá do ",[1035,127237,127239],{"className":127238},[1772],[1774,127240,127241],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,127242,127243,127251],{},[1781,127244,127245],{},[1792,127246,127247,127249],{},[1784,127248,1868],{},[2348,127250,4593],{},[1808,127252,8198],{"encoding":1810}," (víc šetří).",[1115,127255,127256,127259,127260,127277,127278,127295],{},[1047,127257,127258],{},"IE pro střadatele",": vyšší výnos z úspor → bohatší → chce víc obojího → IE proti SE u ",[1035,127261,127263],{"className":127262},[1772],[1774,127264,127265],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,127266,127267,127275],{},[1781,127268,127269],{},[1792,127270,127271,127273],{},[1784,127272,1868],{},[2348,127274,4593],{},[1808,127276,8198],{"encoding":1810},", ve směru SE u ",[1035,127279,127281],{"className":127280},[1772],[1774,127282,127283],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,127284,127285,127293],{},[1781,127286,127287],{},[1792,127288,127289,127291],{},[1784,127290,1868],{},[2348,127292,2374],{},[1808,127294,8145],{"encoding":1810}," (pokud je střadatel).",[1115,127297,127298,127301],{},[1047,127299,127300],{},"IE pro dlužníka",": vyšší úroky → chudší → chce méně obojího.",[1030,127303,127304,127305,1062,127308,127311],{},"Tento rozklad je jádrem moderní teorie ",[1091,127306,127307],{},"consumption smoothing",[1091,127309,127310],{},"Eulerovy rovnice"," v makroekonomii.",[1077,127313,127315],{"id":127314},"_18-souvislosti-a-další-čtení","18. Souvislosti a další čtení",[1112,127317,127318,127357,127366,127376,127386,127396],{},[1115,127319,127320,1089,127323,127326,127327,127330,127331,2440],{},[1047,127321,127322],{},"Předchozí téma:",[1068,127324,103841],{"className":127325,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":32404,"href":32402},[1071]," (axiomy, IC, MRS) → ",[1068,127328,71843],{"className":127329,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":33565,"href":33566},[1071]," (tečnost MRS = ",[1035,127332,127334],{"className":127333},[1772],[1774,127335,127336],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,127337,127338,127354],{},[1781,127339,127340,127346,127348],{},[1792,127341,127342,127344],{},[1784,127343,2264],{},[1784,127345,20998],{},[1784,127347,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,127349,127350,127352],{},[1784,127351,2264],{},[1784,127353,21001],{},[1808,127355,127356],{"encoding":1810},"P_X\u002FP_Y",[1115,127358,127359,1089,127362,127365],{},[1047,127360,127361],{},"Návazné téma:",[1068,127363,32174],{"className":127364,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":32173,"href":32171},[1071]," — formálně rozvíjí Slutského rovnici, dualitu, Shephardovo lemma.",[1115,127367,127368,1089,127371,127375],{},[1047,127369,127370],{},"Aplikace:",[1068,127372,127374],{"className":127373,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":2388,"href":2389},[1071],"Elasticity poptávky"," — sklon PCC vs. cenová elasticita; Engelova křivka vs. důchodová elasticita.",[1115,127377,127378,1089,127381,127385],{},[1047,127379,127380],{},"Tržní agregace:",[1068,127382,127384],{"className":127383,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":32119,"href":32117},[1071],"Tržní rovnováha a dynamika"," — agregace individuálních poptávek na tržní křivku, Engelovy křivky pro celou populaci.",[1115,127387,127388,1089,127391,127395],{},[1047,127389,127390],{},"Křížový kontext:",[1068,127392,127394],{"className":127393,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":71908,"href":71909},[1071],"Poptávka\u002Fnabídka (ImeK)"," — matematicko-ekonomické zachycení v ImeK.",[1115,127397,127398,1089,127401,1075],{},[1047,127399,127400],{},"Hub kurzu:",[1068,127402,1682],{"className":127403,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1680,"href":1681},[1071],[1077,127405,127407],{"id":127406},"_19-časté-chyby-a-varování","19. Časté chyby a varování",[1023,127409,127411,127418],{"className":127410,"dataCallout":3501},[1026,3500],[1030,127412,127414,127417],{"className":127413},[1033],[1035,127415],{"className":127416,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,3508,1040],"Časté chyby ve zkoušce",[1260,127419,127420,127433,127450,127486,127516,127574,127580],{},[1115,127421,127422,127425,127426,127429,127430,127432],{},[1047,127423,127424],{},"Záměna SE a IE pro podřadné zboží."," SE je ",[1091,127427,127428],{},"vždy"," záporný (proti směru ceny). IE u podřadného zboží působí ",[1091,127431,112973],{}," směru ceny. Ne naopak.",[1115,127434,127435,1089,127438,127441,127442,127445,127446,127449],{},[1047,127436,127437],{},"„Giffen = luxus.\"",[1091,127439,127440],{},"Ne!"," Giffen je ",[1091,127443,127444],{},"podřadný"," statek se silným IE. Luxus má naopak vysokou ",[1091,127447,127448],{},"kladnou"," důchodovou elasticitu, žádný paradox to není.",[1115,127451,127452,127459,127460,127463,127464,127481,127482,127485],{},[1047,127453,127454,127455,127458],{},"Pomocná Slutského přímka prochází ",[1091,127456,127457],{},"novým"," bodem."," Ne. Prochází ",[1091,127461,127462],{},"původním"," bodem ",[1035,127465,127467],{"className":127466},[1772],[1774,127468,127469],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,127470,127471,127479],{},[1781,127472,127473],{},[1792,127474,127475,127477],{},[1784,127476,2364],{},[2348,127478,2350],{},[1808,127480,114961],{"encoding":1810},", ale má ",[1091,127483,127484],{},"nový"," sklon.",[1115,127487,127488,127494,127495,127497,127498,127515],{},[1047,127489,127490,127491,127485],{},"Hicksova rozpočtová přímka má ",[1091,127492,127493],{},"původní"," Ne. Má ",[1091,127496,127484],{}," sklon (jako ",[1035,127499,127501],{"className":127500},[1772],[1774,127502,127503],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,127504,127505,127513],{},[1781,127506,127507],{},[2467,127508,127509,127511],{},[1784,127510,3766],{},[1788,127512,7862],{"mathvariant":7829,"lspace":7861,"rspace":7861},[1808,127514,116191],{"encoding":1810},"), ale je posunutá tak, aby byla tečnou původní IC.",[1115,127517,127518,127521,127522,127543,127544,127569,127570,127573],{},[1047,127519,127520],{},"PCC = poptávková křivka."," PCC žije v rovině ",[1035,127523,127525],{"className":127524},[1772],[1774,127526,127527],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,127528,127529,127541],{},[1781,127530,127531,127533,127535,127537,127539],{},[1788,127532,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,127534,20998],{},[1788,127536,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,127538,21001],{},[1788,127540,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,127542,104389],{"encoding":1810},", poptávková křivka v rovině ",[1035,127545,127547],{"className":127546},[1772],[1774,127548,127549],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,127550,127551,127567],{},[1781,127552,127553,127555,127557,127559,127565],{},[1788,127554,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,127556,20998],{},[1788,127558,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,127560,127561,127563],{},[1784,127562,2264],{},[1784,127564,20998],{},[1788,127566,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,127568,119244],{"encoding":1810},". Poptávková křivka se ",[1091,127571,127572],{},"odvozuje"," z PCC, ale není to totéž.",[1115,127575,127576,127579],{},[1047,127577,127578],{},"„Engelova křivka klesá → podřadné zboží.\""," Pouze v té části, kde klesá. Statek může být v nízkých příjmech normální a v středních se stát podřadným (zlomená Engelova křivka).",[1115,127581,127582,1089,127585,127617],{},[1047,127583,127584],{},"Slutského rovnice — znaménko druhého členu.",[1035,127586,127588],{"className":127587},[1772],[1774,127589,127590],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,127591,127592,127614],{},[1781,127593,127594,127596,127598,127600,127602,127608,127610,127612],{},[1788,127595,2371],{},[1784,127597,20998],{},[1788,127599,2267],{},[1784,127601,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,127603,127604,127606],{},[1784,127605,20998],{},[1784,127607,1857],{},[1784,127609,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,127611,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,127613,3221],{},[1808,127615,127616],{"encoding":1810},"-X \\cdot \\partial X^M\u002F\\partial I",". Mínus před výrazem často účastníci zapomínají, vyjde jim opačné znaménko.",[1023,127619,127621,127628],{"className":127620,"dataCallout":2090},[1026,2089],[1030,127622,127624,127627],{"className":127623},[1033],[1035,127625],{"className":127626,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,2097,1040],"Konvence",[1030,127629,127630,127631,127647,127648,127651,127652,127665,127666,127683,127684,127717],{},"V této stránce držíme: SE i IE jsou ",[1091,127632,127633,127634],{},"změny množství ",[1035,127635,127637],{"className":127636},[1772],[1774,127638,127639],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,127640,127641,127645],{},[1781,127642,127643],{},[1784,127644,20998],{},[1808,127646,20998],{"encoding":1810},", ne změny ceny. „Záporný SE\" znamená, že ",[1091,127649,127650],{},"směr"," změny ",[1035,127653,127655],{"className":127654},[1772],[1774,127656,127657],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,127658,127659,127663],{},[1781,127660,127661],{},[1784,127662,20998],{},[1808,127664,20998],{"encoding":1810}," je opačný ke směru změny ",[1035,127667,127669],{"className":127668},[1772],[1774,127670,127671],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,127672,127673,127681],{},[1781,127674,127675],{},[1792,127676,127677,127679],{},[1784,127678,2264],{},[1784,127680,20998],{},[1808,127682,36253],{"encoding":1810},". Jiné učebnice někdy parametrizují SE jako derivaci a píší ",[1035,127685,127687],{"className":127686},[1772],[1774,127688,127689],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,127690,127691,127715],{},[1781,127692,127693,127695,127701,127703,127705,127711,127713],{},[1784,127694,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,127696,127697,127699],{},[1784,127698,20998],{},[1784,127700,33448],{},[1784,127702,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,127704,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,127706,127707,127709],{},[1784,127708,2264],{},[1784,127710,20998],{},[1788,127712,33669],{},[2348,127714,2350],{},[1808,127716,34762],{"encoding":1810}," — což je totéž tvrzení.",[4503,127719],{},[1077,127721,127723],{"id":127722},"shrnutí-klíčových-identit","Shrnutí klíčových identit",[1035,127725,127727],{"className":127726},[1772],[1774,127728,127729],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,127730,127731,127775],{},[1781,127732,127733],{},[21766,127734,127735],{"notation":21768},[14390,127736,127737],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,127738,127739],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,127740,127741],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[1781,127742,127743,127745,127747,127753,127755,127757,127763,127765,127767,127773],{},[2149,127744,21702],{},[1784,127746,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,127748,127749,127751],{},[1784,127750,20998],{},[2149,127752,34223],{},[1788,127754,1863],{},[1784,127756,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,127758,127759,127761],{},[1784,127760,20998],{},[2149,127762,115202],{},[1788,127764,2637],{},[1784,127766,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,127768,127769,127771],{},[1784,127770,20998],{},[2149,127772,37272],{},[2149,127774,21702],{},[1808,127776,127777],{"encoding":1810},"\\boxed{\\;\\Delta X^{\\text{cen}} = \\Delta X^{\\text{SE}} + \\Delta X^{\\text{IE}}\\;}",[1035,127779,127781],{"className":127780},[1772],[1774,127782,127783],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,127784,127785,127871],{},[1781,127786,127787],{},[21766,127788,127789],{"notation":21768},[14390,127790,127791],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,127792,127793],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,127794,127795],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[1781,127796,127797,127799,127821,127823,127845,127847,127849,127851,127869],{},[2149,127798,21702],{},[2322,127800,127801,127811],{},[1781,127802,127803,127805],{},[1784,127804,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,127806,127807,127809],{},[1784,127808,20998],{},[1784,127810,1857],{},[1781,127812,127813,127815],{},[1784,127814,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,127816,127817,127819],{},[1784,127818,2264],{},[1784,127820,20998],{},[1788,127822,1863],{},[2322,127824,127825,127835],{},[1781,127826,127827,127829],{},[1784,127828,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,127830,127831,127833],{},[1784,127832,20998],{},[1784,127834,33448],{},[1781,127836,127837,127839],{},[1784,127838,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,127840,127841,127843],{},[1784,127842,2264],{},[1784,127844,20998],{},[1788,127846,2371],{},[1784,127848,20998],{},[1788,127850,2267],{},[2322,127852,127853,127863],{},[1781,127854,127855,127857],{},[1784,127856,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,127858,127859,127861],{},[1784,127860,20998],{},[1784,127862,1857],{},[1781,127864,127865,127867],{},[1784,127866,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,127868,3221],{},[2149,127870,21702],{},[1808,127872,127873],{"encoding":1810},"\\boxed{\\;\\frac{\\partial X^M}{\\partial P_X} = \\frac{\\partial X^H}{\\partial P_X} - X \\cdot \\frac{\\partial X^M}{\\partial I}\\;}",[1035,127875,127877],{"className":127876},[1772],[1774,127878,127879],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,127880,127881,127947],{},[1781,127882,127883],{},[21766,127884,127885],{"notation":21768},[14390,127886,127887],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,127888,127889],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,127890,127891],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[1781,127892,127893,127895,127917,127919,127921,127923,127945],{},[2149,127894,21702],{},[2322,127896,127897,127907],{},[1781,127898,127899,127901],{},[1784,127900,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,127902,127903,127905],{},[1784,127904,20998],{},[1784,127906,33448],{},[1781,127908,127909,127911],{},[1784,127910,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,127912,127913,127915],{},[1784,127914,2264],{},[1784,127916,20998],{},[1788,127918,33669],{},[2348,127920,2350],{},[2352,127922],{"width":2702},[1781,127924,127925,127928,127934,127937,127943],{},[2149,127926,127927],{},"(SE v",[2160,127929,127930,127932],{"accent":1041},[2149,127931,2164],{},[1788,127933,2167],{},[2149,127935,127936],{},"dy nekladn",[2160,127938,127939,127941],{"accent":1041},[2149,127940,3750],{},[1788,127942,2181],{},[2149,127944,2192],{},[2149,127946,21702],{},[1808,127948,127949],{"encoding":1810},"\\boxed{\\;\\frac{\\partial X^H}{\\partial P_X} \\le 0 \\quad \\text{(SE vždy nekladný)}\\;}",[1035,127951,127953],{"className":127952},[1772],[1774,127954,127955],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,127956,127957,128096],{},[1781,127958,127959],{},[21766,127960,127961],{"notation":21768},[14390,127962,127963],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,127964,127965],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,127966,127967],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[1781,127968,127969,127971,127973,127975,127977,127979,128001,128003,128005,128007,128009,128011,128013,128015,128039,128041,128069,128072,128074,128094],{},[2149,127970,21702],{},[2149,127972,115892],{},[2149,127974,21702],{},[1788,127976,43125],{},[2149,127978,21702],{},[2322,127980,127981,127991],{},[1781,127982,127983,127985],{},[1784,127984,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,127986,127987,127989],{},[1784,127988,20998],{},[1784,127990,1857],{},[1781,127992,127993,127995],{},[1784,127994,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,127996,127997,127999],{},[1784,127998,2264],{},[1784,128000,20998],{},[1788,128002,2491],{},[2348,128004,2350],{},[2149,128006,21702],{},[1788,128008,43125],{},[2149,128010,21702],{},[1784,128012,20998],{},[1788,128014,2267],{},[1781,128016,128017,128019,128037],{},[1788,128018,20612],{"fence":1041},[2322,128020,128021,128031],{},[1781,128022,128023,128025],{},[1784,128024,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,128026,128027,128029],{},[1784,128028,20998],{},[1784,128030,1857],{},[1781,128032,128033,128035],{},[1784,128034,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,128036,3221],{},[1788,128038,20612],{"fence":1041},[1788,128040,2491],{},[1781,128042,128043,128045,128067],{},[1788,128044,20612],{"fence":1041},[2322,128046,128047,128057],{},[1781,128048,128049,128051],{},[1784,128050,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,128052,128053,128055],{},[1784,128054,20998],{},[1784,128056,33448],{},[1781,128058,128059,128061],{},[1784,128060,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,128062,128063,128065],{},[1784,128064,2264],{},[1784,128066,20998],{},[1788,128068,20612],{"fence":1041},[2149,128070,128071],{}," a ",[1784,128073,20998],{},[1781,128075,128076,128079,128085,128088],{},[2149,128077,128078],{}," pod",[2160,128080,128081,128083],{"accent":1041},[2149,128082,3794],{},[1788,128084,2167],{},[2149,128086,128087],{},"adn",[2160,128089,128090,128092],{"accent":1041},[2149,128091,9309],{},[1788,128093,2181],{},[2149,128095,21702],{},[1808,128097,128098],{"encoding":1810},"\\boxed{\\;\\text{Giffen} \\iff \\frac{\\partial X^M}{\\partial P_X} > 0 \\iff X \\cdot \\left|\\frac{\\partial X^M}{\\partial I}\\right| > \\left|\\frac{\\partial X^H}{\\partial P_X}\\right| \\text{ a } X \\text{ podřadné}\\;}",[1030,128100,128101,128102,128121,128122,128139,128140,128153],{},"PCC: trajektorie optim při ",[1035,128103,128105],{"className":128104},[1772],[1774,128106,128107],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,128108,128109,128119],{},[1781,128110,128111,128113],{},[1784,128112,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,128114,128115,128117],{},[1784,128116,2264],{},[1784,128118,20998],{},[1808,128120,36274],{"encoding":1810},", ceny ",[1035,128123,128125],{"className":128124},[1772],[1774,128126,128127],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,128128,128129,128137],{},[1781,128130,128131],{},[1792,128132,128133,128135],{},[1784,128134,2264],{},[1784,128136,21001],{},[1808,128138,39555],{"encoding":1810}," a důchod ",[1035,128141,128143],{"className":128142},[1772],[1774,128144,128145],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,128146,128147,128151],{},[1781,128148,128149],{},[1784,128150,3221],{},[1808,128152,3221],{"encoding":1810}," konstantní → individuální poptávka.",[1030,128155,128156,128157,128121,128172,128197],{},"ICC: trajektorie optim při ",[1035,128158,128160],{"className":128159},[1772],[1774,128161,128162],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,128163,128164,128170],{},[1781,128165,128166,128168],{},[1784,128167,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,128169,3221],{},[1808,128171,120622],{"encoding":1810},[1035,128173,128175],{"className":128174},[1772],[1774,128176,128177],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,128178,128179,128195],{},[1781,128180,128181,128187,128189],{},[1792,128182,128183,128185],{},[1784,128184,2264],{},[1784,128186,20998],{},[1788,128188,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,128190,128191,128193],{},[1784,128192,2264],{},[1784,128194,21001],{},[1808,128196,34249],{"encoding":1810}," konstantní → Engelova křivka.",[1030,128199,128200,128201,128224],{},"Engel: ",[1035,128202,128204],{"className":128203},[1772],[1774,128205,128206],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,128207,128208,128222],{},[1781,128209,128210,128216,128218,128220],{},[2467,128211,128212,128214],{},[1784,128213,20998],{},[1788,128215,7763],{},[1788,128217,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,128219,3221],{},[1788,128221,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,128223,114676],{"encoding":1810}," při fixních cenách → klasifikace luxus \u002F nezbytné \u002F podřadné podle sklonu.",{"title":1685,"searchDepth":141,"depth":141,"links":128226},[128227,128228,128229,128230,128232,128233,128234,128235,128236,128237,128238,128239,128243,128247,128251,128257,128263,128264,128268,128271,128272,128273,128282,128283,128288,128289,128290,128291,128292],{"id":114701,"depth":141,"text":114702},{"id":115303,"depth":141,"text":115304},{"id":115478,"depth":141,"text":115479},{"id":115952,"depth":141,"text":128231},"4. Geometrie rozkladu — body E0,E1,E2E_0, E_1, E_2",{"id":116633,"depth":141,"text":116634},{"id":117024,"depth":141,"text":117025},{"id":117397,"depth":141,"text":117398},{"id":117974,"depth":141,"text":117975},{"id":118216,"depth":141,"text":118217},{"id":118463,"depth":141,"text":118464},{"id":118641,"depth":141,"text":118642},{"id":119043,"depth":141,"text":119044,"children":128240},[128241,128242],{"id":119247,"depth":96,"text":119248},{"id":119564,"depth":96,"text":119565},{"id":119635,"depth":141,"text":119636,"children":128244},[128245,128246],{"id":119714,"depth":96,"text":119715},{"id":119922,"depth":96,"text":119923},{"id":119993,"depth":141,"text":119994,"children":128248},[128249,128250],{"id":120088,"depth":96,"text":120089},{"id":120196,"depth":96,"text":120197},{"id":120534,"depth":141,"text":120535,"children":128252},[128253,128254,128255,128256],{"id":120538,"depth":96,"text":120539},{"id":120602,"depth":96,"text":120603},{"id":120626,"depth":96,"text":120627},{"id":120633,"depth":96,"text":120634},{"id":120640,"depth":141,"text":120641,"children":128258},[128259,128260,128261,128262],{"id":120788,"depth":96,"text":120789},{"id":121156,"depth":96,"text":121157},{"id":121459,"depth":96,"text":121460},{"id":121850,"depth":96,"text":121851},{"id":122279,"depth":141,"text":122280},{"id":122324,"depth":141,"text":122325,"children":128265},[128266,128267],{"id":122529,"depth":96,"text":122530},{"id":122755,"depth":96,"text":122756},{"id":123234,"depth":141,"text":123235,"children":128269},[128270],{"id":123689,"depth":96,"text":123690},{"id":124311,"depth":141,"text":124312},{"id":124502,"depth":141,"text":124503},{"id":125268,"depth":141,"text":125269,"children":128274},[128275,128276,128278,128280],{"id":125346,"depth":96,"text":113863},{"id":125439,"depth":96,"text":128277},"PCC — měníme PXP_X, fixujeme I=60I = 60",{"id":125840,"depth":96,"text":128279},"ICC — měníme II, fixujeme PX=2,PY=1P_X = 2, P_Y = 1",{"id":126101,"depth":96,"text":128281},"Engelova křivka pro XX",{"id":126298,"depth":141,"text":126299},{"id":126364,"depth":141,"text":126365,"children":128284},[128285,128286,128287],{"id":126368,"depth":96,"text":126369},{"id":126641,"depth":96,"text":126642},{"id":126797,"depth":96,"text":126798},{"id":126972,"depth":141,"text":126973},{"id":127164,"depth":141,"text":127165},{"id":127314,"depth":141,"text":127315},{"id":127406,"depth":141,"text":127407},{"id":127722,"depth":141,"text":127723},{},"\u002Ftopics\u002Fmikk-substitucni-duchodovy-efekt",{"title":114601,"description":1685},[33347],"topics\u002Fmikk-substitucni-duchodovy-efekt",[13,28,317,209,542,780,568,512],"ii3p7t-lMIUAMAXwM_Rm7pRBQn67T1-19OMmE8LNNiI",{"id":128301,"title":32120,"body":128302,"course":13,"courses":1696,"created":1697,"description":1685,"extension":1698,"meta":132950,"navigation":1700,"path":132951,"seo":132952,"sources":132953,"stem":132954,"tags":132955,"type":4439,"updated":1697,"__hash__":132956},"topics\u002Ftopics\u002Fmikk-trzni-rovnovaha-dynamika.md",{"type":1016,"value":128303,"toc":132917},[128304,128307,128394,128398,128404,128459,128641,128652,128746,128750,128788,128872,128897,128939,128946,128960,128971,128975,128982,128989,129009,129013,129136,129140,129193,129198,129293,129358,129363,129397,129427,129432,129526,129573,129630,129634,129660,129664,129675,129726,129741,129745,129836,129882,129928,129974,130014,130018,130021,130117,130121,130128,130164,130177,130181,130241,130293,130299,130320,130324,130372,130561,130597,130601,130620,130841,130941,130945,130952,130962,130972,130984,131003,131008,131034,131048,131052,131059,131083,131087,131090,131107,131113,131117,131128,131132,131143,131163,131167,131196,131220,131224,131293,131297,131552,131556,131815,131872,131876,131883,131909,131916,131920,131945,132069,132119,132122,132166,132227,132231,132318,132395,132470,132552,132563,132567,132578,132611,132617,132739,132761,132765],[1019,128305,32120],{"id":128306},"tržní-rovnováha-a-její-dynamika",[1023,128308,128310,128316],{"className":128309,"dataCallout":1028},[1026,1027],[1030,128311,128313,1042],{"className":128312},[1033],[1035,128314],{"className":128315,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1039,1040],[1030,128317,128318,128321,128322,128340,128341,128344,128345,1062,128358,128371,128372,1299,128375,96903,128378,128381,128382,128385,128386,128389,128390,128393],{},[1047,128319,128320],{},"Tržní rovnováha"," je stav, ve kterém se nabízené množství rovná poptávanému množství při určité ceně ",[1035,128323,128325],{"className":128324},[1772],[1774,128326,128327],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,128328,128329,128337],{},[1781,128330,128331],{},[1792,128332,128333,128335],{},[1784,128334,2264],{},[1784,128336,2364],{},[1808,128338,128339],{"encoding":1810},"P_E",", takže poptávka je plně uspokojena, zboží nepřebývá a ceny jsou stálé. V čase se rovnováha ",[1047,128342,128343],{},"nemusí ustálit triviálně"," — Cobweb model ukazuje, že podle vztahu sklonů ",[1035,128346,128348],{"className":128347},[1772],[1774,128349,128350],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,128351,128352,128356],{},[1781,128353,128354],{},[1784,128355,3224],{},[1808,128357,3224],{"encoding":1810},[1035,128359,128361],{"className":128360},[1772],[1774,128362,128363],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,128364,128365,128369],{},[1781,128366,128367],{},[1784,128368,3212],{},[1808,128370,3212],{"encoding":1810}," může cena oscilací ",[1047,128373,128374],{},"konvergovat",[1047,128376,128377],{},"trvale oscilovat",[1047,128379,128380],{},"divergovat"," (trh se rozpadá). Vedle ceny působí na obě strany trhu ",[1047,128383,128384],{},"necenové determinanty"," (důchody, technologie, regulace, klima, preference, očekávání), které křivky ",[1047,128387,128388],{},"posouvají"," a tím mění samotnou rovnovážnou polohu. K tomu přistupují ",[1047,128391,128392],{},"anomálie poptávky"," — Veblenův efekt (vyšší cena → vyšší poptávka kvůli signalizaci bohatství) a Bandwagon efekt (poptávka kvůli tomu, že poptávají ostatní) — které lokálně deformují tvar poptávkové křivky a komplikují prognózování.",[1077,128395,128397],{"id":128396},"_1-tři-atributy-rovnováhy","1. Tři atributy rovnováhy",[1030,128399,128400,128401,1310],{},"Rovnováha trhu se v teorii definuje ",[1047,128402,128403],{},"třemi současně platnými znaky",[1260,128405,128406,128447,128453],{},[1115,128407,128408,128411,128412,128429,128430,1075],{},[1047,128409,128410],{},"Poptávka je plně uspokojena."," Při ceně ",[1035,128413,128415],{"className":128414},[1772],[1774,128416,128417],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,128418,128419,128427],{},[1781,128420,128421],{},[1792,128422,128423,128425],{},[1784,128424,2264],{},[1784,128426,2364],{},[1808,128428,128339],{"encoding":1810}," není žádný spotřebitel, který by chtěl nakoupit a nemohl. Zboží je trvale dostatek pro všechny ochotné platit cenu ",[1035,128431,128433],{"className":128432},[1772],[1774,128434,128435],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,128436,128437,128445],{},[1781,128438,128439],{},[1792,128440,128441,128443],{},[1784,128442,2264],{},[1784,128444,2364],{},[1808,128446,128339],{"encoding":1810},[1115,128448,128449,128452],{},[1047,128450,128451],{},"Co se nabízí, se také spotřebuje."," Žádný producent nemá neprodané zásoby vznikající z přebytku nabídky — produkce odpovídá realizovanému prodeji.",[1115,128454,128455,128458],{},[1047,128456,128457],{},"Ceny jsou stálé."," Neexistuje vnitřní tlak na pohyb ceny ani směrem nahoru (přebytek poptávky), ani směrem dolů (přebytek nabídky).",[1023,128460,128462,128468],{"className":128461,"dataCallout":582},[1026,1225],[1030,128463,128465,21049],{"className":128464},[1033],[1035,128466],{"className":128467,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1232,1040],[1030,128469,128470,128471,128484,128485,128498,128499,2070,128517,128571,128572,91734,128594,128597,128598,91734,128620,128623,128624,1075],{},"Bod rovnováhy je průsečíkem křivky poptávky ",[1035,128472,128474],{"className":128473},[1772],[1774,128475,128476],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,128477,128478,128482],{},[1781,128479,128480],{},[1784,128481,3224],{},[1808,128483,3224],{"encoding":1810}," a křivky nabídky ",[1035,128486,128488],{"className":128487},[1772],[1774,128489,128490],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,128491,128492,128496],{},[1781,128493,128494],{},[1784,128495,3212],{},[1808,128497,3212],{"encoding":1810}," v rovině ",[1035,128500,128502],{"className":128501},[1772],[1774,128503,128504],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,128505,128506,128514],{},[1781,128507,128508,128510,128512],{},[1784,128509,2264],{},[1788,128511,81663],{},[1784,128513,2270],{},[1808,128515,128516],{"encoding":1810},"P \\times Q",[1035,128518,128520],{"className":128519},[1772],[1774,128521,128522],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,128523,128524,128568],{},[1781,128525,128526,128532,128534,128540,128542,128544,128550,128552,128558,128560,128562],{},[1792,128527,128528,128530],{},[1784,128529,2270],{},[1784,128531,3224],{},[1788,128533,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,128535,128536,128538],{},[1784,128537,2264],{},[1784,128539,2364],{},[1788,128541,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,128543,1863],{},[1792,128545,128546,128548],{},[1784,128547,2270],{},[1784,128549,3212],{},[1788,128551,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,128553,128554,128556],{},[1784,128555,2264],{},[1784,128557,2364],{},[1788,128559,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,128561,1863],{},[1792,128563,128564,128566],{},[1784,128565,2270],{},[1784,128567,2364],{},[1808,128569,128570],{"encoding":1810},"Q_D(P_E) = Q_S(P_E) = Q_E","\nPři ",[1035,128573,128575],{"className":128574},[1772],[1774,128576,128577],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,128578,128579,128591],{},[1781,128580,128581,128583,128585],{},[1784,128582,2264],{},[1788,128584,2491],{},[1792,128586,128587,128589],{},[1784,128588,2264],{},[1784,128590,2364],{},[1808,128592,128593],{"encoding":1810},"P > P_E",[1047,128595,128596],{},"přebytek nabídky"," (zásoby tlačí cenu dolů). Při ",[1035,128599,128601],{"className":128600},[1772],[1774,128602,128603],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,128604,128605,128617],{},[1781,128606,128607,128609,128611],{},[1784,128608,2264],{},[1788,128610,2537],{},[1792,128612,128613,128615],{},[1784,128614,2264],{},[1784,128616,2364],{},[1808,128618,128619],{"encoding":1810},"P \u003C P_E",[1047,128621,128622],{},"přebytek poptávky"," (nedostatek tlačí cenu nahoru). Tržní mechanismus konverguje k ",[1035,128625,128627],{"className":128626},[1772],[1774,128628,128629],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,128630,128631,128639],{},[1781,128632,128633],{},[1792,128634,128635,128637],{},[1784,128636,2264],{},[1784,128638,2364],{},[1808,128640,128339],{"encoding":1810},[1030,128642,128643,128644,128647,128648,128651],{},"Tyto tři atributy jsou ",[1047,128645,128646],{},"idealizací",". V praxi se ptáme, zda jsou některé reálné trhy v rovnováze — bytový trh, trh zdravotní péče či vzdělání mají často ",[1047,128649,128650],{},"trvalé převisy"," jedné strany (fronty na bydlení, čekací doby na lékaře), takže atribut č. 1 nebo č. 2 není naplněn.",[1023,128653,128655,128662,128709],{"className":128654,"dataCallout":2090},[1026,2089],[1030,128656,128658,128661],{"className":128657},[1033],[1035,128659],{"className":128660,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,2097,1040],"Proč některé trhy v rovnováze nejsou",[1112,128663,128664,128688,128694,128700],{},[1115,128665,128666,128669,128670,128687],{},[1047,128667,128668],{},"Regulace cen."," Pokud stát stanoví cenový strop pod ",[1035,128671,128673],{"className":128672},[1772],[1774,128674,128675],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,128676,128677,128685],{},[1781,128678,128679],{},[1792,128680,128681,128683],{},[1784,128682,2264],{},[1784,128684,2364],{},[1808,128686,128339],{"encoding":1810}," (regulované nájmy), poptávka trvale převyšuje nabídku — vznikají fronty, šedá ekonomika, příplatky pod stolem.",[1115,128689,128690,128693],{},[1047,128691,128692],{},"Rigidita mezd a cen."," Pracovní trh nereaguje pružně, zaměstnavatelé nesnižují nominální mzdy ani v recesi (efekt psychologie pracovníků a kolektivních smluv) — vzniká nezaměstnanost.",[1115,128695,128696,128699],{},[1047,128697,128698],{},"Asymetrie informací."," U pojištění a zdravotní péče spotřebitel nedokáže ohodnotit kvalitu, takže cena nereaguje hladce na kvalitu.",[1115,128701,128702,128705,128706,1075],{},[1047,128703,128704],{},"Veřejné statky a externality."," U statků s pozitivními či negativními externalitami (obrana, vzdělání, znečištění) tržní rovnováha existuje, ale není ",[1047,128707,128708],{},"společensky efektivní",[1030,128710,128711,128712,128715,128716,43325,128742,128745],{},"Ekonom proto rozlišuje ",[1047,128713,128714],{},"rovnováhu"," (matematický stav ",[1035,128717,128719],{"className":128718},[1772],[1774,128720,128721],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,128722,128723,128739],{},[1781,128724,128725,128731,128733],{},[1792,128726,128727,128729],{},[1784,128728,2270],{},[1784,128730,3224],{},[1788,128732,1863],{},[1792,128734,128735,128737],{},[1784,128736,2270],{},[1784,128738,3212],{},[1808,128740,128741],{"encoding":1810},"Q_D = Q_S",[1047,128743,128744],{},"efektivnost"," (rovnováha bez deformací externalit a regulací).",[1077,128747,128749],{"id":128748},"_2-tvar-nabídkové-křivky","2. Tvar nabídkové křivky",[1030,128751,128752,128753,128766,128767,3250,128785],{},"V základním schématu kreslíme nabídku jako rostoucí lineární funkci ",[1035,128754,128756],{"className":128755},[1772],[1774,128757,128758],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,128759,128760,128764],{},[1781,128761,128762],{},[1784,128763,3212],{},[1808,128765,3212],{"encoding":1810},". Tento ideál ovšem stojí za to konfrontovat s alternativou ",[1035,128768,128770],{"className":128769},[1772],[1774,128771,128772],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,128773,128774,128782],{},[1781,128775,128776],{},[2467,128777,128778,128780],{},[1784,128779,3212],{},[1788,128781,7763],{},[1808,128783,128784],{"encoding":1810},"S^*",[1047,128786,128787],{},"která je realističtější?",[1153,128789,128790,128801],{},[1156,128791,128792],{},[1159,128793,128794,128796,128799],{},[1162,128795,101962],{},[1162,128797,128798],{},"tvar",[1162,128800,94698],{},[1172,128802,128803,128827],{},[1159,128804,128805,128821,128824],{},[1177,128806,128807,128820],{},[1035,128808,128810],{"className":128809},[1772],[1774,128811,128812],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,128813,128814,128818],{},[1781,128815,128816],{},[1784,128817,3212],{},[1808,128819,3212],{"encoding":1810}," — lineární",[1177,128822,128823],{},"rovnoměrně rostoucí",[1177,128825,128826],{},"každá další jednotka má o stejnou částku vyšší mezní náklad",[1159,128828,128829,128849,128869],{},[1177,128830,128831,128848],{},[1035,128832,128834],{"className":128833},[1772],[1774,128835,128836],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,128837,128838,128846],{},[1781,128839,128840],{},[2467,128841,128842,128844],{},[1784,128843,3212],{},[1788,128845,7763],{},[1808,128847,128784],{"encoding":1810}," — zalomená \u002F strmá",[1177,128850,128851,128852,1299,128865,128868],{},"plochá pro nízké ",[1035,128853,128855],{"className":128854},[1772],[1774,128856,128857],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,128858,128859,128863],{},[1781,128860,128861],{},[1784,128862,2270],{},[1808,128864,2270],{"encoding":1810},[1047,128866,128867],{},"prudce roste"," u kapacitního stropu",[1177,128870,128871],{},"producent má volnou kapacitu, kterou nasazuje za stabilní cenu, ale po jejím vyčerpání náklady prudce rostou",[1030,128873,128874,128875,128892,128893,128896],{},"V řadě reálných odvětví (energetika, výrobní linky, zemědělství s pevnou plochou půdy) je ",[1035,128876,128878],{"className":128877},[1772],[1774,128879,128880],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,128881,128882,128890],{},[1781,128883,128884],{},[2467,128885,128886,128888],{},[1784,128887,3212],{},[1788,128889,7763],{},[1808,128891,128784],{"encoding":1810}," vystihující lépe — proto se v dalším výkladu používá obecná rostoucí křivka, jejíž ",[1047,128894,128895],{},"lokální sklon"," kolem rovnováhy určuje dynamiku přizpůsobení (viz Cobweb).",[1023,128898,128900,128907],{"className":128899,"dataCallout":25986},[1026,25985],[1030,128901,128903,128906],{"className":128902},[1033],[1035,128904],{"className":128905,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,25993,1040],"Energetický trh",[1030,128908,128909,128910,128913,128914,1299,128931,128934,128935,128938],{},"Ve špičkovém zatížení sítě (chladná lednová večera v 18:00) se postupně zapojují elektrárny od nejlevnější k nejdražší: jaderné a vodní → uhelné → plynové → špičkové plynové turbíny. Křivka nabídky je proto ",[1047,128911,128912],{},"schodovitá s prudkým náběhem"," v posledních procentech kapacity. Když poptávka v ledové vlně narazí na strmou část ",[1035,128915,128917],{"className":128916},[1772],[1774,128918,128919],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,128920,128921,128929],{},[1781,128922,128923],{},[2467,128924,128925,128927],{},[1784,128926,3212],{},[1788,128928,7763],{},[1808,128930,128784],{"encoding":1810},[1047,128932,128933],{},"velkoobchodní cena elektřiny vyletí o stovky procent"," během několika hodin — přesně to, co popisuje topic ",[1068,128936,71926],{"className":128937,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":55404,"href":55405},[1071]," u trhů s nízkou krátkodobou elasticitou nabídky.",[1030,128940,128941,128942,128945],{},"Symetricky platí, že tvar ",[1047,128943,128944],{},"poptávkové křivky"," není automaticky lineární. Vedle sebe lze postavit:",[1112,128947,128948,128954],{},[1115,128949,128950,128953],{},[1047,128951,128952],{},"Zboží, bez něhož se nelze obejít"," (potraviny, léky, voda) — strmá poptávka, nízká elasticita; spotřebitel nakoupí téměř totéž množství i při velkém zdražení.",[1115,128955,128956,128959],{},[1047,128957,128958],{},"Zboží, bez něhož se lze obejít"," (luxus, zájmy, restaurace) — plochá poptávka, vysoká elasticita; spotřebitel snadno omezí spotřebu při zdražení.",[1030,128961,128962,128963,128966,128967,128970],{},"Tím se otevírá zajímavá otázka: ",[1047,128964,128965],{},"může poptávka protnout osu X?"," Jinými slovy: existuje cena, při které poptávka klesne na nulu? Pro zboží, které lze nahradit, ano — existuje ",[1047,128968,128969],{},"cena rezervace",", nad níž spotřebitel raději přejde k substitutu. Pro nezbytnosti bez substitutu (voda, kyslík) poptávka nikdy nedopadne na nulu, protože i při astronomických cenách je nutné si nějaké minimum koupit (modeluje se asymptotou).",[1077,128972,128974],{"id":128973},"_3-cobweb-model-dynamika-nastolení-rovnováhy","3. Cobweb model — dynamika nastolení rovnováhy",[1030,128976,128977],{},[2206,128978],{"alt":128979,"className":128980,"src":128981},"mikk-cobweb-3pripady",[1071,2210],"\u002Fwiki-assets\u002Fmikk-cobweb-3pripady.jpeg",[1030,128983,128984,128985,128988],{},"V základním statickém modelu předpokládáme, že obě strany trhu reagují na cenu ",[1047,128986,128987],{},"okamžitě",". To je ale často nereálné — typický příklad je zemědělství:",[1023,128990,128992,128999],{"className":128991,"dataCallout":25986},[1026,25985],[1030,128993,128995,128998],{"className":128994},[1033],[1035,128996],{"className":128997,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,25993,1040],"Zemědělský cyklus",[1030,129000,129001,129002,129005,129006],{},"Farmář se v dubnu rozhoduje, kolik zasadit, podle ",[1047,129003,129004],{},"současné"," ceny komodity. Sklizeň ale přijde až v září. Pokud byla v dubnu cena vysoká, zasadí všichni farmáři hodně a v září je trh přesycen — cena padne. Příští duben sází farmáři málo, takže v září vznikne nedostatek a cena vyletí. ",[1047,129007,129008],{},"Cyklus se opakuje.",[1100,129010,129012],{"id":129011},"_31-předpoklady-modelu","3.1 Předpoklady modelu",[1112,129014,129015,129054,129103],{},[1115,129016,129017,129019,129020,1075],{},[1047,129018,51286],{}," reagují na cenu okamžitě: ",[1035,129021,129023],{"className":129022},[1772],[1774,129024,129025],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,129026,129027,129051],{},[1781,129028,129029,129037,129039,129041,129043,129049],{},[13587,129030,129031,129033,129035],{},[1784,129032,2270],{},[1784,129034,3224],{},[1784,129036,8827],{},[1788,129038,1863],{},[1784,129040,3224],{},[1788,129042,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,129044,129045,129047],{},[1784,129046,2264],{},[1784,129048,8827],{},[1788,129050,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,129052,129053],{"encoding":1810},"Q_D^t = D(P_t)",[1115,129055,129056,129059,129060,4058,129063,1075],{},[1047,129057,129058],{},"Producenti"," reagují s ",[1047,129061,129062],{},"jednoperiodovým zpožděním",[1035,129064,129066],{"className":129065},[1772],[1774,129067,129068],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,129069,129070,129100],{},[1781,129071,129072,129080,129082,129084,129086,129098],{},[13587,129073,129074,129076,129078],{},[1784,129075,2270],{},[1784,129077,3212],{},[1784,129079,8827],{},[1788,129081,1863],{},[1784,129083,3212],{},[1788,129085,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,129087,129088,129090],{},[1784,129089,2264],{},[1781,129091,129092,129094,129096],{},[1784,129093,8827],{},[1788,129095,2371],{},[2348,129097,2374],{},[1788,129099,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,129101,129102],{"encoding":1810},"Q_S^t = S(P_{t-1})",[1115,129104,129105,129106,1075],{},"Trh se v každém období vyčistí — to, co je vyrobeno, se prodá za cenu, která vyrovná aktuální nabídku s aktuální poptávkou: ",[1035,129107,129109],{"className":129108},[1772],[1774,129110,129111],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,129112,129113,129133],{},[1781,129114,129115,129123,129125],{},[13587,129116,129117,129119,129121],{},[1784,129118,2270],{},[1784,129120,3212],{},[1784,129122,8827],{},[1788,129124,1863],{},[13587,129126,129127,129129,129131],{},[1784,129128,2270],{},[1784,129130,3224],{},[1784,129132,8827],{},[1808,129134,129135],{"encoding":1810},"Q_S^t = Q_D^t",[1100,129137,129139],{"id":129138},"_32-tři-scénáře","3.2 Tři scénáře",[1030,129141,129142,129143,129146,129147,129169,129170,129192],{},"Podle vztahu ",[1047,129144,129145],{},"absolutních hodnot"," sklonů poptávky ",[1035,129148,129150],{"className":129149},[1772],[1774,129151,129152],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,129153,129154,129166],{},[1781,129155,129156,129158,129164],{},[1784,129157,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,129159,129160,129162],{},[1784,129161,3224],{},[1788,129163,7862],{"mathvariant":7829,"lspace":7861,"rspace":7861},[1784,129165,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,129167,129168],{"encoding":1810},"|D'|"," a nabídky ",[1035,129171,129173],{"className":129172},[1772],[1774,129174,129175],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,129176,129177,129189],{},[1781,129178,129179,129181,129187],{},[1784,129180,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,129182,129183,129185],{},[1784,129184,3212],{},[1788,129186,7862],{"mathvariant":7829,"lspace":7861,"rspace":7861},[1784,129188,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,129190,129191],{"encoding":1810},"|S'|"," rozlišujeme tři případy:",[1030,129194,129195],{},[1047,129196,129197],{},"A) Konvergence — stabilní cobweb",[1035,129199,129201],{"className":129200},[1772],[1774,129202,129203],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,129204,129205,129290],{},[1781,129206,129207,129209,129215,129217,129219,129221,129227,129229,129231,129233,129235],{},[1784,129208,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,129210,129211,129213],{},[1784,129212,3212],{},[1788,129214,7862],{"mathvariant":7829,"lspace":7861,"rspace":7861},[1784,129216,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,129218,2491],{},[1784,129220,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,129222,129223,129225],{},[1784,129224,3224],{},[1788,129226,7862],{"mathvariant":7829,"lspace":7861,"rspace":7861},[1784,129228,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[2352,129230],{"width":2702},[1788,129232,43125],{},[2352,129234],{"width":2702},[1781,129236,129237,129240,129246,129249,129255,129257,129263,129269,129272,129278,129281,129287],{},[2149,129238,129239],{},"nab",[2160,129241,129242,129244],{"accent":1041},[2149,129243,9298],{},[1788,129245,2181],{},[2149,129247,129248],{},"dka je strm",[2160,129250,129251,129253],{"accent":1041},[2149,129252,9309],{},[1788,129254,2167],{},[2149,129256,9312],{},[2160,129258,129259,129261],{"accent":1041},[2149,129260,9351],{},[1788,129262,2167],{},[2160,129264,129265,129267],{"accent":1041},[2149,129266,9298],{},[1788,129268,2181],{},[2149,129270,129271],{}," ne",[2160,129273,129274,129276],{"accent":1041},[2149,129275,2164],{},[1788,129277,2167],{},[2149,129279,129280],{}," popt",[2160,129282,129283,129285],{"accent":1041},[2149,129284,1068],{},[1788,129286,2181],{},[2149,129288,129289],{},"vka",[1808,129291,129292],{"encoding":1810},"|S'| > |D'| \\quad \\Longleftrightarrow \\quad \\text{nabídka je strmější než poptávka}",[1030,129294,129295,129296,129318,129319,129336,129337,129354,129355,129357],{},"Cenové výchylky se v každém kole zmenšují a posloupnost ",[1035,129297,129299],{"className":129298},[1772],[1774,129300,129301],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,129302,129303,129315],{},[1781,129304,129305,129307,129313],{},[1788,129306,34972],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,129308,129309,129311],{},[1784,129310,2264],{},[1784,129312,8827],{},[1788,129314,35011],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,129316,129317],{"encoding":1810},"\\{P_t\\}"," konverguje k ",[1035,129320,129322],{"className":129321},[1772],[1774,129323,129324],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,129325,129326,129334],{},[1781,129327,129328],{},[1792,129329,129330,129332],{},[1784,129331,2264],{},[1784,129333,2364],{},[1808,129335,128339],{"encoding":1810},". Trajektorie v rovině ",[1035,129338,129340],{"className":129339},[1772],[1774,129341,129342],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,129343,129344,129352],{},[1781,129345,129346,129348,129350],{},[1784,129347,2264],{},[1788,129349,81663],{},[1784,129351,2270],{},[1808,129353,128516],{"encoding":1810}," tvoří dovnitř se stahující spirálu — odtud anglický název ",[1091,129356,424],{}," (pavoučí síť).",[1030,129359,129360],{},[1047,129361,129362],{},"B) Trvalá oscilace — mezní případ",[1035,129364,129366],{"className":129365},[1772],[1774,129367,129368],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,129369,129370,129394],{},[1781,129371,129372,129374,129380,129382,129384,129386,129392],{},[1784,129373,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,129375,129376,129378],{},[1784,129377,3212],{},[1788,129379,7862],{"mathvariant":7829,"lspace":7861,"rspace":7861},[1784,129381,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,129383,1863],{},[1784,129385,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,129387,129388,129390],{},[1784,129389,3224],{},[1788,129391,7862],{"mathvariant":7829,"lspace":7861,"rspace":7861},[1784,129393,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,129395,129396],{"encoding":1810},"|S'| = |D'|",[1030,129398,129399,129400,129426],{},"Cena se periodicky střídá mezi dvěma hodnotami ",[1035,129401,129403],{"className":129402},[1772],[1774,129404,129405],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,129406,129407,129423],{},[1781,129408,129409,129415,129417],{},[1792,129410,129411,129413],{},[1784,129412,2264],{},[1784,129414,1068],{},[1788,129416,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,129418,129419,129421],{},[1784,129420,2264],{},[1784,129422,8838],{},[1808,129424,129425],{"encoding":1810},"P_a, P_b"," a nikdy se neustálí. Stejně tak množství. V čistě teoretickém modelu nekonečně dlouho.",[1030,129428,129429],{},[1047,129430,129431],{},"C) Divergence — rozpad trhu",[1035,129433,129435],{"className":129434},[1772],[1774,129436,129437],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,129438,129439,129523],{},[1781,129440,129441,129443,129449,129451,129453,129455,129461,129463,129465,129467,129469],{},[1784,129442,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,129444,129445,129447],{},[1784,129446,3212],{},[1788,129448,7862],{"mathvariant":7829,"lspace":7861,"rspace":7861},[1784,129450,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,129452,2537],{},[1784,129454,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,129456,129457,129459],{},[1784,129458,3224],{},[1788,129460,7862],{"mathvariant":7829,"lspace":7861,"rspace":7861},[1784,129462,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[2352,129464],{"width":2702},[1788,129466,43125],{},[2352,129468],{"width":2702},[1781,129470,129471,129474,129480,129483,129489,129491,129497,129503,129505,129511,129514,129520],{},[2149,129472,129473],{},"popt",[2160,129475,129476,129478],{"accent":1041},[2149,129477,1068],{},[1788,129479,2181],{},[2149,129481,129482],{},"vka je strm",[2160,129484,129485,129487],{"accent":1041},[2149,129486,9309],{},[1788,129488,2167],{},[2149,129490,9312],{},[2160,129492,129493,129495],{"accent":1041},[2149,129494,9351],{},[1788,129496,2167],{},[2160,129498,129499,129501],{"accent":1041},[2149,129500,9298],{},[1788,129502,2181],{},[2149,129504,129271],{},[2160,129506,129507,129509],{"accent":1041},[2149,129508,2164],{},[1788,129510,2167],{},[2149,129512,129513],{}," nab",[2160,129515,129516,129518],{"accent":1041},[2149,129517,9298],{},[1788,129519,2181],{},[2149,129521,129522],{},"dka",[1808,129524,129525],{"encoding":1810},"|S'| \u003C |D'| \\quad \\Longleftrightarrow \\quad \\text{poptávka je strmější než nabídka}",[1030,129527,129528,129529,129532,129533,129554,129555,129572],{},"Výchylky se v každém kole ",[1047,129530,129531],{},"zvětšují",", posloupnost ",[1035,129534,129536],{"className":129535},[1772],[1774,129537,129538],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,129539,129540,129552],{},[1781,129541,129542,129544,129550],{},[1788,129543,34972],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,129545,129546,129548],{},[1784,129547,2264],{},[1784,129549,8827],{},[1788,129551,35011],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,129553,129317],{"encoding":1810}," uniká od ",[1035,129556,129558],{"className":129557},[1772],[1774,129559,129560],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,129561,129562,129570],{},[1781,129563,129564],{},[1792,129565,129566,129568],{},[1784,129567,2264],{},[1784,129569,2364],{},[1808,129571,128339],{"encoding":1810},". Trh přestává fungovat — cena buď padne pod nulu (nesmyslná hodnota), nebo vyletí do astronomické výše a producenti či spotřebitelé z trhu vystoupí.",[1023,129574,129576,129582],{"className":129575,"dataCallout":1608},[1026,1607],[1030,129577,129579,26956],{"className":129578},[1033],[1035,129580],{"className":129581,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1615,1040],[1030,129583,129584,129585,129588,129589,129602,129603,26563,129616,129629],{},"Klíčem je, ",[1047,129586,129587],{},"kdo silněji reaguje"," na cenovou změnu. Pokud producenti reagují na cenovou výchylku méně razantně než spotřebitelé (strmější ",[1035,129590,129592],{"className":129591},[1772],[1774,129593,129594],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,129595,129596,129600],{},[1781,129597,129598],{},[1784,129599,3212],{},[1808,129601,3212],{"encoding":1810},"), výchylka v dalším kole oslabí. Pokud reagují razantněji (plošší ",[1035,129604,129606],{"className":129605},[1772],[1774,129607,129608],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,129609,129610,129614],{},[1781,129611,129612],{},[1784,129613,3212],{},[1808,129615,3212],{"encoding":1810},[1035,129617,129619],{"className":129618},[1772],[1774,129620,129621],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,129622,129623,129627],{},[1781,129624,129625],{},[1784,129626,3224],{},[1808,129628,3224],{"encoding":1810},"), přestřelí a výchylka zesílí.",[1100,129631,129633],{"id":129632},"_33-reálné-cykly","3.3 Reálné cykly",[1112,129635,129636,129642,129648,129654],{},[1115,129637,129638,129641],{},[1047,129639,129640],{},"Vepřový cyklus"," (3–4 roky) — klasický příklad ve světové ekonomické literatuře. Cena vepřového kolísá v cyklech odpovídajících reprodukčnímu času prasete.",[1115,129643,129644,129647],{},[1047,129645,129646],{},"Cyklus na trhu IT specialistů"," — vlna zájmu o obor → masivní studium → o 4–5 let později přebytek absolventů → pokles platů → pokles zájmu → nedostatek → růst platů. Iterace.",[1115,129649,129650,129653],{},[1047,129651,129652],{},"Trh komerčních nemovitostí"," — výstavba kanceláří se rozhoduje na základě aktuálních nájmů, dostavba trvá 3–5 let, vznikají přestřelení projekty.",[1115,129655,129656,129659],{},[1047,129657,129658],{},"Lodní doprava (kontejnerové sazby)."," Stavba nové kontejnerové lodi trvá 2–3 roky. V boomu zadají rejdaři masivní objednávky, které dorazí ve chvíli, kdy už cyklus skončil — flotila přebývá, sazby padají na náklady.",[1100,129661,129663],{"id":129662},"_34-útěk-z-modelu-racionální-očekávání","3.4 Útěk z modelu — racionální očekávání",[1030,129665,129666,129667,129670,129671,129674],{},"Cobweb model předpokládá, že producenti naivně extrapolují ",[1047,129668,129669],{},"současnou cenu"," do budoucna. Reálný producent ale ví, že trh cykluje, a může své rozhodnutí upravit. Pokročilejší modely (",[1047,129672,129673],{},"racionální očekávání",", Muth 1961) proto formulují:",[1035,129676,129678],{"className":129677},[1772],[1774,129679,129680],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,129681,129682,129723],{},[1781,129683,129684,129692,129694,129696,129698,129700,129702,129708,129710,129713,129715,129717,129719,129721],{},[13587,129685,129686,129688,129690],{},[1784,129687,2270],{},[1784,129689,3212],{},[1784,129691,8827],{},[1788,129693,1863],{},[1784,129695,3212],{},[1788,129697,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,129699,2364],{"mathvariant":104840},[1788,129701,21923],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,129703,129704,129706],{},[1784,129705,2264],{},[1784,129707,8827],{},[1788,129709,20612],{},[2149,129711,129712],{},"informace v ",[1784,129714,8827],{},[1788,129716,2371],{},[2348,129718,2374],{},[1788,129720,21948],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,129722,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,129724,129725],{"encoding":1810},"Q_S^t = S(\\mathbb{E}[P_t \\mid \\text{informace v } t-1])",[1030,129727,129728,129729,129732,129733,129736,129737,129740],{},"Pokud producenti odhad ceny ",[1047,129730,129731],{},"zlepšují"," (sledují celý trh, ne jen vlastní zkušenost), Cobweb cyklus ",[1047,129734,129735],{},"slábne"," nebo zaniká. Empiricky: zemědělské trhy s rozvinutými ",[1047,129738,129739],{},"futures burzami"," mají méně výrazné cykly než trhy bez termínového obchodování — futures cena slouží jako kolektivní racionální odhad budoucí spot ceny.",[1077,129742,129744],{"id":129743},"_4-jiná-interpretace-rovnováhy-posuny-v-čase","4. Jiná interpretace rovnováhy — posuny v čase",[1030,129746,129747,129748,129751,129752,1062,129765,129778,129779,91734,129833,1310],{},"Alternativní pohled: ",[1047,129749,129750],{},"rovnováha se v čase přemisťuje",". Křivky ",[1035,129753,129755],{"className":129754},[1772],[1774,129756,129757],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,129758,129759,129763],{},[1781,129760,129761],{},[1784,129762,3224],{},[1808,129764,3224],{"encoding":1810},[1035,129766,129768],{"className":129767},[1772],[1774,129769,129770],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,129771,129772,129776],{},[1781,129773,129774],{},[1784,129775,3212],{},[1808,129777,3212],{"encoding":1810}," se postupně posouvají (technologický pokrok, růst populace, změny preferencí) a sledem rovnovážných bodů ",[1035,129780,129782],{"className":129781},[1772],[1774,129783,129784],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,129785,129786,129830],{},[1781,129787,129788,129790,129796,129798,129804,129806,129808,129810,129816,129818,129824,129826,129828],{},[1788,129789,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,129791,129792,129794],{},[1784,129793,2264],{},[2348,129795,2374],{},[1788,129797,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,129799,129800,129802],{},[1784,129801,2270],{},[2348,129803,2374],{},[1788,129805,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,129807,1138],{"separator":1041},[1788,129809,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,129811,129812,129814],{},[1784,129813,2264],{},[2348,129815,4593],{},[1788,129817,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,129819,129820,129822],{},[1784,129821,2270],{},[2348,129823,4593],{},[1788,129825,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,129827,1138],{"separator":1041},[1788,129829,12008],{},[1808,129831,129832],{"encoding":1810},"(P_1, Q_1), (P_2, Q_2), \\dots",[1047,129834,129835],{},"trajektorie",[1035,129837,129839],{"className":129838},[1772],[1774,129840,129841],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,129842,129843,129879],{},[1781,129844,129845,129851,129853,129859,129861,129863,129869,129871,129877],{},[1792,129846,129847,129849],{},[1784,129848,3224],{},[2348,129850,2374],{},[1788,129852,50864],{},[1792,129854,129855,129857],{},[1784,129856,3212],{},[2348,129858,2374],{},[1788,129860,8824],{},[1788,129862,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,129864,129865,129867],{},[1784,129866,2264],{},[2348,129868,2374],{},[1788,129870,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,129872,129873,129875],{},[1784,129874,2270],{},[2348,129876,2374],{},[1788,129878,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,129880,129881],{"encoding":1810},"D_1 \\cap S_1 \\to (P_1, Q_1)",[1035,129883,129885],{"className":129884},[1772],[1774,129886,129887],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,129888,129889,129925],{},[1781,129890,129891,129897,129899,129905,129907,129909,129915,129917,129923],{},[1792,129892,129893,129895],{},[1784,129894,3224],{},[2348,129896,4593],{},[1788,129898,50864],{},[1792,129900,129901,129903],{},[1784,129902,3212],{},[2348,129904,4593],{},[1788,129906,8824],{},[1788,129908,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,129910,129911,129913],{},[1784,129912,2264],{},[2348,129914,4593],{},[1788,129916,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,129918,129919,129921],{},[1784,129920,2270],{},[2348,129922,4593],{},[1788,129924,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,129926,129927],{"encoding":1810},"D_2 \\cap S_2 \\to (P_2, Q_2)",[1035,129929,129931],{"className":129930},[1772],[1774,129932,129933],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,129934,129935,129971],{},[1781,129936,129937,129943,129945,129951,129953,129955,129961,129963,129969],{},[1792,129938,129939,129941],{},[1784,129940,3224],{},[2348,129942,5332],{},[1788,129944,50864],{},[1792,129946,129947,129949],{},[1784,129948,3212],{},[2348,129950,5332],{},[1788,129952,8824],{},[1788,129954,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,129956,129957,129959],{},[1784,129958,2264],{},[2348,129960,5332],{},[1788,129962,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,129964,129965,129967],{},[1784,129966,2270],{},[2348,129968,5332],{},[1788,129970,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,129972,129973],{"encoding":1810},"D_3 \\cap S_3 \\to (P_3, Q_3)",[1030,129975,129976,129977,129980,129981,129983,129984,130013],{},"Pozorovaná data o ceně a množství v čase tedy ",[1047,129978,129979],{},"nejsou body jedné křivky",", ale stopa posouvajících se rovnováh. Tento problém ",[1047,129982,570],{}," je centrální při empirickém odhadu poptávkové funkce — nelze prostě regresí proložit body ",[1035,129985,129987],{"className":129986},[1772],[1774,129988,129989],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,129990,129991,130011],{},[1781,129992,129993,129995,130001,130003,130009],{},[1788,129994,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,129996,129997,129999],{},[1784,129998,2264],{},[1784,130000,8827],{},[1788,130002,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,130004,130005,130007],{},[1784,130006,2270],{},[1784,130008,8827],{},[1788,130010,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,130012,68466],{"encoding":1810}," a tvrdit, že je to poptávka.",[1077,130015,130017],{"id":130016},"_5-tři-otázky-o-rovnováze","5. Tři otázky o rovnováze",[1030,130019,130020],{},"Před každou aplikací je vhodné položit si tři klasické otázky:",[1260,130022,130023,130056,130066],{},[1115,130024,130025,130028,130029,130051,130052,130055],{},[1047,130026,130027],{},"Existuje rovnováha?"," Ne každý zadaný pár křivek se vůbec protne v ekonomicky smysluplné oblasti ",[1035,130030,130032],{"className":130031},[1772],[1774,130033,130034],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,130035,130036,130048],{},[1781,130037,130038,130040,130042,130044,130046],{},[1784,130039,2264],{},[1788,130041,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,130043,2270],{},[1788,130045,1790],{},[2348,130047,2350],{},[1808,130049,130050],{"encoding":1810},"P, Q \\geq 0",". Existuje varianta, kdy ",[1047,130053,130054],{},"trh nebude fungovat"," — minimální cena, za kterou je producent ochoten nabídnout, je vyšší než maximální cena, za kterou je kdokoli ochoten poptat. Trh neexistuje.",[1115,130057,130058,130061,130062,130065],{},[1047,130059,130060],{},"Je rovnováha jedinečná?"," U netradičních tvarů křivek (Veblenův efekt → poptávka má rostoucí úsek; zalomená nabídka) může existovat ",[1047,130063,130064],{},"více průsečíků",". Některé jsou stabilní, jiné nestabilní.",[1115,130067,130068,130071,130072,130089,130090,1062,130103,130116],{},[1047,130069,130070],{},"Je rovnováha stabilní?"," Tedy: pokud se trh ocitne mimo ",[1035,130073,130075],{"className":130074},[1772],[1774,130076,130077],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,130078,130079,130087],{},[1781,130080,130081],{},[1792,130082,130083,130085],{},[1784,130084,2264],{},[1784,130086,2364],{},[1808,130088,128339],{"encoding":1810},", vrátí se? Stabilita souvisí přímo s Cobweb podmínkou — záleží na poměru sklonů ",[1035,130091,130093],{"className":130092},[1772],[1774,130094,130095],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,130096,130097,130101],{},[1781,130098,130099],{},[1784,130100,3224],{},[1808,130102,3224],{"encoding":1810},[1035,130104,130106],{"className":130105},[1772],[1774,130107,130108],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,130109,130110,130114],{},[1781,130111,130112],{},[1784,130113,3212],{},[1808,130115,3212],{"encoding":1810}," v okolí rovnováhy.",[1077,130118,130120],{"id":130119},"_6-spotřeba-a-cena-mědi-18801998","6. Spotřeba a cena mědi 1880–1998",[1030,130122,130123,130124,130127],{},"Historický graf spotřeby a ceny mědi za více než století dává ",[1047,130125,130126],{},"tři lekce"," pro práci s časovými řadami:",[1260,130129,130130,130144,130154],{},[1115,130131,130132,130135,130136,130139,130140,130143],{},[1047,130133,130134],{},"Reálná vs. nominální cena."," Nominální cena (v dolarech daného roku) roste téměř monotónně kvůli inflaci. ",[1047,130137,130138],{},"Reálná cena"," (deflátorem převedená na ceny pevného základního roku) má dlouhodobě ",[1047,130141,130142],{},"stagnující až klesající trend",", přerušený výraznými cykly (ropné šoky 1973\u002F1979, čínský komoditní boom 2003–2008). Bez rozlišení nominální a reálné ceny lze udělat hluboký analytický omyl.",[1115,130145,130146,130149,130150,130153],{},[1047,130147,130148],{},"Spotřeba roste",", navzdory stagnující reálné ceně — kombinace růstu světové populace, industrializace a substituce dražších kovů. Jde o ",[1047,130151,130152],{},"posun poptávky doprava",", který tlačí cenu nahoru, ale je vyvažován technologickým posunem nabídky doprava (efektivnější těžba, recyklace).",[1115,130155,130156,130159,130160,130163],{},[1047,130157,130158],{},"Cykly."," Krátkodobé výchylky (5–10 let) jsou kombinací investičního cyklu v dolech, geopolitických šoků (válka v Africe \u002F Latinské Americe), spekulativních pohybů a měnových efektů. ",[1047,130161,130162],{},"Trend je třeba oddělit od cyklu"," (dekompozice časové řady, klouzavé průměry, HP filtr).",[1023,130165,130167,130174],{"className":130166,"dataCallout":3501},[1026,3500],[1030,130168,130170,130173],{"className":130169},[1033],[1035,130171],{"className":130172,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,3508,1040],"Past dat",[1030,130175,130176],{},"Investor, který by v roce 1980 viděl prudký růst nominální ceny mědi a usoudil \"cena mědi dlouhodobě roste, koupím\", by v reálných cenách prodělal — vrchol roku 1980 byl v reálných cenách překonán až po roce 2005.",[1100,130178,130180],{"id":130179},"_61-tržní-potenciál","6.1 Tržní potenciál",[1030,130182,130183,130184,130187,130188,1089,130191,130214,130215,130236,130237,1310],{},"Pojem ",[1047,130185,130186],{},"tržní potenciál"," označuje ",[1047,130189,130190],{},"maximální dosažitelný příjem",[1035,130192,130194],{"className":130193},[1772],[1774,130195,130196],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,130197,130198,130212],{},[1781,130199,130200,130202,130204,130206,130208,130210],{},[1784,130201,2257],{},[1784,130203,1860],{},[1788,130205,1863],{},[1784,130207,2264],{},[1788,130209,2267],{},[1784,130211,2270],{},[1808,130213,2273],{"encoding":1810}," na daném trhu při optimální cenové strategii. V bodě, kde se nachází tržní potenciál, je cenová elasticita poptávky ",[1035,130216,130218],{"className":130217},[1772],[1774,130219,130220],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,130221,130222,130234],{},[1781,130223,130224,130230,130232],{},[1792,130225,130226,130228],{},[1784,130227,2364],{},[1784,130229,3224],{},[1788,130231,1863],{},[2348,130233,2374],{},[1808,130235,66963],{"encoding":1810}," (jednotková elasticita) — odvození viz ",[1068,130238,130240],{"className":130239,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":2388,"href":2389},[1071],"Elasticita poptávky (mikK)",[1035,130242,130244],{"className":130243},[1772],[1774,130245,130246],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,130247,130248,130290],{},[1781,130249,130250,130266,130268,130270,130272,130274,130276,130278,130284,130286,130288],{},[2322,130251,130252,130260],{},[1781,130253,130254,130256,130258],{},[1784,130255,2328],{},[1784,130257,2257],{},[1784,130259,1860],{},[1781,130261,130262,130264],{},[1784,130263,2328],{},[1784,130265,2264],{},[1788,130267,1863],{},[2348,130269,2350],{},[2352,130271],{"width":2702},[1788,130273,43125],{},[2352,130275],{"width":2702},[1784,130277,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,130279,130280,130282],{},[1784,130281,2364],{},[1784,130283,3224],{},[1784,130285,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,130287,1863],{},[2348,130289,2374],{},[1808,130291,130292],{"encoding":1810},"\\frac{dTR}{dP} = 0 \\quad \\Longleftrightarrow \\quad |E_D| = 1",[1030,130294,130295,130296,1310],{},"Pro odhad tržního potenciálu z historických dat o ceně a množství se používají regresní modely poptávky (lineární, log-log, polynomiální), z nichž se odvodí maximum tržeb. Klíčová ",[1047,130297,130298],{},"úskalí",[1112,130300,130301,130307,130314],{},[1115,130302,130303,130304,130306],{},"data zachycují ",[1047,130305,69127],{},", ne celou poptávkovou křivku (problém identifikace ze sekce 4);",[1115,130308,130309,130310,130313],{},"nutno ",[1047,130311,130312],{},"deflátorovat"," ceny, aby se neměřila inflace místo cenové elasticity;",[1115,130315,130309,130316,130319],{},[1047,130317,130318],{},"kontrolovat necenové faktory"," (důchody, ceny substitutů) — jinak je odhad zkreslený.",[1077,130321,130323],{"id":130322},"_7-necenové-faktory-ovlivňující-nabídku","7. Necenové faktory ovlivňující nabídku",[1030,130325,130326,130327,1089,130330,130343,130344,130357,130358,130371],{},"Posun ",[1047,130328,130329],{},"celé nabídkové křivky",[1035,130331,130333],{"className":130332},[1772],[1774,130334,130335],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,130336,130337,130341],{},[1781,130338,130339],{},[1784,130340,3212],{},[1808,130342,3212],{"encoding":1810}," doprava (růst ",[1035,130345,130347],{"className":130346},[1772],[1774,130348,130349],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,130350,130351,130355],{},[1781,130352,130353],{},[1784,130354,2270],{},[1808,130356,2270],{"encoding":1810}," při dané ceně) nebo doleva (pokles ",[1035,130359,130361],{"className":130360},[1772],[1774,130362,130363],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,130364,130365,130369],{},[1781,130366,130367],{},[1784,130368,2270],{},[1808,130370,2270],{"encoding":1810}," při dané ceně) způsobuje šest hlavních determinantů:",[1153,130373,130374,130387],{},[1156,130375,130376],{},[1159,130377,130378,130381,130384],{},[1162,130379,130380],{},"determinant",[1162,130382,130383],{},"příklad",[1162,130385,130386],{},"směr posunu",[1172,130388,130389,130430,130456,130483,130509,130535],{},[1159,130390,130391,130396,130399],{},[1177,130392,130393],{},[1047,130394,130395],{},"Změny cen vstupů",[1177,130397,130398],{},"růst mzdových nákladů, růst ceny elektřiny",[1177,130400,130401,130415,130416,130429],{},[1035,130402,130404],{"className":130403},[1772],[1774,130405,130406],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,130407,130408,130412],{},[1781,130409,130410],{},[1788,130411,118273],{},[1808,130413,130414],{"encoding":1810},"\\uparrow"," vstupy ⇒ ",[1035,130417,130419],{"className":130418},[1772],[1774,130420,130421],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,130422,130423,130427],{},[1781,130424,130425],{},[1784,130426,3212],{},[1808,130428,3212],{"encoding":1810}," doleva",[1159,130431,130432,130437,130440],{},[1177,130433,130434],{},[1047,130435,130436],{},"Vnější výrobní podmínky",[1177,130438,130439],{},"zpřísnění emisních limitů, nová regulace, daň ze sladkých nápojů",[1177,130441,130442,130443,130429],{},"regulace ⇒ obvykle ",[1035,130444,130446],{"className":130445},[1772],[1774,130447,130448],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,130449,130450,130454],{},[1781,130451,130452],{},[1784,130453,3212],{},[1808,130455,3212],{"encoding":1810},[1159,130457,130458,130463,130466],{},[1177,130459,130460],{},[1047,130461,130462],{},"Technologie a organizace výroby",[1177,130464,130465],{},"Mooreův zákon u čipů, automatizace ve výrobě, štíhlá výroba",[1177,130467,130468,130469,130482],{},"pokrok ⇒ ",[1035,130470,130472],{"className":130471},[1772],[1774,130473,130474],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,130475,130476,130480],{},[1781,130477,130478],{},[1784,130479,3212],{},[1808,130481,3212],{"encoding":1810}," doprava",[1159,130484,130485,130490,130493],{},[1177,130486,130487],{},[1047,130488,130489],{},"Klimatické podmínky",[1177,130491,130492],{},"sucho v zemědělství, mírná zima v energetice",[1177,130494,130495,130496],{},"výkyvy ⇒ stochastické posuny ",[1035,130497,130499],{"className":130498},[1772],[1774,130500,130501],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,130502,130503,130507],{},[1781,130504,130505],{},[1784,130506,3212],{},[1808,130508,3212],{"encoding":1810},[1159,130510,130511,130516,130519],{},[1177,130512,130513],{},[1047,130514,130515],{},"Intenzita konkurence",[1177,130517,130518],{},"vstup nového výrobce, fúze, exit z odvětví",[1177,130520,130521,130522,130482],{},"více firem ⇒ ",[1035,130523,130525],{"className":130524},[1772],[1774,130526,130527],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,130528,130529,130533],{},[1781,130530,130531],{},[1784,130532,3212],{},[1808,130534,3212],{"encoding":1810},[1159,130536,130537,130542,130545],{},[1177,130538,130539],{},[1047,130540,130541],{},"Očekávání cen",[1177,130543,130544],{},"producent odkládá prodej, čeká vyšší cenu",[1177,130546,130547,130548,130429],{},"očekávaný růst ⇒ dnešní ",[1035,130549,130551],{"className":130550},[1772],[1774,130552,130553],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,130554,130555,130559],{},[1781,130556,130557],{},[1784,130558,3212],{},[1808,130560,3212],{"encoding":1810},[1023,130562,130564,130571],{"className":130563,"dataCallout":582},[1026,1225],[1030,130565,130567,130570],{"className":130566},[1033],[1035,130568],{"className":130569,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1232,1040],"Daň jako posun S",[1030,130572,130573,130574,130587,130588,130590,130591,130593,130594,1075],{},"Spotřební daň ze surovin nebo z výroby posouvá ",[1035,130575,130577],{"className":130576},[1772],[1774,130578,130579],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,130580,130581,130585],{},[1781,130582,130583],{},[1784,130584,3212],{},[1808,130586,3212],{"encoding":1810}," vertikálně nahoru o výši daně na jednotku. Nová rovnováha má ",[1047,130589,99889],{}," cenu pro spotřebitele a ",[1047,130592,63246],{}," čistou cenu pro výrobce. Rozdělení daňového břemene mezi obě strany závisí na poměru elasticit — viz ",[1068,130595,55406],{"className":130596,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":55404,"href":55405},[1071],[1077,130598,130600],{"id":130599},"_8-necenové-faktory-ovlivňující-poptávku","8. Necenové faktory ovlivňující poptávku",[1030,130602,130326,130603,1089,130606,130619],{},[1047,130604,130605],{},"celé poptávkové křivky",[1035,130607,130609],{"className":130608},[1772],[1774,130610,130611],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,130612,130613,130617],{},[1781,130614,130615],{},[1784,130616,3224],{},[1808,130618,3224],{"encoding":1810}," způsobuje pět hlavních determinantů:",[1153,130621,130622,130632],{},[1156,130623,130624],{},[1159,130625,130626,130628,130630],{},[1162,130627,130380],{},[1162,130629,130383],{},[1162,130631,130386],{},[1172,130633,130634,130678,130718,130744,130816],{},[1159,130635,130636,130641,130644],{},[1177,130637,130638],{},[1047,130639,130640],{},"Důchody spotřebitelů",[1177,130642,130643],{},"růst reálných mezd",[1177,130645,130646,130647,130660,130661,130664,130665,130429],{},"normální zboží ⇒ ",[1035,130648,130650],{"className":130649},[1772],[1774,130651,130652],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,130653,130654,130658],{},[1781,130655,130656],{},[1784,130657,3224],{},[1808,130659,3224],{"encoding":1810}," doprava; ",[1047,130662,130663],{},"inferiorní"," zboží ⇒ ",[1035,130666,130668],{"className":130667},[1772],[1774,130669,130670],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,130671,130672,130676],{},[1781,130673,130674],{},[1784,130675,3224],{},[1808,130677,3224],{"encoding":1810},[1159,130679,130680,130685,130688],{},[1177,130681,130682],{},[1047,130683,130684],{},"Preference",[1177,130686,130687],{},"módní trendy, kulturní vlivy, reklama",[1177,130689,130690,130691,130704,130705,130482],{},"preference ",[1035,130692,130694],{"className":130693},[1772],[1774,130695,130696],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,130697,130698,130702],{},[1781,130699,130700],{},[1788,130701,118273],{},[1808,130703,130414],{"encoding":1810}," ⇒ ",[1035,130706,130708],{"className":130707},[1772],[1774,130709,130710],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,130711,130712,130716],{},[1781,130713,130714],{},[1784,130715,3224],{},[1808,130717,3224],{"encoding":1810},[1159,130719,130720,130725,130728],{},[1177,130721,130722],{},[1047,130723,130724],{},"Očekávání spotřebitelů",[1177,130726,130727],{},"obava z neúrody, růst inflace, panika před lockdownem",[1177,130729,130730,130731,130482],{},"očekávaný růst ceny ⇒ dnešní ",[1035,130732,130734],{"className":130733},[1772],[1774,130735,130736],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,130737,130738,130742],{},[1781,130739,130740],{},[1784,130741,3224],{},[1808,130743,3224],{"encoding":1810},[1159,130745,130746,130751,130813],{},[1177,130747,130748],{},[1047,130749,130750],{},"Ceny souvisejících statků",[1177,130752,130753,130754,1089,130757,130704,130770,130783,130784,1089,130787,130704,130800,130429],{},"ceny ",[1047,130755,130756],{},"substitutů",[1035,130758,130760],{"className":130759},[1772],[1774,130761,130762],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,130763,130764,130768],{},[1781,130765,130766],{},[1788,130767,118273],{},[1808,130769,130414],{"encoding":1810},[1035,130771,130773],{"className":130772},[1772],[1774,130774,130775],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,130776,130777,130781],{},[1781,130778,130779],{},[1784,130780,3224],{},[1808,130782,3224],{"encoding":1810}," daného statku doprava; ceny ",[1047,130785,130786],{},"komplementů",[1035,130788,130790],{"className":130789},[1772],[1774,130791,130792],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,130793,130794,130798],{},[1781,130795,130796],{},[1788,130797,118273],{},[1808,130799,130414],{"encoding":1810},[1035,130801,130803],{"className":130802},[1772],[1774,130804,130805],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,130806,130807,130811],{},[1781,130808,130809],{},[1784,130810,3224],{},[1808,130812,3224],{"encoding":1810},[1177,130814,130815],{},"obojí směr",[1159,130817,130818,130823,130826],{},[1177,130819,130820],{},[1047,130821,130822],{},"Počet spotřebitelů",[1177,130824,130825],{},"populační růst, otevření trhu novým zákazníkům",[1177,130827,130828,130482],{},[1035,130829,130831],{"className":130830},[1772],[1774,130832,130833],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,130834,130835,130839],{},[1781,130836,130837],{},[1784,130838,3224],{},[1808,130840,3224],{"encoding":1810},[1023,130842,130844,130851],{"className":130843,"dataCallout":1608},[1026,1607],[1030,130845,130847,130850],{"className":130846},[1033],[1035,130848],{"className":130849,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1615,1040],"Test souvisejících statků",[1030,130852,130853,130854,1062,130867,12494,130880,130882,130883,130896,130897,130910,130911,130882,130913,130926,130927,130940],{},"Statky ",[1035,130855,130857],{"className":130856},[1772],[1774,130858,130859],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,130860,130861,130865],{},[1781,130862,130863],{},[1784,130864,20998],{},[1808,130866,20998],{"encoding":1810},[1035,130868,130870],{"className":130869},[1772],[1774,130871,130872],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,130873,130874,130878],{},[1781,130875,130876],{},[1784,130877,21001],{},[1808,130879,21001],{"encoding":1810},[1047,130881,26891],{},", pokud růst ceny ",[1035,130884,130886],{"className":130885},[1772],[1774,130887,130888],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,130889,130890,130894],{},[1781,130891,130892],{},[1784,130893,21001],{},[1808,130895,21001],{"encoding":1810}," zvedá poptávku po ",[1035,130898,130900],{"className":130899},[1772],[1774,130901,130902],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,130903,130904,130908],{},[1781,130905,130906],{},[1784,130907,20998],{},[1808,130909,20998],{"encoding":1810}," (káva vs. čaj). Jsou ",[1047,130912,26917],{},[1035,130914,130916],{"className":130915},[1772],[1774,130917,130918],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,130919,130920,130924],{},[1781,130921,130922],{},[1784,130923,21001],{},[1808,130925,21001],{"encoding":1810}," snižuje poptávku po ",[1035,130928,130930],{"className":130929},[1772],[1774,130931,130932],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,130933,130934,130938],{},[1781,130935,130936],{},[1784,130937,20998],{},[1808,130939,20998],{"encoding":1810}," (auto vs. benzin). Křížová elasticita poptávky to formálně zachytí — kladná pro substituty, záporná pro komplementy.",[1077,130942,130944],{"id":130943},"_9-bandwagon-efekt","9. Bandwagon efekt",[1030,130946,130947,130948,130951],{},"Specifickou anomálií poptávky je ",[1047,130949,130950],{},"bandwagon effect"," (\"naskočit do rozjetého vlaku\").",[1030,130953,130954,130957,130958,130961],{},[1047,130955,130956],{},"Definice."," Spotřebitel poptává statek ",[1047,130959,130960],{},"proto, že ho poptávají ostatní",". Užitek z jednotky není funkcí pouze vlastní spotřeby, ale i agregátní spotřeby populace.",[1030,130963,130964,130967,130968,130971],{},[1047,130965,130966],{},"Důsledek pro tržní křivku."," Tržní poptávková křivka ",[1047,130969,130970],{},"integruje"," dva efekty:",[1260,130973,130974,130977],{},[1115,130975,130976],{},"Standardní cenový efekt — pokles ceny zvyšuje poptávané množství každého jednotlivce.",[1115,130978,130979,130980,130983],{},"Bandwagonový efekt — pokles ceny zvyšuje agregátní spotřebu, což ",[1047,130981,130982],{},"dále zvyšuje"," ochotu každého jednotlivce nakoupit.",[1030,130985,130986,130987,130989,130990,1075],{},"Tržní poptávková křivka je proto ",[1047,130988,40672],{}," (více elastická), než by byla bez bandwagon efektu — daný cenový pokles vyvolá větší pohyb ",[1035,130991,130993],{"className":130992},[1772],[1774,130994,130995],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,130996,130997,131001],{},[1781,130998,130999],{},[1784,131000,2270],{},[1808,131002,2270],{"encoding":1810},[1030,131004,131005],{},[1047,131006,131007],{},"Příklady.",[1112,131009,131010,131016,131022,131028],{},[1115,131011,131012,131015],{},[1047,131013,131014],{},"Móda."," Daný kus oblečení nosí \"všichni\", takže ho chcete také.",[1115,131017,131018,131021],{},[1047,131019,131020],{},"Sociální sítě."," Hodnota Facebooku\u002FInstagramu je funkcí počtu uživatelů (síťový efekt).",[1115,131023,131024,131027],{},[1047,131025,131026],{},"Smartphone platformy."," iOS vs. Android — atraktivita každé platformy závisí na počtu uživatelů a vývojářů.",[1115,131029,131030,131033],{},[1047,131031,131032],{},"Akciové bubliny."," Kupujete proto, že kupují ostatní, ne kvůli fundamentu.",[1030,131035,131036,131039,131040,131043,131044,131047],{},[1047,131037,131038],{},"Implikace pro firmu."," Bandwagon efekt motivuje strategii ",[1047,131041,131042],{},"rychlé akvizice prvních uživatelů"," i za cenu ztrátového ocenění (Spotify, Uber, Airbnb v early-stage). Jakmile je překročen ",[1047,131045,131046],{},"kritický práh"," rozšíření, efekt se sám zesiluje — produkt roste i bez další marketingové podpory.",[1077,131049,131051],{"id":131050},"_10-veblenův-efekt","10. Veblenův efekt",[1030,131053,131054,131055,131058],{},"Opakem bandwagonu je tzv. ",[1047,131056,131057],{},"snob effect",", jehož extrémním projevem je Veblenův efekt.",[1030,131060,131061,131063,131064,131067,131068,131071,131072,1062,131075,131078,131079,131082],{},[1047,131062,130956],{}," Pro určité ",[1047,131065,131066],{},"luxusní statky"," platí, že ",[1047,131069,131070],{},"vyšší cena vede k vyšší poptávce",", protože cena slouží jako ",[1047,131073,131074],{},"signál exkluzivity",[1047,131076,131077],{},"bohatství",". Poptávková křivka má v některém úseku ",[1047,131080,131081],{},"pozitivní sklon"," — vůbec neplatí standardní zákon klesající poptávky.",[1100,131084,131086],{"id":131085},"_101-příklad-pleťový-krém-dr-středa","10.1 Příklad — pleťový krém Dr. Středa",[1030,131088,131089],{},"Dermatolog a podnikatel Dr. Středa popsal v rozhovoru pro Lidové noviny (3. 4. 2009):",[1082,131091,131092],{},[1030,131093,131094,131095,131098,131099,131102,131103,131106],{},"Vyráběl jsem regenerační krém s lysozymem, který v obchodě stál ",[1047,131096,131097],{},"135 Kč",". Obrátil se na mě kamarád, že by chtěl prodávat kosmetiku. Nabídl jsem mu Středův regenerační krém, který dal do jiné lahvičky, oparfémoval a prodával nejdříve za dva, pak za čtyři a nakonec za ",[1047,131100,131101],{},"šest tisíc Kč",". A prodal jich ",[1047,131104,131105],{},"mnohem víc",", než já v době, kdy jsem ho prodával po těch 135 Kč.",[1030,131108,131109,131112],{},[1047,131110,131111],{},"Mechanismus."," Spotřebitelka usuzuje na kvalitu z ceny: \"drahé krémy musejí fungovat — proč by jinak byly tak drahé?\" Cena je heuristikou pro kvalitu, kterou zákaznice nedokáže sama vyhodnotit (chemické složení nepoznáte z lahvičky).",[1100,131114,131116],{"id":131115},"_102-příklad-šampaňské-perrier-jouet","10.2 Příklad — šampaňské Perrier-Jouet",[1030,131118,131119,131120,131123,131124,131127],{},"(LN 20. 3. 2008) Pernod Ricard nabídl kufřík dvanácti lahví Perrier-Jouet za ",[1047,131121,131122],{},"50 000 €"," — přes 100 000 Kč za láhev. Prodej omezen na \"stovku superboháčů\" v sedmi zemích. ",[1047,131125,131126],{},"Vysoká cena je hlavním marketingovým argumentem"," — kdyby šampaňské stálo 1 000 Kč, ztratilo by exkluzivitu a poptávka v cílové skupině by klesla.",[1100,131129,131131],{"id":131130},"_103-empirický-průzkum","10.3 Empirický průzkum",[1030,131133,131134,131135,131138,131139,131142],{},"K dispozici jsou ",[1047,131136,131137],{},"konkrétní data"," z marketingového průzkumu tří výrobců bílého jogurtu (firmy A, B, C, cca 200 respondentů). U výrobce A vychází mezi 10,75 a 11,25 Kč elasticita kolem 0,6 a v pásmu 11,75–13,25 Kč hodnoty 1,9–6,8 — poptávka je ",[1047,131140,131141],{},"nelineární",", s mnoha přechody, a část úseků se chová netypicky. Demonstruje to, že:",[1260,131144,131145,131151,131157],{},[1115,131146,131147,131150],{},[1047,131148,131149],{},"Reálná poptávka není hladká přímka."," I obyčejný jogurt ukazuje cenové prahy a lokální anomálie (preference balení, propagační akce).",[1115,131152,131153,131156],{},[1047,131154,131155],{},"Pružnost se mění podél křivky."," Bod elasticity má smysl, ne celá křivka jednou hodnotou.",[1115,131158,131159,131162],{},[1047,131160,131161],{},"Empirický odhad je pracný."," Ke spolehlivému odhadu je třeba kontrolovaný experiment (různé ceny, jiné faktory konstantní), což je v terénu téměř nemožné.",[1100,131164,131166],{"id":131165},"_104-důsledky","10.4 Důsledky",[1112,131168,131169,131175,131181,131190],{},[1115,131170,131171,131174],{},[1047,131172,131173],{},"Poptávková křivka má rostoucí úseky"," v určitém cenovém pásmu. Pod prahem exkluzivity i nad horní hranicí majetkových možností je sklon klasický.",[1115,131176,131177,131180],{},[1047,131178,131179],{},"Více rovnováh."," Pokud poptávka má rostoucí úsek, může protnout nabídku ve více bodech — některé jsou stabilní, jiné nestabilní.",[1115,131182,131183,131186,131187,131189],{},[1047,131184,131185],{},"Strategie firmy."," Snížení ceny luxusního produktu může ",[1047,131188,30145],{}," prodej. Burberry, Tiffany a další luxusní značky aktivně bojují s \"downmarketingem\".",[1115,131191,131192,131195],{},[1047,131193,131194],{},"Cenová psychologie."," I mimo segment luxusu spotřebitelé interpretují cenu jako signál kvality (placebo efekt vyšší ceny u vína, léků, vzdělávacích kurzů). Marketing s tím systematicky pracuje (anchoring, premium positioning).",[1023,131197,131199,131206],{"className":131198,"dataCallout":3501},[1026,3500],[1030,131200,131202,131205],{"className":131201},[1033],[1035,131203],{"className":131204,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,3508,1040],"Pozor na zaměnění",[1030,131207,131208,131209,131211,131212,131215,131216,131219],{},"Veblenův efekt nelze ztotožnit s bandwagonem. ",[1047,131210,28226],{},": chci to, protože to chtějí ostatní (masový efekt). ",[1047,131213,131214],{},"Veblen \u002F snob",": chci to, protože to ",[1047,131217,131218],{},"nemůžou"," ostatní (efekt vzácnosti). Oba jevy ale mohou působit současně — luxusní hodinky kombinují snobskou exkluzivitu s bandwagonovým \"noste, co nosí slavní\".",[1077,131221,131223],{"id":131222},"_11-komparativní-statika-rovnováhy","11. Komparativní statika rovnováhy",[1030,131225,131226,131227,25033,131240,131253,131254,131257,131258,1062,131275,1075],{},"Po posunech ",[1035,131228,131230],{"className":131229},[1772],[1774,131231,131232],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,131233,131234,131238],{},[1781,131235,131236],{},[1784,131237,3224],{},[1808,131239,3224],{"encoding":1810},[1035,131241,131243],{"className":131242},[1772],[1774,131244,131245],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,131246,131247,131251],{},[1781,131248,131249],{},[1784,131250,3212],{},[1808,131252,3212],{"encoding":1810}," se trh ustálí v ",[1047,131255,131256],{},"nové rovnováze",". Cílem komparativní statiky je předpovědět směr změny ",[1035,131259,131261],{"className":131260},[1772],[1774,131262,131263],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,131264,131265,131273],{},[1781,131266,131267],{},[1792,131268,131269,131271],{},[1784,131270,2264],{},[1784,131272,2364],{},[1808,131274,128339],{"encoding":1810},[1035,131276,131278],{"className":131277},[1772],[1774,131279,131280],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,131281,131282,131290],{},[1781,131283,131284],{},[1792,131285,131286,131288],{},[1784,131287,2270],{},[1784,131289,2364],{},[1808,131291,131292],{"encoding":1810},"Q_E",[1100,131294,131296],{"id":131295},"_111-posun-jediné-křivky","11.1 Posun jediné křivky",[1153,131298,131299,131345],{},[1156,131300,131301],{},[1159,131302,131303,131306,131326],{},[1162,131304,131305],{},"co se stalo",[1162,131307,131309],{"align":131308},"center",[1035,131310,131312],{"className":131311},[1772],[1774,131313,131314],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,131315,131316,131324],{},[1781,131317,131318],{},[1792,131319,131320,131322],{},[1784,131321,2264],{},[1784,131323,2364],{},[1808,131325,128339],{"encoding":1810},[1162,131327,131328],{"align":131308},[1035,131329,131331],{"className":131330},[1772],[1774,131332,131333],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,131334,131335,131343],{},[1781,131336,131337],{},[1792,131338,131339,131341],{},[1784,131340,2270],{},[1784,131342,2364],{},[1808,131344,131292],{"encoding":1810},[1172,131346,131347,131398,131450,131501],{},[1159,131348,131349,131368,131383],{},[1177,131350,131351,131367],{},[1035,131352,131354],{"className":131353},[1772],[1774,131355,131356],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,131357,131358,131364],{},[1781,131359,131360,131362],{},[1784,131361,3224],{},[1788,131363,118273],{},[1808,131365,131366],{"encoding":1810},"D \\uparrow"," (poptávka roste)",[1177,131369,131370],{"align":131308},[1035,131371,131373],{"className":131372},[1772],[1774,131374,131375],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,131376,131377,131381],{},[1781,131378,131379],{},[1788,131380,118273],{},[1808,131382,130414],{"encoding":1810},[1177,131384,131385],{"align":131308},[1035,131386,131388],{"className":131387},[1772],[1774,131389,131390],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,131391,131392,131396],{},[1781,131393,131394],{},[1788,131395,118273],{},[1808,131397,130414],{"encoding":1810},[1159,131399,131400,131419,131435],{},[1177,131401,131402,131418],{},[1035,131403,131405],{"className":131404},[1772],[1774,131406,131407],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,131408,131409,131415],{},[1781,131410,131411,131413],{},[1784,131412,3224],{},[1788,131414,118262],{},[1808,131416,131417],{"encoding":1810},"D \\downarrow"," (poptávka klesá)",[1177,131420,131421],{"align":131308},[1035,131422,131424],{"className":131423},[1772],[1774,131425,131426],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,131427,131428,131432],{},[1781,131429,131430],{},[1788,131431,118262],{},[1808,131433,131434],{"encoding":1810},"\\downarrow",[1177,131436,131437],{"align":131308},[1035,131438,131440],{"className":131439},[1772],[1774,131441,131442],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,131443,131444,131448],{},[1781,131445,131446],{},[1788,131447,118262],{},[1808,131449,131434],{"encoding":1810},[1159,131451,131452,131471,131486],{},[1177,131453,131454,131470],{},[1035,131455,131457],{"className":131456},[1772],[1774,131458,131459],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,131460,131461,131467],{},[1781,131462,131463,131465],{},[1784,131464,3212],{},[1788,131466,118273],{},[1808,131468,131469],{"encoding":1810},"S \\uparrow"," (nabídka roste)",[1177,131472,131473],{"align":131308},[1035,131474,131476],{"className":131475},[1772],[1774,131477,131478],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,131479,131480,131484],{},[1781,131481,131482],{},[1788,131483,118262],{},[1808,131485,131434],{"encoding":1810},[1177,131487,131488],{"align":131308},[1035,131489,131491],{"className":131490},[1772],[1774,131492,131493],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,131494,131495,131499],{},[1781,131496,131497],{},[1788,131498,118273],{},[1808,131500,130414],{"encoding":1810},[1159,131502,131503,131522,131537],{},[1177,131504,131505,131521],{},[1035,131506,131508],{"className":131507},[1772],[1774,131509,131510],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,131511,131512,131518],{},[1781,131513,131514,131516],{},[1784,131515,3212],{},[1788,131517,118262],{},[1808,131519,131520],{"encoding":1810},"S \\downarrow"," (nabídka klesá)",[1177,131523,131524],{"align":131308},[1035,131525,131527],{"className":131526},[1772],[1774,131528,131529],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,131530,131531,131535],{},[1781,131532,131533],{},[1788,131534,118273],{},[1808,131536,130414],{"encoding":1810},[1177,131538,131539],{"align":131308},[1035,131540,131542],{"className":131541},[1772],[1774,131543,131544],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,131545,131546,131550],{},[1781,131547,131548],{},[1788,131549,118262],{},[1808,131551,131434],{"encoding":1810},[1100,131553,131555],{"id":131554},"_112-současný-posun-obou-křivek","11.2 Současný posun obou křivek",[1153,131557,131558,131603],{},[1156,131559,131560],{},[1159,131561,131562,131565,131584],{},[1162,131563,131564],{},"scénář",[1162,131566,131567],{"align":131308},[1035,131568,131570],{"className":131569},[1772],[1774,131571,131572],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,131573,131574,131582],{},[1781,131575,131576],{},[1792,131577,131578,131580],{},[1784,131579,2270],{},[1784,131581,2364],{},[1808,131583,131292],{"encoding":1810},[1162,131585,131586],{"align":131308},[1035,131587,131589],{"className":131588},[1772],[1774,131590,131591],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,131592,131593,131601],{},[1781,131594,131595],{},[1792,131596,131597,131599],{},[1784,131598,2264],{},[1784,131600,2364],{},[1808,131602,128339],{"encoding":1810},[1172,131604,131605,131661,131713,131764],{},[1159,131606,131607,131639,131654],{},[1177,131608,131609,1062,131624],{},[1035,131610,131612],{"className":131611},[1772],[1774,131613,131614],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,131615,131616,131622],{},[1781,131617,131618,131620],{},[1784,131619,3224],{},[1788,131621,118273],{},[1808,131623,131366],{"encoding":1810},[1035,131625,131627],{"className":131626},[1772],[1774,131628,131629],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,131630,131631,131637],{},[1781,131632,131633,131635],{},[1784,131634,3212],{},[1788,131636,118273],{},[1808,131638,131469],{"encoding":1810},[1177,131640,131641],{"align":131308},[1035,131642,131644],{"className":131643},[1772],[1774,131645,131646],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,131647,131648,131652],{},[1781,131649,131650],{},[1788,131651,118273],{},[1808,131653,130414],{"encoding":1810},[1177,131655,131656,131657,131660],{"align":131308},"nejednoznačné — záleží na ",[1047,131658,131659],{},"velikosti"," posunů",[1159,131662,131663,131695,131698],{},[1177,131664,131665,1062,131680],{},[1035,131666,131668],{"className":131667},[1772],[1774,131669,131670],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,131671,131672,131678],{},[1781,131673,131674,131676],{},[1784,131675,3224],{},[1788,131677,118273],{},[1808,131679,131366],{"encoding":1810},[1035,131681,131683],{"className":131682},[1772],[1774,131684,131685],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,131686,131687,131693],{},[1781,131688,131689,131691],{},[1784,131690,3212],{},[1788,131692,118262],{},[1808,131694,131520],{"encoding":1810},[1177,131696,131697],{"align":131308},"nejednoznačné",[1177,131699,131700],{"align":131308},[1035,131701,131703],{"className":131702},[1772],[1774,131704,131705],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,131706,131707,131711],{},[1781,131708,131709],{},[1788,131710,118273],{},[1808,131712,130414],{"encoding":1810},[1159,131714,131715,131747,131749],{},[1177,131716,131717,1062,131732],{},[1035,131718,131720],{"className":131719},[1772],[1774,131721,131722],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,131723,131724,131730],{},[1781,131725,131726,131728],{},[1784,131727,3224],{},[1788,131729,118262],{},[1808,131731,131417],{"encoding":1810},[1035,131733,131735],{"className":131734},[1772],[1774,131736,131737],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,131738,131739,131745],{},[1781,131740,131741,131743],{},[1784,131742,3212],{},[1788,131744,118273],{},[1808,131746,131469],{"encoding":1810},[1177,131748,131697],{"align":131308},[1177,131750,131751],{"align":131308},[1035,131752,131754],{"className":131753},[1772],[1774,131755,131756],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,131757,131758,131762],{},[1781,131759,131760],{},[1788,131761,118262],{},[1808,131763,131434],{"encoding":1810},[1159,131765,131766,131798,131813],{},[1177,131767,131768,1062,131783],{},[1035,131769,131771],{"className":131770},[1772],[1774,131772,131773],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,131774,131775,131781],{},[1781,131776,131777,131779],{},[1784,131778,3224],{},[1788,131780,118262],{},[1808,131782,131417],{"encoding":1810},[1035,131784,131786],{"className":131785},[1772],[1774,131787,131788],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,131789,131790,131796],{},[1781,131791,131792,131794],{},[1784,131793,3212],{},[1788,131795,118262],{},[1808,131797,131520],{"encoding":1810},[1177,131799,131800],{"align":131308},[1035,131801,131803],{"className":131802},[1772],[1774,131804,131805],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,131806,131807,131811],{},[1781,131808,131809],{},[1788,131810,118262],{},[1808,131812,131434],{"encoding":1810},[1177,131814,131697],{"align":131308},[1023,131816,131818,131825],{"className":131817,"dataCallout":25986},[1026,25985],[1030,131819,131821,131824],{"className":131820},[1033],[1035,131822],{"className":131823,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,25993,1040],"Trh chytrých telefonů 2010–2020",[1030,131826,131827,131828,131831,131832,131835,131836,131853,131854,131871],{},"Současně rostla ",[1047,131829,131830],{},"poptávka"," (nový segment uživatelů, růst příjmů, síťový efekt) i ",[1047,131833,131834],{},"nabídka"," (Mooreův zákon, čínští výrobci, úspory z rozsahu). Výsledek: ",[1035,131837,131839],{"className":131838},[1772],[1774,131840,131841],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,131842,131843,131851],{},[1781,131844,131845],{},[1792,131846,131847,131849],{},[1784,131848,2270],{},[1784,131850,2364],{},[1808,131852,131292],{"encoding":1810}," jednoznačně nahoru (počet smartphonů rostl řádově), ",[1035,131855,131857],{"className":131856},[1772],[1774,131858,131859],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,131860,131861,131869],{},[1781,131862,131863],{},[1792,131864,131865,131867],{},[1784,131866,2264],{},[1784,131868,2364],{},[1808,131870,128339],{"encoding":1810}," smíšeně — průměrná cena mírně klesla, ale rozpětí se rozevřelo (top segment Apple zdražoval, low-end klesal).",[1100,131873,131875],{"id":131874},"_113-předpovědní-modely-poptávky","11.3 Předpovědní modely poptávky",[1030,131877,131878,131879,131882],{},"Klíčová otázka zní: \"",[1047,131880,131881],{},"Jak prognózovat vývoj trhu, například automobilů?","\" Praktická odpověď kombinuje:",[1260,131884,131885,131891,131897,131903],{},[1115,131886,131887,131890],{},[1047,131888,131889],{},"Trendová složka"," — dlouhodobý růst poptávky tažený růstem populace a důchodů (modely IS-LM, makroekonomické projekce).",[1115,131892,131893,131896],{},[1047,131894,131895],{},"Cyklická složka"," — investiční cykly, finanční cykly, dopady recesí.",[1115,131898,131899,131902],{},[1047,131900,131901],{},"Sezónní složka"," — u některých statků nezanedbatelná (předvánoční elektronika, jarní automobily).",[1115,131904,131905,131908],{},[1047,131906,131907],{},"Strukturální zlomy"," — technologické přechody (spalovací motory → elektromobily), regulatorní šoky (emisní normy), generační změny preferencí.",[1030,131910,131911,131912,131915],{},"Praktická úskalí: modely lineární regrese selhávají v okamžiku ",[1047,131913,131914],{},"strukturální změny"," trhu — proto je potřeba je doplnit kvalitativními panely, scénářovou analýzou a stresovým testováním předpokladů.",[1077,131917,131919],{"id":131918},"_12-strategická-poloha-trhu","12. Strategická poloha trhu",[1030,131921,131922,131923,131926,131927,131944],{},"Praktická otázka zní: \"",[1047,131924,131925],{},"V které pozici byste si přáli trh v budoucnu mít?","\" V rovině ",[1035,131928,131930],{"className":131929},[1772],[1774,131931,131932],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,131933,131934,131942],{},[1781,131935,131936,131938,131940],{},[1784,131937,2264],{},[1788,131939,81663],{},[1784,131941,2270],{},[1808,131943,128516],{"encoding":1810}," rozeznáváme čtyři schematické polohy podle elasticit:",[1153,131946,131947,131997],{},[1156,131948,131949],{},[1159,131950,131951,131954,131973,131992,131995],{},[1162,131952,131953],{},"poloha",[1162,131955,131956],{},[1035,131957,131959],{"className":131958},[1772],[1774,131960,131961],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,131962,131963,131971],{},[1781,131964,131965],{},[1792,131966,131967,131969],{},[1784,131968,2364],{},[1784,131970,3224],{},[1808,131972,21535],{"encoding":1810},[1162,131974,131975],{},[1035,131976,131978],{"className":131977},[1772],[1774,131979,131980],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,131981,131982,131990],{},[1781,131983,131984],{},[1792,131985,131986,131988],{},[1784,131987,2364],{},[1784,131989,3212],{},[1808,131991,21045],{"encoding":1810},[1162,131993,131994],{},"charakteristika",[1162,131996,130383],{},[1172,131998,131999,132016,132034,132052],{},[1159,132000,132001,132003,132005,132007,132013],{},[1177,132002,2374],{},[1177,132004,67620],{},[1177,132006,67620],{},[1177,132008,132009,132010],{},"strmé obě křivky — trh tuhý, malé výkyvy množství, ",[1047,132011,132012],{},"velké výkyvy ceny",[1177,132014,132015],{},"léky, energie krátkodobě",[1159,132017,132018,132020,132022,132024,132031],{},[1177,132019,4593],{},[1177,132021,67620],{},[1177,132023,56691],{},[1177,132025,132026,132027,132030],{},"spotřebitelé neelastičtí, výrobci pružní — ",[1047,132028,132029],{},"stabilní cena",", výrobci si pohodlně nastavují marži",[1177,132032,132033],{},"pitná voda",[1159,132035,132036,132038,132040,132042,132049],{},[1177,132037,5332],{},[1177,132039,56691],{},[1177,132041,67620],{},[1177,132043,132044,132045,132048],{},"spotřebitelé pružní, výrobci tuzí — ",[1047,132046,132047],{},"velké cenové výkyvy"," zatěžují producenty",[1177,132050,132051],{},"zemědělské komodity",[1159,132053,132054,132056,132058,132060,132066],{},[1177,132055,5344],{},[1177,132057,56691],{},[1177,132059,56691],{},[1177,132061,132062,132063],{},"obě strany pružné — ",[1047,132064,132065],{},"stabilní ceny, vysoká likvidita",[1177,132067,132068],{},"vyspělé komoditní burzy",[1030,132070,132071,132074,132075,132078,132079,132096,132097,132114,132115,132118],{},[1047,132072,132073],{},"Která poloha je pro firmu nejvýhodnější?"," Obvykle ",[1047,132076,132077],{},"poloha 2"," — nízká ",[1035,132080,132082],{"className":132081},[1772],[1774,132083,132084],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,132085,132086,132094],{},[1781,132087,132088],{},[1792,132089,132090,132092],{},[1784,132091,2364],{},[1784,132093,3224],{},[1808,132095,21535],{"encoding":1810}," (zákazníci nemohou snadno utéct ke konkurenci ani nepřestanou nakupovat při zdražení) v kombinaci s vysokou ",[1035,132098,132100],{"className":132099},[1772],[1774,132101,132102],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,132103,132104,132112],{},[1781,132105,132106],{},[1792,132107,132108,132110],{},[1784,132109,2364],{},[1784,132111,3212],{},[1808,132113,21045],{"encoding":1810}," (firma sama je flexibilní v reakci na příležitosti). Tato kombinace dává firmě ",[1047,132116,132117],{},"cenovou sílu"," a současně provozní pružnost.",[1030,132120,132121],{},"Strategie firmy proto cílí na:",[1112,132123,132124,132145],{},[1115,132125,132126,132127,132144],{},"snížení ",[1035,132128,132130],{"className":132129},[1772],[1774,132131,132132],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,132133,132134,132142],{},[1781,132135,132136],{},[1792,132137,132138,132140],{},[1784,132139,2364],{},[1784,132141,3224],{},[1808,132143,21535],{"encoding":1810}," — diferenciace produktu, budování značky, věrnostní programy, vázané kontrakty;",[1115,132146,132147,132148,132165],{},"zvýšení ",[1035,132149,132151],{"className":132150},[1772],[1774,132152,132153],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,132154,132155,132163],{},[1781,132156,132157],{},[1792,132158,132159,132161],{},[1784,132160,2364],{},[1784,132162,3212],{},[1808,132164,21045],{"encoding":1810}," — flexibilní výrobní kapacity, modulární architektura produktu, dodavatelská diverzifikace.",[1023,132167,132169,132176,132203],{"className":132168,"dataCallout":2090},[1026,2089],[1030,132170,132172,132175],{"className":132171},[1033],[1035,132173],{"className":132174,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,2097,1040],"Polohy 1 a 4 z pohledu hospodářské politiky",[1030,132177,132178,132181,132182,132195,132196,132199,132200,1075],{},[1047,132179,132180],{},"Poloha 1"," (oba nízké ",[1035,132183,132185],{"className":132184},[1772],[1774,132186,132187],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,132188,132189,132193],{},[1781,132190,132191],{},[1784,132192,2364],{},[1808,132194,2364],{"encoding":1810},") je nebezpečná pro stabilitu — drobný šok způsobí velký cenový skok. Stát zde často zasahuje skrze ",[1047,132197,132198],{},"strategické zásoby"," (ropa, zrno) nebo ",[1047,132201,132202],{},"regulaci ceny",[1030,132204,132205,132208,132209,132222,132223,132226],{},[1047,132206,132207],{},"Poloha 4"," (oba vysoké ",[1035,132210,132212],{"className":132211},[1772],[1774,132213,132214],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,132215,132216,132220],{},[1781,132217,132218],{},[1784,132219,2364],{},[1808,132221,2364],{"encoding":1810},") je ideálem ",[1047,132224,132225],{},"konkurenčního trhu"," — informace se promítají do ceny rychle, alokační efektivita je vysoká. Politika se snaží trhy do této polohy posunout odbouráváním bariér vstupu, transparentností a tvorbou likvidních termínových burz.",[1077,132228,132230],{"id":132229},"_121-příklad-propočtu-nové-rovnováhy","12.1 Příklad propočtu nové rovnováhy",[1030,132232,132233,132234,132262,132263,92638,132293,1310],{},"Mějme lineární poptávku ",[1035,132235,132237],{"className":132236},[1772],[1774,132238,132239],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,132240,132241,132259],{},[1781,132242,132243,132249,132251,132253,132255,132257],{},[1792,132244,132245,132247],{},[1784,132246,2270],{},[1784,132248,3224],{},[1788,132250,1863],{},[2348,132252,2605],{},[1788,132254,2371],{},[2348,132256,4593],{},[1784,132258,2264],{},[1808,132260,132261],{"encoding":1810},"Q_D = 100 - 2P"," a lineární nabídku ",[1035,132264,132266],{"className":132265},[1772],[1774,132267,132268],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,132269,132270,132290],{},[1781,132271,132272,132278,132280,132282,132284,132286,132288],{},[1792,132273,132274,132276],{},[1784,132275,2270],{},[1784,132277,3212],{},[1788,132279,1863],{},[1788,132281,2371],{},[2348,132283,2640],{},[1788,132285,2637],{},[2348,132287,5332],{},[1784,132289,2264],{},[1808,132291,132292],{"encoding":1810},"Q_S = -20 + 3P",[1035,132294,132296],{"className":132295},[1772],[1774,132297,132298],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,132299,132300,132316],{},[1781,132301,132302,132308,132310],{},[1792,132303,132304,132306],{},[1784,132305,2270],{},[1784,132307,3224],{},[1788,132309,1863],{},[1792,132311,132312,132314],{},[1784,132313,2270],{},[1784,132315,3212],{},[1808,132317,128741],{"encoding":1810},[1035,132319,132321],{"className":132320},[1772],[1774,132322,132323],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,132324,132325,132392],{},[1781,132326,132327,132329,132331,132333,132335,132337,132339,132341,132343,132345,132347,132349,132351,132353,132355,132357,132359,132361,132363,132365,132367,132373,132375,132377,132379,132381,132387,132389],{},[2348,132328,2605],{},[1788,132330,2371],{},[2348,132332,4593],{},[1784,132334,2264],{},[1788,132336,1863],{},[1788,132338,2371],{},[2348,132340,2640],{},[1788,132342,2637],{},[2348,132344,5332],{},[1784,132346,2264],{},[2352,132348],{"width":2702},[1788,132350,24048],{},[2352,132352],{"width":2702},[2348,132354,5356],{},[1784,132356,2264],{},[1788,132358,1863],{},[2348,132360,23526],{},[2352,132362],{"width":2702},[1788,132364,24048],{},[2352,132366],{"width":2702},[1792,132368,132369,132371],{},[1784,132370,2264],{},[1784,132372,2364],{},[1788,132374,1863],{},[2348,132376,2766],{},[1788,132378,1138],{"separator":1041},[2149,132380,2769],{},[1792,132382,132383,132385],{},[1784,132384,2270],{},[1784,132386,2364],{},[1788,132388,1863],{},[2348,132390,132391],{},"52.",[1808,132393,132394],{"encoding":1810},"100 - 2P = -20 + 3P \\quad \\Longrightarrow \\quad 5P = 120 \\quad \\Longrightarrow \\quad P_E = 24, \\, Q_E = 52.",[1030,132396,132397,132398,132416,132417,132469],{},"Zavedeme spotřební daň ",[1035,132399,132401],{"className":132400},[1772],[1774,132402,132403],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,132404,132405,132413],{},[1781,132406,132407,132409,132411],{},[1784,132408,8827],{},[1788,132410,1863],{},[2348,132412,5356],{},[1808,132414,132415],{"encoding":1810},"t = 5"," na jednotku, kterou odvádí výrobce. Nabídka se posune vertikálně nahoru: ",[1035,132418,132420],{"className":132419},[1772],[1774,132421,132422],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,132423,132424,132466],{},[1781,132425,132426,132434,132436,132438,132440,132442,132444,132446,132448,132450,132452,132454,132456,132458,132460,132462,132464],{},[13587,132427,132428,132430,132432],{},[1784,132429,2270],{},[1784,132431,3212],{},[1788,132433,7862],{"mathvariant":7829,"lspace":7861,"rspace":7861},[1788,132435,1863],{},[1788,132437,2371],{},[2348,132439,2640],{},[1788,132441,2637],{},[2348,132443,5332],{},[1788,132445,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,132447,2264],{},[1788,132449,2371],{},[2348,132451,5356],{},[1788,132453,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,132455,1863],{},[1788,132457,2371],{},[2348,132459,15493],{},[1788,132461,2637],{},[2348,132463,5332],{},[1784,132465,2264],{},[1808,132467,132468],{"encoding":1810},"Q_S' = -20 + 3(P - 5) = -35 + 3P",". Nová rovnováha:",[1035,132471,132473],{"className":132472},[1772],[1774,132474,132475],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,132476,132477,132549],{},[1781,132478,132479,132481,132483,132485,132487,132489,132491,132493,132495,132497,132499,132501,132503,132505,132507,132509,132511,132514,132516,132518,132520,132528,132530,132532,132534,132536,132544,132546],{},[2348,132480,2605],{},[1788,132482,2371],{},[2348,132484,4593],{},[1784,132486,2264],{},[1788,132488,1863],{},[1788,132490,2371],{},[2348,132492,15493],{},[1788,132494,2637],{},[2348,132496,5332],{},[1784,132498,2264],{},[2352,132500],{"width":2702},[1788,132502,24048],{},[2352,132504],{"width":2702},[2348,132506,5356],{},[1784,132508,2264],{},[1788,132510,1863],{},[2348,132512,132513],{},"135",[2352,132515],{"width":2702},[1788,132517,24048],{},[2352,132519],{"width":2702},[13587,132521,132522,132524,132526],{},[1784,132523,2264],{},[1784,132525,2364],{},[1788,132527,7862],{"mathvariant":7829,"lspace":7861,"rspace":7861},[1788,132529,1863],{},[2348,132531,125030],{},[1788,132533,1138],{"separator":1041},[2149,132535,2769],{},[13587,132537,132538,132540,132542],{},[1784,132539,2270],{},[1784,132541,2364],{},[1788,132543,7862],{"mathvariant":7829,"lspace":7861,"rspace":7861},[1788,132545,1863],{},[2348,132547,132548],{},"46.",[1808,132550,132551],{"encoding":1810},"100 - 2P = -35 + 3P \\quad \\Longrightarrow \\quad 5P = 135 \\quad \\Longrightarrow \\quad P_E' = 27, \\, Q_E' = 46.",[1030,132553,132554,132555,132558,132559,132562],{},"Cena pro spotřebitele se zvedla o 3 Kč (z 24 na 27), čistá cena výrobce klesla o 2 Kč (z 24 na 22 = 27 − 5). Daňové břemeno se rozdělilo ",[1047,132556,132557],{},"3:2 ve prospěch výrobce",", protože poptávka je v okolí rovnováhy strmější (méně elastická) než nabídka. Tento výpočet ilustruje princip ",[1047,132560,132561],{},"incidence daně",": břemeno nese více ta strana, která hůře ustoupí.",[1077,132564,132566],{"id":132565},"_13-návaznosti","13. Návaznosti",[1030,132568,132569,132570,132573,132574,132577],{},"Tato strana popsala ",[1047,132571,132572],{},"statiku"," rovnováhy a její ",[1047,132575,132576],{},"základní dynamiku"," (Cobweb). Pokračuje:",[1112,132579,132580,132587,132593,132599,132605],{},[1115,132581,132582,132586],{},[1068,132583,132585],{"className":132584,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":32404,"href":32402},[1071],"Užitková teorie a preference"," — mikrofundace poptávky: odkud se bere její sklon a posuny.",[1115,132588,132589,132592],{},[1068,132590,71843],{"className":132591,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":33565,"href":33566},[1071]," — individuální optimum, ze kterého agregací vzniká tržní poptávka.",[1115,132594,132595,132598],{},[1068,132596,71910],{"className":132597,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":71908,"href":71909},[1071]," — paralelní výklad ze základního kursu Matematická ekonomie, vhodný k rekapitulaci.",[1115,132600,132601,132604],{},[1068,132602,10762],{"className":132603,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":32180,"href":32178},[1071]," — kvantifikace sklonů, klíčová pro rozlišení Cobweb scénářů a strategickou polohu.",[1115,132606,132607,132610],{},[1068,132608,71926],{"className":132609,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":55404,"href":55405},[1071]," — aplikace komparativní statiky na daňový posun nabídky.",[1030,132612,132613,132614,1310],{},"Otevřené téma — ",[1047,132615,132616],{},"dlouhodobá rovnováha v různých tržních strukturách",[1112,132618,132619,132645,132674,132700,132733],{},[1115,132620,132621,132624,132625,132644],{},[1068,132622,43432],{"className":132623,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1876,"href":1877},[1071]," — jeden producent, ",[1035,132626,132628],{"className":132627},[1772],[1774,132629,132630],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,132631,132632,132642],{},[1781,132633,132634,132636,132638,132640],{},[1784,132635,2264],{},[1788,132637,2491],{},[1784,132639,1857],{},[1784,132641,1868],{},[1808,132643,7656],{"encoding":1810},", perzistentní DWL",[1115,132646,132647,132651,132652,132673],{},[1068,132648,132650],{"className":132649,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":50627,"href":50628},[1071],"Oligopol Cournot\u002FStackelberg"," — strategická interakce, ",[1035,132653,132655],{"className":132654},[1772],[1774,132656,132657],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,132658,132659,132671],{},[1781,132660,132661,132663,132665,132667,132669],{},[1784,132662,1857],{},[1784,132664,1860],{},[1788,132666,1863],{},[1784,132668,1857],{},[1784,132670,1868],{},[1808,132672,1871],{"encoding":1810}," + reakční křivky",[1115,132675,132676,132679,132680,132699],{},[1068,132677,73723],{"className":132678,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":78943,"href":78944},[1071]," — cenová konkurence, ",[1035,132681,132683],{"className":132682},[1772],[1774,132684,132685],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,132686,132687,132697],{},[1781,132688,132689,132691,132693,132695],{},[1784,132690,2264],{},[1788,132692,1863],{},[1784,132694,1857],{},[1784,132696,1868],{},[1808,132698,7608],{"encoding":1810}," při homogenním zboží",[1115,132701,132702,3250,132705,132732],{},[1068,132703,7013],{"className":132704,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":4348,"href":4349},[1071],[1035,132706,132708],{"className":132707},[1772],[1774,132709,132710],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,132711,132712,132730],{},[1781,132713,132714,132716,132718,132720,132722,132724,132726,132728],{},[1784,132715,3766],{},[1784,132717,10292],{},[1784,132719,1868],{},[1788,132721,1863],{},[1784,132723,10292],{},[1784,132725,1860],{},[1788,132727,1863],{},[1784,132729,2264],{},[1808,132731,55857],{"encoding":1810}," v dlouhém období, nulový ekonomický zisk",[1115,132734,132735,132738],{},[1068,132736,7246],{"className":132737,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":7244,"href":7245},[1071]," — alternativní cenová strategie monopolisty",[1030,132740,132741,132742,132745,132746,1062,132749,132753,132754,132757,132758,1075],{},"Pro odhad poptávkové funkce z empirických dat viz ",[1068,132743,66541],{"className":132744,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":25880,"href":25878},[1071]," (ekonometrie, Delphi, dekompozice). Pro pokročilé chápání spotřebitele a substitučního chování viz ",[1068,132747,25328],{"className":132748,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":25327,"href":25325},[1071],[1068,132750,132752],{"className":132751,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":32173,"href":32171},[1071],"Marshallova a Hicksova poptávka",". Pro zařazení do širšího kurzu viz ",[1068,132755,1682],{"className":132756,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1680,"href":1681},[1071]," a referenční ",[1068,132759,65682],{"className":132760,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1832,"href":1833},[1071],[1077,132762,132764],{"id":132763},"_14-shrnutí-co-si-odnést","14. Shrnutí — co si odnést",[1260,132766,132767,132773,132822,132828,132837,132843,132884],{},[1115,132768,132769,132772],{},[1047,132770,132771],{},"Tři atributy rovnováhy"," — uspokojená poptávka, vyčerpaná nabídka, stabilní cena. Reálné trhy je často nesplňují.",[1115,132774,132775,132778,132779,6007,132800,132821],{},[1047,132776,132777],{},"Cobweb model"," — dynamika přizpůsobení závisí na poměru sklonů ",[1035,132780,132782],{"className":132781},[1772],[1774,132783,132784],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,132785,132786,132798],{},[1781,132787,132788,132790,132796],{},[1784,132789,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,132791,132792,132794],{},[1784,132793,3212],{},[1788,132795,7862],{"mathvariant":7829,"lspace":7861,"rspace":7861},[1784,132797,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,132799,129191],{"encoding":1810},[1035,132801,132803],{"className":132802},[1772],[1774,132804,132805],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,132806,132807,132819],{},[1781,132808,132809,132811,132817],{},[1784,132810,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,132812,132813,132815],{},[1784,132814,3224],{},[1788,132816,7862],{"mathvariant":7829,"lspace":7861,"rspace":7861},[1784,132818,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,132820,129168],{"encoding":1810},": konvergence, oscilace, divergence.",[1115,132823,132824,132827],{},[1047,132825,132826],{},"Necenové determinanty"," posouvají celou křivku, zatímco změna ceny pohybuje jen po křivce. Tento rozdíl je klíčový pro správnou diagnózu tržních pohybů.",[1115,132829,132830,132833,132834,1075],{},[1047,132831,132832],{},"Veblen vs. bandwagon"," — anomálie poptávky, které deformují její sklon a komplikují prognózování. V luxusním segmentu může být zákon klesající poptávky ",[1047,132835,132836],{},"lokálně obrácen",[1115,132838,132839,132842],{},[1047,132840,132841],{},"Tržní potenciál"," je dosažen v bodě jednotkové elasticity poptávky. Pro firmu jde o klíčové vodítko cenové strategie.",[1115,132844,132845,132848,132849,1062,132866,132883],{},[1047,132846,132847],{},"Strategická poloha trhu"," — kombinace ",[1035,132850,132852],{"className":132851},[1772],[1774,132853,132854],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,132855,132856,132864],{},[1781,132857,132858],{},[1792,132859,132860,132862],{},[1784,132861,2364],{},[1784,132863,3224],{},[1808,132865,21535],{"encoding":1810},[1035,132867,132869],{"className":132868},[1772],[1774,132870,132871],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,132872,132873,132881],{},[1781,132874,132875],{},[1792,132876,132877,132879],{},[1784,132878,2364],{},[1784,132880,3212],{},[1808,132882,21045],{"encoding":1810}," určuje, jak velkou cenovou sílu má firma a jak stabilní jsou tržní výsledky.",[1115,132885,132886,132889,132890,132916],{},[1047,132887,132888],{},"Komparativní statika"," umožňuje předpovědět směr změny ",[1035,132891,132893],{"className":132892},[1772],[1774,132894,132895],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,132896,132897,132913],{},[1781,132898,132899,132905,132907],{},[1792,132900,132901,132903],{},[1784,132902,2264],{},[1784,132904,2364],{},[1788,132906,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,132908,132909,132911],{},[1784,132910,2270],{},[1784,132912,2364],{},[1808,132914,132915],{"encoding":1810},"P_E, Q_E"," při posunech křivek; současný posun obou stran vyvolává nejednoznačnost u jedné z proměnných.",{"title":1685,"searchDepth":141,"depth":141,"links":132918},[132919,132920,132921,132927,132928,132929,132932,132933,132934,132935,132941,132946,132947,132948,132949],{"id":128396,"depth":141,"text":128397},{"id":128748,"depth":141,"text":128749},{"id":128973,"depth":141,"text":128974,"children":132922},[132923,132924,132925,132926],{"id":129011,"depth":96,"text":129012},{"id":129138,"depth":96,"text":129139},{"id":129632,"depth":96,"text":129633},{"id":129662,"depth":96,"text":129663},{"id":129743,"depth":141,"text":129744},{"id":130016,"depth":141,"text":130017},{"id":130119,"depth":141,"text":130120,"children":132930},[132931],{"id":130179,"depth":96,"text":130180},{"id":130322,"depth":141,"text":130323},{"id":130599,"depth":141,"text":130600},{"id":130943,"depth":141,"text":130944},{"id":131050,"depth":141,"text":131051,"children":132936},[132937,132938,132939,132940],{"id":131085,"depth":96,"text":131086},{"id":131115,"depth":96,"text":131116},{"id":131130,"depth":96,"text":131131},{"id":131165,"depth":96,"text":131166},{"id":131222,"depth":141,"text":131223,"children":132942},[132943,132944,132945],{"id":131295,"depth":96,"text":131296},{"id":131554,"depth":96,"text":131555},{"id":131874,"depth":96,"text":131875},{"id":131918,"depth":141,"text":131919},{"id":132229,"depth":141,"text":132230},{"id":132565,"depth":141,"text":132566},{"id":132763,"depth":141,"text":132764},{},"\u002Ftopics\u002Fmikk-trzni-rovnovaha-dynamika",{"title":32120,"description":1685},[33347],"topics\u002Fmikk-trzni-rovnovaha-dynamika",[13,28,297,424,368,956],"4g08l1PAftpaF4HgoA-B8_nxePAh0Ub89sy1DcKUuHc",{"id":132958,"title":132959,"body":132960,"course":13,"courses":1696,"created":1697,"description":1685,"extension":1698,"meta":141617,"navigation":1700,"path":141618,"seo":141619,"sources":141620,"stem":141621,"tags":141622,"type":4439,"updated":1697,"__hash__":141623},"topics\u002Ftopics\u002Fmikk-utility-preference.md","Užitková teorie a preference (pokročilé)",{"type":1016,"value":132961,"toc":141543},[132962,132965,133002,133022,133026,133041,133117,133130,133134,133311,133315,133322,133492,133499,133503,133547,133611,133615,133632,133877,133880,133904,133908,133919,133959,133969,133989,134192,134196,134202,134266,134374,134392,134408,134487,134566,134569,134678,134681,134733,134781,134823,134941,134970,135035,135066,135111,135115,135150,135154,135189,135281,135307,135353,135356,135447,135514,135518,135529,135533,135540,135589,135592,135619,135623,135730,135734,135791,135795,135902,135992,135996,136006,136010,136013,136068,136071,136075,136136,136140,136146,136150,136178,136182,136272,136296,136300,136413,136457,136516,136519,136537,136541,136544,137068,137072,137079,137083,137090,137130,137156,137218,137274,137278,137285,137333,137362,137415,137547,137551,137558,137625,137691,137707,137711,137722,137768,137807,137855,137859,137870,137874,138362,138366,138373,138482,138493,138497,138504,138541,138592,138596,138599,138655,138658,138702,138746,138748,138814,138817,138867,138905,138943,139025,139104,139108,139120,139172,139175,139217,139259,139262,139372,139449,139475,139531,139610,139640,139644,139684,139754,139827,139899,139902,140024,140045,140049,140093,140175,140179,140229,140289,140386,140389,140396,140416,140420,140424,140431,140454,140458,140464,140484,140488,140498,140502,140509,140541,140548,140552,140733,140737,141328,141332,141526,141528],[1019,132963,132959],{"id":132964},"užitková-teorie-a-preference-pokročilé",[1023,132966,132968,132974],{"className":132967,"dataCallout":1028},[1026,1027],[1030,132969,132971,1042],{"className":132970},[1033],[1035,132972],{"className":132973,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1039,1040],[1030,132975,132976,132977,4058,132980,132983,132984,43325,132987,132990,132991,132993,132994,132997,132998,133001],{},"Při analýze rozhodování spotřebitele používáme ",[1047,132978,132979],{},"dva paralelní přístupy",[1047,132981,132982],{},"kardinální teorie užitku"," (užitek lze kvantifikovat a sčítat — jednotka ",[1091,132985,132986],{},"util",[1047,132988,132989],{},"ordinální teorie indiference"," (užitek lze pouze uspořádat — preferuji X před Y). Úhelným pojmem propojujícím oba přístupy je ",[1047,132992,113162],{}," (mezní míra substituce ve spotřebě), která říká, kolik jednotek statku Y je spotřebitel ochoten obětovat za jednu dodatečnou jednotku statku X při zachování stejné úrovně užitku. Indiferenční křivka má ",[1047,132995,132996],{},"čtyři klíčové vlastnosti",": je klesající, neprotíná se s jinou IC stejného spotřebitele, každým bodem prochází právě jedna a je konvexní vzhledem k počátku. Existují ",[1047,132999,133000],{},"čtyři typické tvary"," preferencí — dokonalé substituty (lineární IC), dokonalé komplementy (L-tvar), neutrální zboží (vertikální nebo horizontální IC) a nežádoucí zboží (rostoucí IC).",[1030,133003,133004,133005,133009,133010,133013,133014,133017,133018,133021],{},"Tato stránka rozšiřuje úvod do teorie užitečnosti známý z ",[1068,133006,133008],{"className":133007,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":33544,"href":33545},[1071],"Užitečnost (ImeK primer)"," o pokročilejší vrstvu typickou pro ",[1068,133011,97505],{"className":133012,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1680,"href":1681},[1071],": formální axiomatiku, odvození MRS přes totální diferenciál, geometrický důkaz neprotínání IC a typologii speciálních preferencí. Navazuje na ni stránka ",[1068,133015,33567],{"className":133016,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":33565,"href":33566},[1071],", která řeší optimalizační úlohu maximalizace užitku při rozpočtovém omezení, a ",[1068,133019,33572],{"className":133020,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":25327,"href":25325},[1071],", kde se pracuje s posuny po IC při změně cen.",[1077,133023,133025],{"id":133024},"_1-dva-teoretické-přístupy","1. Dva teoretické přístupy",[1030,133027,133028,133029,133032,133033,133036,133037,133040],{},"V mikroekonomické literatuře existují ",[1047,133030,133031],{},"dva komplementární přístupy"," k popisu rovnováhy spotřebitele. Oba sdílejí stejný základní předpoklad: spotřebitel je ",[1047,133034,133035],{},"motivován uspokojovat své potřeby"," a současně ",[1047,133038,133039],{},"omezen disponibilním důchodem"," (rozpočtovým omezením).",[1153,133042,133043,133054],{},[1156,133044,133045],{},[1159,133046,133047,133050,133052],{},[1162,133048,133049],{},"Přístup",[1162,133051,1167],{},[1162,133053,83991],{},[1172,133055,133056,133100],{},[1159,133057,133058,133063,133073],{},[1177,133059,133060],{},[1047,133061,133062],{},"Kardinální (teorie užitku)",[1177,133064,133065,133066,133069,133070,2192],{},"Lidé jsou schopni ",[1091,133067,133068],{},"kvantifikovat"," své preference číslem (užitkem v ",[1091,133071,133072],{},"utilech",[1177,133074,98584,133075,133099],{},[1035,133076,133078],{"className":133077},[1772],[1774,133079,133080],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,133081,133082,133096],{},[1781,133083,133084,133086,133088,133090,133092,133094],{},[1784,133085,2126],{},[1788,133087,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,133089,20998],{},[1788,133091,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,133093,21001],{},[1788,133095,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,133097,133098],{"encoding":1810},"U(X,Y)"," s konkrétními hodnotami",[1159,133101,133102,133107,133114],{},[1177,133103,133104],{},[1047,133105,133106],{},"Ordinální (teorie indiference)",[1177,133108,133109,133110,133113],{},"Lidé jsou schopni pouze ",[1091,133111,133112],{},"uspořádat"," své preference (X je lepší než Y)",[1177,133115,133116],{},"Soustava indiferenčních křivek bez absolutních hodnot",[1023,133118,133120,133127],{"className":133119,"dataCallout":582},[1026,1225],[1030,133121,133123,133126],{"className":133122},[1033],[1035,133124],{"className":133125,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1232,1040],"Historická poznámka",[1030,133128,133129],{},"Kardinální přístup je starší (W. S. Jevons, A. Marshall — konec 19. století) a v dnešní mikroekonomii slouží spíše jako didaktický most k pochopení mezního užitku. Ordinální přístup (V. Pareto, J. R. Hicks — 20. století) je dominantním rámcem současné teorie spotřebitele, protože nevyžaduje měřitelnost užitku — stačí porovnatelnost.",[1100,133131,133133],{"id":133132},"kdy-který-použít","Kdy který použít",[1112,133135,133136,133297],{},[1115,133137,133138,133141,133142,133145,133146,1737,133174,133220,133221,133251,133252,1075],{},[1047,133139,133140],{},"Kardinální teorie"," je užitečná, pokud máme ",[1047,133143,133144],{},"explicitní funkční tvar"," užitkové funkce (typicky ",[1035,133147,133149],{"className":133148},[1772],[1774,133150,133151],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,133152,133153,133171],{},[1781,133154,133155,133157,133159,133165],{},[1784,133156,2126],{},[1788,133158,1863],{},[2467,133160,133161,133163],{},[1784,133162,20998],{},[1784,133164,1068],{},[2467,133166,133167,133169],{},[1784,133168,21001],{},[1784,133170,8838],{},[1808,133172,133173],{"encoding":1810},"U = X^a Y^b",[1035,133175,133177],{"className":133176},[1772],[1774,133178,133179],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,133180,133181,133217],{},[1781,133182,133183,133185,133187,133189,133191,133193,133195,133197,133199,133201,133207,133209,133211],{},[1784,133184,2126],{},[1788,133186,1863],{},[1784,133188,1068],{},[1784,133190,20998],{},[1788,133192,2637],{},[1784,133194,8838],{},[1784,133196,21001],{},[1788,133198,2371],{},[1784,133200,9435],{},[2467,133202,133203,133205],{},[1784,133204,20998],{},[2348,133206,4593],{},[1788,133208,2371],{},[1784,133210,2328],{},[2467,133212,133213,133215],{},[1784,133214,21001],{},[2348,133216,4593],{},[1808,133218,133219],{"encoding":1810},"U = aX + bY - cX^2 - dY^2","). V tom případě umíme spočítat mezní užitky ",[1035,133222,133224],{"className":133223},[1772],[1774,133225,133226],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,133227,133228,133248],{},[1781,133229,133230,133232,133238,133240,133242],{},[1784,133231,1857],{},[1792,133233,133234,133236],{},[1784,133235,2126],{},[1784,133237,20998],{},[1788,133239,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,133241,1857],{},[1792,133243,133244,133246],{},[1784,133245,2126],{},[1784,133247,21001],{},[1808,133249,133250],{"encoding":1810},"MU_X, MU_Y"," a aplikovat podmínku rovnováhy ve tvaru ",[1035,133253,133255],{"className":133254},[1772],[1774,133256,133257],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,133258,133259,133295],{},[1781,133260,133261,133263,133269,133271,133277,133279,133281,133287,133289],{},[1784,133262,1857],{},[1792,133264,133265,133267],{},[1784,133266,2126],{},[1784,133268,20998],{},[1784,133270,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,133272,133273,133275],{},[1784,133274,2264],{},[1784,133276,20998],{},[1788,133278,1863],{},[1784,133280,1857],{},[1792,133282,133283,133285],{},[1784,133284,2126],{},[1784,133286,21001],{},[1784,133288,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,133290,133291,133293],{},[1784,133292,2264],{},[1784,133294,21001],{},[1808,133296,112906],{"encoding":1810},[1115,133298,133299,133302,133303,133306,133307,133310],{},[1047,133300,133301],{},"Ordinální teorie"," stačí, když chceme ",[1047,133304,133305],{},"kvalitativní výsledky"," — tvar IC, směr substituce, geometrii rovnováhy. Pracuje s mapou IC, kde ",[1091,133308,133309],{},"vyšší křivka znamená vyšší užitek",", ale konkrétní hodnota užitku je libovolnou monotónní transformací.",[1077,133312,133314],{"id":133313},"_2-axiomy-užitku","2. Axiomy užitku",[1030,133316,133317,133318,133321],{},"Aby byly oba přístupy konzistentní, musí preference spotřebitele splňovat ",[1047,133319,133320],{},"tři základní axiomy"," (přijatá tvrzení bez důkazu):",[1023,133323,133325,133332],{"className":133324,"dataCallout":582},[1026,1225],[1030,133326,133328,133331],{"className":133327},[1033],[1035,133329],{"className":133330,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1232,1040],"Tři axiomy preferencí",[1260,133333,133334,133419,133482],{},[1115,133335,133336,133338,133339,133357,133358,1299,133376,96903,133395,133414,133415,133418],{},[1047,133337,98174],{}," — spotřebitel umí pro libovolnou dvojici košíků ",[1035,133340,133342],{"className":133341},[1772],[1774,133343,133344],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,133345,133346,133354],{},[1781,133347,133348,133350,133352],{},[1784,133349,10292],{},[1788,133351,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,133353,2475],{},[1808,133355,133356],{"encoding":1810},"A, B"," rozhodnout, zda ",[1035,133359,133361],{"className":133360},[1772],[1774,133362,133363],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,133364,133365,133373],{},[1781,133366,133367,133369,133371],{},[1784,133368,10292],{},[1788,133370,98198],{},[1784,133372,2475],{},[1808,133374,133375],{"encoding":1810},"A \\succ B",[1035,133377,133379],{"className":133378},[1772],[1774,133380,133381],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,133382,133383,133392],{},[1781,133384,133385,133387,133390],{},[1784,133386,10292],{},[1788,133388,133389],{},"≺",[1784,133391,2475],{},[1808,133393,133394],{"encoding":1810},"A \\prec B",[1035,133396,133398],{"className":133397},[1772],[1774,133399,133400],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,133401,133402,133411],{},[1781,133403,133404,133406,133409],{},[1784,133405,10292],{},[1788,133407,133408],{},"∼",[1784,133410,2475],{},[1808,133412,133413],{"encoding":1810},"A \\sim B",". Klasická ilustrace: ",[1091,133416,133417],{},"osel a seno"," — osel mezi dvěma stejně velkými hromadami sena nemůže váhat, jinak hladoví.",[1115,133420,133421,133423,133424,1062,133441,133459,133460,133414,133478,133481],{},[1047,133422,98180],{}," — pokud preferuje ",[1035,133425,133427],{"className":133426},[1772],[1774,133428,133429],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,133430,133431,133439],{},[1781,133432,133433,133435,133437],{},[1784,133434,10292],{},[1788,133436,98198],{},[1784,133438,2475],{},[1808,133440,133375],{"encoding":1810},[1035,133442,133444],{"className":133443},[1772],[1774,133445,133446],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,133447,133448,133456],{},[1781,133449,133450,133452,133454],{},[1784,133451,2475],{},[1788,133453,98198],{},[1784,133455,1868],{},[1808,133457,133458],{"encoding":1810},"B \\succ C",", pak nutně i ",[1035,133461,133463],{"className":133462},[1772],[1774,133464,133465],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,133466,133467,133475],{},[1781,133468,133469,133471,133473],{},[1784,133470,10292],{},[1788,133472,98198],{},[1784,133474,1868],{},[1808,133476,133477],{"encoding":1810},"A \\succ C",[1091,133479,133480],{},"párek, hamburger, řízek"," — pokud mám raději řízek než hamburger a hamburger než párek, musím mít raději i řízek než párek.",[1115,133483,133484,133487,133488,133491],{},[1047,133485,133486],{},"Nepřesycení"," (\"více je lépe\", ",[1091,133489,133490],{},"nonsatiation",") — větší množství zboží přináší vyšší užitek, alespoň lokálně. Tento axiom platí pro běžné statky; nežádoucí zboží (smog, hluk) ho porušuje.",[1030,133493,133494,133495,133498],{},"Pokud kterýkoliv z axiomů selže, ztrácíme konzistenci preferencí a mapa indiferenčních křivek se rozpadá. Například při porušení tranzitivity by se mohly ",[1047,133496,133497],{},"dvě IC protnout"," (viz důkaz sporem v sekci 9).",[1077,133500,133502],{"id":133501},"_3-mezní-užitek","3. Mezní užitek",[1030,133504,133505,1089,133508,133528,133529,133542,133543,133546],{},[1047,133506,133507],{},"Mezní užitek",[1035,133509,133511],{"className":133510},[1772],[1774,133512,133513],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,133514,133515,133525],{},[1781,133516,133517,133519],{},[1784,133518,1857],{},[1792,133520,133521,133523],{},[1784,133522,2126],{},[1784,133524,20998],{},[1808,133526,133527],{"encoding":1810},"MU_X"," je dodatečný užitek z jedné další jednotky statku ",[1035,133530,133532],{"className":133531},[1772],[1774,133533,133534],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,133535,133536,133540],{},[1781,133537,133538],{},[1784,133539,20998],{},[1808,133541,20998],{"encoding":1810}," při zachování spotřeby ostatních statků. Formálně se jedná o ",[1047,133544,133545],{},"parciální derivaci"," užitkové funkce:",[1035,133548,133550],{"className":133549},[1772],[1774,133551,133552],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,133553,133554,133608],{},[1781,133555,133556,133558,133564,133566,133580,133582,133584,133586,133592,133594],{},[1784,133557,1857],{},[1792,133559,133560,133562],{},[1784,133561,2126],{},[1784,133563,20998],{},[1788,133565,1863],{},[2322,133567,133568,133574],{},[1781,133569,133570,133572],{},[1784,133571,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,133573,2126],{},[1781,133575,133576,133578],{},[1784,133577,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,133579,20998],{},[1788,133581,1138],{"separator":1041},[2352,133583],{"width":2354},[1784,133585,1857],{},[1792,133587,133588,133590],{},[1784,133589,2126],{},[1784,133591,21001],{},[1788,133593,1863],{},[2322,133595,133596,133602],{},[1781,133597,133598,133600],{},[1784,133599,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,133601,2126],{},[1781,133603,133604,133606],{},[1784,133605,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,133607,21001],{},[1808,133609,133610],{"encoding":1810},"MU_X = \\frac{\\partial U}{\\partial X}, \\qquad MU_Y = \\frac{\\partial U}{\\partial Y}",[1100,133612,133614],{"id":133613},"zákon-klesající-mezní-užitečnosti","Zákon klesající mezní užitečnosti",[1023,133616,133618,133625],{"className":133617,"dataCallout":1608},[1026,1607],[1030,133619,133621,133624],{"className":133620},[1033],[1035,133622],{"className":133623,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1615,1040],"Law of diminishing marginal utility",[1030,133626,133627,133628,133631],{},"S rostoucím objemem spotřebovaného zboží ",[1047,133629,133630],{},"mezní užitek klesá",". První pivo v horku přináší obrovský užitek, druhé už menší, páté může být dokonce nepříjemné.",[1030,133633,133634,133635,133673,133674,133687,133688,133718,133719,133747,133748,133765,133766,113080,133790,24775,133808,133832,133833,133851,133852,133876],{},"Matematicky je zákon klesající mezní užitečnosti vyjádřen jako ",[1035,133636,133638],{"className":133637},[1772],[1774,133639,133640],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,133641,133642,133670],{},[1781,133643,133644,133666,133668],{},[2322,133645,133646,133656],{},[1781,133647,133648,133654],{},[2467,133649,133650,133652],{},[1784,133651,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,133653,4593],{},[1784,133655,2126],{},[1781,133657,133658,133660],{},[1784,133659,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,133661,133662,133664],{},[1784,133663,20998],{},[2348,133665,4593],{},[1788,133667,2537],{},[2348,133669,2350],{},[1808,133671,133672],{"encoding":1810},"\\frac{\\partial^2 U}{\\partial X^2} \u003C 0"," (druhá derivace je záporná, funkce je tedy konkávní v ",[1035,133675,133677],{"className":133676},[1772],[1774,133678,133679],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,133680,133681,133685],{},[1781,133682,133683],{},[1784,133684,20998],{},[1808,133686,20998],{"encoding":1810},"). U funkce ",[1035,133689,133691],{"className":133690},[1772],[1774,133692,133693],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,133694,133695,133715],{},[1781,133696,133697,133699,133701,133703,133705,133707,133709],{},[1784,133698,2126],{},[1788,133700,1863],{},[2348,133702,3116],{},[1784,133704,20998],{},[1788,133706,2371],{},[2348,133708,15984],{},[2467,133710,133711,133713],{},[1784,133712,20998],{},[2348,133714,4593],{},[1808,133716,133717],{"encoding":1810},"U = 10X - 0{,}5X^2"," je například ",[1035,133720,133722],{"className":133721},[1772],[1774,133723,133724],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,133725,133726,133744],{},[1781,133727,133728,133730,133736,133738,133740,133742],{},[1784,133729,1857],{},[1792,133731,133732,133734],{},[1784,133733,2126],{},[1784,133735,20998],{},[1788,133737,1863],{},[2348,133739,3116],{},[1788,133741,2371],{},[1784,133743,20998],{},[1808,133745,133746],{"encoding":1810},"MU_X = 10 - X",", takže pro ",[1035,133749,133751],{"className":133750},[1772],[1774,133752,133753],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,133754,133755,133763],{},[1781,133756,133757,133759,133761],{},[1784,133758,20998],{},[1788,133760,1863],{},[2348,133762,2350],{},[1808,133764,104564],{"encoding":1810}," máme ",[1035,133767,133769],{"className":133768},[1772],[1774,133770,133771],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,133772,133773,133787],{},[1781,133774,133775,133777,133783,133785],{},[1784,133776,1857],{},[1792,133778,133779,133781],{},[1784,133780,2126],{},[1784,133782,20998],{},[1788,133784,1863],{},[2348,133786,3116],{},[1808,133788,133789],{"encoding":1810},"MU_X = 10",[1035,133791,133793],{"className":133792},[1772],[1774,133794,133795],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,133796,133797,133805],{},[1781,133798,133799,133801,133803],{},[1784,133800,20998],{},[1788,133802,1863],{},[2348,133804,5356],{},[1808,133806,133807],{"encoding":1810},"X = 5",[1035,133809,133811],{"className":133810},[1772],[1774,133812,133813],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,133814,133815,133829],{},[1781,133816,133817,133819,133825,133827],{},[1784,133818,1857],{},[1792,133820,133821,133823],{},[1784,133822,2126],{},[1784,133824,20998],{},[1788,133826,1863],{},[2348,133828,5356],{},[1808,133830,133831],{"encoding":1810},"MU_X = 5"," a pro ",[1035,133834,133836],{"className":133835},[1772],[1774,133837,133838],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,133839,133840,133848],{},[1781,133841,133842,133844,133846],{},[1784,133843,20998],{},[1788,133845,1863],{},[2348,133847,3116],{},[1808,133849,133850],{"encoding":1810},"X = 10"," klesá na ",[1035,133853,133855],{"className":133854},[1772],[1774,133856,133857],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,133858,133859,133873],{},[1781,133860,133861,133863,133869,133871],{},[1784,133862,1857],{},[1792,133864,133865,133867],{},[1784,133866,2126],{},[1784,133868,20998],{},[1788,133870,1863],{},[2348,133872,2350],{},[1808,133874,133875],{"encoding":1810},"MU_X = 0"," — bod nasycení.",[1100,133878,37063],{"id":133879},"praktický-význam",[1030,133881,133882,133883,133886,133887,133903],{},"Klesající mezní užitek je důvod, proč ",[1047,133884,133885],{},"diverzifikujeme spotřebu",": kdyby byl mezní užitek konstantní, racionální spotřebitel by utratil veškerý důchod za jediný statek. Klesající ",[1035,133888,133890],{"className":133889},[1772],[1774,133891,133892],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,133893,133894,133900],{},[1781,133895,133896,133898],{},[1784,133897,1857],{},[1784,133899,2126],{},[1808,133901,133902],{"encoding":1810},"MU"," vytváří motivaci kombinovat různé statky tak, aby se mezní užitky vyrovnaly přes všechny směry spotřeby — a právě to vede k podmínce rovnováhy v sekci 4.",[1100,133905,133907],{"id":133906},"historický-kontext-gossenův-první-zákon","Historický kontext — Gossenův první zákon",[1030,133909,133910,133911,133914,133915,133918],{},"Zákon klesající mezní užitečnosti je v ekonomické literatuře označován také jako ",[1047,133912,133913],{},"Gossenův první zákon"," (Hermann Heinrich Gossen, 1854, ",[1091,133916,133917],{},"Entwicklung der Gesetze des menschlichen Verkehrs","). Gossen formuloval tři základní zákony hedonistické psychologie spotřeby:",[1260,133920,133921,133927,133953],{},[1115,133922,133923,133926],{},[1047,133924,133925],{},"Gossenův 1. zákon"," — zákon klesající mezní užitečnosti, jak je popsán výše.",[1115,133928,133929,133932,133933,133952],{},[1047,133930,133931],{},"Gossenův 2. zákon"," — zákon rovnosti vážených mezních užitků (vyrovnání ",[1035,133934,133936],{"className":133935},[1772],[1774,133937,133938],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,133939,133940,133950],{},[1781,133941,133942,133944,133946,133948],{},[1784,133943,1857],{},[1784,133945,2126],{},[1784,133947,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,133949,2264],{},[1808,133951,126432],{"encoding":1810}," napříč statky), který je přímo podmínkou rovnováhy ze sekce 4.",[1115,133954,133955,133958],{},[1047,133956,133957],{},"Gossenův 3. zákon"," — výrobek má hodnotu pouze tehdy, je-li jeho dostupné množství menší než množství, při kterém by byl spotřebitel nasycen (motivace ekonomické směny).",[1030,133960,133961,133962,133965,133966,133968],{},"Gossenovo dílo bylo dlouho přehlíženo a oceněno až v 70. letech 19. století během tzv. ",[1047,133963,133964],{},"marginalistické revoluce"," (Jevons, Menger, Walras), která teorii mezního užitku převzala a formálně rozpracovala. Marshallovo ",[1091,133967,126342],{}," (1890) tyto myšlenky integrovalo do mainstreamu.",[1100,133970,133972,133973,133988],{"id":133971},"proč-je-mumu-kladná-ale-klesající","Proč je ",[1035,133974,133976],{"className":133975},[1772],[1774,133977,133978],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,133979,133980,133986],{},[1781,133981,133982,133984],{},[1784,133983,1857],{},[1784,133985,2126],{},[1808,133987,133902],{"encoding":1810}," kladná, ale klesající",[1030,133990,133991,133992,134012,134013,109150,134028,134031,134032,1062,134062,134099,134100,134103,134104,134126,134127,134147,134148,4010,134170,2440],{},"V rámci axiomu nepřesycení musí být ",[1035,133993,133995],{"className":133994},[1772],[1774,133996,133997],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,133998,133999,134009],{},[1781,134000,134001,134003,134005,134007],{},[1784,134002,1857],{},[1784,134004,2126],{},[1788,134006,2491],{},[2348,134008,2350],{},[1808,134010,134011],{"encoding":1810},"MU > 0"," (více je lépe). Současně klesající ",[1035,134014,134016],{"className":134015},[1772],[1774,134017,134018],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,134019,134020,134026],{},[1781,134021,134022,134024],{},[1784,134023,1857],{},[1784,134025,2126],{},[1808,134027,133902],{"encoding":1810},[1047,134029,134030],{},"přírůstek užitku se stále zmenšuje",", ale nikdy nedosáhne nuly (před bodem nasycení). Matematicky: ",[1035,134033,134035],{"className":134034},[1772],[1774,134036,134037],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,134038,134039,134059],{},[1781,134040,134041,134055,134057],{},[2322,134042,134043,134049],{},[1781,134044,134045,134047],{},[1784,134046,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,134048,2126],{},[1781,134050,134051,134053],{},[1784,134052,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,134054,20998],{},[1788,134056,2491],{},[2348,134058,2350],{},[1808,134060,134061],{"encoding":1810},"\\frac{\\partial U}{\\partial X} > 0",[1035,134063,134065],{"className":134064},[1772],[1774,134066,134067],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,134068,134069,134097],{},[1781,134070,134071,134093,134095],{},[2322,134072,134073,134083],{},[1781,134074,134075,134081],{},[2467,134076,134077,134079],{},[1784,134078,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,134080,4593],{},[1784,134082,2126],{},[1781,134084,134085,134087],{},[1784,134086,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,134088,134089,134091],{},[1784,134090,20998],{},[2348,134092,4593],{},[1788,134094,2537],{},[2348,134096,2350],{},[1808,134098,133672],{"encoding":1810},". Funkce s touto kombinací vlastností se nazývá ",[1047,134101,134102],{},"rostoucí konkávní"," — typickým představitelem jsou logaritmické (např. ",[1035,134105,134107],{"className":134106},[1772],[1774,134108,134109],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,134110,134111,134123],{},[1781,134112,134113,134115,134117,134119,134121],{},[1784,134114,2126],{},[1788,134116,1863],{},[1784,134118,24184],{},[1788,134120,3350],{},[1784,134122,20998],{},[1808,134124,134125],{"encoding":1810},"U = \\ln X","), odmocninové (",[1035,134128,134130],{"className":134129},[1772],[1774,134131,134132],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,134133,134134,134144],{},[1781,134135,134136,134138,134140],{},[1784,134137,2126],{},[1788,134139,1863],{},[22228,134141,134142],{},[1784,134143,20998],{},[1808,134145,134146],{"encoding":1810},"U = \\sqrt{X}",") nebo mocninné funkce s exponentem ",[1035,134149,134151],{"className":134150},[1772],[1774,134152,134153],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,134154,134155,134167],{},[1781,134156,134157,134159,134161,134163,134165],{},[2348,134158,2350],{},[1788,134160,2537],{},[1784,134162,1068],{},[1788,134164,2537],{},[2348,134166,2374],{},[1808,134168,134169],{"encoding":1810},"0 \u003C a \u003C 1",[1035,134171,134173],{"className":134172},[1772],[1774,134174,134175],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,134176,134177,134189],{},[1781,134178,134179,134181,134183],{},[1784,134180,2126],{},[1788,134182,1863],{},[2467,134184,134185,134187],{},[1784,134186,20998],{},[1784,134188,1068],{},[1808,134190,134191],{"encoding":1810},"U = X^a",[1077,134193,134195],{"id":134194},"_4-rovnováha-při-dvou-statcích-kardinální-verze","4. Rovnováha při dvou statcích — kardinální verze",[1030,134197,134198,134199,1310],{},"Hlavní výsledek kardinální teorie říká, že v optimu spotřebitel rozdělí svůj rozpočet tak, aby ",[1047,134200,134201],{},"vážený mezní užitek na korunu byl stejný napříč všemi statky",[1035,134203,134205],{"className":134204},[1772],[1774,134206,134207],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,134208,134209,134263],{},[1781,134210,134211],{},[21766,134212,134213],{"notation":21768},[14390,134214,134215],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,134216,134217],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,134218,134219],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[1781,134220,134221,134223,134241,134243,134261],{},[2149,134222,21702],{},[2322,134224,134225,134235],{},[1781,134226,134227,134229],{},[1784,134228,1857],{},[1792,134230,134231,134233],{},[1784,134232,2126],{},[1784,134234,20998],{},[1792,134236,134237,134239],{},[1784,134238,2264],{},[1784,134240,20998],{},[1788,134242,1863],{},[2322,134244,134245,134255],{},[1781,134246,134247,134249],{},[1784,134248,1857],{},[1792,134250,134251,134253],{},[1784,134252,2126],{},[1784,134254,21001],{},[1792,134256,134257,134259],{},[1784,134258,2264],{},[1784,134260,21001],{},[2149,134262,21702],{},[1808,134264,134265],{"encoding":1810},"\\boxed{\\;\\frac{MU_X}{P_X} = \\frac{MU_Y}{P_Y}\\;}",[1023,134267,134269,134276],{"className":134268,"dataCallout":25986},[1026,25985],[1030,134270,134272,134275],{"className":134271},[1033],[1035,134273],{"className":134274,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,25993,1040],"Intuice \"poslední koruny\"",[1030,134277,134278,134279,134282,134283,134333,134334,134353,134354,134373],{},"Podmínka znamená, že ",[1047,134280,134281],{},"poslední koruna utracená za X přináší stejný užitek jako poslední koruna utracená za Y",". Pokud by tomu tak nebylo — řekněme ",[1035,134284,134286],{"className":134285},[1772],[1774,134287,134288],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,134289,134290,134330],{},[1781,134291,134292,134310,134312],{},[2322,134293,134294,134304],{},[1781,134295,134296,134298],{},[1784,134297,1857],{},[1792,134299,134300,134302],{},[1784,134301,2126],{},[1784,134303,20998],{},[1792,134305,134306,134308],{},[1784,134307,2264],{},[1784,134309,20998],{},[1788,134311,2491],{},[2322,134313,134314,134324],{},[1781,134315,134316,134318],{},[1784,134317,1857],{},[1792,134319,134320,134322],{},[1784,134321,2126],{},[1784,134323,21001],{},[1792,134325,134326,134328],{},[1784,134327,2264],{},[1784,134329,21001],{},[1808,134331,134332],{"encoding":1810},"\\frac{MU_X}{P_X} > \\frac{MU_Y}{P_Y}"," — pak by spotřebitel získal víc užitku přesunem koruny z Y na X. Při přesunu by ovšem ",[1035,134335,134337],{"className":134336},[1772],[1774,134338,134339],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,134340,134341,134351],{},[1781,134342,134343,134345],{},[1784,134344,1857],{},[1792,134346,134347,134349],{},[1784,134348,2126],{},[1784,134350,20998],{},[1808,134352,133527],{"encoding":1810}," klesal (zákon klesající mezní užitečnosti) a ",[1035,134355,134357],{"className":134356},[1772],[1774,134358,134359],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,134360,134361,134371],{},[1781,134362,134363,134365],{},[1784,134364,1857],{},[1792,134366,134367,134369],{},[1784,134368,2126],{},[1784,134370,21001],{},[1808,134372,113257],{"encoding":1810}," rostl, takže by se nerovnost postupně vyrovnala.",[1100,134375,134377,134378,134391],{"id":134376},"zobecnění-na-nn-statků","Zobecnění na ",[1035,134379,134381],{"className":134380},[1772],[1774,134382,134383],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,134384,134385,134389],{},[1781,134386,134387],{},[1784,134388,1806],{},[1808,134390,1806],{"encoding":1810}," statků",[1030,134393,25314,134394,134407],{},[1035,134395,134397],{"className":134396},[1772],[1774,134398,134399],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,134400,134401,134405],{},[1781,134402,134403],{},[1784,134404,1806],{},[1808,134406,1806],{"encoding":1810}," statků se podmínka rovnováhy zobecňuje na soustavu rovnic:",[1035,134409,134411],{"className":134410},[1772],[1774,134412,134413],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,134414,134415,134484],{},[1781,134416,134417,134435,134437,134455,134457,134460,134462,134480,134482],{},[2322,134418,134419,134429],{},[1781,134420,134421,134423],{},[1784,134422,1857],{},[1792,134424,134425,134427],{},[1784,134426,2126],{},[2348,134428,2374],{},[1792,134430,134431,134433],{},[1784,134432,2264],{},[2348,134434,2374],{},[1788,134436,1863],{},[2322,134438,134439,134449],{},[1781,134440,134441,134443],{},[1784,134442,1857],{},[1792,134444,134445,134447],{},[1784,134446,2126],{},[2348,134448,4593],{},[1792,134450,134451,134453],{},[1784,134452,2264],{},[2348,134454,4593],{},[1788,134456,1863],{},[1788,134458,134459],{},"⋯",[1788,134461,1863],{},[2322,134463,134464,134474],{},[1781,134465,134466,134468],{},[1784,134467,1857],{},[1792,134469,134470,134472],{},[1784,134471,2126],{},[1784,134473,1806],{},[1792,134475,134476,134478],{},[1784,134477,2264],{},[1784,134479,1806],{},[1788,134481,1863],{},[1784,134483,34316],{},[1808,134485,134486],{"encoding":1810},"\\frac{MU_1}{P_1} = \\frac{MU_2}{P_2} = \\dots = \\frac{MU_n}{P_n} = \\lambda",[1030,134488,7908,134489,24775,134502,134505,134506,134509,134510,127036,134533,1075],{},[1035,134490,134492],{"className":134491},[1772],[1774,134493,134494],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,134495,134496,134500],{},[1781,134497,134498],{},[1784,134499,34316],{},[1808,134501,38491],{"encoding":1810},[1047,134503,134504],{},"mezní užitek důchodu"," (kolik dodatečného užitku přinese jedna dodatečná koruna příjmu). Tento výsledek získáme přímo Lagrangeovou metodou (viz ",[1068,134507,33567],{"className":134508,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":33565,"href":33566},[1071],") — je to standardní podmínka prvního řádu pro maximalizaci ",[1035,134511,134513],{"className":134512},[1772],[1774,134514,134515],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,134516,134517,134531],{},[1781,134518,134519,134521,134523,134525,134527,134529],{},[1784,134520,2126],{},[1788,134522,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,134524,20998],{},[1788,134526,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,134528,21001],{},[1788,134530,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,134532,133098],{"encoding":1810},[1035,134534,134536],{"className":134535},[1772],[1774,134537,134538],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,134539,134540,134564],{},[1781,134541,134542,134548,134550,134552,134558,134560,134562],{},[1792,134543,134544,134546],{},[1784,134545,2264],{},[1784,134547,20998],{},[1784,134549,20998],{},[1788,134551,2637],{},[1792,134553,134554,134556],{},[1784,134555,2264],{},[1784,134557,21001],{},[1784,134559,21001],{},[1788,134561,1863],{},[1784,134563,3221],{},[1808,134565,34131],{"encoding":1810},[1100,134567,76372],{"id":134568},"numerický-příklad",[1030,134570,134571,134572,128121,134618,1299,134639,128139,134661,1075],{},"Mějme spotřebitele s ",[1035,134573,134575],{"className":134574},[1772],[1774,134576,134577],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,134578,134579,134615],{},[1781,134580,134581,134583,134585,134587,134589,134591,134593,134595,134597,134599,134605,134607,134609],{},[1784,134582,2126],{},[1788,134584,1863],{},[2348,134586,4593],{},[1784,134588,20998],{},[1788,134590,2637],{},[2348,134592,5332],{},[1784,134594,21001],{},[1788,134596,2371],{},[2348,134598,2610],{},[2467,134600,134601,134603],{},[1784,134602,20998],{},[2348,134604,4593],{},[1788,134606,2371],{},[2348,134608,2610],{},[2467,134610,134611,134613],{},[1784,134612,21001],{},[2348,134614,4593],{},[1808,134616,134617],{"encoding":1810},"U = 2X + 3Y - 0{,}1 X^2 - 0{,}1 Y^2",[1035,134619,134621],{"className":134620},[1772],[1774,134622,134623],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,134624,134625,134637],{},[1781,134626,134627,134633,134635],{},[1792,134628,134629,134631],{},[1784,134630,2264],{},[1784,134632,20998],{},[1788,134634,1863],{},[2348,134636,5344],{},[1808,134638,124569],{"encoding":1810},[1035,134640,134642],{"className":134641},[1772],[1774,134643,134644],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,134645,134646,134658],{},[1781,134647,134648,134654,134656],{},[1792,134649,134650,134652],{},[1784,134651,2264],{},[1784,134653,21001],{},[1788,134655,1863],{},[2348,134657,12017],{},[1808,134659,134660],{"encoding":1810},"P_Y = 6",[1035,134662,134664],{"className":134663},[1772],[1774,134665,134666],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,134667,134668,134676],{},[1781,134669,134670,134672,134674],{},[1784,134671,3221],{},[1788,134673,1863],{},[2348,134675,2605],{},[1808,134677,41418],{"encoding":1810},[1030,134679,134680],{},"Mezní užitky:",[1035,134682,134684],{"className":134683},[1772],[1774,134685,134686],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,134687,134688,134730],{},[1781,134689,134690,134692,134698,134700,134702,134704,134706,134708,134710,134712,134714,134720,134722,134724,134726,134728],{},[1784,134691,1857],{},[1792,134693,134694,134696],{},[1784,134695,2126],{},[1784,134697,20998],{},[1788,134699,1863],{},[2348,134701,4593],{},[1788,134703,2371],{},[2348,134705,2678],{},[1784,134707,20998],{},[1788,134709,1138],{"separator":1041},[2352,134711],{"width":2354},[1784,134713,1857],{},[1792,134715,134716,134718],{},[1784,134717,2126],{},[1784,134719,21001],{},[1788,134721,1863],{},[2348,134723,5332],{},[1788,134725,2371],{},[2348,134727,2678],{},[1784,134729,21001],{},[1808,134731,134732],{"encoding":1810},"MU_X = 2 - 0{,}2 X, \\qquad MU_Y = 3 - 0{,}2 Y",[1030,134734,134735,134736,1310],{},"Podmínka rovnováhy ",[1035,134737,134739],{"className":134738},[1772],[1774,134740,134741],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,134742,134743,134779],{},[1781,134744,134745,134747,134753,134755,134761,134763,134765,134771,134773],{},[1784,134746,1857],{},[1792,134748,134749,134751],{},[1784,134750,2126],{},[1784,134752,20998],{},[1784,134754,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,134756,134757,134759],{},[1784,134758,2264],{},[1784,134760,20998],{},[1788,134762,1863],{},[1784,134764,1857],{},[1792,134766,134767,134769],{},[1784,134768,2126],{},[1784,134770,21001],{},[1784,134772,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,134774,134775,134777],{},[1784,134776,2264],{},[1784,134778,21001],{},[1808,134780,112906],{"encoding":1810},[1035,134782,134784],{"className":134783},[1772],[1774,134785,134786],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,134787,134788,134820],{},[1781,134789,134790,134804,134806],{},[2322,134791,134792,134802],{},[1781,134793,134794,134796,134798,134800],{},[2348,134795,4593],{},[1788,134797,2371],{},[2348,134799,2678],{},[1784,134801,20998],{},[2348,134803,5344],{},[1788,134805,1863],{},[2322,134807,134808,134818],{},[1781,134809,134810,134812,134814,134816],{},[2348,134811,5332],{},[1788,134813,2371],{},[2348,134815,2678],{},[1784,134817,21001],{},[2348,134819,12017],{},[1808,134821,134822],{"encoding":1810},"\\frac{2 - 0{,}2 X}{4} = \\frac{3 - 0{,}2 Y}{6}",[1030,134824,134825,134826,28854,134868,134898,134899,28854,134921,1075],{},"Po roznásobení: ",[1035,134827,134829],{"className":134828},[1772],[1774,134830,134831],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,134832,134833,134865],{},[1781,134834,134835,134837,134839,134841,134843,134845,134847,134849,134851,134853,134855,134857,134859,134861,134863],{},[2348,134836,12017],{},[1788,134838,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,134840,4593],{},[1788,134842,2371],{},[2348,134844,2678],{},[1784,134846,20998],{},[1788,134848,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,134850,1863],{},[2348,134852,5344],{},[1788,134854,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,134856,5332],{},[1788,134858,2371],{},[2348,134860,2678],{},[1784,134862,21001],{},[1788,134864,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,134866,134867],{"encoding":1810},"6(2 - 0{,}2X) = 4(3 - 0{,}2Y)",[1035,134869,134871],{"className":134870},[1772],[1774,134872,134873],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,134874,134875,134895],{},[1781,134876,134877,134879,134881,134883,134885,134887,134889,134891,134893],{},[2348,134878,29967],{},[1788,134880,2371],{},[2348,134882,25832],{},[1784,134884,20998],{},[1788,134886,1863],{},[2348,134888,29967],{},[1788,134890,2371],{},[2348,134892,50256],{},[1784,134894,21001],{},[1808,134896,134897],{"encoding":1810},"12 - 1{,}2X = 12 - 0{,}8Y",", odkud ",[1035,134900,134902],{"className":134901},[1772],[1774,134903,134904],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,134905,134906,134918],{},[1781,134907,134908,134910,134912,134914,134916],{},[2348,134909,25832],{},[1784,134911,20998],{},[1788,134913,1863],{},[2348,134915,50256],{},[1784,134917,21001],{},[1808,134919,134920],{"encoding":1810},"1{,}2X = 0{,}8Y",[1035,134922,134924],{"className":134923},[1772],[1774,134925,134926],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,134927,134928,134938],{},[1781,134929,134930,134932,134934,134936],{},[1784,134931,21001],{},[1788,134933,1863],{},[2348,134935,16562],{},[1784,134937,20998],{},[1808,134939,134940],{"encoding":1810},"Y = 1{,}5 X",[1030,134942,134943,134944,1310],{},"Dosazení do rozpočtového omezení ",[1035,134945,134947],{"className":134946},[1772],[1774,134948,134949],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,134950,134951,134967],{},[1781,134952,134953,134955,134957,134959,134961,134963,134965],{},[2348,134954,5344],{},[1784,134956,20998],{},[1788,134958,2637],{},[2348,134960,12017],{},[1784,134962,21001],{},[1788,134964,1863],{},[2348,134966,2605],{},[1808,134968,134969],{"encoding":1810},"4X + 6Y = 100",[1035,134971,134973],{"className":134972},[1772],[1774,134974,134975],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,134976,134977,135032],{},[1781,134978,134979,134981,134983,134985,134987,134989,134991,134993,134995,134997,134999,135001,135003,135005,135007,135009,135011,135013,135015,135017,135019,135021,135027,135029],{},[2348,134980,5344],{},[1784,134982,20998],{},[1788,134984,2637],{},[2348,134986,12017],{},[1788,134988,2267],{},[2348,134990,16562],{},[1784,134992,20998],{},[1788,134994,1863],{},[2348,134996,5344],{},[1784,134998,20998],{},[1788,135000,2637],{},[2348,135002,2777],{},[1784,135004,20998],{},[1788,135006,1863],{},[2348,135008,53724],{},[1784,135010,20998],{},[1788,135012,1863],{},[2348,135014,2605],{},[2149,135016,21702],{},[1788,135018,2357],{},[2149,135020,21702],{},[2467,135022,135023,135025],{},[1784,135024,20998],{},[1788,135026,7763],{},[1788,135028,8786],{},[2348,135030,135031],{},"7,69",[1808,135033,135034],{"encoding":1810},"4X + 6 \\cdot 1{,}5X = 4X + 9X = 13X = 100 \\;\\Rightarrow\\; X^* \\approx 7{,}69",[1035,135036,135038],{"className":135037},[1772],[1774,135039,135040],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,135041,135042,135063],{},[1781,135043,135044,135050,135052,135054,135056,135058,135060],{},[2467,135045,135046,135048],{},[1784,135047,21001],{},[1788,135049,7763],{},[1788,135051,1863],{},[2348,135053,16562],{},[1788,135055,2267],{},[2348,135057,135031],{},[1788,135059,8786],{},[2348,135061,135062],{},"11,54",[1808,135064,135065],{"encoding":1810},"Y^* = 1{,}5 \\cdot 7{,}69 \\approx 11{,}54",[1030,135067,135068,135069,1075],{},"Optimum tedy leží v bodě ",[1035,135070,135072],{"className":135071},[1772],[1774,135073,135074],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,135075,135076,135108],{},[1781,135077,135078,135080,135086,135088,135094,135096,135098,135100,135102,135104,135106],{},[1788,135079,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2467,135081,135082,135084],{},[1784,135083,20998],{},[1788,135085,7763],{},[1788,135087,1138],{"separator":1041},[2467,135089,135090,135092],{},[1784,135091,21001],{},[1788,135093,7763],{},[1788,135095,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,135097,8786],{},[1788,135099,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,135101,135031],{},[1788,135103,49448],{"separator":1041},[2348,135105,135062],{},[1788,135107,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,135109,135110],{"encoding":1810},"(X^*, Y^*) \\approx (7{,}69; 11{,}54)",[1077,135112,135114],{"id":135113},"_5-mezní-míra-substituce-ve-spotřebě-mrs","5. Mezní míra substituce ve spotřebě (MRS)",[1030,135116,135117,135119,135120,135141,135142,135145,135146,135149],{},[1047,135118,113162],{}," (Marginal Rate of Substitution in Consumption, ",[1035,135121,135123],{"className":135122},[1772],[1774,135124,135125],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,135126,135127,135139],{},[1781,135128,135129,135131,135133],{},[1784,135130,1857],{},[1784,135132,1860],{},[1792,135134,135135,135137],{},[1784,135136,3212],{},[1784,135138,1868],{},[1808,135140,105906],{"encoding":1810},") je poměr, v němž je spotřebitel ochoten ",[1047,135143,135144],{},"nahrazovat jeden statek druhým",", aniž by se měnil celkový užitek. Geometricky je to ",[1047,135147,135148],{},"záporná směrnice indiferenční křivky"," v daném bodě.",[1100,135151,135153],{"id":135152},"odvození-z-totálního-diferenciálu","Odvození z totálního diferenciálu",[1030,135155,135156,135157,135185,135186,1310],{},"Vyjdeme z užitkové funkce ",[1035,135158,135160],{"className":135159},[1772],[1774,135161,135162],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,135163,135164,135182],{},[1781,135165,135166,135168,135170,135172,135174,135176,135178,135180],{},[1784,135167,2126],{},[1788,135169,1863],{},[1784,135171,2126],{},[1788,135173,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,135175,20998],{},[1788,135177,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,135179,21001],{},[1788,135181,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,135183,135184],{"encoding":1810},"U = U(X, Y)"," a vytvoříme její ",[1047,135187,135188],{},"totální diferenciál",[1035,135190,135192],{"className":135191},[1772],[1774,135193,135194],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,135195,135196,135278],{},[1781,135197,135198,135200,135202,135204,135218,135220,135222,135224,135226,135240,135242,135244,135246,135248,135250,135256,135258,135260,135262,135264,135266,135272,135274,135276],{},[1784,135199,2328],{},[1784,135201,2126],{},[1788,135203,1863],{},[2322,135205,135206,135212],{},[1781,135207,135208,135210],{},[1784,135209,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,135211,2126],{},[1781,135213,135214,135216],{},[1784,135215,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,135217,20998],{},[2149,135219,2769],{},[1784,135221,2328],{},[1784,135223,20998],{},[1788,135225,2637],{},[2322,135227,135228,135234],{},[1781,135229,135230,135232],{},[1784,135231,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,135233,2126],{},[1781,135235,135236,135238],{},[1784,135237,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,135239,21001],{},[2149,135241,2769],{},[1784,135243,2328],{},[1784,135245,21001],{},[1788,135247,1863],{},[1784,135249,1857],{},[1792,135251,135252,135254],{},[1784,135253,2126],{},[1784,135255,20998],{},[2149,135257,2769],{},[1784,135259,2328],{},[1784,135261,20998],{},[1788,135263,2637],{},[1784,135265,1857],{},[1792,135267,135268,135270],{},[1784,135269,2126],{},[1784,135271,21001],{},[2149,135273,2769],{},[1784,135275,2328],{},[1784,135277,21001],{},[1808,135279,135280],{"encoding":1810},"dU = \\frac{\\partial U}{\\partial X}\\, dX + \\frac{\\partial U}{\\partial Y}\\, dY = MU_X\\, dX + MU_Y\\, dY",[1030,135282,135283,135284,28854,135287,1310],{},"Pohyb po jediné indiferenční křivce znamená, že se ",[1047,135285,135286],{},"užitek nemění",[1035,135288,135290],{"className":135289},[1772],[1774,135291,135292],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,135293,135294,135304],{},[1781,135295,135296,135298,135300,135302],{},[1784,135297,2328],{},[1784,135299,2126],{},[1788,135301,1863],{},[2348,135303,2350],{},[1808,135305,135306],{"encoding":1810},"dU = 0",[1035,135308,135310],{"className":135309},[1772],[1774,135311,135312],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,135313,135314,135350],{},[1781,135315,135316,135318,135324,135326,135328,135330,135332,135334,135340,135342,135344,135346,135348],{},[1784,135317,1857],{},[1792,135319,135320,135322],{},[1784,135321,2126],{},[1784,135323,20998],{},[2149,135325,2769],{},[1784,135327,2328],{},[1784,135329,20998],{},[1788,135331,2637],{},[1784,135333,1857],{},[1792,135335,135336,135338],{},[1784,135337,2126],{},[1784,135339,21001],{},[2149,135341,2769],{},[1784,135343,2328],{},[1784,135345,21001],{},[1788,135347,1863],{},[2348,135349,2350],{},[1808,135351,135352],{"encoding":1810},"MU_X\\, dX + MU_Y\\, dY = 0",[1030,135354,135355],{},"Z toho po úpravě:",[1035,135357,135359],{"className":135358},[1772],[1774,135360,135361],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,135362,135363,135444],{},[1781,135364,135365],{},[21766,135366,135367],{"notation":21768},[14390,135368,135369],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,135370,135371],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,135372,135373],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[1781,135374,135375,135377,135379,135381,135387,135389,135391,135405,135418,135420,135442],{},[2149,135376,21702],{},[1784,135378,1857],{},[1784,135380,1860],{},[1792,135382,135383,135385],{},[1784,135384,3212],{},[1784,135386,1868],{},[1788,135388,1863],{},[1788,135390,2371],{},[2322,135392,135393,135399],{},[1781,135394,135395,135397],{},[1784,135396,2328],{},[1784,135398,21001],{},[1781,135400,135401,135403],{},[1784,135402,2328],{},[1784,135404,20998],{},[1792,135406,135407,135409],{},[1788,135408,20612],{"fence":2142,"stretchy":1041,"minsize":36518,"maxsize":36518},[1781,135410,135411,135413,135415],{},[1784,135412,2126],{},[1788,135414,1863],{},[2149,135416,135417],{},"konst.",[1788,135419,1863],{},[2322,135421,135422,135432],{},[1781,135423,135424,135426],{},[1784,135425,1857],{},[1792,135427,135428,135430],{},[1784,135429,2126],{},[1784,135431,20998],{},[1781,135433,135434,135436],{},[1784,135435,1857],{},[1792,135437,135438,135440],{},[1784,135439,2126],{},[1784,135441,21001],{},[2149,135443,21702],{},[1808,135445,135446],{"encoding":1810},"\\boxed{\\;MRS_C = -\\frac{dY}{dX}\\Big|_{U=\\text{konst.}} = \\frac{MU_X}{MU_Y}\\;}",[1023,135448,135450,135457],{"className":135449,"dataCallout":582},[1026,1225],[1030,135451,135453,135456],{"className":135452},[1033],[1035,135454],{"className":135455,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1232,1040],"Znaménková konvence",[1030,135458,135459,135460,135484,135485,135487,135488,135509,135510,135513],{},"Záporné znaménko ",[1035,135461,135463],{"className":135462},[1772],[1774,135464,135465],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,135466,135467,135481],{},[1781,135468,135469,135471,135473,135475,135477,135479],{},[1788,135470,2371],{},[1784,135472,2328],{},[1784,135474,21001],{},[1784,135476,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,135478,2328],{},[1784,135480,20998],{},[1808,135482,135483],{"encoding":1810},"-dY\u002FdX"," kompenzuje fakt, že IC je ",[1047,135486,61842],{}," (negativní směrnice), takže ",[1035,135489,135491],{"className":135490},[1772],[1774,135492,135493],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,135494,135495,135507],{},[1781,135496,135497,135499,135501],{},[1784,135498,1857],{},[1784,135500,1860],{},[1792,135502,135503,135505],{},[1784,135504,3212],{},[1784,135506,1868],{},[1808,135508,105906],{"encoding":1810}," vyjde ",[1047,135511,135512],{},"kladně"," jako absolutní hodnota poměru. V některých učebnicích se MRS uvádí přímo se záporným znaménkem; v této wiki používáme kladnou konvenci, která je u zkoušky standardní.",[1100,135515,135517],{"id":135516},"zákon-klesající-mrs","Zákon klesající MRS",[1030,135519,135520,135521,135524,135525,135528],{},"Při pohybu po IC zleva doprava (více X, méně Y) ",[1047,135522,135523],{},"klesá mezní míra substituce",": čím víc X už máme, tím méně Y jsme ochotni za další jednotku X obětovat. Tato vlastnost je matematickým důsledkem ",[1047,135526,135527],{},"konvexity IC"," vzhledem k počátku a empiricky odpovídá tomu, jak se spotřebitelé skutečně chovají — touha po pestrosti spotřeby.",[1077,135530,135532],{"id":135531},"_6-indiferenční-křivka","6. Indiferenční křivka",[1030,135534,135535],{},[2206,135536],{"alt":135537,"className":135538,"src":135539},"mikk-mapa-ic-axiomy",[1071,2210],"\u002Fwiki-assets\u002Fmikk-mapa-ic-axiomy.jpeg",[1023,135541,135543,135549],{"className":135542,"dataCallout":1028},[1026,1027],[1030,135544,135546,21676],{"className":135545},[1033],[1035,135547],{"className":135548,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1039,1040],[1030,135550,135551,135554,135555,1062,135568,135581,135582,135585,135586,135588],{},[1047,135552,135553],{},"Indiferenční křivka"," (IC) je množina všech kombinací statků ",[1035,135556,135558],{"className":135557},[1772],[1774,135559,135560],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,135561,135562,135566],{},[1781,135563,135564],{},[1784,135565,20998],{},[1808,135567,20998],{"encoding":1810},[1035,135569,135571],{"className":135570},[1772],[1774,135572,135573],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,135574,135575,135579],{},[1781,135576,135577],{},[1784,135578,21001],{},[1808,135580,21001],{"encoding":1810},", které spotřebiteli přinášejí ",[1091,135583,135584],{},"stejný celkový užitek",". Mezi libovolnými dvěma body téže IC je spotřebitel ",[1047,135587,98876],{}," — ani jeden není pro něj lepší ani horší než druhý.",[1030,135590,135591],{},"Definice tří souvisejících pojmů:",[1112,135593,135594,135603,135613],{},[1115,135595,135596,135598,135599,135602],{},[1047,135597,130684],{}," — konstatování spotřebitele, že některý statek je pro něj ",[1047,135600,135601],{},"důležitější"," než jiný statek.",[1115,135604,135605,135608,135609,135612],{},[1047,135606,135607],{},"Uspořádání preferencí"," — pořadí všech možných kombinací spotřeby vytvořené podle toho, jak jim spotřebitel dává přednost. Předpokládáme, že to ",[1047,135610,135611],{},"lze udělat"," (axiom úplnosti + tranzitivity).",[1115,135614,135615,135618],{},[1047,135616,135617],{},"Indiference"," — výrok spotřebitele, že statek X pro něj není ani lepší, ani horší než statek Y.",[1100,135620,135622],{"id":135621},"logika-konstrukce-ic","Logika konstrukce IC",[1030,135624,135625,135626,135629,135630,135647,135648,135669,135670,135702,135703,135729],{},"Konstrukce IC vychází z ",[1047,135627,135628],{},"tabulky kombinací",": pro daný užitek ",[1035,135631,135633],{"className":135632},[1772],[1774,135634,135635],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,135636,135637,135645],{},[1781,135638,135639],{},[1792,135640,135641,135643],{},[1784,135642,2126],{},[2348,135644,2350],{},[1808,135646,33861],{"encoding":1810}," vyjmenujeme všechny dvojice ",[1035,135649,135651],{"className":135650},[1772],[1774,135652,135653],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,135654,135655,135667],{},[1781,135656,135657,135659,135661,135663,135665],{},[1788,135658,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,135660,20998],{},[1788,135662,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,135664,21001],{},[1788,135666,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,135668,104389],{"encoding":1810}," takové, že ",[1035,135671,135673],{"className":135672},[1772],[1774,135674,135675],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,135676,135677,135699],{},[1781,135678,135679,135681,135683,135685,135687,135689,135691,135693],{},[1784,135680,2126],{},[1788,135682,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,135684,20998],{},[1788,135686,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,135688,21001],{},[1788,135690,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,135692,1863],{},[1792,135694,135695,135697],{},[1784,135696,2126],{},[2348,135698,2350],{},[1808,135700,135701],{"encoding":1810},"U(X, Y) = U_0",". Tyto body propojíme spojitou křivkou v rovině X-Y. Pro vyšší úroveň užitku ",[1035,135704,135706],{"className":135705},[1772],[1774,135707,135708],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,135709,135710,135726],{},[1781,135711,135712,135718,135720],{},[1792,135713,135714,135716],{},[1784,135715,2126],{},[2348,135717,2374],{},[1788,135719,2491],{},[1792,135721,135722,135724],{},[1784,135723,2126],{},[2348,135725,2350],{},[1808,135727,135728],{"encoding":1810},"U_1 > U_0"," leží IC výše a vpravo od původní (axiom nepřesycení).",[1100,135731,135733],{"id":135732},"mapa-indiferenčních-křivek","Mapa indiferenčních křivek",[1030,135735,135736,135737,135740,135741,135763,135764,135786,135787,135790],{},"Soustava IC pro různé úrovně užitku se nazývá ",[1047,135738,135739],{},"mapa indiferenčních křivek",". V kardinální teorii nesou IC konkrétní čísla (např. ",[1035,135742,135744],{"className":135743},[1772],[1774,135745,135746],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,135747,135748,135760],{},[1781,135749,135750,135756,135758],{},[1792,135751,135752,135754],{},[1784,135753,2126],{},[2348,135755,2350],{},[1788,135757,1863],{},[2348,135759,2605],{},[1808,135761,135762],{"encoding":1810},"U_0 = 100"," utilů, ",[1035,135765,135767],{"className":135766},[1772],[1774,135768,135769],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,135770,135771,135783],{},[1781,135772,135773,135779,135781],{},[1792,135774,135775,135777],{},[1784,135776,2126],{},[2348,135778,2374],{},[1788,135780,1863],{},[2348,135782,28338],{},[1808,135784,135785],{"encoding":1810},"U_1 = 200"," utilů); v ordinální teorii pouze ",[1047,135788,135789],{},"pořadí"," (vyšší křivka = vyšší užitek), ale konkrétní hodnoty jsou irelevantní.",[1077,135792,135794],{"id":135793},"_7-srovnání-ordinálního-a-kardinálního-přístupu","7. Srovnání ordinálního a kardinálního přístupu",[1023,135796,135798,135805],{"className":135797,"dataCallout":582},[1026,1225],[1030,135799,135801,135804],{"className":135800},[1033],[1035,135802],{"className":135803,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1232,1040],"Klíčový rozdíl",[1030,135806,135807,135809,135810,24775,135813,135838,135839,135869,135870,135872,135873,1089,135876,135901],{},[1047,135808,133140],{}," říká, ",[1091,135811,135812],{},"o kolik",[1035,135814,135816],{"className":135815},[1772],[1774,135817,135818],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,135819,135820,135836],{},[1781,135821,135822,135828,135830],{},[1792,135823,135824,135826],{},[1784,135825,2126],{},[2348,135827,2374],{},[1788,135829,2491],{},[1792,135831,135832,135834],{},[1784,135833,2126],{},[2348,135835,2350],{},[1808,135837,135728],{"encoding":1810}," (např. ",[1035,135840,135842],{"className":135841},[1772],[1774,135843,135844],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,135845,135846,135866],{},[1781,135847,135848,135854,135856,135862,135864],{},[1792,135849,135850,135852],{},[1784,135851,2126],{},[2348,135853,2374],{},[1788,135855,2371],{},[1792,135857,135858,135860],{},[1784,135859,2126],{},[2348,135861,2350],{},[1788,135863,1863],{},[2348,135865,9698],{},[1808,135867,135868],{"encoding":1810},"U_1 - U_0 = 80"," utilů). ",[1047,135871,133301],{}," říká pouze ",[1091,135874,135875],{},"že",[1035,135877,135879],{"className":135878},[1772],[1774,135880,135881],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,135882,135883,135899],{},[1781,135884,135885,135891,135893],{},[1792,135886,135887,135889],{},[1784,135888,2126],{},[2348,135890,2374],{},[1788,135892,2491],{},[1792,135894,135895,135897],{},[1784,135896,2126],{},[2348,135898,2350],{},[1808,135900,135728],{"encoding":1810},", bez kvantifikace rozdílu.",[1153,135903,135904,135916],{},[1156,135905,135906],{},[1159,135907,135908,135910,135913],{},[1162,135909,35101],{},[1162,135911,135912],{},"Kardinální",[1162,135914,135915],{},"Ordinální",[1172,135917,135918,135928,135938,135952,135982],{},[1159,135919,135920,135923,135926],{},[1177,135921,135922],{},"Měřitelnost užitku",[1177,135924,135925],{},"ano (utily)",[1177,135927,1279],{},[1159,135929,135930,135933,135936],{},[1177,135931,135932],{},"Sčítání užitků různých lidí",[1177,135934,135935],{},"(teoreticky) ano",[1177,135937,1279],{},[1159,135939,135940,135943,135946],{},[1177,135941,135942],{},"Užitkové funkce ekvivalentní",[1177,135944,135945],{},"jen ty, které liší o aditivní\u002Fmultiplikativní konstantu",[1177,135947,135948,135949],{},"libovolná ",[1047,135950,135951],{},"monotónní transformace",[1159,135953,135954,135957,135979],{},[1177,135955,135956],{},"Praktický nástroj",[1177,135958,135959,135978],{},[1035,135960,135962],{"className":135961},[1772],[1774,135963,135964],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,135965,135966,135976],{},[1781,135967,135968,135970,135972,135974],{},[1784,135969,1857],{},[1784,135971,2126],{},[1784,135973,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,135975,2264],{},[1808,135977,126432],{"encoding":1810}," pravidlo",[1177,135980,135981],{},"mapa IC",[1159,135983,135984,135986,135989],{},[1177,135985,73868],{},[1177,135987,135988],{},"obtížné (užitek nepozorovatelný)",[1177,135990,135991],{},"snadné (preference odhalené)",[1100,135993,135995],{"id":135994},"pareto-hicksova-revoluce","Pareto-Hicksova revoluce",[1030,135997,135998,135999,96752,136002,136005],{},"Přechod od kardinálního k ordinálnímu pojetí byl klíčovou změnou mikroekonomie 20. století. Ukázalo se, že pro odvození všech standardních výsledků (poptávková funkce, Slutského rozklad, viz ",[1068,136000,33572],{"className":136001,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":25327,"href":25325},[1071],[1047,136003,136004],{},"stačí ordinální užitek",", takže silnější kardinální předpoklad není nutný a empiricky je nepodložený.",[1077,136007,136009],{"id":136008},"_8-čtyři-vlastnosti-indiferenčních-křivek","8. Čtyři vlastnosti indiferenčních křivek",[1030,136011,136012],{},"Čtyři klíčové vlastnosti IC:",[1023,136014,136016,136023],{"className":136015,"dataCallout":1608},[1026,1607],[1030,136017,136019,136022],{"className":136018},[1033],[1035,136020],{"className":136021,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1615,1040],"Vlastnosti IC",[1260,136024,136025,136034,136043,136052],{},[1115,136026,136027,136030,136031],{},[1047,136028,136029],{},"Klesající"," (negativní směrnice) — důsledek ",[1047,136032,136033],{},"nepřesycení",[1115,136035,136036,136039,136040],{},[1047,136037,136038],{},"Neprotínají se"," — důsledek ",[1047,136041,136042],{},"tranzitivity",[1115,136044,136045,136046,136039,136049],{},"V každém bodě prostoru spotřeby prochází ",[1047,136047,136048],{},"právě jedna IC",[1047,136050,136051],{},"úplnosti",[1115,136053,136054,136039,136057,136060,136061,136063,136064,136067],{},[1047,136055,136056],{},"Konvexní vzhledem k počátku",[1047,136058,136059],{},"zákona klesající MRS","; toto ",[1047,136062,41251],{}," podmínka racionality, ale popisuje chování ",[1091,136065,136066],{},"většiny"," spotřebitelů",[1030,136069,136070],{},"Probereme je jednu po druhé:",[1100,136072,136074],{"id":136073},"_81-klesající-směrnice","8.1 Klesající směrnice",[1030,136076,136077,136078,136091,136092,136108,136109,136131,136132,136135],{},"Pokud spotřebitel získá více ",[1035,136079,136081],{"className":136080},[1772],[1774,136082,136083],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,136084,136085,136089],{},[1781,136086,136087],{},[1784,136088,20998],{},[1808,136090,20998],{"encoding":1810},", musí dostat ",[1047,136093,136094,136095],{},"méně ",[1035,136096,136098],{"className":136097},[1772],[1774,136099,136100],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,136101,136102,136106],{},[1781,136103,136104],{},[1784,136105,21001],{},[1808,136107,21001],{"encoding":1810},", aby zůstal na stejné úrovni užitku. V opačném případě (kdyby IC stoupala) by větší kombinace ",[1035,136110,136112],{"className":136111},[1772],[1774,136113,136114],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,136115,136116,136128],{},[1781,136117,136118,136120,136122,136124,136126],{},[1788,136119,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,136121,20998],{},[1788,136123,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,136125,21001],{},[1788,136127,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,136129,136130],{"encoding":1810},"(X,Y)"," ležela na stejném užitku jako menší — což odporuje nepřesycení (\"více je lépe\"). IC je tedy klesající ",[1047,136133,136134],{},"wherever"," platí nepřesycení; výjimkou jsou nežádoucí statky a neutrální zboží (viz sekce 11).",[1100,136137,136139],{"id":136138},"_82-nikdy-se-neprotínají","8.2 Nikdy se neprotínají",[1030,136141,136142,136143,133498],{},"Pokud by se dvě IC téhož spotřebitele protnuly, došlo by ke ",[1047,136144,136145],{},"sporu s tranzitivitou",[1100,136147,136149],{"id":136148},"_83-každým-bodem-prochází-právě-jedna-ic","8.3 Každým bodem prochází právě jedna IC",[1030,136151,136152,136153,136174,136175,136177],{},"Tato vlastnost je důsledkem axiomu úplnosti: spotřebitel umí každou kombinaci ",[1035,136154,136156],{"className":136155},[1772],[1774,136157,136158],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,136159,136160,136172],{},[1781,136161,136162,136164,136166,136168,136170],{},[1788,136163,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,136165,20998],{},[1788,136167,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,136169,21001],{},[1788,136171,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,136173,136130],{"encoding":1810}," srovnat se všemi ostatními, takže každý bod má svůj jednoznačný ",[1047,136176,37469],{},", a tudíž leží na právě jedné IC.",[1100,136179,136181],{"id":136180},"_84-konvexita-vzhledem-k-počátku","8.4 Konvexita vzhledem k počátku",[1030,136183,136184,136185,136188,136189,1062,136215,136241,136242,136268,136269,136271],{},"IC je konvexní = nezakřivená \"ven\" od počátku, ale \"dovnitř\". Geometricky to znamená, že ",[1047,136186,136187],{},"průměry kombinací jsou preferovány před extrémy",": je-li spotřebitel indiferentní mezi ",[1035,136190,136192],{"className":136191},[1772],[1774,136193,136194],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,136195,136196,136212],{},[1781,136197,136198,136200,136202,136204,136206,136208,136210],{},[1784,136199,10292],{},[1788,136201,1863],{},[1788,136203,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,136205,3116],{},[1788,136207,1138],{"separator":1041},[2348,136209,4593],{},[1788,136211,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,136213,136214],{"encoding":1810},"A = (10, 2)",[1035,136216,136218],{"className":136217},[1772],[1774,136219,136220],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,136221,136222,136238],{},[1781,136223,136224,136226,136228,136230,136232,136234,136236],{},[1784,136225,2475],{},[1788,136227,1863],{},[1788,136229,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,136231,4593],{},[1788,136233,1138],{"separator":1041},[2348,136235,3116],{},[1788,136237,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,136239,136240],{"encoding":1810},"B = (2, 10)",", pak průměr ",[1035,136243,136245],{"className":136244},[1772],[1774,136246,136247],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,136248,136249,136265],{},[1781,136250,136251,136253,136255,136257,136259,136261,136263],{},[1784,136252,1868],{},[1788,136254,1863],{},[1788,136256,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,136258,12017],{},[1788,136260,1138],{"separator":1041},[2348,136262,12017],{},[1788,136264,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,136266,136267],{"encoding":1810},"C = (6, 6)"," leží na ",[1047,136270,99889],{}," IC než A a B.",[1023,136273,136275,136282],{"className":136274,"dataCallout":582},[1026,1225],[1030,136276,136278,136281],{"className":136277},[1033],[1035,136279],{"className":136280,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1232,1040],"Konvexita ≠ racionalita",[1030,136283,136284,136285,136287,136288,136291,136292,136295],{},"Skutečnost, že IC jsou ",[1047,136286,98962],{},", není podmínkou racionálního chování. Existují výjimečné spotřebitelé s konkávními IC (extrémně preferují jeden statek před diverzifikací) — model jim však ",[1091,136289,136290],{},"nezakazuje"," být racionální. Konvexita je ",[1047,136293,136294],{},"empirická generalizace"," chování běžných spotřebitelů.",[1100,136297,136299],{"id":136298},"matematická-definice-konvexity-preferencí","Matematická definice konvexity preferencí",[1030,136301,136302,136303,136305,136306,1062,136319,135669,136332,136349,136350,1089,136353,5985,136387,1310],{},"Formálně preference jsou ",[1047,136304,98962],{},", pokud pro libovolné dva košíky ",[1035,136307,136309],{"className":136308},[1772],[1774,136310,136311],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,136312,136313,136317],{},[1781,136314,136315],{},[1784,136316,10292],{},[1808,136318,10292],{"encoding":1810},[1035,136320,136322],{"className":136321},[1772],[1774,136323,136324],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,136325,136326,136330],{},[1781,136327,136328],{},[1784,136329,2475],{},[1808,136331,2475],{"encoding":1810},[1035,136333,136335],{"className":136334},[1772],[1774,136336,136337],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,136338,136339,136347],{},[1781,136340,136341,136343,136345],{},[1784,136342,10292],{},[1788,136344,133408],{},[1784,136346,2475],{},[1808,136348,133413],{"encoding":1810}," (spotřebitel je mezi nimi indiferentní), platí pro libovolný ",[1047,136351,136352],{},"konvexní průměr",[1035,136354,136356],{"className":136355},[1772],[1774,136357,136358],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,136359,136360,136384],{},[1781,136361,136362,136364,136366,136368,136370,136372,136374,136376,136378,136380,136382],{},[1784,136363,1868],{},[1788,136365,1863],{},[1784,136367,8827],{},[1784,136369,10292],{},[1788,136371,2637],{},[1788,136373,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,136375,2374],{},[1788,136377,2371],{},[1784,136379,8827],{},[1788,136381,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,136383,2475],{},[1808,136385,136386],{"encoding":1810},"C = tA + (1-t)B",[1035,136388,136390],{"className":136389},[1772],[1774,136391,136392],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,136393,136394,136410],{},[1781,136395,136396,136398,136400,136402,136404,136406,136408],{},[1784,136397,8827],{},[1788,136399,43200],{},[1788,136401,21923],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,136403,2350],{},[1788,136405,1138],{"separator":1041},[2348,136407,2374],{},[1788,136409,21948],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,136411,136412],{"encoding":1810},"t \\in [0,1]",[1035,136414,136416],{"className":136415},[1772],[1774,136417,136418],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,136419,136420,136454],{},[1781,136421,136422,136424,136427,136429,136431],{},[1784,136423,1868],{},[1788,136425,136426],{},"⪰",[1784,136428,10292],{},[2352,136430],{"width":2702},[1781,136432,136433,136436,136442,136445,136451],{},[2149,136434,136435],{},"(C je alespo",[2160,136437,136438,136440],{"accent":1041},[2149,136439,1806],{},[1788,136441,2167],{},[2149,136443,136444],{}," tak dobr",[2160,136446,136447,136449],{"accent":1041},[2149,136448,3750],{},[1788,136450,2181],{},[2149,136452,136453],{}," jako A)",[1808,136455,136456],{"encoding":1810},"C \\succeq A \\quad \\text{(C je alespoň tak dobrý jako A)}",[1030,136458,136459,136462,136463,34518,136481,136507,136508,136511,136512,136515],{},[1047,136460,136461],{},"Striktní konvexita"," vyžaduje ",[1035,136464,136466],{"className":136465},[1772],[1774,136467,136468],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,136469,136470,136478],{},[1781,136471,136472,136474,136476],{},[1784,136473,1868],{},[1788,136475,98198],{},[1784,136477,10292],{},[1808,136479,136480],{"encoding":1810},"C \\succ A",[1035,136482,136484],{"className":136483},[1772],[1774,136485,136486],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,136487,136488,136504],{},[1781,136489,136490,136492,136494,136496,136498,136500,136502],{},[1784,136491,8827],{},[1788,136493,43200],{},[1788,136495,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,136497,2350],{},[1788,136499,1138],{"separator":1041},[2348,136501,2374],{},[1788,136503,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,136505,136506],{"encoding":1810},"t \\in (0,1)"," — průměr je ",[1091,136509,136510],{},"striktně"," preferován před extrémy. Striktní konvexita zaručuje ",[1047,136513,136514],{},"jednoznačnost optima"," v úloze maximalizace užitku, což je výhodné pro matematickou analýzu.",[1100,136517,32704],{"id":136518},"geometrická-interpretace",[1030,136520,136521,136522,136525,136526,136529,136530,136532,136533,136536],{},"Konvexnost se geometricky projeví tím, že ",[1047,136523,136524],{},"úsečka mezi libovolnými dvěma body téže IC leží nad"," (nebo na) IC, nikdy pod ní. Pokud bychom IC nahradili přímkou (lineární užitková funkce, tedy dokonalé substituty), dostali bychom ",[1047,136527,136528],{},"slabě konvexní"," preference (úsečka leží ",[1091,136531,104046],{}," IC, ne nad). Pro Cobb-Douglas a podobné hladké funkce máme ",[1047,136534,136535],{},"striktně konvexní"," preference.",[1077,136538,136540],{"id":136539},"_9-důkaz-že-se-dvě-ic-nemohou-protnout-sporem","9. Důkaz, že se dvě IC nemohou protnout (sporem)",[1030,136542,136543],{},"Tento důkaz je klasická ukázka geometrické intuice.",[1023,136545,136547,136554,136658,136799,136908,137061],{"className":136546,"dataCallout":25986},[1026,25985],[1030,136548,136550,136553],{"className":136549},[1033],[1035,136551],{"className":136552,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,25993,1040],"Důkaz sporem",[1030,136555,136556,136557,136577,136578,43325,136595,136577,136615,136641,136642,22258,136645,1075],{},"Předpokládejme, že dvě indiferenční křivky ",[1035,136558,136560],{"className":136559},[1772],[1774,136561,136562],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,136563,136564,136574],{},[1781,136565,136566,136568],{},[1784,136567,3221],{},[1792,136569,136570,136572],{},[1784,136571,1868],{},[2348,136573,2374],{},[1808,136575,136576],{"encoding":1810},"IC_1"," (užitek ",[1035,136579,136581],{"className":136580},[1772],[1774,136582,136583],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,136584,136585,136593],{},[1781,136586,136587],{},[1792,136588,136589,136591],{},[1784,136590,2126],{},[2348,136592,2374],{},[1808,136594,116224],{"encoding":1810},[1035,136596,136598],{"className":136597},[1772],[1774,136599,136600],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,136601,136602,136612],{},[1781,136603,136604,136606],{},[1784,136605,3221],{},[1792,136607,136608,136610],{},[1784,136609,1868],{},[2348,136611,4593],{},[1808,136613,136614],{"encoding":1810},"IC_2",[1035,136616,136618],{"className":136617},[1772],[1774,136619,136620],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,136621,136622,136638],{},[1781,136623,136624,136630,136632],{},[1792,136625,136626,136628],{},[1784,136627,2126],{},[2348,136629,4593],{},[1788,136631,2491],{},[1792,136633,136634,136636],{},[1784,136635,2126],{},[2348,136637,2374],{},[1808,136639,136640],{"encoding":1810},"U_2 > U_1",") téhož spotřebitele se ",[1047,136643,136644],{},"protínají",[1035,136646,136648],{"className":136647},[1772],[1774,136649,136650],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,136651,136652,136656],{},[1781,136653,136654],{},[1784,136655,2264],{},[1808,136657,2264],{"encoding":1810},[1260,136659,136660,136712,136765],{},[1115,136661,99426,136662,136268,136675,136694,136695,1075],{},[1035,136663,136665],{"className":136664},[1772],[1774,136666,136667],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,136668,136669,136673],{},[1781,136670,136671],{},[1784,136672,2264],{},[1808,136674,2264],{"encoding":1810},[1035,136676,136678],{"className":136677},[1772],[1774,136679,136680],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,136681,136682,136692],{},[1781,136683,136684,136686],{},[1784,136685,3221],{},[1792,136687,136688,136690],{},[1784,136689,1868],{},[2348,136691,2374],{},[1808,136693,136576],{"encoding":1810},", takže má užitek ",[1035,136696,136698],{"className":136697},[1772],[1774,136699,136700],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,136701,136702,136710],{},[1781,136703,136704],{},[1792,136705,136706,136708],{},[1784,136707,2126],{},[2348,136709,2374],{},[1808,136711,116224],{"encoding":1810},[1115,136713,99426,136714,136727,136728,136694,136747,1075],{},[1035,136715,136717],{"className":136716},[1772],[1774,136718,136719],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,136720,136721,136725],{},[1781,136722,136723],{},[1784,136724,2264],{},[1808,136726,2264],{"encoding":1810}," leží i na ",[1035,136729,136731],{"className":136730},[1772],[1774,136732,136733],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,136734,136735,136745],{},[1781,136736,136737,136739],{},[1784,136738,3221],{},[1792,136740,136741,136743],{},[1784,136742,1868],{},[2348,136744,4593],{},[1808,136746,136614],{"encoding":1810},[1035,136748,136750],{"className":136749},[1772],[1774,136751,136752],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,136753,136754,136762],{},[1781,136755,136756],{},[1792,136757,136758,136760],{},[1784,136759,2126],{},[2348,136761,4593],{},[1808,136763,136764],{"encoding":1810},"U_2",[1115,136766,136767,136768,136794,136795,136798],{},"Ale platí ",[1035,136769,136771],{"className":136770},[1772],[1774,136772,136773],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,136774,136775,136791],{},[1781,136776,136777,136783,136785],{},[1792,136778,136779,136781],{},[1784,136780,2126],{},[2348,136782,2374],{},[1788,136784,24130],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,136786,136787,136789],{},[1784,136788,2126],{},[2348,136790,4593],{},[1808,136792,136793],{"encoding":1810},"U_1 \\ne U_2"," (jsou to dvě různé IC) — ",[1047,136796,136797],{},"spor",": jeden bod nemůže mít dva různé užitky.",[1030,136800,136801,136802,4974,136815,136834,136835,4974,136848,136867,136868,1062,136881,136894,136895,46340],{},"Alternativně přes tranzitivitu: vezměme bod ",[1035,136803,136805],{"className":136804},[1772],[1774,136806,136807],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,136808,136809,136813],{},[1781,136810,136811],{},[1784,136812,10292],{},[1808,136814,10292],{"encoding":1810},[1035,136816,136818],{"className":136817},[1772],[1774,136819,136820],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,136821,136822,136832],{},[1781,136823,136824,136826],{},[1784,136825,3221],{},[1792,136827,136828,136830],{},[1784,136829,1868],{},[2348,136831,2374],{},[1808,136833,136576],{"encoding":1810}," vlevo od průniku a bod ",[1035,136836,136838],{"className":136837},[1772],[1774,136839,136840],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,136841,136842,136846],{},[1781,136843,136844],{},[1784,136845,2475],{},[1808,136847,2475],{"encoding":1810},[1035,136849,136851],{"className":136850},[1772],[1774,136852,136853],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,136854,136855,136865],{},[1781,136856,136857,136859],{},[1784,136858,3221],{},[1792,136860,136861,136863],{},[1784,136862,1868],{},[2348,136864,4593],{},[1808,136866,136614],{"encoding":1810}," vpravo od průniku, tak aby ",[1035,136869,136871],{"className":136870},[1772],[1774,136872,136873],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,136874,136875,136879],{},[1781,136876,136877],{},[1784,136878,10292],{},[1808,136880,10292],{"encoding":1810},[1035,136882,136884],{"className":136883},[1772],[1774,136885,136886],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,136887,136888,136892],{},[1781,136889,136890],{},[1784,136891,2475],{},[1808,136893,2475],{"encoding":1810}," ležely v okolí průniku ",[1035,136896,136898],{"className":136897},[1772],[1774,136899,136900],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,136901,136902,136906],{},[1781,136903,136904],{},[1784,136905,2264],{},[1808,136907,2264],{"encoding":1810},[1112,136909,136910,136950,136989,137009],{},[1115,136911,136912,136930,136931,2192],{},[1035,136913,136915],{"className":136914},[1772],[1774,136916,136917],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,136918,136919,136927],{},[1781,136920,136921,136923,136925],{},[1784,136922,10292],{},[1788,136924,133408],{},[1784,136926,2264],{},[1808,136928,136929],{"encoding":1810},"A \\sim P"," (oba na ",[1035,136932,136934],{"className":136933},[1772],[1774,136935,136936],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,136937,136938,136948],{},[1781,136939,136940,136942],{},[1784,136941,3221],{},[1792,136943,136944,136946],{},[1784,136945,1868],{},[2348,136947,2374],{},[1808,136949,136576],{"encoding":1810},[1115,136951,136952,136930,136970,2192],{},[1035,136953,136955],{"className":136954},[1772],[1774,136956,136957],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,136958,136959,136967],{},[1781,136960,136961,136963,136965],{},[1784,136962,2264],{},[1788,136964,133408],{},[1784,136966,2475],{},[1808,136968,136969],{"encoding":1810},"P \\sim B",[1035,136971,136973],{"className":136972},[1772],[1774,136974,136975],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,136976,136977,136987],{},[1781,136978,136979,136981],{},[1784,136980,3221],{},[1792,136982,136983,136985],{},[1784,136984,1868],{},[2348,136986,4593],{},[1808,136988,136614],{"encoding":1810},[1115,136990,136991,136992],{},"z tranzitivity: ",[1035,136993,136995],{"className":136994},[1772],[1774,136996,136997],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,136998,136999,137007],{},[1781,137000,137001,137003,137005],{},[1784,137002,10292],{},[1788,137004,133408],{},[1784,137006,2475],{},[1808,137008,133413],{"encoding":1810},[1115,137010,137011,137012,137025,137026,137039,137040,137058,137059,1075],{},"ale ",[1035,137013,137015],{"className":137014},[1772],[1774,137016,137017],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,137018,137019,137023],{},[1781,137020,137021],{},[1784,137022,2475],{},[1808,137024,2475],{"encoding":1810}," má víc obou statků než ",[1035,137027,137029],{"className":137028},[1772],[1774,137030,137031],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,137032,137033,137037],{},[1781,137034,137035],{},[1784,137036,10292],{},[1808,137038,10292],{"encoding":1810}," (leží severovýchodně), takže ",[1035,137041,137043],{"className":137042},[1772],[1774,137044,137045],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,137046,137047,137055],{},[1781,137048,137049,137051,137053],{},[1784,137050,2475],{},[1788,137052,98198],{},[1784,137054,10292],{},[1808,137056,137057],{"encoding":1810},"B \\succ A"," podle nepřesycení — ",[1047,137060,136797],{},[1030,137062,137063,137064,137067],{},"Protože v obou variantách dochází ke sporu, dvě IC téhož spotřebitele se ",[1047,137065,137066],{},"nemohou protnout",". ∎",[1077,137069,137071],{"id":137070},"_10-speciální-typy-preferencí","10. Speciální typy preferencí",[1030,137073,137074,137075,137078],{},"Standardní IC jsou klesající, hladké a konvexní. Existují však ",[1047,137076,137077],{},"speciální preferenční struktury",", kde je tvar IC výrazně jiný a má samostatný ekonomický význam.",[1100,137080,137082],{"id":137081},"_101-dokonalé-substituty","10.1 Dokonalé substituty",[1030,137084,137085,137086,137089],{},"Dokonalé substituty jsou statky, které spotřebitel nahrazuje ",[1047,137087,137088],{},"v pevném poměru bez ohledu na již spotřebovaná množství",". Klasické příklady: dvě značky stejné minerálky, kostky cukru identické značky, eura a 100 dolarových bankovek (jako prostředek směny).",[1030,137091,137092,1089,137094,137129],{},[1047,137093,38081],{},[1035,137095,137097],{"className":137096},[1772],[1774,137098,137099],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,137100,137101,137127],{},[1781,137102,137103,137105,137107,137109,137111,137113,137115,137117,137119,137121,137123,137125],{},[1784,137104,2126],{},[1788,137106,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,137108,20998],{},[1788,137110,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,137112,21001],{},[1788,137114,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,137116,1863],{},[1784,137118,1068],{},[1784,137120,20998],{},[1788,137122,2637],{},[1784,137124,8838],{},[1784,137126,21001],{},[1808,137128,126407],{"encoding":1810}," (lineární)",[1030,137131,137132,137135,137136],{},[1047,137133,137134],{},"Tvar IC:"," přímky se sklonem ",[1035,137137,137139],{"className":137138},[1772],[1774,137140,137141],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,137142,137143,137153],{},[1781,137144,137145,137147,137149,137151],{},[1788,137146,2371],{},[1784,137148,1068],{},[1784,137150,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,137152,8838],{},[1808,137154,137155],{"encoding":1810},"-a\u002Fb",[1030,137157,137158,1089,137161,1089,137193,137196,137197,2192],{},[1047,137159,137160],{},"MRS:",[1035,137162,137164],{"className":137163},[1772],[1774,137165,137166],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,137167,137168,137190],{},[1781,137169,137170,137172,137174,137180,137182,137184,137186,137188],{},[1784,137171,1857],{},[1784,137173,1860],{},[1792,137175,137176,137178],{},[1784,137177,3212],{},[1784,137179,1868],{},[1788,137181,1863],{},[1784,137183,1068],{},[1784,137185,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,137187,8838],{},[1788,137189,1863],{},[1808,137191,137192],{"encoding":1810},"MRS_C = a\u002Fb = ",[1047,137194,137195],{},"konstantní"," (nezávisí na ",[1035,137198,137200],{"className":137199},[1772],[1774,137201,137202],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,137203,137204,137216],{},[1781,137205,137206,137208,137210,137212,137214],{},[1788,137207,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,137209,20998],{},[1788,137211,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,137213,21001],{},[1788,137215,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,137217,136130],{"encoding":1810},[1023,137219,137221,137228],{"className":137220,"dataCallout":25986},[1026,25985],[1030,137222,137224,137227],{"className":137223},[1033],[1035,137225],{"className":137226,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,25993,1040],"Káva a čaj v poměru 1:1",[1030,137229,137230,137231,137253,137254,137269,137270,137273],{},"Pro spotřebitele, kterému je úplně jedno, zda pije kávu nebo čaj, je užitková funkce ",[1035,137232,137234],{"className":137233},[1772],[1774,137235,137236],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,137237,137238,137250],{},[1781,137239,137240,137242,137244,137246,137248],{},[1784,137241,2126],{},[1788,137243,1863],{},[1784,137245,20998],{},[1788,137247,2637],{},[1784,137249,21001],{},[1808,137251,137252],{"encoding":1810},"U = X + Y",". MRS je konstantně 1: vždy je ochoten vyměnit 1 čaj za 1 kávu. IC jsou rovnoběžné přímky se sklonem ",[1035,137255,137257],{"className":137256},[1772],[1774,137258,137259],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,137260,137261,137267],{},[1781,137262,137263,137265],{},[1788,137264,2371],{},[2348,137266,2374],{},[1808,137268,31397],{"encoding":1810},". V optimu spotřebuje ",[1047,137271,137272],{},"pouze ten levnější"," statek (rohové řešení).",[1100,137275,137277],{"id":137276},"_102-dokonalé-komplementy","10.2 Dokonalé komplementy",[1030,137279,137280,137281,137284],{},"Dokonalé komplementy jsou statky, které je třeba ",[1047,137282,137283],{},"konzumovat v pevném poměru"," — samostatně přinášejí nulový užitek. Klasické příklady: levá a pravá bota, auto a benzín (pokud nemůžeme jít pěšky), káva a hrnek.",[1030,137286,137287,1089,137289,137332],{},[1047,137288,38081],{},[1035,137290,137292],{"className":137291},[1772],[1774,137293,137294],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,137295,137296,137330],{},[1781,137297,137298,137300,137302,137304,137306,137308,137310,137312,137314,137316,137318,137320,137322,137324,137326,137328],{},[1784,137299,2126],{},[1788,137301,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,137303,20998],{},[1788,137305,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,137307,21001],{},[1788,137309,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,137311,1863],{},[1784,137313,33767],{},[1788,137315,3350],{},[1788,137317,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,137319,1068],{},[1784,137321,20998],{},[1788,137323,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,137325,8838],{},[1784,137327,21001],{},[1788,137329,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,137331,126688],{"encoding":1810}," (Leontiefova funkce)",[1030,137334,137335,1089,137337,137340,137341,2192],{},[1047,137336,137134],{},[1047,137338,137339],{},"L-tvar"," (vodorovný segment + svislý segment, propojené v rohu na přímce ",[1035,137342,137344],{"className":137343},[1772],[1774,137345,137346],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,137347,137348,137360],{},[1781,137349,137350,137352,137354,137356,137358],{},[1784,137351,1068],{},[1784,137353,20998],{},[1788,137355,1863],{},[1784,137357,8838],{},[1784,137359,21001],{},[1808,137361,126737],{"encoding":1810},[1030,137363,137364,1089,137366,137369,137370,137392,137393],{},[1047,137365,137160],{},[1047,137367,137368],{},"nedefinováno"," v rohu (nediferencovatelná funkce); na vodorovných segmentech ",[1035,137371,137373],{"className":137372},[1772],[1774,137374,137375],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,137376,137377,137389],{},[1781,137378,137379,137381,137383,137385,137387],{},[1784,137380,1857],{},[1784,137382,1860],{},[1784,137384,3212],{},[1788,137386,1863],{},[2348,137388,2350],{},[1808,137390,137391],{"encoding":1810},"MRS = 0",", na svislých ",[1035,137394,137396],{"className":137395},[1772],[1774,137397,137398],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,137399,137400,137412],{},[1781,137401,137402,137404,137406,137408,137410],{},[1784,137403,1857],{},[1784,137405,1860],{},[1784,137407,3212],{},[1788,137409,1863],{},[1784,137411,21408],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,137413,137414],{"encoding":1810},"MRS = \\infty",[1023,137416,137418,137425],{"className":137417,"dataCallout":25986},[1026,25985],[1030,137419,137421,137424],{"className":137420},[1033],[1035,137422],{"className":137423,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,25993,1040],"Levá a pravá bota",[1030,137426,137427,12850,137467,137480,137481,137494,137495,137525,137526,137528,137529,1075],{},[1035,137428,137430],{"className":137429},[1772],[1774,137431,137432],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,137433,137434,137464],{},[1781,137435,137436,137438,137440,137442,137444,137446,137448,137450,137452,137454,137456,137458,137460,137462],{},[1784,137437,2126],{},[1788,137439,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,137441,20998],{},[1788,137443,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,137445,21001],{},[1788,137447,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,137449,1863],{},[1784,137451,33767],{},[1788,137453,3350],{},[1788,137455,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,137457,20998],{},[1788,137459,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,137461,21001],{},[1788,137463,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,137465,137466],{"encoding":1810},"U(X, Y) = \\min(X, Y)",[1035,137468,137470],{"className":137469},[1772],[1774,137471,137472],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,137473,137474,137478],{},[1781,137475,137476],{},[1784,137477,20998],{},[1808,137479,20998],{"encoding":1810}," = levé boty, ",[1035,137482,137484],{"className":137483},[1772],[1774,137485,137486],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,137487,137488,137492],{},[1781,137489,137490],{},[1784,137491,21001],{},[1808,137493,21001],{"encoding":1810}," = pravé boty. Mít 5 levých a 2 pravé boty znamená užitek ",[1035,137496,137498],{"className":137497},[1772],[1774,137499,137500],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,137501,137502,137522],{},[1781,137503,137504,137506,137508,137510,137512,137514,137516,137518,137520],{},[1784,137505,33767],{},[1788,137507,3350],{},[1788,137509,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,137511,5356],{},[1788,137513,1138],{"separator":1041},[2348,137515,4593],{},[1788,137517,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,137519,1863],{},[2348,137521,4593],{},[1808,137523,137524],{"encoding":1810},"\\min(5,2) = 2"," — třetí pravá bota by užitek nezvýšila bez dalšího levého protějšku. Celé další levé boty také nepřinášejí užitek bez pravých. ",[1047,137527,66304],{}," vždy leží na přímce ",[1035,137530,137532],{"className":137531},[1772],[1774,137533,137534],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,137535,137536,137544],{},[1781,137537,137538,137540,137542],{},[1784,137539,20998],{},[1788,137541,1863],{},[1784,137543,21001],{},[1808,137545,137546],{"encoding":1810},"X = Y",[1100,137548,137550],{"id":137549},"_103-neutrální-zboží","10.3 Neutrální zboží",[1030,137552,137553,137554,137557],{},"Neutrální zboží ",[1047,137555,137556],{},"nepřináší ani neodebírá užitek"," — spotřebiteli je úplně lhostejné, kolik ho má. Příklad: spam v emailové schránce, který se ani nečte, ani neobtěžuje.",[1030,137559,137560,137562,137563,137576,137577,137611,137612],{},[1047,137561,38081],{}," pokud ",[1035,137564,137566],{"className":137565},[1772],[1774,137567,137568],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,137569,137570,137574],{},[1781,137571,137572],{},[1784,137573,21001],{},[1808,137575,21001],{"encoding":1810}," je neutrální, pak ",[1035,137578,137580],{"className":137579},[1772],[1774,137581,137582],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,137583,137584,137608],{},[1781,137585,137586,137588,137590,137592,137594,137596,137598,137600,137602,137604,137606],{},[1784,137587,2126],{},[1788,137589,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,137591,20998],{},[1788,137593,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,137595,21001],{},[1788,137597,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,137599,1863],{},[1784,137601,2126],{},[1788,137603,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,137605,20998],{},[1788,137607,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,137609,137610],{"encoding":1810},"U(X, Y) = U(X)"," — funkce nezávisí na ",[1035,137613,137615],{"className":137614},[1772],[1774,137616,137617],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,137618,137619,137623],{},[1781,137620,137621],{},[1784,137622,21001],{},[1808,137624,21001],{"encoding":1810},[1030,137626,137627,1089,137629,137632,137633,137646,137647,1062,137669,2192],{},[1047,137628,137134],{},[1047,137630,137631],{},"vertikální přímky"," (pokud ",[1035,137634,137636],{"className":137635},[1772],[1774,137637,137638],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,137639,137640,137644],{},[1781,137641,137642],{},[1784,137643,21001],{},[1808,137645,21001],{"encoding":1810}," je neutrální, spotřebitel je indiferentní mezi ",[1035,137648,137650],{"className":137649},[1772],[1774,137651,137652],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,137653,137654,137666],{},[1781,137655,137656,137658,137660,137662,137664],{},[1788,137657,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,137659,20998],{},[1788,137661,1138],{"separator":1041},[2348,137663,2374],{},[1788,137665,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,137667,137668],{"encoding":1810},"(X, 1)",[1035,137670,137672],{"className":137671},[1772],[1774,137673,137674],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,137675,137676,137688],{},[1781,137677,137678,137680,137682,137684,137686],{},[1788,137679,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,137681,20998],{},[1788,137683,1138],{"separator":1041},[2348,137685,2605],{},[1788,137687,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,137689,137690],{"encoding":1810},"(X, 100)",[1030,137692,137693,137694,1075],{},"Nebo horizontální přímky, je-li neutrální ",[1035,137695,137697],{"className":137696},[1772],[1774,137698,137699],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,137700,137701,137705],{},[1781,137702,137703],{},[1784,137704,20998],{},[1808,137706,20998],{"encoding":1810},[1100,137708,137710],{"id":137709},"_104-nežádoucí-zboží","10.4 Nežádoucí zboží",[1030,137712,137713,137714,137717,137718,137721],{},"Nežádoucí zboží (anti-statek, ",[1091,137715,137716],{},"bad",") má ",[1047,137719,137720],{},"záporný mezní užitek"," — spotřebitel by ho rád neměl. Příklady: znečištění ovzduší, hluk, riziko, daňová zátěž.",[1030,137723,137724,137726,137727,12850,137754,137767],{},[1047,137725,38081],{}," záporný mezní užitek vůči nežádoucímu statku, např. ",[1035,137728,137730],{"className":137729},[1772],[1774,137731,137732],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,137733,137734,137751],{},[1781,137735,137736,137738,137740,137742,137744],{},[1784,137737,2126],{},[1788,137739,1863],{},[1784,137741,20998],{},[1788,137743,2371],{},[2467,137745,137746,137749],{},[1784,137747,137748],{},"Z",[2348,137750,4593],{},[1808,137752,137753],{"encoding":1810},"U = X - Z^2",[1035,137755,137757],{"className":137756},[1772],[1774,137758,137759],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,137760,137761,137765],{},[1781,137762,137763],{},[1784,137764,137748],{},[1808,137766,137748],{"encoding":1810}," je hluk",[1030,137769,137770,1089,137772,137775,137776,137789,137790,137793,137794,1075],{},[1047,137771,137134],{},[1047,137773,137774],{},"rostoucí přímky"," (kladná směrnice). Aby spotřebitel zůstal indiferentní při zvýšení nežádoucího ",[1035,137777,137779],{"className":137778},[1772],[1774,137780,137781],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,137782,137783,137787],{},[1781,137784,137785],{},[1784,137786,137748],{},[1808,137788,137748],{"encoding":1810},", potřebuje ",[1047,137791,137792],{},"kompenzaci"," ve formě více \"dobrého\" statku ",[1035,137795,137797],{"className":137796},[1772],[1774,137798,137799],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,137800,137801,137805],{},[1781,137802,137803],{},[1784,137804,20998],{},[1808,137806,20998],{"encoding":1810},[1023,137808,137810,137817],{"className":137809,"dataCallout":25986},[1026,25985],[1030,137811,137813,137816],{"className":137812},[1033],[1035,137814],{"className":137815,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,25993,1040],"Příjem vs. znečištění",[1030,137818,137819,137820,137850,137851,137854],{},"Vyjádříme-li IC v rovině ",[1091,137821,137822,137823,137836,137837,2192],{},"(příjem ",[1035,137824,137826],{"className":137825},[1772],[1774,137827,137828],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,137829,137830,137834],{},[1781,137831,137832],{},[1784,137833,3221],{},[1808,137835,3221],{"encoding":1810},", znečištění ",[1035,137838,137840],{"className":137839},[1772],[1774,137841,137842],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,137843,137844,137848],{},[1781,137845,137846],{},[1784,137847,137748],{},[1808,137849,137748],{"encoding":1810},", dostaneme rostoucí křivku. Spotřebitel je ochoten snášet vyšší znečištění jen výměnou za vyšší příjem. Tento princip stojí za ",[1047,137852,137853],{},"kompenzačními platbami"," v ekonomii životního prostředí.",[1100,137856,137858],{"id":137857},"_105-lidé-nemají-stejné-preference","10.5 Lidé nemají stejné preference",[1030,137860,137861,137862,137865,137866,137869],{},"Mapy IC dvou různých spotřebitelů mohou mít ",[1047,137863,137864],{},"úplně jiné tvary",", i když jde o tytéž statky. Spotřebitel A může mít rád pivo víc než víno (strmé IC v rovině pivo-víno), spotřebitel B obráceně (mírné IC). To je teoretický základ ",[1047,137867,137868],{},"marketingové segmentace",": nelze předpokládat homogenní preference, a proto firmy cílí různé produkty na různé segmenty s odlišnými mapami IC.",[1100,137871,137873],{"id":137872},"_106-souhrnná-tabulka-tvarů-ic","10.6 Souhrnná tabulka tvarů IC",[1153,137875,137876,137893],{},[1156,137877,137878],{},[1159,137879,137880,137883,137886,137889,137891],{},[1162,137881,137882],{},"Typ preferencí",[1162,137884,137885],{},"Užitková funkce",[1162,137887,137888],{},"Tvar IC",[1162,137890,113162],{},[1162,137892,66304],{},[1172,137894,137895,137961,138016,138107,138192,138256],{},[1159,137896,137897,137900,137927,137930,137958],{},[1177,137898,137899],{},"Standardní",[1177,137901,137902,137926],{},[1035,137903,137905],{"className":137904},[1772],[1774,137906,137907],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,137908,137909,137923],{},[1781,137910,137911,137917],{},[2467,137912,137913,137915],{},[1784,137914,20998],{},[1784,137916,1068],{},[2467,137918,137919,137921],{},[1784,137920,21001],{},[1784,137922,8838],{},[1808,137924,137925],{"encoding":1810},"X^a Y^b"," (CD)",[1177,137928,137929],{},"hladká, konvexní, klesající",[1177,137931,137932],{},[1035,137933,137935],{"className":137934},[1772],[1774,137936,137937],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,137938,137939,137955],{},[1781,137940,137941],{},[2322,137942,137943,137949],{},[1781,137944,137945,137947],{},[1784,137946,1068],{},[1784,137948,21001],{},[1781,137950,137951,137953],{},[1784,137952,8838],{},[1784,137954,20998],{},[1808,137956,137957],{"encoding":1810},"\\frac{aY}{bX}",[1177,137959,137960],{},"vnitřní (tečna IC = rozpočtová přímka)",[1159,137962,137963,137965,137989,137992,138013],{},[1177,137964,25157],{},[1177,137966,137967],{},[1035,137968,137970],{"className":137969},[1772],[1774,137971,137972],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,137973,137974,137986],{},[1781,137975,137976,137978,137980,137982,137984],{},[1784,137977,1068],{},[1784,137979,20998],{},[1788,137981,2637],{},[1784,137983,8838],{},[1784,137985,21001],{},[1808,137987,137988],{"encoding":1810},"aX + bY",[1177,137990,137991],{},"rovnoběžné přímky",[1177,137993,137994,138012],{},[1035,137995,137997],{"className":137996},[1772],[1774,137998,137999],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,138000,138001,138009],{},[1781,138002,138003],{},[2322,138004,138005,138007],{},[1784,138006,1068],{},[1784,138008,8838],{},[1808,138010,138011],{"encoding":1810},"\\frac{a}{b}"," konst.",[1177,138014,138015],{},"rohové (ve směru levnějšího)",[1159,138017,138018,138021,138053,138055,138083],{},[1177,138019,138020],{},"Dokonalé komplementy",[1177,138022,138023],{},[1035,138024,138026],{"className":138025},[1772],[1774,138027,138028],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,138029,138030,138050],{},[1781,138031,138032,138034,138036,138038,138040,138042,138044,138046,138048],{},[1784,138033,33767],{},[1788,138035,3350],{},[1788,138037,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,138039,1068],{},[1784,138041,20998],{},[1788,138043,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,138045,8838],{},[1784,138047,21001],{},[1788,138049,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,138051,138052],{"encoding":1810},"\\min(aX, bY)",[1177,138054,137339],{},[1177,138056,138057,1737,138070],{},[1035,138058,138060],{"className":138059},[1772],[1774,138061,138062],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,138063,138064,138068],{},[1781,138065,138066],{},[2348,138067,2350],{},[1808,138069,2350],{"encoding":1810},[1035,138071,138073],{"className":138072},[1772],[1774,138074,138075],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,138076,138077,138081],{},[1781,138078,138079],{},[1784,138080,21408],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,138082,21438],{"encoding":1810},[1177,138084,138085,138086,2192],{},"v rohu IC (",[1035,138087,138089],{"className":138088},[1772],[1774,138090,138091],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,138092,138093,138105],{},[1781,138094,138095,138097,138099,138101,138103],{},[1784,138096,1068],{},[1784,138098,20998],{},[1788,138100,1863],{},[1784,138102,8838],{},[1784,138104,21001],{},[1808,138106,126737],{"encoding":1810},[1159,138108,138109,138112,138134,138136,138151],{},[1177,138110,138111],{},"Neutrální Y",[1177,138113,138114],{},[1035,138115,138117],{"className":138116},[1772],[1774,138118,138119],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,138120,138121,138131],{},[1781,138122,138123,138125,138127,138129],{},[1784,138124,2126],{},[1788,138126,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,138128,20998],{},[1788,138130,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,138132,138133],{"encoding":1810},"U(X)",[1177,138135,137631],{},[1177,138137,138138],{},[1035,138139,138141],{"className":138140},[1772],[1774,138142,138143],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,138144,138145,138149],{},[1781,138146,138147],{},[1784,138148,21408],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,138150,21438],{"encoding":1810},[1177,138152,138153,1299,138178,138191],{},[1035,138154,138156],{"className":138155},[1772],[1774,138157,138158],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,138159,138160,138176],{},[1781,138161,138162,138164,138166,138168,138170],{},[1784,138163,20998],{},[1788,138165,1863],{},[1784,138167,3221],{},[1784,138169,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,138171,138172,138174],{},[1784,138173,2264],{},[1784,138175,20998],{},[1808,138177,104501],{"encoding":1810},[1035,138179,138181],{"className":138180},[1772],[1774,138182,138183],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,138184,138185,138189],{},[1781,138186,138187],{},[1784,138188,21001],{},[1808,138190,21001],{"encoding":1810}," = libovolné",[1159,138193,138194,138197,138229,138231,138234],{},[1177,138195,138196],{},"Nežádoucí Z",[1177,138198,138199],{},[1035,138200,138202],{"className":138201},[1772],[1774,138203,138204],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,138205,138206,138226],{},[1781,138207,138208,138210,138212,138214,138216,138218,138220,138222,138224],{},[1784,138209,2126],{},[1788,138211,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,138213,20998],{},[1788,138215,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,138217,2371],{},[1784,138219,68264],{},[1788,138221,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,138223,137748],{},[1788,138225,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,138227,138228],{"encoding":1810},"U(X) - g(Z)",[1177,138230,137774],{},[1177,138232,138233],{},"záporná",[1177,138235,138236,138237,138255],{},"rohové (",[1035,138238,138240],{"className":138239},[1772],[1774,138241,138242],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,138243,138244,138252],{},[1781,138245,138246,138248,138250],{},[1784,138247,137748],{},[1788,138249,1863],{},[2348,138251,2350],{},[1808,138253,138254],{"encoding":1810},"Z=0"," je-li možné)",[1159,138257,138258,138261,138287,138290,138316],{},[1177,138259,138260],{},"Kvazi-lineární",[1177,138262,138263],{},[1035,138264,138266],{"className":138265},[1772],[1774,138267,138268],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,138269,138270,138284],{},[1781,138271,138272,138274,138276,138278,138280,138282],{},[1784,138273,2139],{},[1788,138275,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,138277,20998],{},[1788,138279,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,138281,2637],{},[1784,138283,21001],{},[1808,138285,138286],{"encoding":1810},"f(X) + Y",[1177,138288,138289],{},"vertikálně posunuté",[1177,138291,138292],{},[1035,138293,138295],{"className":138294},[1772],[1774,138296,138297],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,138298,138299,138313],{},[1781,138300,138301,138307,138309,138311],{},[2467,138302,138303,138305],{},[1784,138304,2139],{},[1788,138306,7862],{"mathvariant":7829,"lspace":7861,"rspace":7861},[1788,138308,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,138310,20998],{},[1788,138312,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,138314,138315],{"encoding":1810},"f'(X)",[1177,138317,138318],{},[1035,138319,138321],{"className":138320},[1772],[1774,138322,138323],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,138324,138325,138359],{},[1781,138326,138327,138333,138335,138341,138343,138345,138351,138353],{},[2467,138328,138329,138331],{},[1784,138330,2139],{},[1788,138332,7862],{"mathvariant":7829,"lspace":7861,"rspace":7861},[1788,138334,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2467,138336,138337,138339],{},[1784,138338,20998],{},[1788,138340,7763],{},[1788,138342,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,138344,1863],{},[1792,138346,138347,138349],{},[1784,138348,2264],{},[1784,138350,20998],{},[1784,138352,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,138354,138355,138357],{},[1784,138356,2264],{},[1784,138358,21001],{},[1808,138360,138361],{"encoding":1810},"f'(X^*) = P_X \u002F P_Y",[1077,138363,138365],{"id":138364},"_11-změna-směru-preferencí-saturace","11. Změna směru preferencí — saturace",[1030,138367,138368,138369,138372],{},"V některých případech se může směr preferencí ",[1047,138370,138371],{},"měnit s úrovní spotřeby",". Nejčastější případ:",[1023,138374,138376,138383],{"className":138375,"dataCallout":582},[1026,1225],[1030,138377,138379,138382],{"className":138378},[1033],[1035,138380],{"className":138381,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1232,1040],"Bod nasycení (saturation point)",[1030,138384,138385,138386,138399,138400,1089,138403,138420,138421,138424,138425,138442,138443,138460,138461,24775,138478,138481],{},"Pro statek ",[1035,138387,138389],{"className":138388},[1772],[1774,138390,138391],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,138392,138393,138397],{},[1781,138394,138395],{},[1784,138396,20998],{},[1808,138398,20998],{"encoding":1810}," existuje ",[1047,138401,138402],{},"maximum",[1035,138404,138406],{"className":138405},[1772],[1774,138407,138408],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,138409,138410,138418],{},[1781,138411,138412],{},[2467,138413,138414,138416],{},[1784,138415,20998],{},[1788,138417,7763],{},[1808,138419,106748],{"encoding":1810},", po jehož překročení další jednotky ",[1047,138422,138423],{},"snižují"," užitek (statek se mění na nežádoucí). Před ",[1035,138426,138428],{"className":138427},[1772],[1774,138429,138430],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,138431,138432,138440],{},[1781,138433,138434],{},[2467,138435,138436,138438],{},[1784,138437,20998],{},[1788,138439,7763],{},[1808,138441,106748],{"encoding":1810}," jsou IC klesající, po ",[1035,138444,138446],{"className":138445},[1772],[1774,138447,138448],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,138449,138450,138458],{},[1781,138451,138452],{},[2467,138453,138454,138456],{},[1784,138455,20998],{},[1788,138457,7763],{},[1808,138459,106748],{"encoding":1810}," rostoucí. V bodě ",[1035,138462,138464],{"className":138463},[1772],[1774,138465,138466],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,138467,138468,138476],{},[1781,138469,138470],{},[2467,138471,138472,138474],{},[1784,138473,20998],{},[1788,138475,7763],{},[1808,138477,106748],{"encoding":1810},[1047,138479,138480],{},"MU = 0"," — tečna IC je vodorovná.",[1030,138483,138484,138485,138488,138489,138492],{},"Geometricky: IC kolem bodu nasycení mají tvar ",[1047,138486,138487],{},"uzavřených oválů"," (jako vrstevnice kopce). Optimum potom leží na vrcholu kopce, ",[1047,138490,138491],{},"nezávisle na cenách a důchodu"," — pokud je rozpočet dostatečně velký, spotřebitel se prostě \"nasytí\" a další utrácení mu nezvýší užitek.",[1100,138494,138496],{"id":138495},"praktický-důsledek-pro-modelování","Praktický důsledek pro modelování",[1030,138498,138499,138500,138503],{},"V mikroekonomických modelech se obvykle ",[1047,138501,138502],{},"vyhýbáme"," funkcím s bodem nasycení, protože vedou k nestandardnímu chování:",[1112,138505,138506,138531,138534],{},[1115,138507,138508,138509,4010,138512,138530],{},"Pokud je důchod dostatečně velký, ",[1047,138510,138511],{},"rozpočtové omezení přestane být závazné",[1035,138513,138515],{"className":138514},[1772],[1774,138516,138517],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,138518,138519,138527],{},[1781,138520,138521,138523,138525],{},[1784,138522,34316],{},[1788,138524,1863],{},[2348,138526,2350],{},[1808,138528,138529],{"encoding":1810},"\\lambda = 0"," v Lagrangeově úloze).",[1115,138532,138533],{},"Komparativní statika (reakce na změnu cen) přestane platit standardním způsobem.",[1115,138535,138536,138537,138540],{},"Tržní rovnováha může vést k ",[1047,138538,138539],{},"přebytkům",", pokud nasycený spotřebitel nechce nakoupit dodatečné množství.",[1030,138542,138543,138544,1089,138547,1062,138569,138591],{},"Z těchto důvodů se v základním kurzu MikK pracuje ",[1047,138545,138546],{},"na restrikci",[1035,138548,138550],{"className":138549},[1772],[1774,138551,138552],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,138553,138554,138566],{},[1781,138555,138556,138558,138560],{},[1784,138557,20998],{},[1788,138559,2537],{},[2467,138561,138562,138564],{},[1784,138563,20998],{},[1788,138565,7763],{},[1808,138567,138568],{"encoding":1810},"X \u003C X^*",[1035,138570,138572],{"className":138571},[1772],[1774,138573,138574],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,138575,138576,138588],{},[1781,138577,138578,138580,138582],{},[1784,138579,21001],{},[1788,138581,2537],{},[2467,138583,138584,138586],{},[1784,138585,21001],{},[1788,138587,7763],{},[1808,138589,138590],{"encoding":1810},"Y \u003C Y^*",", kde se chování chová standardně (klesající MU, kladná MRS). Hraniční jevy se probírají jako rozšíření.",[1077,138593,138595],{"id":138594},"_12-příklad-kvadratická-užitková-funkce","12. Příklad — kvadratická užitková funkce",[1030,138597,138598],{},"Z poznámek ke cvičení MikK:",[1035,138600,138602],{"className":138601},[1772],[1774,138603,138604],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,138605,138606,138652],{},[1781,138607,138608,138610,138612,138614,138616,138618,138620,138622,138624,138626,138628,138630,138632,138634,138636,138642,138644,138646],{},[1784,138609,2126],{},[1788,138611,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,138613,20998],{},[1788,138615,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,138617,21001],{},[1788,138619,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,138621,1863],{},[2348,138623,3116],{},[1784,138625,20998],{},[1788,138627,2637],{},[2348,138629,2766],{},[1784,138631,21001],{},[1788,138633,2371],{},[2348,138635,15984],{},[2467,138637,138638,138640],{},[1784,138639,20998],{},[2348,138641,4593],{},[1788,138643,2371],{},[2348,138645,15984],{},[2467,138647,138648,138650],{},[1784,138649,21001],{},[2348,138651,4593],{},[1808,138653,138654],{"encoding":1810},"U(X, Y) = 10X + 24Y - 0{,}5 X^2 - 0{,}5 Y^2",[1100,138656,106418],{"id":138657},"mezní-užitky",[1035,138659,138661],{"className":138660},[1772],[1774,138662,138663],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,138664,138665,138699],{},[1781,138666,138667,138669,138675,138677,138691,138693,138695,138697],{},[1784,138668,1857],{},[1792,138670,138671,138673],{},[1784,138672,2126],{},[1784,138674,20998],{},[1788,138676,1863],{},[2322,138678,138679,138685],{},[1781,138680,138681,138683],{},[1784,138682,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,138684,2126],{},[1781,138686,138687,138689],{},[1784,138688,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,138690,20998],{},[1788,138692,1863],{},[2348,138694,3116],{},[1788,138696,2371],{},[1784,138698,20998],{},[1808,138700,138701],{"encoding":1810},"MU_X = \\frac{\\partial U}{\\partial X} = 10 - X",[1035,138703,138705],{"className":138704},[1772],[1774,138706,138707],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,138708,138709,138743],{},[1781,138710,138711,138713,138719,138721,138735,138737,138739,138741],{},[1784,138712,1857],{},[1792,138714,138715,138717],{},[1784,138716,2126],{},[1784,138718,21001],{},[1788,138720,1863],{},[2322,138722,138723,138729],{},[1781,138724,138725,138727],{},[1784,138726,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,138728,2126],{},[1781,138730,138731,138733],{},[1784,138732,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,138734,21001],{},[1788,138736,1863],{},[2348,138738,2766],{},[1788,138740,2371],{},[1784,138742,21001],{},[1808,138744,138745],{"encoding":1810},"MU_Y = \\frac{\\partial U}{\\partial Y} = 24 - Y",[1100,138747,113162],{"id":255},[1035,138749,138751],{"className":138750},[1772],[1774,138752,138753],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,138754,138755,138811],{},[1781,138756,138757,138759,138761,138767,138769,138791,138793],{},[1784,138758,1857],{},[1784,138760,1860],{},[1792,138762,138763,138765],{},[1784,138764,3212],{},[1784,138766,1868],{},[1788,138768,1863],{},[2322,138770,138771,138781],{},[1781,138772,138773,138775],{},[1784,138774,1857],{},[1792,138776,138777,138779],{},[1784,138778,2126],{},[1784,138780,20998],{},[1781,138782,138783,138785],{},[1784,138784,1857],{},[1792,138786,138787,138789],{},[1784,138788,2126],{},[1784,138790,21001],{},[1788,138792,1863],{},[2322,138794,138795,138803],{},[1781,138796,138797,138799,138801],{},[2348,138798,3116],{},[1788,138800,2371],{},[1784,138802,20998],{},[1781,138804,138805,138807,138809],{},[2348,138806,2766],{},[1788,138808,2371],{},[1784,138810,21001],{},[1808,138812,138813],{"encoding":1810},"MRS_C = \\frac{MU_X}{MU_Y} = \\frac{10 - X}{24 - Y}",[1100,138815,109773],{"id":138816},"bod-nasycení",[1030,138818,138819,138820,1062,138843,1310],{},"Nastavíme ",[1035,138821,138823],{"className":138822},[1772],[1774,138824,138825],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,138826,138827,138841],{},[1781,138828,138829,138831,138837,138839],{},[1784,138830,1857],{},[1792,138832,138833,138835],{},[1784,138834,2126],{},[1784,138836,20998],{},[1788,138838,1863],{},[2348,138840,2350],{},[1808,138842,133875],{"encoding":1810},[1035,138844,138846],{"className":138845},[1772],[1774,138847,138848],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,138849,138850,138864],{},[1781,138851,138852,138854,138860,138862],{},[1784,138853,1857],{},[1792,138855,138856,138858],{},[1784,138857,2126],{},[1784,138859,21001],{},[1788,138861,1863],{},[2348,138863,2350],{},[1808,138865,138866],{"encoding":1810},"MU_Y = 0",[1035,138868,138870],{"className":138869},[1772],[1774,138871,138872],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,138873,138874,138902],{},[1781,138875,138876,138878,138880,138882,138884,138886,138888,138890,138892,138898,138900],{},[2348,138877,3116],{},[1788,138879,2371],{},[1784,138881,20998],{},[1788,138883,1863],{},[2348,138885,2350],{},[2149,138887,21702],{},[1788,138889,2357],{},[2149,138891,21702],{},[2467,138893,138894,138896],{},[1784,138895,20998],{},[1788,138897,7763],{},[1788,138899,1863],{},[2348,138901,3116],{},[1808,138903,138904],{"encoding":1810},"10 - X = 0 \\;\\Rightarrow\\; X^* = 10",[1035,138906,138908],{"className":138907},[1772],[1774,138909,138910],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,138911,138912,138940],{},[1781,138913,138914,138916,138918,138920,138922,138924,138926,138928,138930,138936,138938],{},[2348,138915,2766],{},[1788,138917,2371],{},[1784,138919,21001],{},[1788,138921,1863],{},[2348,138923,2350],{},[2149,138925,21702],{},[1788,138927,2357],{},[2149,138929,21702],{},[2467,138931,138932,138934],{},[1784,138933,21001],{},[1788,138935,7763],{},[1788,138937,1863],{},[2348,138939,2766],{},[1808,138941,138942],{"encoding":1810},"24 - Y = 0 \\;\\Rightarrow\\; Y^* = 24",[1030,138944,138945,138946,42795,138988,1062,139006,139024],{},"Bod nasycení je ",[1035,138947,138949],{"className":138948},[1772],[1774,138950,138951],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,138952,138953,138985],{},[1781,138954,138955,138957,138963,138965,138971,138973,138975,138977,138979,138981,138983],{},[1788,138956,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2467,138958,138959,138961],{},[1784,138960,20998],{},[1788,138962,7763],{},[1788,138964,1138],{"separator":1041},[2467,138966,138967,138969],{},[1784,138968,21001],{},[1788,138970,7763],{},[1788,138972,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,138974,1863],{},[1788,138976,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,138978,3116],{},[1788,138980,1138],{"separator":1041},[2348,138982,2766],{},[1788,138984,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,138986,138987],{"encoding":1810},"(X^*, Y^*) = (10, 24)",[1035,138989,138991],{"className":138990},[1772],[1774,138992,138993],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,138994,138995,139003],{},[1781,138996,138997,138999,139001],{},[1784,138998,20998],{},[1788,139000,2537],{},[2348,139002,3116],{},[1808,139004,139005],{"encoding":1810},"X \u003C 10",[1035,139007,139009],{"className":139008},[1772],[1774,139010,139011],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,139012,139013,139021],{},[1781,139014,139015,139017,139019],{},[1784,139016,21001],{},[1788,139018,2537],{},[2348,139020,2766],{},[1808,139022,139023],{"encoding":1810},"Y \u003C 24"," jsou oba mezní užitky kladné a IC jsou standardně klesající. Po překročení bodu nasycení se mezní užitky stávají zápornými.",[1023,139026,139028,139035],{"className":139027,"dataCallout":25986},[1026,25985],[1030,139029,139031,139034],{"className":139030},[1033],[1035,139032],{"className":139033,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,25993,1040],"Interpretace — koblihy",[1030,139036,1270,139037,139050,139051,139074,139075,139099,139100,139103],{},[1035,139038,139040],{"className":139039},[1772],[1774,139041,139042],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,139043,139044,139048],{},[1781,139045,139046],{},[1784,139047,20998],{},[1808,139049,20998],{"encoding":1810}," představuje koblihy ke snídani, pak po desáté koblize ",[1035,139052,139054],{"className":139053},[1772],[1774,139055,139056],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,139057,139058,139072],{},[1781,139059,139060,139062,139068,139070],{},[1784,139061,1857],{},[1792,139063,139064,139066],{},[1784,139065,2126],{},[1784,139067,20998],{},[1788,139069,1863],{},[2348,139071,2350],{},[1808,139073,133875],{"encoding":1810}," — další kobliha už nepřináší žádné dodatečné potěšení (nasycení). Jedenáctá kobliha už dokonce vyvolává nepříjemný pocit, takže ",[1035,139076,139078],{"className":139077},[1772],[1774,139079,139080],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,139081,139082,139096],{},[1781,139083,139084,139086,139092,139094],{},[1784,139085,1857],{},[1792,139087,139088,139090],{},[1784,139089,2126],{},[1784,139091,20998],{},[1788,139093,2537],{},[2348,139095,2350],{},[1808,139097,139098],{"encoding":1810},"MU_X \u003C 0",". Tato kvadratická forma je ",[1047,139101,139102],{},"realistická pro běžné statky s konečným bodem nasycení",", na rozdíl od Cobb-Douglasovy funkce, která nasycení neumožňuje.",[1077,139105,139107],{"id":139106},"_13-cobb-douglasova-užitková-funkce","13. Cobb-Douglasova užitková funkce",[1030,139109,139110,139111,1062,139114,29726],{},"Cobb-Douglasova forma (často probíraná v kontextu produkce — viz ",[1068,139112,43400],{"className":139113,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":43398,"href":43399},[1071],[1068,139115,139119],{"className":139116,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":139117,"href":139118},[1071],"topics\u002Fprodukce.md","\u002Fwiki\u002Fprodukce","Produkční funkce (ImeK)",[1035,139121,139123],{"className":139122},[1772],[1774,139124,139125],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,139126,139127,139169],{},[1781,139128,139129,139131,139133,139135,139137,139139,139141,139143,139149,139155,139157,139159,139161,139163,139165,139167],{},[1784,139130,2126],{},[1788,139132,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,139134,20998],{},[1788,139136,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,139138,21001],{},[1788,139140,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,139142,1863],{},[2467,139144,139145,139147],{},[1784,139146,20998],{},[1784,139148,1068],{},[2467,139150,139151,139153],{},[1784,139152,21001],{},[1784,139154,8838],{},[1788,139156,1138],{"separator":1041},[2352,139158],{"width":2354},[1784,139160,1068],{},[1788,139162,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,139164,8838],{},[1788,139166,2491],{},[2348,139168,2350],{},[1808,139170,139171],{"encoding":1810},"U(X, Y) = X^a Y^b, \\qquad a, b > 0",[1100,139173,106418],{"id":139174},"mezní-užitky-1",[1035,139176,139178],{"className":139177},[1772],[1774,139179,139180],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,139181,139182,139214],{},[1781,139183,139184,139186,139192,139194,139196,139208],{},[1784,139185,1857],{},[1792,139187,139188,139190],{},[1784,139189,2126],{},[1784,139191,20998],{},[1788,139193,1863],{},[1784,139195,1068],{},[2467,139197,139198,139200],{},[1784,139199,20998],{},[1781,139201,139202,139204,139206],{},[1784,139203,1068],{},[1788,139205,2371],{},[2348,139207,2374],{},[2467,139209,139210,139212],{},[1784,139211,21001],{},[1784,139213,8838],{},[1808,139215,139216],{"encoding":1810},"MU_X = a X^{a-1} Y^b",[1035,139218,139220],{"className":139219},[1772],[1774,139221,139222],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,139223,139224,139256],{},[1781,139225,139226,139228,139234,139236,139238,139244],{},[1784,139227,1857],{},[1792,139229,139230,139232],{},[1784,139231,2126],{},[1784,139233,21001],{},[1788,139235,1863],{},[1784,139237,8838],{},[2467,139239,139240,139242],{},[1784,139241,20998],{},[1784,139243,1068],{},[2467,139245,139246,139248],{},[1784,139247,21001],{},[1781,139249,139250,139252,139254],{},[1784,139251,8838],{},[1788,139253,2371],{},[2348,139255,2374],{},[1808,139257,139258],{"encoding":1810},"MU_Y = b X^a Y^{b-1}",[1100,139260,113162],{"id":139261},"mrs-1",[1035,139263,139265],{"className":139264},[1772],[1774,139266,139267],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,139268,139269,139369],{},[1781,139270,139271,139273,139275,139281,139283,139305,139307,139353,139355,139361,139363],{},[1784,139272,1857],{},[1784,139274,1860],{},[1792,139276,139277,139279],{},[1784,139278,3212],{},[1784,139280,1868],{},[1788,139282,1863],{},[2322,139284,139285,139295],{},[1781,139286,139287,139289],{},[1784,139288,1857],{},[1792,139290,139291,139293],{},[1784,139292,2126],{},[1784,139294,20998],{},[1781,139296,139297,139299],{},[1784,139298,1857],{},[1792,139300,139301,139303],{},[1784,139302,2126],{},[1784,139304,21001],{},[1788,139306,1863],{},[2322,139308,139309,139331],{},[1781,139310,139311,139313,139325],{},[1784,139312,1068],{},[2467,139314,139315,139317],{},[1784,139316,20998],{},[1781,139318,139319,139321,139323],{},[1784,139320,1068],{},[1788,139322,2371],{},[2348,139324,2374],{},[2467,139326,139327,139329],{},[1784,139328,21001],{},[1784,139330,8838],{},[1781,139332,139333,139335,139341],{},[1784,139334,8838],{},[2467,139336,139337,139339],{},[1784,139338,20998],{},[1784,139340,1068],{},[2467,139342,139343,139345],{},[1784,139344,21001],{},[1781,139346,139347,139349,139351],{},[1784,139348,8838],{},[1788,139350,2371],{},[2348,139352,2374],{},[1788,139354,1863],{},[2322,139356,139357,139359],{},[1784,139358,1068],{},[1784,139360,8838],{},[1788,139362,2267],{},[2322,139364,139365,139367],{},[1784,139366,21001],{},[1784,139368,20998],{},[1808,139370,139371],{"encoding":1810},"MRS_C = \\frac{MU_X}{MU_Y} = \\frac{a X^{a-1} Y^b}{b X^a Y^{b-1}} = \\frac{a}{b} \\cdot \\frac{Y}{X}",[1023,139373,139375,139382],{"className":139374,"dataCallout":1608},[1026,1607],[1030,139376,139378,139381],{"className":139377},[1033],[1035,139379],{"className":139380,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1615,1040],"Důležitý vzorec",[1030,139383,139384,139385,139423,139424,1089,139427,139445,139446,1075],{},"Pro Cobb-Douglas platí ",[1035,139386,139388],{"className":139387},[1772],[1774,139389,139390],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,139391,139392,139420],{},[1781,139393,139394,139396,139398,139404,139406],{},[1784,139395,1857],{},[1784,139397,1860],{},[1792,139399,139400,139402],{},[1784,139401,3212],{},[1784,139403,1868],{},[1788,139405,1863],{},[2322,139407,139408,139414],{},[1781,139409,139410,139412],{},[1784,139411,1068],{},[1784,139413,21001],{},[1781,139415,139416,139418],{},[1784,139417,8838],{},[1784,139419,20998],{},[1808,139421,139422],{"encoding":1810},"MRS_C = \\frac{a Y}{b X}"," — MRS závisí pouze na ",[1047,139425,139426],{},"poměru",[1035,139428,139430],{"className":139429},[1772],[1774,139431,139432],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,139433,139434,139442],{},[1781,139435,139436,139438,139440],{},[1784,139437,21001],{},[1784,139439,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,139441,20998],{},[1808,139443,139444],{"encoding":1810},"Y\u002FX",", nikoli na absolutních úrovních. Tato vlastnost se nazývá ",[1047,139447,139448],{},"homotetické preference",[1100,139450,139452,139453],{"id":139451},"speciální-případ-ab1a-b-1","Speciální případ ",[1035,139454,139456],{"className":139455},[1772],[1774,139457,139458],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,139459,139460,139472],{},[1781,139461,139462,139464,139466,139468,139470],{},[1784,139463,1068],{},[1788,139465,2637],{},[1784,139467,8838],{},[1788,139469,1863],{},[2348,139471,2374],{},[1808,139473,139474],{"encoding":1810},"a + b = 1",[1030,139476,139477,139478,139499,139500,139503,139504,139507,139508,139526,139527,139530],{},"Pokud parametry splňují ",[1035,139479,139481],{"className":139480},[1772],[1774,139482,139483],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,139484,139485,139497],{},[1781,139486,139487,139489,139491,139493,139495],{},[1784,139488,1068],{},[1788,139490,2637],{},[1784,139492,8838],{},[1788,139494,1863],{},[2348,139496,2374],{},[1808,139498,139474],{"encoding":1810},", hovoříme o ",[1047,139501,139502],{},"standardizované Cobb-Douglasově funkci",". V kontextu produkce odpovídá ",[1047,139505,139506],{},"konstantním výnosům z rozsahu"," (zdvojnásobení vstupů = zdvojnásobení výstupu); v kontextu užitku je interpretace, že parametry ",[1035,139509,139511],{"className":139510},[1772],[1774,139512,139513],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,139514,139515,139523],{},[1781,139516,139517,139519,139521],{},[1784,139518,1068],{},[1788,139520,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,139522,8838],{},[1808,139524,139525],{"encoding":1810},"a, b"," představují ",[1047,139528,139529],{},"podíly utráceného důchodu"," za jednotlivé statky:",[1035,139532,139534],{"className":139533},[1772],[1774,139535,139536],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,139537,139538,139607],{},[1781,139539,139540,139562,139564,139576,139578,139580,139582,139595,139597,139599,139601,139603,139605],{},[1781,139541,139542,139544,139550,139553,139559],{},[2149,139543,43693],{},[2160,139545,139546,139548],{"accent":1041},[2149,139547,9298],{},[1788,139549,2181],{},[2149,139551,139552],{},"l d",[2160,139554,139555,139557],{"accent":1041},[2149,139556,2480],{},[1788,139558,8102],{},[2149,139560,139561],{},"chodu na X",[1788,139563,1863],{},[2322,139565,139566,139568],{},[1784,139567,1068],{},[1781,139569,139570,139572,139574],{},[1784,139571,1068],{},[1788,139573,2637],{},[1784,139575,8838],{},[1788,139577,1863],{},[1784,139579,1068],{},[2352,139581],{"width":2702},[1781,139583,139584,139587,139593],{},[2149,139585,139586],{},"(kdy",[2160,139588,139589,139591],{"accent":1041},[2149,139590,2164],{},[1788,139592,2167],{},[2149,139594,13478],{},[1784,139596,1068],{},[1788,139598,2637],{},[1784,139600,8838],{},[1788,139602,1863],{},[2348,139604,2374],{},[2149,139606,2192],{},[1808,139608,139609],{"encoding":1810},"\\text{podíl důchodu na X} = \\frac{a}{a+b} = a \\quad \\text{(když } a+b=1\\text{)}",[1030,139611,139612,139613,1062,139626,139639],{},"Tato vlastnost je velmi užitečná v aplikované ekonomii, protože ",[1035,139614,139616],{"className":139615},[1772],[1774,139617,139618],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,139619,139620,139624],{},[1781,139621,139622],{},[1784,139623,1068],{},[1808,139625,1068],{"encoding":1810},[1035,139627,139629],{"className":139628},[1772],[1774,139630,139631],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,139632,139633,139637],{},[1781,139634,139635],{},[1784,139636,8838],{},[1808,139638,8838],{"encoding":1810}," se dají odhadnout přímo ze spotřebitelských dat.",[1100,139641,139643],{"id":139642},"odvození-poptávkových-funkcí-pro-cd","Odvození poptávkových funkcí pro CD",[1030,139645,139646,139647,1310],{},"Z podmínky tečnosti ",[1035,139648,139650],{"className":139649},[1772],[1774,139651,139652],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,139653,139654,139682],{},[1781,139655,139656,139658,139660,139666,139668,139674,139676],{},[1784,139657,1857],{},[1784,139659,1860],{},[1792,139661,139662,139664],{},[1784,139663,3212],{},[1784,139665,1868],{},[1788,139667,1863],{},[1792,139669,139670,139672],{},[1784,139671,2264],{},[1784,139673,20998],{},[1784,139675,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,139677,139678,139680],{},[1784,139679,2264],{},[1784,139681,21001],{},[1808,139683,112859],{"encoding":1810},[1035,139685,139687],{"className":139686},[1772],[1774,139688,139689],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,139690,139691,139751],{},[1781,139692,139693,139707,139709,139723,139725,139727,139729,139731,139733,139739,139741,139743,139745],{},[2322,139694,139695,139701],{},[1781,139696,139697,139699],{},[1784,139698,1068],{},[1784,139700,21001],{},[1781,139702,139703,139705],{},[1784,139704,8838],{},[1784,139706,20998],{},[1788,139708,1863],{},[2322,139710,139711,139717],{},[1792,139712,139713,139715],{},[1784,139714,2264],{},[1784,139716,20998],{},[1792,139718,139719,139721],{},[1784,139720,2264],{},[1784,139722,21001],{},[2149,139724,21702],{},[1788,139726,2357],{},[2149,139728,21702],{},[1784,139730,1068],{},[1784,139732,21001],{},[1792,139734,139735,139737],{},[1784,139736,2264],{},[1784,139738,21001],{},[1788,139740,1863],{},[1784,139742,8838],{},[1784,139744,20998],{},[1792,139746,139747,139749],{},[1784,139748,2264],{},[1784,139750,20998],{},[1808,139752,139753],{"encoding":1810},"\\frac{aY}{bX} = \\frac{P_X}{P_Y} \\;\\Rightarrow\\; aY P_Y = bX P_X",[1030,139755,139756,139757,139790,139791,1310],{},"Spojením s rozpočtovým omezením ",[1035,139758,139760],{"className":139759},[1772],[1774,139761,139762],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,139763,139764,139788],{},[1781,139765,139766,139772,139774,139776,139782,139784,139786],{},[1792,139767,139768,139770],{},[1784,139769,2264],{},[1784,139771,20998],{},[1784,139773,20998],{},[1788,139775,2637],{},[1792,139777,139778,139780],{},[1784,139779,2264],{},[1784,139781,21001],{},[1784,139783,21001],{},[1788,139785,1863],{},[1784,139787,3221],{},[1808,139789,34131],{"encoding":1810}," a substitucí ",[1035,139792,139794],{"className":139793},[1772],[1774,139795,139796],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,139797,139798,139824],{},[1781,139799,139800,139806,139808,139810,139816,139822],{},[1792,139801,139802,139804],{},[1784,139803,2264],{},[1784,139805,21001],{},[1784,139807,21001],{},[1788,139809,1863],{},[2322,139811,139812,139814],{},[1784,139813,8838],{},[1784,139815,1068],{},[1792,139817,139818,139820],{},[1784,139819,2264],{},[1784,139821,20998],{},[1784,139823,20998],{},[1808,139825,139826],{"encoding":1810},"P_Y Y = \\frac{b}{a} P_X X",[1035,139828,139830],{"className":139829},[1772],[1774,139831,139832],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,139833,139834,139896],{},[1781,139835,139836,139842,139844,139846,139852,139858,139860,139862,139864,139866,139868,139870,139876,139878,139880,139892,139894],{},[1792,139837,139838,139840],{},[1784,139839,2264],{},[1784,139841,20998],{},[1784,139843,20998],{},[1788,139845,2637],{},[2322,139847,139848,139850],{},[1784,139849,8838],{},[1784,139851,1068],{},[1792,139853,139854,139856],{},[1784,139855,2264],{},[1784,139857,20998],{},[1784,139859,20998],{},[1788,139861,1863],{},[1784,139863,3221],{},[2149,139865,21702],{},[1788,139867,2357],{},[2149,139869,21702],{},[1792,139871,139872,139874],{},[1784,139873,2264],{},[1784,139875,20998],{},[1784,139877,20998],{},[1788,139879,2267],{},[2322,139881,139882,139890],{},[1781,139883,139884,139886,139888],{},[1784,139885,1068],{},[1788,139887,2637],{},[1784,139889,8838],{},[1784,139891,1068],{},[1788,139893,1863],{},[1784,139895,3221],{},[1808,139897,139898],{"encoding":1810},"P_X X + \\frac{b}{a} P_X X = I \\;\\Rightarrow\\; P_X X \\cdot \\frac{a+b}{a} = I",[1030,139900,139901],{},"Odkud Marshallova poptávka:",[1035,139903,139905],{"className":139904},[1772],[1774,139906,139907],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,139908,139909,140021],{},[1781,139910,139911],{},[21766,139912,139913],{"notation":21768},[14390,139914,139915],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,139916,139917],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,139918,139919],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[1781,139920,139921,139923,139929,139931,139937,139939,139941,139943,139945,139957,139959,139969,139971,139973,139979,139981,139987,139989,139991,139993,139995,140007,140009,140019],{},[2149,139922,21702],{},[2467,139924,139925,139927],{},[1784,139926,20998],{},[1788,139928,7763],{},[1788,139930,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,139932,139933,139935],{},[1784,139934,2264],{},[1784,139936,20998],{},[1788,139938,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,139940,3221],{},[1788,139942,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,139944,1863],{},[2322,139946,139947,139949],{},[1784,139948,1068],{},[1781,139950,139951,139953,139955],{},[1784,139952,1068],{},[1788,139954,2637],{},[1784,139956,8838],{},[1788,139958,2267],{},[2322,139960,139961,139963],{},[1784,139962,3221],{},[1792,139964,139965,139967],{},[1784,139966,2264],{},[1784,139968,20998],{},[1788,139970,1138],{"separator":1041},[2352,139972],{"width":2354},[2467,139974,139975,139977],{},[1784,139976,21001],{},[1788,139978,7763],{},[1788,139980,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,139982,139983,139985],{},[1784,139984,2264],{},[1784,139986,21001],{},[1788,139988,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,139990,3221],{},[1788,139992,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,139994,1863],{},[2322,139996,139997,139999],{},[1784,139998,8838],{},[1781,140000,140001,140003,140005],{},[1784,140002,1068],{},[1788,140004,2637],{},[1784,140006,8838],{},[1788,140008,2267],{},[2322,140010,140011,140013],{},[1784,140012,3221],{},[1792,140014,140015,140017],{},[1784,140016,2264],{},[1784,140018,21001],{},[2149,140020,21702],{},[1808,140022,140023],{"encoding":1810},"\\boxed{\\;X^*(P_X, I) = \\frac{a}{a+b} \\cdot \\frac{I}{P_X}, \\qquad Y^*(P_Y, I) = \\frac{b}{a+b} \\cdot \\frac{I}{P_Y}\\;}",[1023,140025,140027,140034],{"className":140026,"dataCallout":1608},[1026,1607],[1030,140028,140030,140033],{"className":140029},[1033],[1035,140031],{"className":140032,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1615,1040],"Praktický závěr",[1030,140035,140036,140037,140040,140041,140044],{},"Pro Cobb-Douglas spotřebitel utratí ",[1047,140038,140039],{},"konstantní podíl"," důchodu na každý statek bez ohledu na ceny. To je zvláštní vlastnost CD, která je velmi pohodlná pro výpočty, ale empiricky platí jen přibližně (typicky se s rostoucím důchodem mění podíly — tzv. ",[1047,140042,140043],{},"Engelovy křivky"," nejsou lineární).",[1077,140046,140048],{"id":140047},"_14-kvazi-lineární-užitek","14. Kvazi-lineární užitek",[1030,140050,140051,140053,140054,140067,140068,140071,140072,140092],{},[1047,140052,138260],{}," užitková funkce má lineární tvar v jednom statku (typicky ",[1035,140055,140057],{"className":140056},[1772],[1774,140058,140059],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,140060,140061,140065],{},[1781,140062,140063],{},[1784,140064,21001],{},[1808,140066,21001],{"encoding":1810},", který představuje peníze nebo ",[1091,140069,140070],{},"všechno ostatní zboží",") a obecnou funkci ",[1035,140073,140075],{"className":140074},[1772],[1774,140076,140077],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,140078,140079,140089],{},[1781,140080,140081,140083,140085,140087],{},[1784,140082,2139],{},[1788,140084,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,140086,20998],{},[1788,140088,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,140090,140091],{"encoding":1810},"f(X)"," ve druhém statku:",[1035,140094,140096],{"className":140095},[1772],[1774,140097,140098],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,140099,140100,140172],{},[1781,140101,140102,140104,140106,140108,140110,140112,140114,140116,140118,140120,140122,140124,140126,140128,140130,140132,140138,140140,140142,140144,140146,140148,140150,140152,140162,140164,140166,140168,140170],{},[1784,140103,2126],{},[1788,140105,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,140107,20998],{},[1788,140109,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,140111,21001],{},[1788,140113,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,140115,1863],{},[1784,140117,2139],{},[1788,140119,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,140121,20998],{},[1788,140123,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,140125,2637],{},[1784,140127,21001],{},[1788,140129,1138],{"separator":1041},[2352,140131],{"width":2702},[2467,140133,140134,140136],{},[1784,140135,2139],{},[1788,140137,7862],{"mathvariant":7829,"lspace":7861,"rspace":7861},[1788,140139,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,140141,20998],{},[1788,140143,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,140145,2491],{},[2348,140147,2350],{},[1788,140149,1138],{"separator":1041},[2149,140151,21702],{},[2467,140153,140154,140156],{},[1784,140155,2139],{},[1781,140157,140158,140160],{},[1788,140159,7862],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,140161,7862],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,140163,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,140165,20998],{},[1788,140167,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,140169,2537],{},[2348,140171,2350],{},[1808,140173,140174],{"encoding":1810},"U(X, Y) = f(X) + Y, \\quad f'(X) > 0, \\; f''(X) \u003C 0",[1100,140176,140178],{"id":140177},"mezní-užitky-a-mrs","Mezní užitky a MRS",[1035,140180,140182],{"className":140181},[1772],[1774,140183,140184],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,140185,140186,140226],{},[1781,140187,140188,140190,140196,140198,140204,140206,140208,140210,140212,140214,140216,140222,140224],{},[1784,140189,1857],{},[1792,140191,140192,140194],{},[1784,140193,2126],{},[1784,140195,20998],{},[1788,140197,1863],{},[2467,140199,140200,140202],{},[1784,140201,2139],{},[1788,140203,7862],{"mathvariant":7829,"lspace":7861,"rspace":7861},[1788,140205,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,140207,20998],{},[1788,140209,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,140211,1138],{"separator":1041},[2352,140213],{"width":2702},[1784,140215,1857],{},[1792,140217,140218,140220],{},[1784,140219,2126],{},[1784,140221,21001],{},[1788,140223,1863],{},[2348,140225,2374],{},[1808,140227,140228],{"encoding":1810},"MU_X = f'(X), \\quad MU_Y = 1",[1035,140230,140232],{"className":140231},[1772],[1774,140233,140234],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,140235,140236,140286],{},[1781,140237,140238,140240,140242,140248,140250,140272,140274,140280,140282,140284],{},[1784,140239,1857],{},[1784,140241,1860],{},[1792,140243,140244,140246],{},[1784,140245,3212],{},[1784,140247,1868],{},[1788,140249,1863],{},[2322,140251,140252,140262],{},[1781,140253,140254,140256],{},[1784,140255,1857],{},[1792,140257,140258,140260],{},[1784,140259,2126],{},[1784,140261,20998],{},[1781,140263,140264,140266],{},[1784,140265,1857],{},[1792,140267,140268,140270],{},[1784,140269,2126],{},[1784,140271,21001],{},[1788,140273,1863],{},[2467,140275,140276,140278],{},[1784,140277,2139],{},[1788,140279,7862],{"mathvariant":7829,"lspace":7861,"rspace":7861},[1788,140281,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,140283,20998],{},[1788,140285,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,140287,140288],{"encoding":1810},"MRS_C = \\frac{MU_X}{MU_Y} = f'(X)",[1023,140290,140292,140298],{"className":140291,"dataCallout":582},[1026,1225],[1030,140293,140295,37587],{"className":140294},[1033],[1035,140296],{"className":140297,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1232,1040],[1030,140299,140300,140301,140317,140318,140331,140332,140335,140336,140349,140350,140363,140364,140377,140378,140381,140382,140385],{},"MRS závisí ",[1047,140302,140303,140304],{},"pouze na ",[1035,140305,140307],{"className":140306},[1772],[1774,140308,140309],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,140310,140311,140315],{},[1781,140312,140313],{},[1784,140314,20998],{},[1808,140316,20998],{"encoding":1810},", nikoli na ",[1035,140319,140321],{"className":140320},[1772],[1774,140322,140323],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,140324,140325,140329],{},[1781,140326,140327],{},[1784,140328,21001],{},[1808,140330,21001],{"encoding":1810},". Důsledkem je ",[1047,140333,140334],{},"nulový důchodový efekt"," pro statek ",[1035,140337,140339],{"className":140338},[1772],[1774,140340,140341],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,140342,140343,140347],{},[1781,140344,140345],{},[1784,140346,20998],{},[1808,140348,20998],{"encoding":1810}," — při změně důchodu se mění jen poptávka po ",[1035,140351,140353],{"className":140352},[1772],[1774,140354,140355],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,140356,140357,140361],{},[1781,140358,140359],{},[1784,140360,21001],{},[1808,140362,21001],{"encoding":1810},", zatímco poptávka po ",[1035,140365,140367],{"className":140366},[1772],[1774,140368,140369],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,140370,140371,140375],{},[1781,140372,140373],{},[1784,140374,20998],{},[1808,140376,20998],{"encoding":1810}," zůstává konstantní (viz ",[1068,140379,33572],{"className":140380,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":25327,"href":25325},[1071],"). IC jsou navzájem ",[1047,140383,140384],{},"vodorovně posunuté"," kopie téže křivky.",[1100,140387,42496],{"id":140388},"použití",[1030,140390,140391,140392,140395],{},"Kvazi-lineární užitek se v ekonomii ",[1047,140393,140394],{},"velmi často používá"," v dílčích aplikacích:",[1112,140397,140398,140404,140410],{},[1115,140399,140400,140403],{},[1047,140401,140402],{},"Welfare ekonomie"," — analýza spotřebitelského přebytku, kde Y je peněžní vyjádření.",[1115,140405,140406,140409],{},[1047,140407,140408],{},"Aukční teorie"," — ochota platit za jednotlivé předměty bez interakce s důchodem.",[1115,140411,140412,140415],{},[1047,140413,140414],{},"Behaviorální experimenty"," — laboratorní studie s reálnými penězi (peníze hrají roli \"ostatních statků\").",[1077,140417,140419],{"id":140418},"_15-aplikace-v-reálném-světě","15. Aplikace v reálném světě",[1100,140421,140423],{"id":140422},"marketingová-segmentace","Marketingová segmentace",[1030,140425,140426,140427,140430],{},"Lidé nemají stejné preference. V praxi ",[1047,140428,140429],{},"každý segment trhu má jinou mapu IC",", a tedy jiný optimální produkt. Tento poznatek je teoretickým základem několika praktik:",[1112,140432,140433,140439,140444],{},[1115,140434,140435,140438],{},[1047,140436,140437],{},"Tržní segmentace"," — firma identifikuje skupiny zákazníků s podobnými IC a navrhne pro ně specifické produkty (např. mléčné výrobky pro vegany vs. masné produkty pro masojedy).",[1115,140440,140441,140443],{},[1047,140442,7246],{}," — různé skupiny mají různou ochotu platit; firma účtuje různé ceny tak, aby maximalizovala přebytek z každého segmentu.",[1115,140445,140446,140449,140450,140453],{},[1047,140447,140448],{},"Personalizace"," — algoritmy doporučování (Spotify, Netflix) odhadují individuální IC z chování a doporučují produkty z ",[1047,140451,140452],{},"vyšších"," IC daného uživatele.",[1100,140455,140457],{"id":140456},"komplementy-a-balíčkování-bundling","Komplementy a balíčkování (bundling)",[1030,140459,140460,140461,1310],{},"Dokonalé komplementy (sekce 10.2) vysvětlují, proč firmy nabízejí ",[1047,140462,140463],{},"balíčky komplementárních produktů",[1112,140465,140466,140472,140478],{},[1115,140467,140468,140471],{},[1047,140469,140470],{},"Tiskárna + tonery"," (Hewlett-Packard model) — tiskárna se prodává levně, tonery draho. Funguje, protože komplementární vztah činí spotřebitele \"uzamčeným\" v ekosystému.",[1115,140473,140474,140477],{},[1047,140475,140476],{},"Console + hry"," (Sony, Nintendo) — konzole jako loss-leader, hry s vysokou marží.",[1115,140479,140480,140483],{},[1047,140481,140482],{},"Mobil + paušál"," (Apple + operátor) — paušál subvencuje cenu mobilu.",[1100,140485,140487],{"id":140486},"saturace-a-penetrace-trhu","Saturace a penetrace trhu",[1030,140489,140490,140491,140494,140495,140497],{},"Bod nasycení (sekce 11) vysvětluje, proč mají ",[1047,140492,140493],{},"trhy fáze růstu a fáze stagnace",": pokud většina cílové populace dosáhla bodu nasycení (např. každá domácnost má lednici), poptávka stagnuje a růst musí přijít z ",[1047,140496,586],{},", která posune bod nasycení (např. chytrá lednice s WiFi).",[1100,140499,140501],{"id":140500},"behaviorální-anomálie-a-meze-klasické-teorie","Behaviorální anomálie a meze klasické teorie",[1030,140503,140504,140505,140508],{},"Klasická užitková teorie pracuje s racionálním spotřebitelem, který má stabilní preference splňující všechny tři axiomy. Behaviorální ekonomie (Kahneman, Tversky) ovšem dokumentuje ",[1047,140506,140507],{},"systematické porušování"," těchto axiomů:",[1112,140510,140511,140517,140529,140535],{},[1115,140512,140513,140516],{},[1047,140514,140515],{},"Porušení tranzitivity"," — efekt rámování (framing effect): tytéž alternativy popsané různými způsoby vedou k odlišnému uspořádání preferencí.",[1115,140518,140519,140522,140523,140526,140527,1075],{},[1047,140520,140521],{},"Reference-dependent preferences"," — užitek závisí na ",[1047,140524,140525],{},"referenčním bodě"," (status quo, očekávání), nikoli jen na absolutní úrovni spotřeby. Toto je teoretický základ ",[1047,140528,99119],{},[1115,140530,140531,140534],{},[1047,140532,140533],{},"Endowment effect"," — vlastněné statky mají vyšší subjektivní užitek než nevlastněné, což porušuje konzistenci IC.",[1115,140536,140537,140540],{},[1047,140538,140539],{},"Hyperbolické diskontování"," — preference v čase nejsou tranzitivní (preferujeme malou okamžitou odměnu před větší pozdější, ale když oba odsuneme do budoucna, naše volba se obrátí).",[1030,140542,140543,140544,140547],{},"Tyto anomálie nejsou součástí klasického MikK kurzu, ale je dobré vědět, že ",[1047,140545,140546],{},"standardní teorie užitku je idealizace",". V reálných aplikacích (zejména marketingu a public policy) se kombinuje s behaviorálními korekcemi.",[1077,140549,140551],{"id":140550},"_16-souvislost-s-dalšími-tématy","16. Souvislost s dalšími tématy",[1112,140553,140554,140660,140668,140676,140684,140696],{},[1115,140555,140556,140561,140562,123745,140589,140622,140623,1075],{},[1047,140557,140558],{},[1068,140559,33567],{"className":140560,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":33565,"href":33566},[1071]," — formální optimalizace ",[1035,140563,140565],{"className":140564},[1772],[1774,140566,140567],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,140568,140569,140587],{},[1781,140570,140571,140573,140575,140577,140579,140581,140583,140585],{},[1784,140572,3347],{},[1788,140574,3350],{},[1784,140576,2126],{},[1788,140578,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,140580,20998],{},[1788,140582,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,140584,21001],{},[1788,140586,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,140588,123744],{"encoding":1810},[1035,140590,140592],{"className":140591},[1772],[1774,140593,140594],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,140595,140596,140620],{},[1781,140597,140598,140604,140606,140608,140614,140616,140618],{},[1792,140599,140600,140602],{},[1784,140601,2264],{},[1784,140603,20998],{},[1784,140605,20998],{},[1788,140607,2637],{},[1792,140609,140610,140612],{},[1784,140611,2264],{},[1784,140613,21001],{},[1784,140615,21001],{},[1788,140617,1863],{},[1784,140619,3221],{},[1808,140621,34131],{"encoding":1810},", Lagrangeova metoda, podmínka ",[1035,140624,140626],{"className":140625},[1772],[1774,140627,140628],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,140629,140630,140658],{},[1781,140631,140632,140634,140636,140642,140644,140650,140652],{},[1784,140633,1857],{},[1784,140635,1860],{},[1792,140637,140638,140640],{},[1784,140639,3212],{},[1784,140641,1868],{},[1788,140643,1863],{},[1792,140645,140646,140648],{},[1784,140647,2264],{},[1784,140649,20998],{},[1784,140651,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,140653,140654,140656],{},[1784,140655,2264],{},[1784,140657,21001],{},[1808,140659,112859],{"encoding":1810},[1115,140661,140662,140667],{},[1047,140663,140664],{},[1068,140665,33572],{"className":140666,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":25327,"href":25325},[1071]," — Slutského rozklad reakce spotřebitele na změnu ceny; pracuje s pohyby po IC (substituční efekt) a přechody mezi IC (důchodový efekt).",[1115,140669,140670,140675],{},[1047,140671,140672],{},[1068,140673,114509],{"className":140674,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":32173,"href":32171},[1071]," — odvození Marshallovy a Hicksovy poptávky z mapy IC.",[1115,140677,140678,140683],{},[1047,140679,140680],{},[1068,140681,2390],{"className":140682,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":2388,"href":2389},[1071]," — citlivost poptávky na ceny a důchod, vychází z optimalizace na IC.",[1115,140685,140686,140691,140692,1075],{},[1047,140687,140688],{},[1068,140689,133008],{"className":140690,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":33544,"href":33545},[1071]," — základní úvod do mezního užitku z ",[1068,140693,140695],{"className":140694,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":43398,"href":43399},[1071],"Matematické ekonomie",[1115,140697,140698,140703,140704,140732],{},[1047,140699,140700],{},[1068,140701,22239],{"className":140702,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1832,"href":1833},[1071]," — souhrnný cheat-sheet všech vzorců včetně MRS, ",[1035,140705,140707],{"className":140706},[1772],[1774,140708,140709],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,140710,140711,140729],{},[1781,140712,140713,140715,140721,140723],{},[1784,140714,1857],{},[1792,140716,140717,140719],{},[1784,140718,2126],{},[1784,140720,20998],{},[1784,140722,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,140724,140725,140727],{},[1784,140726,2264],{},[1784,140728,20998],{},[1808,140730,140731],{"encoding":1810},"MU_X \u002F P_X"," a Cobb-Douglas vzorců.",[1077,140734,140736],{"id":140735},"_17-klíčové-vzorce-shrnutí","17. Klíčové vzorce — shrnutí",[1023,140738,140740,140747,140812,140896,140979,141061,141124,141204,141272],{"className":140739,"dataCallout":1608},[1026,1607],[1030,140741,140743,140746],{"className":140742},[1033],[1035,140744],{"className":140745,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1615,1040],"Cheat-sheet",[1030,140748,140749],{},[1035,140750,140752],{"className":140751},[1772],[1774,140753,140754],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,140755,140756,140810],{},[1781,140757,140758,140760,140766,140768,140782,140784,140786,140788,140794,140796],{},[1784,140759,1857],{},[1792,140761,140762,140764],{},[1784,140763,2126],{},[1784,140765,20998],{},[1788,140767,1863],{},[2322,140769,140770,140776],{},[1781,140771,140772,140774],{},[1784,140773,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,140775,2126],{},[1781,140777,140778,140780],{},[1784,140779,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,140781,20998],{},[1788,140783,1138],{"separator":1041},[2352,140785],{"width":2354},[1784,140787,1857],{},[1792,140789,140790,140792],{},[1784,140791,2126],{},[1784,140793,21001],{},[1788,140795,1863],{},[2322,140797,140798,140804],{},[1781,140799,140800,140802],{},[1784,140801,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,140803,2126],{},[1781,140805,140806,140808],{},[1784,140807,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,140809,21001],{},[1808,140811,133610],{"encoding":1810},[1030,140813,140814],{},[1035,140815,140817],{"className":140816},[1772],[1774,140818,140819],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,140820,140821,140893],{},[1781,140822,140823,140853,140855,140873,140875],{},[1781,140824,140825,140828,140834,140837,140843,140845,140851],{},[2149,140826,140827],{},"Rovnov",[2160,140829,140830,140832],{"accent":1041},[2149,140831,1068],{},[1788,140833,2181],{},[2149,140835,140836],{},"ha (kardin",[2160,140838,140839,140841],{"accent":1041},[2149,140840,1068],{},[1788,140842,2181],{},[2149,140844,24184],{},[2160,140846,140847,140849],{"accent":1041},[2149,140848,9309],{},[1788,140850,2167],{},[2149,140852,29726],{},[2352,140854],{"width":2702},[2322,140856,140857,140867],{},[1781,140858,140859,140861],{},[1784,140860,1857],{},[1792,140862,140863,140865],{},[1784,140864,2126],{},[1784,140866,20998],{},[1792,140868,140869,140871],{},[1784,140870,2264],{},[1784,140872,20998],{},[1788,140874,1863],{},[2322,140876,140877,140887],{},[1781,140878,140879,140881],{},[1784,140880,1857],{},[1792,140882,140883,140885],{},[1784,140884,2126],{},[1784,140886,21001],{},[1792,140888,140889,140891],{},[1784,140890,2264],{},[1784,140892,21001],{},[1808,140894,140895],{"encoding":1810},"\\text{Rovnováha (kardinálně):}\\quad \\frac{MU_X}{P_X} = \\frac{MU_Y}{P_Y}",[1030,140897,140898],{},[1035,140899,140901],{"className":140900},[1772],[1774,140902,140903],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,140904,140905,140976],{},[1781,140906,140907,140938,140940,140942,140944,140946,140948,140954,140956,140958,140960,140962,140964,140970,140972,140974],{},[1781,140908,140909,140912,140918,140920,140926,140929,140935],{},[2149,140910,140911],{},"Tot",[2160,140913,140914,140916],{"accent":1041},[2149,140915,1068],{},[1788,140917,2181],{},[2149,140919,24184],{},[2160,140921,140922,140924],{"accent":1041},[2149,140923,9298],{},[1788,140925,2181],{},[2149,140927,140928],{}," diferenci",[2160,140930,140931,140933],{"accent":1041},[2149,140932,1068],{},[1788,140934,2181],{},[2149,140936,140937],{},"l:",[2352,140939],{"width":2702},[1784,140941,2328],{},[1784,140943,2126],{},[1788,140945,1863],{},[1784,140947,1857],{},[1792,140949,140950,140952],{},[1784,140951,2126],{},[1784,140953,20998],{},[2149,140955,2769],{},[1784,140957,2328],{},[1784,140959,20998],{},[1788,140961,2637],{},[1784,140963,1857],{},[1792,140965,140966,140968],{},[1784,140967,2126],{},[1784,140969,21001],{},[2149,140971,2769],{},[1784,140973,2328],{},[1784,140975,21001],{},[1808,140977,140978],{"encoding":1810},"\\text{Totální diferenciál:}\\quad dU = MU_X\\, dX + MU_Y\\, dY",[1030,140980,140981],{},[1035,140982,140984],{"className":140983},[1772],[1774,140985,140986],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,140987,140988,141058],{},[1781,140989,140990,140992,140994,140996,140998,141004,141006,141008,141022,141034,141036],{},[2149,140991,137160],{},[2352,140993],{"width":2702},[1784,140995,1857],{},[1784,140997,1860],{},[1792,140999,141000,141002],{},[1784,141001,3212],{},[1784,141003,1868],{},[1788,141005,1863],{},[1788,141007,2371],{},[2322,141009,141010,141016],{},[1781,141011,141012,141014],{},[1784,141013,2328],{},[1784,141015,21001],{},[1781,141017,141018,141020],{},[1784,141019,2328],{},[1784,141021,20998],{},[1792,141023,141024,141026],{},[1788,141025,20612],{"fence":2142,"stretchy":1041,"minsize":36518,"maxsize":36518},[1781,141027,141028,141030,141032],{},[1784,141029,2126],{},[1788,141031,1863],{},[2149,141033,135417],{},[1788,141035,1863],{},[2322,141037,141038,141048],{},[1781,141039,141040,141042],{},[1784,141041,1857],{},[1792,141043,141044,141046],{},[1784,141045,2126],{},[1784,141047,20998],{},[1781,141049,141050,141052],{},[1784,141051,1857],{},[1792,141053,141054,141056],{},[1784,141055,2126],{},[1784,141057,21001],{},[1808,141059,141060],{"encoding":1810},"\\text{MRS:}\\quad MRS_C = -\\frac{dY}{dX}\\Big|_{U=\\text{konst.}} = \\frac{MU_X}{MU_Y}",[1030,141062,141063],{},[1035,141064,141066],{"className":141065},[1772],[1774,141067,141068],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,141069,141070,141121],{},[1781,141071,141072,141075,141077,141079,141085,141091,141093,141095,141097,141099,141105,141107],{},[2149,141073,141074],{},"Cobb-Douglas ",[1784,141076,2126],{},[1788,141078,1863],{},[2467,141080,141081,141083],{},[1784,141082,20998],{},[1784,141084,1068],{},[2467,141086,141087,141089],{},[1784,141088,21001],{},[1784,141090,8838],{},[1788,141092,1310],{},[2352,141094],{"width":2702},[1784,141096,1857],{},[1784,141098,1860],{},[1792,141100,141101,141103],{},[1784,141102,3212],{},[1784,141104,1868],{},[1788,141106,1863],{},[2322,141108,141109,141115],{},[1781,141110,141111,141113],{},[1784,141112,1068],{},[1784,141114,21001],{},[1781,141116,141117,141119],{},[1784,141118,8838],{},[1784,141120,20998],{},[1808,141122,141123],{"encoding":1810},"\\text{Cobb-Douglas } U=X^aY^b:\\quad MRS_C = \\frac{aY}{bX}",[1030,141125,141126],{},[1035,141127,141129],{"className":141128},[1772],[1774,141130,141131],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,141132,141133,141201],{},[1781,141134,141135,141157,141159,141161,141163,141165,141167,141169,141171,141173,141175,141177,141179,141181,141187,141189,141195,141197,141199],{},[1781,141136,141137,141140,141146,141149,141155],{},[2149,141138,141139],{},"Kvazi-line",[2160,141141,141142,141144],{"accent":1041},[2149,141143,1068],{},[1788,141145,2181],{},[2149,141147,141148],{},"rn",[2160,141150,141151,141153],{"accent":1041},[2149,141152,9298],{},[1788,141154,2181],{},[2149,141156,13478],{},[1784,141158,2126],{},[1788,141160,1863],{},[1784,141162,2139],{},[1788,141164,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,141166,20998],{},[1788,141168,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,141170,2637],{},[1784,141172,21001],{},[1788,141174,1310],{},[2352,141176],{"width":2702},[1784,141178,1857],{},[1784,141180,1860],{},[1792,141182,141183,141185],{},[1784,141184,3212],{},[1784,141186,1868],{},[1788,141188,1863],{},[2467,141190,141191,141193],{},[1784,141192,2139],{},[1788,141194,7862],{"mathvariant":7829,"lspace":7861,"rspace":7861},[1788,141196,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,141198,20998],{},[1788,141200,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,141202,141203],{"encoding":1810},"\\text{Kvazi-lineární } U=f(X)+Y:\\quad MRS_C = f'(X)",[1030,141205,141206],{},[1035,141207,141209],{"className":141208},[1772],[1774,141210,141211],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,141212,141213,141269],{},[1781,141214,141215,141229,141231,141233,141235,141237,141239,141241,141243,141245,141247,141249,141251,141257,141259,141265,141267],{},[1781,141216,141217,141220,141226],{},[2149,141218,141219],{},"Dokonal",[2160,141221,141222,141224],{"accent":1041},[2149,141223,9309],{},[1788,141225,2181],{},[2149,141227,141228],{}," substituty ",[1784,141230,2126],{},[1788,141232,1863],{},[1784,141234,1068],{},[1784,141236,20998],{},[1788,141238,2637],{},[1784,141240,8838],{},[1784,141242,21001],{},[1788,141244,1310],{},[2352,141246],{"width":2702},[1784,141248,1857],{},[1784,141250,1860],{},[1792,141252,141253,141255],{},[1784,141254,3212],{},[1784,141256,1868],{},[1788,141258,1863],{},[2322,141260,141261,141263],{},[1784,141262,1068],{},[1784,141264,8838],{},[1788,141266,1863],{},[2149,141268,135417],{},[1808,141270,141271],{"encoding":1810},"\\text{Dokonalé substituty } U=aX+bY:\\quad MRS_C = \\frac{a}{b} = \\text{konst.}",[1030,141273,141274],{},[1035,141275,141277],{"className":141276},[1772],[1774,141278,141279],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,141280,141281,141325],{},[1781,141282,141283,141296,141298,141300,141302,141304,141306,141308,141310,141312,141314,141316,141318,141320,141322],{},[1781,141284,141285,141287,141293],{},[2149,141286,141219],{},[2160,141288,141289,141291],{"accent":1041},[2149,141290,9309],{},[1788,141292,2181],{},[2149,141294,141295],{}," komplementy ",[1784,141297,2126],{},[1788,141299,1863],{},[1784,141301,33767],{},[1788,141303,3350],{},[1788,141305,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,141307,1068],{},[1784,141309,20998],{},[1788,141311,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,141313,8838],{},[1784,141315,21001],{},[1788,141317,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,141319,1310],{},[2352,141321],{"width":2702},[2149,141323,141324],{},"IC ve tvaru L",[1808,141326,141327],{"encoding":1810},"\\text{Dokonalé komplementy } U=\\min(aX,bY):\\quad \\text{IC ve tvaru L}",[1077,141329,141331],{"id":141330},"_18-časté-chyby-a-úskalí-u-zkoušky","18. Časté chyby a úskalí u zkoušky",[1023,141333,141335,141342],{"className":141334,"dataCallout":582},[1026,1225],[1030,141336,141338,141341],{"className":141337},[1033],[1035,141339],{"className":141340,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1232,1040],"Pozor na tyto pasti",[1260,141343,141344,141392,141446,141458,141520],{},[1115,141345,141346,141349,141350,141387,141388,141391],{},[1047,141347,141348],{},"Záměna MRS a poměru cen."," V optimu platí ",[1035,141351,141353],{"className":141352},[1772],[1774,141354,141355],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,141356,141357,141385],{},[1781,141358,141359,141361,141363,141369,141371,141377,141379],{},[1784,141360,1857],{},[1784,141362,1860],{},[1792,141364,141365,141367],{},[1784,141366,3212],{},[1784,141368,1868],{},[1788,141370,1863],{},[1792,141372,141373,141375],{},[1784,141374,2264],{},[1784,141376,20998],{},[1784,141378,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1792,141380,141381,141383],{},[1784,141382,2264],{},[1784,141384,21001],{},[1808,141386,112859],{"encoding":1810},", ale jde o ",[1047,141389,141390],{},"podmínku rovnováhy",", nikoliv o definici MRS. MRS je definována jen z užitkové funkce, nezávisle na cenách.",[1115,141393,141394,141397,141398,24775,141415,141441,141442,141445],{},[1047,141395,141396],{},"Dělení nulou v Cobb-Douglas."," Pro ",[1035,141399,141401],{"className":141400},[1772],[1774,141402,141403],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,141404,141405,141413],{},[1781,141406,141407,141409,141411],{},[1784,141408,20998],{},[1788,141410,1863],{},[2348,141412,2350],{},[1808,141414,104564],{"encoding":1810},[1035,141416,141418],{"className":141417},[1772],[1774,141419,141420],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,141421,141422,141438],{},[1781,141423,141424,141426,141428,141434,141436],{},[1784,141425,1857],{},[1784,141427,1860],{},[1792,141429,141430,141432],{},[1784,141431,3212],{},[1784,141433,1868],{},[1788,141435,1863],{},[1784,141437,21408],{"mathvariant":7829},[1808,141439,141440],{"encoding":1810},"MRS_C = \\infty"," — to neznamená chybu, ale ",[1047,141443,141444],{},"rohové řešení"," (spotřebitel chce nekonečně mnoho X za jednu Y).",[1115,141447,141448,141451,141452,141454,141455,141457],{},[1047,141449,141450],{},"Konvexita ≠ konkávnost užitku."," Užitková funkce může být ",[1047,141453,7812],{}," (klesající mezní užitek), zatímco IC jsou ",[1047,141456,98962],{}," vzhledem k počátku. Nezaměňujte tyto dva pojmy.",[1115,141459,141460,1089,141463,141497,141498,141519],{},[1047,141461,141462],{},"Dokonalé komplementy a derivace.",[1035,141464,141466],{"className":141465},[1772],[1774,141467,141468],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,141469,141470,141494],{},[1781,141471,141472,141474,141476,141478,141480,141482,141484,141486,141488,141490,141492],{},[1784,141473,2126],{},[1788,141475,1863],{},[1784,141477,33767],{},[1788,141479,3350],{},[1788,141481,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,141483,1068],{},[1784,141485,20998],{},[1788,141487,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,141489,8838],{},[1784,141491,21001],{},[1788,141493,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,141495,141496],{"encoding":1810},"U = \\min(aX, bY)"," není diferencovatelná na přímce ",[1035,141499,141501],{"className":141500},[1772],[1774,141502,141503],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,141504,141505,141517],{},[1781,141506,141507,141509,141511,141513,141515],{},[1784,141508,1068],{},[1784,141510,20998],{},[1788,141512,1863],{},[1784,141514,8838],{},[1784,141516,21001],{},[1808,141518,126737],{"encoding":1810}," — nelze počítat MRS klasickým parciálním derivováním. Optimum je vždy v rohu IC.",[1115,141521,141522,141525],{},[1047,141523,141524],{},"Nepřesycení vs. saturace."," Globální nepřesycení (axiom) říká \"více je lépe všude\". Saturace připouští bod nasycení a pak \"více je hůř\". Tyto dva koncepty se vylučují — pokud má funkce bod nasycení, axiom nepřesycení neplatí globálně.",[4503,141527],{},[1030,141529,141530,141531,10729,141535,141539,141540,1075],{},"Pro propojení s ",[1068,141532,141534],{"className":141533,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":33538,"href":33539},[1071],"lagrangeova-metoda",[1068,141536,141538],{"className":141537,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":43398,"href":43399},[1071],"ImeK"," viz ",[1068,141541,33567],{"className":141542,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":33565,"href":33566},[1071],{"title":1685,"searchDepth":141,"depth":141,"links":141544},[141545,141548,141549,141556,141561,141565,141569,141572,141580,141581,141589,141592,141597,141604,141608,141614,141615,141616],{"id":133024,"depth":141,"text":133025,"children":141546},[141547],{"id":133132,"depth":96,"text":133133},{"id":133313,"depth":141,"text":133314},{"id":133501,"depth":141,"text":133502,"children":141550},[141551,141552,141553,141554],{"id":133613,"depth":96,"text":133614},{"id":133879,"depth":96,"text":37063},{"id":133906,"depth":96,"text":133907},{"id":133971,"depth":96,"text":141555},"Proč je MUMU kladná, ale klesající",{"id":134194,"depth":141,"text":134195,"children":141557},[141558,141560],{"id":134376,"depth":96,"text":141559},"Zobecnění na nn statků",{"id":134568,"depth":96,"text":76372},{"id":135113,"depth":141,"text":135114,"children":141562},[141563,141564],{"id":135152,"depth":96,"text":135153},{"id":135516,"depth":96,"text":135517},{"id":135531,"depth":141,"text":135532,"children":141566},[141567,141568],{"id":135621,"depth":96,"text":135622},{"id":135732,"depth":96,"text":135733},{"id":135793,"depth":141,"text":135794,"children":141570},[141571],{"id":135994,"depth":96,"text":135995},{"id":136008,"depth":141,"text":136009,"children":141573},[141574,141575,141576,141577,141578,141579],{"id":136073,"depth":96,"text":136074},{"id":136138,"depth":96,"text":136139},{"id":136148,"depth":96,"text":136149},{"id":136180,"depth":96,"text":136181},{"id":136298,"depth":96,"text":136299},{"id":136518,"depth":96,"text":32704},{"id":136539,"depth":141,"text":136540},{"id":137070,"depth":141,"text":137071,"children":141582},[141583,141584,141585,141586,141587,141588],{"id":137081,"depth":96,"text":137082},{"id":137276,"depth":96,"text":137277},{"id":137549,"depth":96,"text":137550},{"id":137709,"depth":96,"text":137710},{"id":137857,"depth":96,"text":137858},{"id":137872,"depth":96,"text":137873},{"id":138364,"depth":141,"text":138365,"children":141590},[141591],{"id":138495,"depth":96,"text":138496},{"id":138594,"depth":141,"text":138595,"children":141593},[141594,141595,141596],{"id":138657,"depth":96,"text":106418},{"id":255,"depth":96,"text":113162},{"id":138816,"depth":96,"text":109773},{"id":139106,"depth":141,"text":139107,"children":141598},[141599,141600,141601,141603],{"id":139174,"depth":96,"text":106418},{"id":139261,"depth":96,"text":113162},{"id":139451,"depth":96,"text":141602},"Speciální případ a+b=1a + b = 1",{"id":139642,"depth":96,"text":139643},{"id":140047,"depth":141,"text":140048,"children":141605},[141606,141607],{"id":140177,"depth":96,"text":140178},{"id":140388,"depth":96,"text":42496},{"id":140418,"depth":141,"text":140419,"children":141609},[141610,141611,141612,141613],{"id":140422,"depth":96,"text":140423},{"id":140456,"depth":96,"text":140457},{"id":140486,"depth":96,"text":140487},{"id":140500,"depth":96,"text":140501},{"id":140550,"depth":141,"text":140551},{"id":140735,"depth":141,"text":140736},{"id":141330,"depth":141,"text":141331},{},"\u002Ftopics\u002Fmikk-utility-preference",{"title":132959,"description":1685},[33347],"topics\u002Fmikk-utility-preference",[13,28,93,812,255,106],"qIoEuagxRVAWvdJfNXRCbf4Mq6pTqPzk6AeKf-6Ir28",{"id":141625,"title":141626,"body":141627,"course":13,"courses":1696,"created":1697,"description":1685,"extension":1698,"meta":144573,"navigation":1700,"path":144574,"seo":144575,"sources":144576,"stem":144577,"tags":144578,"type":4439,"updated":1697,"__hash__":144579},"topics\u002Ftopics\u002Fmikk-vezno-dilema-teorie-her.md","Vězňovo dilema, Nashova rovnováha a teorie her",{"type":1016,"value":141628,"toc":144496},[141629,141632,141634,141652,141658,141671,141685,141714,141716,141720,141729,141733,141833,141927,142003,142044,142048,142065,142072,142076,142094,142096,142100,142103,142238,142241,142261,142263,142267,142271,142289,142293,142315,142319,142333,142337,142379,142381,142385,142392,142423,142427,142430,142476,142479,142481,142485,142489,142492,142513,142538,142541,142544,142555,142559,142580,142596,142603,142605,142609,142616,142620,142666,142668,142694,142698,142701,142713,142719,142743,142747,142777,142784,142786,142790,142801,142804,142807,142820,142862,142866,142901,142932,142966,142970,142987,142989,142993,142999,143019,143022,143025,143047,143051,143076,143079,143081,143085,143091,143202,143213,143215,143219,143226,143229,143235,143281,143284,143298,143312,143319,143334,143349,143351,143355,143362,143366,143369,143413,143419,143423,143434,143451,143455,143458,143460,143462,143465,143469,143477,143480,143506,143509,143513,143527,143531,143545,143549,143566,143568,143572,143576,143579,143623,143629,143633,143639,143643,143650,143654,143661,143663,143667,143673,143677,143697,143820,143857,143861,143868,143872,143909,143985,143988,143990,143994,144001,144005,144008,144028,144032,144057,144065,144067,144071,144074,144228,144234,144270,144272,144276,144283,144311,144320,144322,144326,144373,144377,144395,144397,144401,144470,144472,144476],[1019,141630,141626],{"id":141631},"vězňovo-dilema-nashova-rovnováha-a-teorie-her",[1077,141633,1042],{"id":1722},[1030,141635,141636,141639,141640,1299,141643,1299,141645,1299,141648,141651],{},[1047,141637,141638],{},"Teorie her"," je matematická disciplína studující strategickou interakci mezi racionálními hráči, kteří si uvědomují, že jejich výplata závisí nejen na jejich vlastní volbě, ale i na volbě protihráčů. V mikroekonomii je nepostradatelná pro analýzu ",[1047,141641,141642],{},"oligopolu",[1047,141644,120],{},[1047,141646,141647],{},"aukcí",[1047,141649,141650],{},"vyjednávání"," a obecně všech tržních situací s malým počtem aktérů.",[1030,141653,141654,141657],{},[1047,141655,141656],{},"Nashova rovnováha"," je centrální koncept: profil strategií, ze kterého žádný hráč nemá motivaci se jednostranně odchýlit. Je to strategická \"stabilita\" — pokud znám volbu ostatních, moje volba je nejlepší možná.",[1030,141659,141660,141662,141663,141666,141667,141670],{},[1047,141661,75335],{}," je nejslavnější hra v ekonomii. Demonstruje, že ",[1047,141664,141665],{},"individuálně racionální chování může vést ke kolektivně suboptimálnímu výsledku",". Dva hráči hrající sami za sebe skončí v rovnováze (přiznat, přiznat), přestože by oba lépe vyšli při (nepřiznat, nepřiznat). Tento paradox vysvětluje, proč je ",[1047,141668,141669],{},"koluze v oligopolu nestabilní"," — každá firma má motiv tajně podříznout cenu konkurenta.",[1030,141672,141673,141676,141677,141680,141681,141684],{},[1047,141674,141675],{},"Iterované hraní"," s dostatečně dlouhým horizontem situaci mění. Strategie typu ",[1047,141678,141679],{},"tit-for-tat"," (oko za oko) umožňuje udržet kooperativní rovnováhu, protože hrozba odvety odrazuje od podrazu. ",[1047,141682,141683],{},"Folkův teorém"," říká, že v opakovaných hrách s nízkou diskontní sazbou existuje kontinuum rovnovah včetně koluzní.",[1023,141686,141688,141699],{"className":141687,"dataCallout":582},[1026,1225],[1030,141689,141691,141694,141695],{"className":141690},[1033],[1035,141692],{"className":141693,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1232,1040],"Souvislost s ",[1068,141696,141698],{"className":141697,"href":1681,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1680},[1071],"Mikroekonomií 2",[1030,141700,141701,141702,141705,141706,141709,141710,141713],{},"Teorie her je teoretický rámec pro modely ",[1068,141703,55385],{"className":141704,"href":50628,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":50627},[1071]," (množstevní hry), ",[1068,141707,73723],{"className":141708,"href":78944,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":78943},[1071]," (cenová hra) i ",[1068,141711,630],{"className":141712,"href":55933,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":55932},[1071]," (koluzní řešení). Každý oligopolní model je jen specifická hra s konkrétními pravidly.",[4503,141715],{},[1077,141717,141719],{"id":141718},"nashova-rovnováha-formální-definice","Nashova rovnováha — formální definice",[1030,141721,141722,141725,141726,141728],{},[1047,141723,141724],{},"John Forbes Nash Jr."," (1928–2015) — americký matematik, doktorská práce z roku 1950 (28 stran), Nobelova cena za ekonomii 1994 spolu s Reinhardem Seltenem a Johnem Harsanyim. Jeho příběh popularizoval film ",[1091,141727,79724],{}," (2001, hlavní role Russell Crowe).",[1100,141730,141732],{"id":141731},"formální-zápis","Formální zápis",[1030,141734,141735,141736,141749,141750,141763,141764,141782,141783,1075],{},"Mějme hru s ",[1035,141737,141739],{"className":141738},[1772],[1774,141740,141741],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,141742,141743,141747],{},[1781,141744,141745],{},[1784,141746,1806],{},[1808,141748,1806],{"encoding":1810}," hráči, kde hráč ",[1035,141751,141753],{"className":141752},[1772],[1774,141754,141755],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,141756,141757,141761],{},[1781,141758,141759],{},[1784,141760,1803],{},[1808,141762,1803],{"encoding":1810}," má strategickou množinu ",[1035,141765,141767],{"className":141766},[1772],[1774,141768,141769],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,141770,141771,141779],{},[1781,141772,141773],{},[1792,141774,141775,141777],{},[1784,141776,3212],{},[1784,141778,1803],{},[1808,141780,141781],{"encoding":1810},"S_i"," a výplatní funkci ",[1035,141784,141786],{"className":141785},[1772],[1774,141787,141788],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,141789,141790,141830],{},[1781,141791,141792,141798,141800,141806,141808,141814,141816,141818,141820,141826,141828],{},[1792,141793,141794,141796],{},[1784,141795,2480],{},[1784,141797,1803],{},[1788,141799,1310],{},[1792,141801,141802,141804],{},[1784,141803,3212],{},[2348,141805,2374],{},[1788,141807,81663],{},[1792,141809,141810,141812],{},[1784,141811,3212],{},[2348,141813,4593],{},[1788,141815,81663],{},[1788,141817,12008],{},[1788,141819,81663],{},[1792,141821,141822,141824],{},[1784,141823,3212],{},[1784,141825,1806],{},[1788,141827,8824],{},[1784,141829,1860],{"mathvariant":104840},[1808,141831,141832],{"encoding":1810},"u_i: S_1 \\times S_2 \\times \\ldots \\times S_n \\to \\mathbb{R}",[1030,141834,141835,141836,24775,141884,141886,141887,141900,141901,52250],{},"Profil strategií ",[1035,141837,141839],{"className":141838},[1772],[1774,141840,141841],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,141842,141843,141881],{},[1781,141844,141845,141847,141855,141857,141865,141867,141869,141871,141879],{},[1788,141846,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[13587,141848,141849,141851,141853],{},[1784,141850,9351],{},[2348,141852,2374],{},[1788,141854,7763],{},[1788,141856,1138],{"separator":1041},[13587,141858,141859,141861,141863],{},[1784,141860,9351],{},[2348,141862,4593],{},[1788,141864,7763],{},[1788,141866,1138],{"separator":1041},[1788,141868,12008],{},[1788,141870,1138],{"separator":1041},[13587,141872,141873,141875,141877],{},[1784,141874,9351],{},[1784,141876,1806],{},[1788,141878,7763],{},[1788,141880,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,141882,141883],{"encoding":1810},"(s_1^*, s_2^*, \\ldots, s_n^*)",[1047,141885,141656],{},", jestliže pro každého hráče ",[1035,141888,141890],{"className":141889},[1772],[1774,141891,141892],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,141893,141894,141898],{},[1781,141895,141896],{},[1784,141897,1803],{},[1808,141899,1803],{"encoding":1810}," a pro každou jeho alternativní strategii ",[1035,141902,141904],{"className":141903},[1772],[1774,141905,141906],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,141907,141908,141924],{},[1781,141909,141910,141916,141918],{},[1792,141911,141912,141914],{},[1784,141913,9351],{},[1784,141915,1803],{},[1788,141917,43200],{},[1792,141919,141920,141922],{},[1784,141921,3212],{},[1784,141923,1803],{},[1808,141925,141926],{"encoding":1810},"s_i \\in S_i",[1035,141928,141930],{"className":141929},[1772],[1774,141931,141932],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,141933,141934,142000],{},[1781,141935,141936,141942,141944,141952,141954,141966,141968,141970,141976,141978,141984,141986,141998],{},[1792,141937,141938,141940],{},[1784,141939,2480],{},[1784,141941,1803],{},[1788,141943,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[13587,141945,141946,141948,141950],{},[1784,141947,9351],{},[1784,141949,1803],{},[1788,141951,7763],{},[1788,141953,1138],{"separator":1041},[13587,141955,141956,141958,141964],{},[1784,141957,9351],{},[1781,141959,141960,141962],{},[1788,141961,2371],{},[1784,141963,1803],{},[1788,141965,7763],{},[1788,141967,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,141969,1790],{},[1792,141971,141972,141974],{},[1784,141973,2480],{},[1784,141975,1803],{},[1788,141977,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,141979,141980,141982],{},[1784,141981,9351],{},[1784,141983,1803],{},[1788,141985,1138],{"separator":1041},[13587,141987,141988,141990,141996],{},[1784,141989,9351],{},[1781,141991,141992,141994],{},[1788,141993,2371],{},[1784,141995,1803],{},[1788,141997,7763],{},[1788,141999,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,142001,142002],{"encoding":1810},"u_i(s_i^*, s_{-i}^*) \\ge u_i(s_i, s_{-i}^*)",[1030,142004,142005,142006,142030,142031,1075],{},"Kde ",[1035,142007,142009],{"className":142008},[1772],[1774,142010,142011],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,142012,142013,142027],{},[1781,142014,142015],{},[13587,142016,142017,142019,142025],{},[1784,142018,9351],{},[1781,142020,142021,142023],{},[1788,142022,2371],{},[1784,142024,1803],{},[1788,142026,7763],{},[1808,142028,142029],{"encoding":1810},"s_{-i}^*"," je profil rovnovážných strategií všech hráčů kromě ",[1035,142032,142034],{"className":142033},[1772],[1774,142035,142036],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,142037,142038,142042],{},[1781,142039,142040],{},[1784,142041,1803],{},[1808,142043,1803],{"encoding":1810},[1100,142045,142047],{"id":142046},"slovní-interpretace","Slovní interpretace",[1023,142049,142052,142058],{"className":142050,"dataCallout":142051},[1026,8397],"definition",[1030,142053,142055,141656],{"className":142054},[1033],[1035,142056],{"className":142057,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1232,1040],[1030,142059,142060,142061,142064],{},"Profil strategií, ve kterém ",[1047,142062,142063],{},"žádný hráč nemůže zlepšit svoji výplatu jednostranným odchýlením"," za předpokladu, že ostatní hráči zůstávají u svých rovnovážných strategií.",[1030,142066,142067,142068,142071],{},"Klíčové slovo je ",[1047,142069,142070],{},"jednostranný",". Nashova rovnováha negarantuje, že kolektivní odchylka by nebyla výhodnější — to je přesně podstata vězňova dilematu (viz níže).",[1100,142073,142075],{"id":142074},"nashův-teorém-o-existenci","Nashův teorém o existenci",[1023,142077,142080,142087],{"className":142078,"dataCallout":142079},[1026,8397],"theorem",[1030,142081,142083,142086],{"className":142082},[1033],[1035,142084],{"className":142085,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1232,1040],"Nashův existenční teorem (1950)",[1030,142088,142089,142090,142093],{},"Každá konečná hra (konečný počet hráčů, konečné strategické množiny) má alespoň jednu Nashovu rovnováhu — případně ",[1047,142091,142092],{},"smíšenou"," (v pravděpodobnostech nad čistými strategiemi).",[4503,142095],{},[1077,142097,142099],{"id":142098},"hra-a-její-komponenty","Hra a její komponenty",[1030,142101,142102],{},"Formální popis hry vyžaduje tři složky:",[1260,142104,142105,142146,142190],{},[1115,142106,142107,1089,142110,142145],{},[1047,142108,142109],{},"Hráči",[1035,142111,142113],{"className":142112},[1772],[1774,142114,142115],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,142116,142117,142142],{},[1781,142118,142119,142122,142124,142126,142128,142130,142132,142134,142136,142138,142140],{},[1784,142120,142121],{},"N",[1788,142123,1863],{},[1788,142125,34972],{"stretchy":2142},[2348,142127,2374],{},[1788,142129,1138],{"separator":1041},[2348,142131,4593],{},[1788,142133,1138],{"separator":1041},[1788,142135,12008],{},[1788,142137,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,142139,1806],{},[1788,142141,35011],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,142143,142144],{"encoding":1810},"N = \\{1, 2, \\ldots, n\\}"," — kdo hraje? Mohou to být firmy, jednotlivci, státy, biologické druhy.",[1115,142147,142148,1089,142150,142167,142168,2440],{},[1047,142149,8954],{},[1035,142151,142153],{"className":142152},[1772],[1774,142154,142155],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,142156,142157,142165],{},[1781,142158,142159],{},[1792,142160,142161,142163],{},[1784,142162,3212],{},[1784,142164,1803],{},[1808,142166,141781],{"encoding":1810}," — co může hráč udělat? Diskrétní (přiznat\u002Fnepřiznat) nebo spojité (kvantitum produkce ",[1035,142169,142171],{"className":142170},[1772],[1774,142172,142173],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,142174,142175,142187],{},[1781,142176,142177,142183,142185],{},[1792,142178,142179,142181],{},[1784,142180,2270],{},[1784,142182,1803],{},[1788,142184,1790],{},[2348,142186,2350],{},[1808,142188,142189],{"encoding":1810},"Q_i \\ge 0",[1115,142191,142192,1089,142195,142237],{},[1047,142193,142194],{},"Výplaty",[1035,142196,142198],{"className":142197},[1772],[1774,142199,142200],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,142201,142202,142234],{},[1781,142203,142204,142210,142212,142218,142220,142222,142224,142230,142232],{},[1792,142205,142206,142208],{},[1784,142207,2480],{},[1784,142209,1803],{},[1788,142211,1310],{},[1792,142213,142214,142216],{},[1784,142215,3212],{},[2348,142217,2374],{},[1788,142219,81663],{},[1788,142221,12008],{},[1788,142223,81663],{},[1792,142225,142226,142228],{},[1784,142227,3212],{},[1784,142229,1806],{},[1788,142231,8824],{},[1784,142233,1860],{"mathvariant":104840},[1808,142235,142236],{"encoding":1810},"u_i: S_1 \\times \\ldots \\times S_n \\to \\mathbb{R}"," — jaký výsledek získá hráč v daném profilu strategií?",[1030,142239,142240],{},"V některých hrách se přidává:",[1112,142242,142243,142249,142255],{},[1115,142244,142245,142248],{},[1047,142246,142247],{},"Pořadí tahů"," (sekvenční vs. simultánní)",[1115,142250,142251,142254],{},[1047,142252,142253],{},"Informační struktura"," (kdo co ví v okamžiku rozhodnutí)",[1115,142256,142257,142260],{},[1047,142258,142259],{},"Časový horizont"," (jednorázová vs. opakovaná hra)",[4503,142262],{},[1077,142264,142266],{"id":142265},"klasifikace-her","Klasifikace her",[1100,142268,142270],{"id":142269},"kooperativní-vs-nekooperativní","Kooperativní vs. nekooperativní",[1112,142272,142273,142283],{},[1115,142274,142275,142278,142279,142282],{},[1047,142276,142277],{},"Kooperativní hra",": hráči mohou uzavírat ",[1047,142280,142281],{},"závazné dohody"," (binding agreements), často vynucované třetí stranou (smlouvy, soudy).",[1115,142284,142285,142288],{},[1047,142286,142287],{},"Nekooperativní hra",": každý hráč hraje sám za sebe, žádné závazné dohody. Většina mikroekonomických aplikací (oligopol, aukce) spadá sem.",[1100,142290,142292],{"id":142291},"simultánní-vs-sekvenční","Simultánní vs. sekvenční",[1112,142294,142295,142305],{},[1115,142296,142297,142300,142301,142304],{},[1047,142298,142299],{},"Simultánní (statická) hra",": všichni hráči volí současně, neznají volbu ostatních. Reprezentace ",[1047,142302,142303],{},"strategickou (normální) formou"," — výplatní matice. Příklad: Cournot, Bertrand, vězňovo dilema.",[1115,142306,142307,142310,142311,142314],{},[1047,142308,142309],{},"Sekvenční (dynamická) hra",": hráči se rozhodují postupně, pozdější hráči vidí volby dřívějších. Reprezentace ",[1047,142312,142313],{},"rozšířenou (extenzivní) formou"," — strom hry. Příklad: Stackelberg, šachy.",[1100,142316,142318],{"id":142317},"úplná-vs-neúplná-informace","Úplná vs. neúplná informace",[1112,142320,142321,142327],{},[1115,142322,142323,142326],{},[1047,142324,142325],{},"Úplná informace",": všichni hráči znají strukturu hry (hráče, strategie, výplaty).",[1115,142328,142329,142332],{},[1047,142330,142331],{},"Neúplná informace",": někteří hráči neznají typy ostatních. Bayesovské hry — výplaty závisí na neznámých \"typech\".",[1100,142334,142336],{"id":142335},"konečné-vs-nekonečné-opakování","Konečné vs. nekonečné opakování",[1112,142338,142339,142345,142369],{},[1115,142340,142341,142344],{},[1047,142342,142343],{},"Jednorázová hra (one-shot)",": hraje se jen jednou. Klíčový případ: vězňovo dilema → defekce.",[1115,142346,142347,142350,142351,142364,142365,142368],{},[1047,142348,142349],{},"Konečně opakovaná",": hraje se ",[1035,142352,142354],{"className":142353},[1772],[1774,142355,142356],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,142357,142358,142362],{},[1781,142359,142360],{},[1784,142361,2257],{},[1808,142363,2257],{"encoding":1810},"-krát. ",[1091,142366,142367],{},"Backward induction"," dává v základních hrách stejný výsledek jako jednorázová.",[1115,142370,142371,142374,142375,142378],{},[1047,142372,142373],{},"Nekonečně opakovaná"," (nebo s neznámým koncem): otevírá prostor pro ",[1047,142376,142377],{},"kooperaci"," přes hrozbu trestu.",[4503,142380],{},[1077,142382,142384],{"id":142383},"vězňovo-dilema-scénář","Vězňovo dilema — scénář",[1030,142386,142387],{},[2206,142388],{"alt":142389,"className":142390,"src":142391},"mikk-vezno-dilema-matice",[1071,2210],"\u002Fwiki-assets\u002Fmikk-vezno-dilema-matice.jpeg",[1023,142393,142395,142402,142409],{"className":142394,"dataCallout":25986},[1026,25985],[1030,142396,142398,142401],{"className":142397},[1033],[1035,142399],{"className":142400,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,25993,1040],"Klasický scénář (Tucker, 1950)",[1030,142403,142404,142405,142408],{},"Dva podezřelí (A a B) jsou zatčeni za zločin, na který nemá policie přesvědčivé důkazy. Drží je v ",[1047,142406,142407],{},"oddělených celách"," — nemohou spolu komunikovat. Každému zvlášť policie nabídne stejnou dohodu:",[1112,142410,142411,142414,142417,142420],{},[1115,142412,142413],{},"Pokud přiznáš a tvůj komplic ne, jsi propuštěn s podmínkou (-1 rok), on dostane 10 let.",[1115,142415,142416],{},"Pokud nepřiznáš a komplic přizná, dostaneš 10 let, on jde s podmínkou (-1).",[1115,142418,142419],{},"Pokud oba přiznáte, dostanete shodně po 5 letech.",[1115,142421,142422],{},"Pokud nepřizná ani jeden z vás, dostanete oba po 2 letech (jen za drobnější přečin).",[1100,142424,142426],{"id":142425},"výplatní-matice","Výplatní matice",[1030,142428,142429],{},"Výplaty zapisujeme jako záporné hodnoty (počet let vězení se znaménkem mínus, protože vyšší = horší):",[1153,142431,142432,142448],{},[1156,142433,142434],{},[1159,142435,142436,142438,142443],{},[1162,142437],{},[1162,142439,142440],{"align":131308},[1047,142441,142442],{},"B přizná",[1162,142444,142445],{"align":131308},[1047,142446,142447],{},"B nepřizná",[1172,142449,142450,142463],{},[1159,142451,142452,142457,142460],{},[1177,142453,142454],{},[1047,142455,142456],{},"A přizná",[1177,142458,142459],{"align":131308},"(-5, -5)",[1177,142461,142462],{"align":131308},"(-1, -10)",[1159,142464,142465,142470,142473],{},[1177,142466,142467],{},[1047,142468,142469],{},"A nepřizná",[1177,142471,142472],{"align":131308},"(-10, -1)",[1177,142474,142475],{"align":131308},"(-2, -2)",[1030,142477,142478],{},"První číslo = výplata hráče A, druhé = výplata hráče B.",[4503,142480],{},[1077,142482,142484],{"id":142483},"analýza-vězňova-dilematu","Analýza vězňova dilematu",[1100,142486,142488],{"id":142487},"pohled-hráče-a","Pohled hráče A",[1030,142490,142491],{},"Hráč A neví, co volí B. Uvažuje obě varianty:",[1112,142493,142494,142504],{},[1115,142495,142496,142499,142500,142503],{},[1047,142497,142498],{},"Pokud B přizná",": A dostane buď −5 (přizná) nebo −10 (nepřizná). ",[1047,142501,142502],{},"Lepší je přiznat"," (−5 > −10).",[1115,142505,142506,142509,142510,142512],{},[1047,142507,142508],{},"Pokud B nepřizná",": A dostane buď −1 (přizná) nebo −2 (nepřizná). ",[1047,142511,142502],{}," (−1 > −2).",[1023,142514,142516,142523],{"className":142515,"dataCallout":4153},[1026,3500],[1030,142517,142519,142522],{"className":142518},[1033],[1035,142520],{"className":142521,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,3508,1040],"Dominantní strategie",[1030,142524,142525,142526,142529,142530,142533,142534,142537],{},"Strategie \"",[1047,142527,142528],{},"přiznat","\" je pro A ",[1047,142531,142532],{},"lepší ve všech scénářích",". Říkáme, že je ",[1047,142535,142536],{},"striktně dominantní"," — nezáleží na tom, co dělá B, A je vždy lépe, když přizná.",[1030,142539,142540],{},"Symetricky pro hráče B: jeho dominantní strategie je také \"přiznat\".",[1100,142542,141656],{"id":142543},"nashova-rovnováha",[1030,142545,142546,142547,142550,142551,142554],{},"Profil ",[1047,142548,142549],{},"(přiznat, přiznat)"," s výplatou ",[1047,142552,142553],{},"(−5, −5)"," je jediná Nashova rovnováha. Žádný hráč nemůže jednostranně přejít k \"nepřiznat\" a zlepšit si situaci (přechod by jeho výplatu zhoršil z −5 na −10).",[1100,142556,142558],{"id":142557},"paradox","Paradox",[1030,142560,142546,142561,142564,142565,142568,142569,142572,142573,6603,142576,142579],{},[1047,142562,142563],{},"(nepřiznat, nepřiznat)"," dává ",[1047,142566,142567],{},"(−2, −2)",", což je pro oba hráče ",[1047,142570,142571],{},"lepší"," než rovnováha (−5, −5). Tento profil je ",[1047,142574,142575],{},"Pareto-efektivní",[1047,142577,142578],{},"není rovnovážný"," — oba hráči mají individuální motiv přejít k \"přiznat\".",[1023,142581,142583,142590],{"className":142582,"dataCallout":3501},[1026,3500],[1030,142584,142586,142589],{"className":142585},[1033],[1035,142587],{"className":142588,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,3508,1040],"Klíčový vhled vězňova dilematu",[1030,142591,142592,142595],{},[1047,142593,142594],{},"Individuální racionalita ≠ kolektivní racionalita."," Každý hráč jedná optimálně z hlediska své vlastní výplaty, ale výsledek je pro oba horší, než kdyby spolupracovali.",[1030,142597,142598,142599,142602],{},"To je hlavní důvod, proč ekonomie potřebuje regulaci, smlouvy, instituce a opakované interakce — všechny tyto mechanismy se snaží ",[1047,142600,142601],{},"transformovat dilema"," tak, aby kooperativní výsledek byl rovnovážný.",[4503,142604],{},[1077,142606,142608],{"id":142607},"vězňovo-dilema-v-oligopolu","Vězňovo dilema v oligopolu",[1030,142610,142611,142612,142615],{},"Stejnou logiku lze aplikovat na ",[1047,142613,142614],{},"dvě firmy v oligopolu",", které se rozhodují mezi vysokou (koluzní) a nízkou (konkurenční) cenou.",[1100,142617,142619],{"id":142618},"výplatní-matice-zisky-v-mil-kč","Výplatní matice (zisky v mil. Kč)",[1153,142621,142622,142638],{},[1156,142623,142624],{},[1159,142625,142626,142628,142633],{},[1162,142627],{},[1162,142629,142630],{"align":131308},[1047,142631,142632],{},"F2 koluze",[1162,142634,142635],{"align":131308},[1047,142636,142637],{},"F2 konkurence",[1172,142639,142640,142653],{},[1159,142641,142642,142647,142650],{},[1177,142643,142644],{},[1047,142645,142646],{},"F1 koluze",[1177,142648,142649],{"align":131308},"(50, 50)",[1177,142651,142652],{"align":131308},"(20, 60)",[1159,142654,142655,142660,142663],{},[1177,142656,142657],{},[1047,142658,142659],{},"F1 konkurence",[1177,142661,142662],{"align":131308},"(60, 20)",[1177,142664,142665],{"align":131308},"(30, 30)",[1100,142667,27192],{"id":94698},[1112,142669,142670,142676,142682,142688],{},[1115,142671,142672,142675],{},[1047,142673,142674],{},"Oba kolují"," (drží vysokou cenu): trh sdílen, každá firma má 50.",[1115,142677,142678,142681],{},[1047,142679,142680],{},"F1 koluze, F2 konkuruje",": F2 podřezává cenu, \"uloví\" zákazníky → F2 má 60, F1 jen 20.",[1115,142683,142684,142687],{},[1047,142685,142686],{},"F1 konkuruje, F2 koluze",": zrcadlově.",[1115,142689,142690,142693],{},[1047,142691,142692],{},"Oba konkurují",": cenová válka stlačí ceny, oba mají jen 30.",[1100,142695,142697],{"id":142696},"analýza","Analýza",[1030,142699,142700],{},"Pro F1:",[1112,142702,142703,142708],{},[1115,142704,142705,142707],{},[1047,142706,142632],{}," → F1 volí konkurence (60 > 50).",[1115,142709,142710,142712],{},[1047,142711,142637],{}," → F1 volí konkurence (30 > 20).",[1030,142714,142715,142718],{},[1047,142716,142717],{},"Konkurence je dominantní strategie."," Symetricky pro F2.",[1023,142720,142722,142729],{"className":142721,"dataCallout":4153},[1026,3500],[1030,142723,142725,142728],{"className":142724},[1033],[1035,142726],{"className":142727,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,3508,1040],"Nashova rovnováha v oligopolu",[1030,142730,142731,142550,142734,20705,142736,142738,142739,142742],{},[1047,142732,142733],{},"(konkurence, konkurence)",[1047,142735,142665],{},[1047,142737,86431],{}," je sice Pareto-lepší (50, 50), ale ",[1047,142740,142741],{},"není rovnovážná"," — každá firma má motiv tajně cenu snížit.",[1100,142744,142746],{"id":142745},"důsledky-pro-chování-oligopolistů","Důsledky pro chování oligopolistů",[1260,142748,142749,142754,142760,142766,142772],{},[1115,142750,142751,142753],{},[1047,142752,86431],{}," (kartel) je atraktivní z hlediska společných zisků.",[1115,142755,142756,142759],{},[1047,142757,142758],{},"Není stabilní"," v jednorázové interakci — silný motiv k podrazu.",[1115,142761,142762,142765],{},[1047,142763,142764],{},"Vyžaduje vynucování"," (kartelové dohody, monitorovací mechanismy).",[1115,142767,142768,142771],{},[1047,142769,142770],{},"V mnoha jurisdikcích nelegální"," (ÚOHS v ČR, EU competition law, FTC v USA).",[1115,142773,142774,142776],{},[1047,142775,78468],{}," (parallel pricing bez explicitní dohody) je obtížně postižitelná, ale taky nestabilní.",[1030,142778,142779,142780,1075],{},"Detailněji v ",[1068,142781,142783],{"className":142782,"href":55933,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":55932},[1071],"Cenový vůdce a kartel",[4503,142785],{},[1077,142787,142789],{"id":142788},"iterované-vězňovo-dilema","Iterované vězňovo dilema",[1030,142791,142792,142793,142796,142797,142800],{},"Pokud se hra opakuje ",[1047,142794,142795],{},"mnohokrát"," (ideálně nekonečně, nebo s neznámým koncem), motivační struktura se mění. ",[1047,142798,142799],{},"Hrozba budoucího potrestání"," může učinit kooperaci stabilní.",[1100,142802,6668],{"id":142803},"tit-for-tat-strategie",[1030,142805,142806],{},"Anatol Rapoport zaslal tuto strategii do Axelrodova počítačového turnaje (1980). Pravidla:",[1260,142808,142809,142814],{},[1115,142810,142811,142813],{},[1047,142812,71362],{},": kooperuj.",[1115,142815,142816,142819],{},[1047,142817,142818],{},"Další kola",": hraj přesně to, co protihráč hrál v minulém kole.",[1023,142821,142823,142833,142859],{"className":142822,"dataCallout":38709},[1026,38708],[1030,142824,142826,142829,142830,2192],{"className":142825},[1033],[1035,142827],{"className":142828,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,38716,1040],"Vlastnosti tit-for-tat (Axelrod 1981, ",[1091,142831,142832],{},"Evolution of Cooperation",[1112,142834,142835,142841,142847,142853],{},[1115,142836,142837,142840],{},[1047,142838,142839],{},"Mírná"," (nice): nikdy nezačne defektovat jako první.",[1115,142842,142843,142846],{},[1047,142844,142845],{},"Jasná"," (clear): protihráč snadno dekóduje strategii.",[1115,142848,142849,142852],{},[1047,142850,142851],{},"Odpouštějící"," (forgiving): po jednom kole defekce se vrací ke kooperaci.",[1115,142854,142855,142858],{},[1047,142856,142857],{},"Neprovokující"," (non-provocable): ale když ji někdo zkusí podrazit, hned to vrátí.",[1030,142860,142861],{},"V Axelrodově turnaji vyhrála jak první, tak druhý ročník — i přes přítomnost mnohem komplexnějších strategií.",[1100,142863,142865],{"id":142864},"folkův-teorém-folk-theorem","Folkův teorém (Folk theorem)",[1023,142867,142869,142876],{"className":142868,"dataCallout":142079},[1026,8397],[1030,142870,142872,142875],{"className":142871},[1033],[1035,142873],{"className":142874,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1232,1040],"Folkův teorém (informálně)",[1030,142877,142878,142879,1089,142882,142896,142897,142900],{},"V nekonečně opakované hře s ",[1047,142880,142881],{},"dostatečně vysokou diskontní sazbou",[1035,142883,142885],{"className":142884},[1772],[1774,142886,142887],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,142888,142889,142893],{},[1781,142890,142891],{},[1784,142892,24689],{},[1808,142894,142895],{"encoding":1810},"\\delta"," (tj. dostatečně malou netrpělivostí) ",[1047,142898,142899],{},"lze jako Nashovu rovnováhu podpořit jakoukoli individuálně racionální výplatu"," — včetně koluzní (50, 50).",[1030,142902,142903,142904,142917,142918,142931],{},"Diskontní faktor ",[1035,142905,142907],{"className":142906},[1772],[1774,142908,142909],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,142910,142911,142915],{},[1781,142912,142913],{},[1784,142914,24689],{},[1808,142916,142895],{"encoding":1810}," vyjadřuje, jak moc hráči záleží na budoucích výplatách. Pokud je ",[1035,142919,142921],{"className":142920},[1772],[1774,142922,142923],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,142924,142925,142929],{},[1781,142926,142927],{},[1784,142928,24689],{},[1808,142930,142895],{"encoding":1810}," vysoké:",[1112,142933,142934,142941],{},[1115,142935,142936,142937,142940],{},"Krátkodobý zisk z podrazu (60 místo 50) ",[1047,142938,142939],{},"nepřeváží"," nad ztrátou všech budoucích koluzních zisků (každé další kolo jen 30 místo 50).",[1115,142942,142943,142944,1089,142947,142965],{},"Existuje ",[1047,142945,142946],{},"kritická hodnota",[1035,142948,142950],{"className":142949},[1772],[1774,142951,142952],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,142953,142954,142962],{},[1781,142955,142956],{},[2467,142957,142958,142960],{},[1784,142959,24689],{},[1788,142961,7763],{},[1808,142963,142964],{"encoding":1810},"\\delta^*",", nad kterou je koluze udržitelná.",[1100,142967,142969],{"id":142968},"praktická-implikace","Praktická implikace",[1030,142971,142972,142973,142976,142977,142980,142981,1062,142984,1075],{},"Reálné firmy v oligopolu ",[1047,142974,142975],{},"interagují opakovaně, dlouhodobě, na malém trhu",". Folkův teorém pomáhá vysvětlit, proč v praxi vidíme ",[1047,142978,142979],{},"stabilní koluzní ceny"," (telekomy, banky, paliva) i bez formálních kartelů — stačí ",[1047,142982,142983],{},"trust",[1047,142985,142986],{},"threat of retaliation",[4503,142988],{},[1077,142990,142992],{"id":142991},"sekvenční-hry-extenzivní-forma","Sekvenční hry — extenzivní forma",[1030,142994,142995,142996,1310],{},"Sekvenční hra se kreslí jako ",[1047,142997,142998],{},"rozhodovací strom",[1112,143000,143001,143007,143013],{},[1115,143002,143003,143006],{},[1047,143004,143005],{},"Uzly"," = body rozhodnutí (kdo hraje).",[1115,143008,143009,143012],{},[1047,143010,143011],{},"Hrany"," = volby strategií.",[1115,143014,143015,143018],{},[1047,143016,143017],{},"Listy"," = koncové stavy s výplatami pro všechny hráče.",[1100,143020,142367],{"id":143021},"backward-induction",[1030,143023,143024],{},"Algoritmus řešení sekvenční hry:",[1260,143026,143027,143034,143041,143044],{},[1115,143028,143029,143030,143033],{},"Najdi ",[1047,143031,143032],{},"listy"," stromu.",[1115,143035,143036,143037,143040],{},"V posledním rozhodovacím uzlu vyber pro daného hráče ",[1047,143038,143039],{},"optimální tah"," podle jeho výplatní funkce.",[1115,143042,143043],{},"Tento výběr \"zvedne\" výplatu listu nahoru do předchozího uzlu.",[1115,143045,143046],{},"Postupuj směrem ke kořeni, vždy řeš nejnižší ještě nevyřešený uzel.",[1100,143048,143050],{"id":143049},"subgame-perfect-equilibrium-spe","Subgame perfect equilibrium (SPE)",[1023,143052,143054,143061],{"className":143053,"dataCallout":142051},[1026,8397],[1030,143055,143057,143060],{"className":143056},[1033],[1035,143058],{"className":143059,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1232,1040],"Dokonalá rovnováha v subgame",[1030,143062,143063,143064,143067,143068,143071,143072,143075],{},"Profil strategií, který tvoří ",[1047,143065,143066],{},"Nashovu rovnováhu v každém podsekvenčním podgame"," (subgame). SPE je ",[1047,143069,143070],{},"silnější koncept"," než Nash — vylučuje rovnováhy s ",[1047,143073,143074],{},"neuvěřitelnými hrozbami"," (incredible threats).",[1030,143077,143078],{},"Selten zavedl SPE 1965 a obdržel za něj Nobelovu cenu 1994 (společně s Nashem).",[4503,143080],{},[1077,143082,143084],{"id":143083},"stackelbergova-hra-jako-sekvenční","Stackelbergova hra jako sekvenční",[1030,143086,143087,143088,1075],{},"Klasická aplikace v oligopolu — viz ",[1068,143089,55385],{"className":143090,"href":50628,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":50627},[1071],[1112,143092,143093,143116,143158,143182],{},[1115,143094,143095,79153,143098,143115],{},[1047,143096,143097],{},"Lider (F1)",[1035,143099,143101],{"className":143100},[1772],[1774,143102,143103],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,143104,143105,143113],{},[1781,143106,143107],{},[1792,143108,143109,143111],{},[1784,143110,2270],{},[2348,143112,2374],{},[1808,143114,12370],{"encoding":1810}," jako první.",[1115,143117,143118,143121,143122,143139,143140,143157],{},[1047,143119,143120],{},"Follower (F2)"," pozoruje ",[1035,143123,143125],{"className":143124},[1772],[1774,143126,143127],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,143128,143129,143137],{},[1781,143130,143131],{},[1792,143132,143133,143135],{},[1784,143134,2270],{},[2348,143136,2374],{},[1808,143138,12370],{"encoding":1810}," a volí ",[1035,143141,143143],{"className":143142},[1772],[1774,143144,143145],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,143146,143147,143155],{},[1781,143148,143149],{},[1792,143150,143151,143153],{},[1784,143152,2270],{},[2348,143154,4593],{},[1808,143156,12429],{"encoding":1810}," jako optimální reakci.",[1115,143159,143160,143161,1089,143178,143181],{},"Lider při volbě ",[1035,143162,143164],{"className":143163},[1772],[1774,143165,143166],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,143167,143168,143176],{},[1781,143169,143170],{},[1792,143171,143172,143174],{},[1784,143173,2270],{},[2348,143175,2374],{},[1808,143177,12370],{"encoding":1810},[1047,143179,143180],{},"anticipuje"," followerovo chování (zná followerovu reakční křivku).",[1115,143183,143184,1089,143187,143201],{},[1047,143185,143186],{},"SPE řešení",[1035,143188,143190],{"className":143189},[1772],[1774,143191,143192],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,143193,143194,143198],{},[1781,143195,143196],{},[1788,143197,2357],{},[1808,143199,143200],{"encoding":1810},"\\Rightarrow"," lider má vyšší zisk než ve Cournotu.",[1030,143203,143204,143205,143208,143209,143212],{},"Stackelberg je jen specifický případ obecnější třídy ",[1047,143206,143207],{},"commitment games"," — situací, kde ",[1047,143210,143211],{},"schopnost se předem zavázat"," vytváří strategickou výhodu (first-mover advantage).",[4503,143214],{},[1077,143216,143218],{"id":143217},"hra-typu-nukleární-útok-mad","Hra typu \"nukleární útok\" (MAD)",[1030,143220,143221,143222,143225],{},"Studená válka jako gigantická aplikace teorie her. ",[1047,143223,143224],{},"Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)"," — vzájemně zaručené zničení.",[1100,143227,143228],{"id":131564},"Scénář",[1030,143230,143231,143232,1075],{},"Dvě supervelmoci (USA, SSSR) mají jaderný arzenál. Každá volí: ",[1047,143233,143234],{},"zaútočit \u002F nezaútočit",[1153,143236,143237,143253],{},[1156,143238,143239],{},[1159,143240,143241,143243,143248],{},[1162,143242],{},[1162,143244,143245],{"align":131308},[1047,143246,143247],{},"B nezaútočí",[1162,143249,143250],{"align":131308},[1047,143251,143252],{},"B zaútočí",[1172,143254,143255,143268],{},[1159,143256,143257,143262,143265],{},[1177,143258,143259],{},[1047,143260,143261],{},"A nezaútočí",[1177,143263,143264],{"align":131308},"(status quo, status quo)",[1177,143266,143267],{"align":131308},"(smrt A, vítězství B)",[1159,143269,143270,143275,143278],{},[1177,143271,143272],{},[1047,143273,143274],{},"A zaútočí",[1177,143276,143277],{"align":131308},"(vítězství A, smrt B)",[1177,143279,143280],{"align":131308},"(smrt obou, smrt obou)",[1100,143282,142697],{"id":143283},"analýza-1",[1030,143285,143286,143287,143289,143290,143293,143294,143297],{},"Na první pohled vypadá hra jako vězňovo dilema — dominantní strategie zaútočit. ",[1047,143288,135804],{}," je ale ve ",[1047,143291,143292],{},"second-strike capability",": pokud druhá strana má jisté schopnosti odpovědět ",[1047,143295,143296],{},"i po prvním úderu"," (ponorky, mobilní rakety, bunkry), pak:",[1112,143299,143300,143309],{},[1115,143301,143302,4752,143305,143308],{},[1047,143303,143304],{},"(A zaútočí, B zaútočí)",[1047,143306,143307],{},"smrt obou"," (mnohem horší než status quo).",[1115,143310,143311],{},"Druhá strana může vždy odpovědět → útok nevede k vítězství, vede ke vzájemné záhubě.",[1030,143313,143314,143315,143318],{},"V tomto případě se ",[1047,143316,143317],{},"(nezaútočit, nezaútočit)"," stává Nashovou rovnováhou: kdokoliv by zaútočil, jistě zemře.",[1023,143320,143322,143329],{"className":143321,"dataCallout":35351},[1026,35350],[1030,143323,143325,143328],{"className":143324},[1033],[1035,143326],{"className":143327,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,35358,1040],"Thomas Schelling (Nobelova cena 2005)",[1030,143330,143331],{},[1091,143332,143333],{},"Strategický paradox jaderných zbraní spočívá v tom, že čím jsou ničivější, tím méně pravděpodobné je, že budou použity.",[1030,143335,143336,143337,143340,143341,143344,143345,143348],{},"Tento princip nazývá ",[1047,143338,143339],{},"deterrence"," (odstrašování) a je založen na ",[1047,143342,143343],{},"kredibilitě hrozby",". Druhá strana ",[1047,143346,143347],{},"musí věřit",", že odveta proběhne — proto investice do automatizovaných systémů a \"dead hand\" strategií.",[4503,143350],{},[1077,143352,143354],{"id":143353},"smíšené-strategie","Smíšené strategie",[1030,143356,143357,143358,143361],{},"V některých hrách ",[1047,143359,143360],{},"neexistuje rovnováha v čistých strategiích",". Klasický příklad:",[1100,143363,143365],{"id":143364},"matching-pennies","Matching pennies",[1030,143367,143368],{},"Dva hráči současně ukáží minci. Pokud obě stejné (HH nebo TT), bere A. Pokud různé, bere B.",[1153,143370,143371,143387],{},[1156,143372,143373],{},[1159,143374,143375,143377,143382],{},[1162,143376],{},[1162,143378,143379],{"align":131308},[1047,143380,143381],{},"B: H",[1162,143383,143384],{"align":131308},[1047,143385,143386],{},"B: T",[1172,143388,143389,143402],{},[1159,143390,143391,143396,143399],{},[1177,143392,143393],{},[1047,143394,143395],{},"A: H",[1177,143397,143398],{"align":131308},"(1, -1)",[1177,143400,143401],{"align":131308},"(-1, 1)",[1159,143403,143404,143409,143411],{},[1177,143405,143406],{},[1047,143407,143408],{},"A: T",[1177,143410,143401],{"align":131308},[1177,143412,143398],{"align":131308},[1030,143414,143415,143416],{},"V žádném profilu nemá jeden hráč klid: kterýkoliv zvolí, druhý se chce přizpůsobit. ",[1047,143417,143418],{},"Žádná čistá rovnováha.",[1100,143420,143422],{"id":143421},"smíšená-rovnováha","Smíšená rovnováha",[1030,143424,143425,143426,143429,143430,143433],{},"Hráč hraje strategie ",[1047,143427,143428],{},"s pravděpodobnostmi",". V matching pennies je rovnováhou: ",[1047,143431,143432],{},"(0,5; 0,5)"," pro oba — každý hráč je naprosto nepředvídatelný a druhý je k tomu lhostejný (jeho očekávaná výplata je stejná pro obě čisté strategie).",[1023,143435,143437,143444],{"className":143436,"dataCallout":4153},[1026,3500],[1030,143438,143440,143443],{"className":143439},[1033],[1035,143441],{"className":143442,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,3508,1040],"Princip indiference",[1030,143445,143446,143447,143450],{},"V smíšené rovnováze musí být ",[1047,143448,143449],{},"každá hraná čistá strategie stejně dobrá",". Jinak by se hráč soustředil jen na lepší — což by ale narušilo rovnováhu druhého hráče.",[1100,143452,143454],{"id":143453},"nashův-teorém-znovu","Nashův teorém znovu",[1030,143456,143457],{},"Každá konečná hra má alespoň jednu rovnováhu, byť možná smíšenou. Tato univerzálnost je důvod, proč je Nashův koncept tak vlivný.",[4503,143459],{},[1077,143461,10442],{"id":10441},[1030,143463,143464],{},"Teorie her přesahuje hluboko za oligopol. Široký přehled aplikací:",[1100,143466,143468],{"id":143467},"strategická-obchodní-politika","Strategická obchodní politika",[1112,143470,143471,143474],{},[1115,143472,143473],{},"Cla, dovozní kvóty, exportní subvence — hra mezi vládami.",[1115,143475,143476],{},"Brander–Spencer model: vláda subvencuje domácí firmu, aby získala větší díl z mezinárodního zisku.",[1100,143478,12035],{"id":143479},"aukce",[1112,143481,143482,143488,143494,143500],{},[1115,143483,143484,143487],{},[1047,143485,143486],{},"První cena uzavřená obálka",": optimální nabídka \u003C ocenění (shading).",[1115,143489,143490,143493],{},[1047,143491,143492],{},"Druhá cena (Vickrey)",": dominantní strategie = nabídnout přesně ocenění.",[1115,143495,143496,143499],{},[1047,143497,143498],{},"Anglická aukce"," (rostoucí): podobná Vickrey.",[1115,143501,143502,143505],{},[1047,143503,143504],{},"Holandská aukce"," (klesající): podobná první ceně.",[1030,143507,143508],{},"Aukce eBay (proxy bidding) v zásadě simulují Vickrey aukci.",[1100,143510,143512],{"id":143511},"sport","Sport",[1112,143514,143515,143521],{},[1115,143516,143517,143520],{},[1047,143518,143519],{},"Penalty kop",": smíšené strategie (vlevo\u002Fvpravo). Empiricky: brankář i střelec randomizují, ale ne 50\u002F50 — závisí na noze střelce.",[1115,143522,143523,143526],{},[1047,143524,143525],{},"Tenis (servis)",": similar.",[1100,143528,143530],{"id":143529},"politika","Politika",[1112,143532,143533,143539],{},[1115,143534,143535,143538],{},[1047,143536,143537],{},"Hotelling–Downsův model",": kandidáti konvergují k mediánovému voliči.",[1115,143540,143541,143544],{},[1047,143542,143543],{},"Negativní kampaň"," jako vězňovo dilema.",[1100,143546,143548],{"id":143547},"biologie-a-evoluce","Biologie a evoluce",[1112,143550,143551,143557,143563],{},[1115,143552,143553,143556],{},[1047,143554,143555],{},"Evolutionary stable strategy (ESS)"," — Maynard Smith.",[1115,143558,143559,143562],{},[1047,143560,143561],{},"Hawk–Dove game"," — modelování agrese mezi zvířaty.",[1115,143564,143565],{},"Replikátorová dynamika: úspěšné strategie se reprodukují více.",[4503,143567],{},[1077,143569,143571],{"id":143570},"klasické-hry-taxonomie","Klasické hry — taxonomie",[1100,143573,143575],{"id":143574},"chicken-hra-na-kuře","Chicken (Hra na kuře)",[1030,143577,143578],{},"Dvě auta jedou proti sobě. Kdo uhne první, je \"kuře\". Kdo neuhne, vyhraje (pokud druhý uhne) nebo zemře (pokud neuhne ani druhý).",[1153,143580,143581,143597],{},[1156,143582,143583],{},[1159,143584,143585,143587,143592],{},[1162,143586],{},[1162,143588,143589],{"align":131308},[1047,143590,143591],{},"B uhne",[1162,143593,143594],{"align":131308},[1047,143595,143596],{},"B neuhne",[1172,143598,143599,143611],{},[1159,143600,143601,143606,143609],{},[1177,143602,143603],{},[1047,143604,143605],{},"A uhne",[1177,143607,143608],{"align":131308},"(0, 0)",[1177,143610,143401],{"align":131308},[1159,143612,143613,143618,143620],{},[1177,143614,143615],{},[1047,143616,143617],{},"A neuhne",[1177,143619,143398],{"align":131308},[1177,143621,143622],{"align":131308},"(-10, -10)",[1030,143624,143625,143628],{},[1047,143626,143627],{},"Dvě čisté Nashovy rovnováhy"," + jedna smíšená. Aplikace: jaderné konfrontace, vyjednávání.",[1100,143630,143632],{"id":143631},"battle-of-sexes-boj-pohlaví","Battle of Sexes (Boj pohlaví)",[1030,143634,143635,143636,1075],{},"Manželé chtějí být spolu, ale mají různé preference (opera vs. fotbal). Dvě čisté rovnováhy (oba opera, oba fotbal) — ",[1047,143637,143638],{},"koordinační problém",[1100,143640,143642],{"id":143641},"stag-hunt-lov-jelena","Stag Hunt (Lov jelena)",[1030,143644,143645,143646,143649],{},"Dvojice loví. Jelen vyžaduje spolupráci, zajíc jde sám. Pokud druhý \"podrazí\" a jde na zajíce, první nedostane nic. ",[1047,143647,143648],{},"Trade-off mezi rizikem a kooperací",". Dvě rovnováhy: (jelen, jelen) Pareto-lepší ale rizikovější; (zajíc, zajíc) bezpečnější.",[1100,143651,143653],{"id":143652},"centipede-game","Centipede game",[1030,143655,143656,143657,143660],{},"Sekvenční hra s rostoucími odměnami. Backward induction předpovídá okamžité ukončení v prvním tahu, ale ",[1047,143658,143659],{},"lidé experimentálně hrají déle"," — důkaz proti striktní racionalitě. \"Rationality unraveling\" paradox.",[4503,143662],{},[1077,143664,143666],{"id":143665},"cooperative-game-theory","Cooperative game theory",[1030,143668,143669,143670,143672],{},"Pokud připustíme ",[1047,143671,142281],{},", vstupujeme do kooperativní teorie her:",[1100,143674,143676],{"id":143675},"shapley-value","Shapley value",[1030,143678,143679,143682,143683,143696],{},[1047,143680,143681],{},"Lloyd Shapley"," (Nobelova cena 2012). Spravedlivé rozdělení zisku z koalice mezi ",[1035,143684,143686],{"className":143685},[1772],[1774,143687,143688],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,143689,143690,143694],{},[1781,143691,143692],{},[1784,143693,1806],{},[1808,143695,1806],{"encoding":1810}," hráčů. Vzorec:",[1035,143698,143700],{"className":143699},[1772],[1774,143701,143702],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,143703,143704,143817],{},[1781,143705,143706,143713,143715,143717,143719,143721,143743,143784,143786,143788,143790,143792,143794,143797,143799,143801,143803,143805,143807,143809,143811,143813,143815],{},[1792,143707,143708,143711],{},[1784,143709,143710],{},"ϕ",[1784,143712,1803],{},[1788,143714,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,143716,9426],{},[1788,143718,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,143720,1863],{},[3341,143722,143723,143725],{},[1788,143724,12866],{},[1781,143726,143727,143729,143732,143734,143737,143739,143741],{},[1784,143728,3212],{},[1788,143730,143731],{},"⊆",[1784,143733,142121],{},[1788,143735,143736],{},"∖",[1788,143738,34972],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,143740,1803],{},[1788,143742,35011],{"stretchy":2142},[2322,143744,143745,143778],{},[1781,143746,143747,143749,143751,143753,143756,143758,143760,143762,143764,143766,143768,143770,143772,143774,143776],{},[1784,143748,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,143750,3212],{},[1784,143752,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,143754,143755],{"stretchy":2142},"!",[2149,143757,2769],{},[1788,143759,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,143761,1806],{},[1788,143763,2371],{},[1784,143765,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,143767,3212],{},[1784,143769,20612],{"mathvariant":7829},[1788,143771,2371],{},[2348,143773,2374],{},[1788,143775,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,143777,143755],{"stretchy":2142},[1781,143779,143780,143782],{},[1784,143781,1806],{},[1788,143783,143755],{"stretchy":2142},[2149,143785,2769],{},[1788,143787,21923],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,143789,9426],{},[1788,143791,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,143793,3212],{},[1788,143795,143796],{},"∪",[1788,143798,34972],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,143800,1803],{},[1788,143802,35011],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,143804,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,143806,2371],{},[1784,143808,9426],{},[1788,143810,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,143812,3212],{},[1788,143814,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,143816,21948],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,143818,143819],{"encoding":1810},"\\phi_i(v) = \\sum_{S \\subseteq N \\setminus \\{i\\}} \\frac{|S|! \\, (n - |S| - 1)!}{n!} \\, [v(S \\cup \\{i\\}) - v(S)]",[1030,143821,142005,143822,143842,143843,143856],{},[1035,143823,143825],{"className":143824},[1772],[1774,143826,143827],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,143828,143829,143839],{},[1781,143830,143831,143833,143835,143837],{},[1784,143832,9426],{},[1788,143834,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,143836,3212],{},[1788,143838,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,143840,143841],{"encoding":1810},"v(S)"," je hodnota koalice ",[1035,143844,143846],{"className":143845},[1772],[1774,143847,143848],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,143849,143850,143854],{},[1781,143851,143852],{},[1784,143853,3212],{},[1808,143855,3212],{"encoding":1810},". Shapley value = průměrný marginální příspěvek hráče.",[1100,143858,143860],{"id":143859},"core-jádro","Core (jádro)",[1030,143862,143863,143864,143867],{},"Množina rozdělení zisku, které ",[1047,143865,143866],{},"žádná podkoalice nemá motiv opustit",". Pokud existuje, koalice je stabilní. Jádro může být prázdné — pak žádné stabilní rozdělení.",[1100,143869,143871],{"id":143870},"nash-bargaining-solution","Nash bargaining solution",[1030,143873,143874,143877,143878,143908],{},[1047,143875,143876],{},"Nash 1950",": pro vyjednávání dvou hráčů s pohrozkovými body ",[1035,143879,143881],{"className":143880},[1772],[1774,143882,143883],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,143884,143885,143905],{},[1781,143886,143887,143889,143895,143897,143903],{},[1788,143888,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,143890,143891,143893],{},[1784,143892,2328],{},[2348,143894,2374],{},[1788,143896,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,143898,143899,143901],{},[1784,143900,2328],{},[2348,143902,4593],{},[1788,143904,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,143906,143907],{"encoding":1810},"(d_1, d_2)"," je řešením maximalizace součinu nadvýplaty:",[1035,143910,143912],{"className":143911},[1772],[1774,143913,143914],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,143915,143916,143982],{},[1781,143917,143918,143946,143948,143954,143956,143962,143964,143966,143972,143974,143980],{},[3341,143919,143920,143926],{},[1781,143921,143922,143924],{},[1784,143923,3347],{},[1788,143925,3350],{},[1781,143927,143928,143930,143936,143938,143944],{},[1788,143929,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,143931,143932,143934],{},[1784,143933,2480],{},[2348,143935,2374],{},[1788,143937,1138],{"separator":1041},[1792,143939,143940,143942],{},[1784,143941,2480],{},[2348,143943,4593],{},[1788,143945,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,143947,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,143949,143950,143952],{},[1784,143951,2480],{},[2348,143953,2374],{},[1788,143955,2371],{},[1792,143957,143958,143960],{},[1784,143959,2328],{},[2348,143961,2374],{},[1788,143963,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,143965,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,143967,143968,143970],{},[1784,143969,2480],{},[2348,143971,4593],{},[1788,143973,2371],{},[1792,143975,143976,143978],{},[1784,143977,2328],{},[2348,143979,4593],{},[1788,143981,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,143983,143984],{"encoding":1810},"\\max_{(u_1, u_2)} (u_1 - d_1)(u_2 - d_2)",[1030,143986,143987],{},"Splňuje 4 axiomy: Pareto efektivita, symetrie, invariance vůči lineárním transformacím, nezávislost na irelevantních alternativách.",[4503,143989],{},[1077,143991,143993],{"id":143992},"behavioral-game-theory","Behavioral game theory",[1030,143995,143996,143997,144000],{},"Klasická teorie her předpokládá ",[1047,143998,143999],{},"dokonalou racionalitu",". Empirické výzkumy ukazují systematické odchylky:",[1100,144002,144004],{"id":144003},"ultimátní-hra","Ultimátní hra",[1030,144006,144007],{},"Hráč A dostane 100 Kč a navrhne rozdělení (X pro mě, 100-X pro B). B akceptuje nebo odmítne. Při odmítnutí oba dostanou 0.",[1112,144009,144010,144016,144022],{},[1115,144011,144012,144015],{},[1047,144013,144014],{},"Racionální predikce",": A nabídne 99 pro sebe, 1 pro B; B akceptuje (1 > 0).",[1115,144017,144018,144021],{},[1047,144019,144020],{},"Empiricky",": A nabízí kolem 40–50; B odmítá nabídky pod ~25–30.",[1115,144023,144024,144027],{},[1047,144025,144026],{},"Vysvětlení",": averze k nefér, sociální normy, emoce.",[1100,144029,144031],{"id":144030},"důležité-odchylky","Důležité odchylky",[1112,144033,144034,144039,144045,144051],{},[1115,144035,144036,144038],{},[1047,144037,4673],{}," (Herbert Simon, Nobelova cena 1978): omezené kognitivní kapacity.",[1115,144040,144041,144044],{},[1047,144042,144043],{},"Loss aversion"," (Kahneman–Tversky): ztráty bolí víc, než zisky těší.",[1115,144046,144047,144050],{},[1047,144048,144049],{},"Fairness preferences"," (Fehr–Schmidt, Bolton–Ockenfels).",[1115,144052,144053,144056],{},[1047,144054,144055],{},"Trust games",": hráči investují do druhých více, než racionalita předpovídá.",[1030,144058,144059,144060,144064],{},"Souvisí s ",[1068,144061,144063],{"className":144062,"href":1073,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1072},[1071],"behavioristickými modely firmy"," — odchylky od profit maximization v reálných firmách.",[4503,144066],{},[1077,144068,144070],{"id":144069},"vztah-k-oligopolním-modelům","Vztah k oligopolním modelům",[1030,144072,144073],{},"Každý oligopolní model je specifický druh hry:",[1153,144075,144076,144090],{},[1156,144077,144078],{},[1159,144079,144080,144082,144085,144087],{},[1162,144081,75081],{},[1162,144083,144084],{},"Typ hry",[1162,144086,8954],{},[1162,144088,144089],{},"Pořadí",[1172,144091,144092,144122,144150,144177,144211],{},[1159,144093,144094,144100,144103,144119],{},[1177,144095,144096],{},[1068,144097,73720],{"className":144098,"href":144099},[1071,2210],"\u002Fwiki\u002Fmikk-oligopol-cournot-stackelberg\\",[1177,144101,144102],{},"Simultánní",[1177,144104,144105,144106],{},"Množství ",[1035,144107,144109],{"className":144108},[1772],[1774,144110,144111],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,144112,144113,144117],{},[1781,144114,144115],{},[1784,144116,2270],{},[1808,144118,2270],{"encoding":1810},[1177,144120,144121],{},"Současně",[1159,144123,144124,144129,144132,144147],{},[1177,144125,144126],{},[1068,144127,79406],{"className":144128,"href":144099},[1071,2210],[1177,144130,144131],{},"Sekvenční",[1177,144133,144105,144134],{},[1035,144135,144137],{"className":144136},[1772],[1774,144138,144139],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,144140,144141,144145],{},[1781,144142,144143],{},[1784,144144,2270],{},[1808,144146,2270],{"encoding":1810},[1177,144148,144149],{},"Lider první",[1159,144151,144152,144158,144160,144175],{},[1177,144153,144154],{},[1068,144155,73723],{"className":144156,"href":144157},[1071,2210],"\u002Fwiki\u002Fmikk-oligopol-bertrand-cenova-konkurence\\",[1177,144159,144102],{},[1177,144161,3018,144162],{},[1035,144163,144165],{"className":144164},[1772],[1774,144166,144167],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,144168,144169,144173],{},[1781,144170,144171],{},[1784,144172,2264],{},[1808,144174,2264],{"encoding":1810},[1177,144176,144121],{},[1159,144178,144179,144185,144188,144208],{},[1177,144180,144181],{},[1068,144182,75486],{"className":144183,"href":144184},[1071,2210],"\u002Fwiki\u002Fmikk-oligopol-cenovy-vudce-kartel\\",[1177,144186,144187],{},"Kooperativní",[1177,144189,144190,144191],{},"Joint ",[1035,144192,144194],{"className":144193},[1772],[1774,144195,144196],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,144197,144198,144206],{},[1781,144199,144200],{},[2467,144201,144202,144204],{},[1784,144203,2270],{},[1788,144205,7763],{},[1808,144207,11075],{"encoding":1810},[1177,144209,144210],{},"Smluvní",[1159,144212,144213,144220,144223,144225],{},[1177,144214,144215],{},[1068,144216,144219],{"className":144217,"href":144218},[1071,2210],"\u002Fwiki\u002Fmikk-oligopol-zalomena-poptavka\\","Zalomená poptávka",[1177,144221,144222],{},"Quasi-dynamic",[1177,144224,19259],{},[1177,144226,144227],{},"Asymetrická",[1030,144229,144230,144231,1075],{},"Detailní srovnání viz ",[1068,144232,72111],{"className":144233,"href":72110,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":72109},[1071],[1023,144235,144237,144244],{"className":144236,"dataCallout":582},[1026,1225],[1030,144238,144240,144243],{"className":144239},[1033],[1035,144241],{"className":144242,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1232,1040],"Klíčové vhledy z teorie her pro oligopol",[1260,144245,144246,144252,144258,144264],{},[1115,144247,144248,144251],{},[1047,144249,144250],{},"Cournot a Bertrand jsou Nashovy rovnováhy"," v simultánních hrách.",[1115,144253,144254,144257],{},[1047,144255,144256],{},"Stackelberg je SPE"," v sekvenční hře.",[1115,144259,144260,144263],{},[1047,144261,144262],{},"Kartel je Pareto lepší, ale není Nashovou rovnováhou"," — vězňovo dilema.",[1115,144265,144266,144269],{},[1047,144267,144268],{},"V opakované interakci je kartel udržitelný"," přes folkův teorém + tit-for-tat.",[4503,144271],{},[1077,144273,144275],{"id":144274},"rizikové-aspekty-a-nejistota","Rizikové aspekty a nejistota",[1030,144277,144278,144279,144282],{},"V reálných hrách hráči často mají ",[1047,144280,144281],{},"neúplnou informaci"," o výplatách protihráče. To otevírá:",[1112,144284,144285,144291,144301],{},[1115,144286,144287,144290],{},[1047,144288,144289],{},"Bayesovské hry"," (Harsanyi 1967–68, Nobelova cena 1994): hráči mají typy s pravděpodobnostními rozděleními.",[1115,144292,144293,144296,144297,144300],{},[1047,144294,144295],{},"Signaling games",": jeden hráč zná svůj typ a může ho ",[1047,144298,144299],{},"signalizovat"," (drahým signálem).",[1115,144302,144303,144306,144307,144310],{},[1047,144304,144305],{},"Screening games",": druhý hráč navrhuje ",[1047,144308,144309],{},"menu kontraktů",", aby si typ \"vybral sám\".",[1030,144312,144059,144313,144319],{},[1068,144314,144318],{"className":144315,"href":144316,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":144317},[1071],"\u002Fwiki\u002Fmikk-riziko-nejistota-spotrebitele","topics\u002Fmikk-riziko-nejistota-spotrebitele.md","rizikem a nejistotou spotřebitele"," — hráči neznají všechny výplaty.",[4503,144321],{},[1077,144323,144325],{"id":144324},"praktická-poučení-a-heuristiky","Praktická poučení a heuristiky",[1023,144327,144329,144336],{"className":144328,"dataCallout":1608},[1026,1607],[1030,144330,144332,144335],{"className":144331},[1033],[1035,144333],{"className":144334,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1615,1040],"Heuristiky pro řešení her",[1260,144337,144338,144344,144350,144356,144361,144367],{},[1115,144339,144340,144343],{},[1047,144341,144342],{},"Hledej dominantní strategie"," — vyřaď je rovnou.",[1115,144345,144346,144349],{},[1047,144347,144348],{},"Iterativní eliminace dominovaných strategií"," — opakuj, než zůstane \"core\".",[1115,144351,144352,144355],{},[1047,144353,144354],{},"Hledej Nashovu rovnováhu metodou nejlepších odpovědí"," — pro každou volbu protihráče zaškrtni svoji nejlepší.",[1115,144357,144358,1075],{},[1047,144359,144360],{},"U sekvenčních: backward induction",[1115,144362,144363,144366],{},[1047,144364,144365],{},"U opakovaných: zvaž folk theorem"," a cooperation-supporting strategies.",[1115,144368,144369,144372],{},[1047,144370,144371],{},"U nesymetrických: hledej Pareto-frontier"," a multiple equilibria.",[1100,144374,144376],{"id":144375},"časté-chyby-studentů","Časté chyby studentů",[1112,144378,144379,144382,144389,144392],{},[1115,144380,144381],{},"Záměna dominantní strategie a Nashovy rovnováhy. (Každá DS je Nash, ale ne naopak.)",[1115,144383,144384,144385,144388],{},"Předpoklad, že Nash je vždy Pareto-efektivní. ",[1047,144386,144387],{},"Není"," (vězňovo dilema).",[1115,144390,144391],{},"Ignorování smíšených rovnováh.",[1115,144393,144394],{},"U sekvenčních her: aplikace simultánního řešení místo backward induction.",[4503,144396],{},[1077,144398,144400],{"id":144399},"souvislosti-a-další-studium","Souvislosti a další studium",[1112,144402,144403,144409,144415,144421,144427,144433,144439,144446,144452,144458,144464],{},[1115,144404,144405,144408],{},[1068,144406,1682],{"className":144407,"href":1681,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1680},[1071]," — kurz a obecný přehled.",[1115,144410,144411,144414],{},[1068,144412,75314],{"className":144413,"href":50628,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":50627},[1071]," — množstevní hry.",[1115,144416,144417,144420],{},[1068,144418,94043],{"className":144419,"href":78944,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":78943},[1071]," — cenová hra.",[1115,144422,144423,144426],{},[1068,144424,75321],{"className":144425,"href":55933,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":55932},[1071]," — koluzní řešení.",[1115,144428,144429,144432],{},[1068,144430,75328],{"className":144431,"href":73119,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":73118},[1071]," — dynamický pohled.",[1115,144434,144435,144438],{},[1068,144436,4350],{"className":144437,"href":4349,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":4348},[1071]," — diferenciace produktu.",[1115,144440,144441,144445],{},[1068,144442,144444],{"className":144443,"href":144316,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":144317},[1071],"mikk-riziko-nejistota-spotrebitele"," — neúplná informace.",[1115,144447,144448,144451],{},[1068,144449,75348],{"className":144450,"href":72110,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":72109},[1071]," — souhrnná tabulka.",[1115,144453,144454,144457],{},[1068,144455,1822],{"className":144456,"href":1073,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1072},[1071]," — sociální hry, fairness.",[1115,144459,144460,144463],{},[1068,144461,1834],{"className":144462,"href":1833,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1832},[1071]," — přehled vzorců.",[1115,144465,144466,144469],{},[1068,144467,4281],{"className":144468,"href":4280,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":4279},[1071]," — vzorové úlohy.",[4503,144471],{},[1077,144473,144475],{"id":144474},"klíčové-zdroje","Klíčové zdroje",[1112,144477,144478,144484,144490],{},[1115,144479,144480,144481,1075],{},"Axelrod, R. (1984). ",[1091,144482,144483],{},"The Evolution of Cooperation",[1115,144485,144486,144487,1075],{},"Nash, J. (1950). \"Equilibrium points in n-person games\". ",[1091,144488,144489],{},"PNAS",[1115,144491,144492,144493,1075],{},"Schelling, T. (1960). ",[1091,144494,144495],{},"The Strategy of Conflict",{"title":1685,"searchDepth":141,"depth":141,"links":144497},[144498,144499,144504,144505,144511,144514,144519,144525,144530,144534,144535,144539,144544,144551,144557,144562,144566,144567,144568,144571,144572],{"id":1722,"depth":141,"text":1042},{"id":141718,"depth":141,"text":141719,"children":144500},[144501,144502,144503],{"id":141731,"depth":96,"text":141732},{"id":142046,"depth":96,"text":142047},{"id":142074,"depth":96,"text":142075},{"id":142098,"depth":141,"text":142099},{"id":142265,"depth":141,"text":142266,"children":144506},[144507,144508,144509,144510],{"id":142269,"depth":96,"text":142270},{"id":142291,"depth":96,"text":142292},{"id":142317,"depth":96,"text":142318},{"id":142335,"depth":96,"text":142336},{"id":142383,"depth":141,"text":142384,"children":144512},[144513],{"id":142425,"depth":96,"text":142426},{"id":142483,"depth":141,"text":142484,"children":144515},[144516,144517,144518],{"id":142487,"depth":96,"text":142488},{"id":142543,"depth":96,"text":141656},{"id":142557,"depth":96,"text":142558},{"id":142607,"depth":141,"text":142608,"children":144520},[144521,144522,144523,144524],{"id":142618,"depth":96,"text":142619},{"id":94698,"depth":96,"text":27192},{"id":142696,"depth":96,"text":142697},{"id":142745,"depth":96,"text":142746},{"id":142788,"depth":141,"text":142789,"children":144526},[144527,144528,144529],{"id":142803,"depth":96,"text":6668},{"id":142864,"depth":96,"text":142865},{"id":142968,"depth":96,"text":142969},{"id":142991,"depth":141,"text":142992,"children":144531},[144532,144533],{"id":143021,"depth":96,"text":142367},{"id":143049,"depth":96,"text":143050},{"id":143083,"depth":141,"text":143084},{"id":143217,"depth":141,"text":143218,"children":144536},[144537,144538],{"id":131564,"depth":96,"text":143228},{"id":143283,"depth":96,"text":142697},{"id":143353,"depth":141,"text":143354,"children":144540},[144541,144542,144543],{"id":143364,"depth":96,"text":143365},{"id":143421,"depth":96,"text":143422},{"id":143453,"depth":96,"text":143454},{"id":10441,"depth":141,"text":10442,"children":144545},[144546,144547,144548,144549,144550],{"id":143467,"depth":96,"text":143468},{"id":143479,"depth":96,"text":12035},{"id":143511,"depth":96,"text":143512},{"id":143529,"depth":96,"text":143530},{"id":143547,"depth":96,"text":143548},{"id":143570,"depth":141,"text":143571,"children":144552},[144553,144554,144555,144556],{"id":143574,"depth":96,"text":143575},{"id":143631,"depth":96,"text":143632},{"id":143641,"depth":96,"text":143642},{"id":143652,"depth":96,"text":143653},{"id":143665,"depth":141,"text":143666,"children":144558},[144559,144560,144561],{"id":143675,"depth":96,"text":143676},{"id":143859,"depth":96,"text":143860},{"id":143870,"depth":96,"text":143871},{"id":143992,"depth":141,"text":143993,"children":144563},[144564,144565],{"id":144003,"depth":96,"text":144004},{"id":144030,"depth":96,"text":144031},{"id":144069,"depth":141,"text":144070},{"id":144274,"depth":141,"text":144275},{"id":144324,"depth":141,"text":144325,"children":144569},[144570],{"id":144375,"depth":96,"text":144376},{"id":144399,"depth":141,"text":144400},{"id":144474,"depth":141,"text":144475},{},"\u002Ftopics\u002Fmikk-vezno-dilema-teorie-her",{"title":141626,"description":1685},[10944,66535],"topics\u002Fmikk-vezno-dilema-teorie-her",[13,28,922,267,960,120,43],"xWH4_CHtV5BtX0uZNdqbOvQnPzyLy34SWndZzgNyr9s",{"id":144581,"title":144582,"body":144583,"course":13,"courses":1696,"created":1697,"description":1685,"extension":1698,"meta":147446,"navigation":1700,"path":147447,"seo":147448,"sources":147449,"stem":147450,"tags":147451,"type":4439,"updated":1697,"__hash__":147452},"topics\u002Ftopics\u002Fmikk-zamestnanecka-firma-ward.md","Wardův model zaměstnanecké firmy",{"type":1016,"value":144584,"toc":147428},[144585,144588,144672,144689,144691,144695,144704,144728,144735,144737,144741,144846,144859,144861,144865,144871,144899,144929,145017,145077,145079,145083,145103,145134,145187,145194,145263,145296,145298,145302,145305,145363,145380,145456,145459,145501,145549,145608,145636,145638,145642,145649,145980,145991,145993,145997,146003,146078,146173,146190,146192,146196,146199,146257,146308,146311,146373,146376,146436,146484,146586,146633,146635,146639,146729,146731,146735,146801,146803,146807,146833,146844,146846,146850,146884,146886,146890,146906,146912,146948,146950,146954,147140,147289,147291,147295,147305,147372,147386,147388,147390],[1019,144586,144582],{"id":144587},"wardův-model-zaměstnanecké-firmy",[1023,144589,144591,144597],{"className":144590,"dataCallout":1722},[1026,8397],[1030,144592,144594,1042],{"className":144593},[1033],[1035,144595],{"className":144596,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,1232,1040],[1030,144598,144599,144602,144603,144605,144606,2070,144609,144663,144664,144667,144668,144671],{},[1047,144600,144601],{},"Wardův model"," (Benjamin Ward, 1958) popisuje firmu vlastněnou a řízenou zaměstnanci. Cílem firmy ",[1047,144604,41251],{}," maximalizace zisku, ale maximalizace ",[1047,144607,144608],{},"příjmu na jednoho zaměstnance",[1035,144610,144612],{"className":144611},[1772],[1774,144613,144614],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,144615,144616,144660],{},[1781,144617,144618,144620,144622,144638,144640],{},[1784,144619,3750],{},[1788,144621,1863],{},[2322,144623,144624,144636],{},[1781,144625,144626,144628,144630,144632,144634],{},[1784,144627,2257],{},[1784,144629,1860],{},[1788,144631,2371],{},[1784,144633,3817],{},[1784,144635,1868],{},[1784,144637,3766],{},[1788,144639,1863],{},[2322,144641,144642,144658],{},[1781,144643,144644,144646,144648,144650,144652],{},[1784,144645,2264],{},[1784,144647,2270],{},[1788,144649,2371],{},[1784,144651,3794],{},[1792,144653,144654,144656],{},[1784,144655,3722],{},[2348,144657,2350],{},[1784,144659,3766],{},[1808,144661,144662],{"encoding":1810},"y = \\frac{TR - FC}{L} = \\frac{PQ - rK_0}{L}","\nKlíčový (a paradoxní) výsledek: zaměstnanecká firma reaguje na růst ceny ",[1047,144665,144666],{},"opačně"," než kapitalistická — místo aby najímala více pracovníků, ",[1047,144669,144670],{},"propouští"," je. To je hlavní ekonomický paradox modelu a jádro veškeré následné kritiky samosprávných ekonomik.",[1030,144673,144674,144675,144679,144680,144683,144684,144688],{},"Wardův model je jeden ze tří kanonických modelů ",[1068,144676,144678],{"className":144677,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1662,"href":1663},[1071],"alternativních cílů firmy"," vyučovaných v rámci ",[1068,144681,1682],{"className":144682,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1680,"href":1681},[1071],", vedle modelů manažerských (Baumol, Williamson, Marris) a ",[1068,144685,144687],{"className":144686,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1072,"href":1073},[1071],"behavioristických modelů"," (Cyert–March, Simon).",[4503,144690],{},[1077,144692,144694],{"id":144693},"_1-historický-kontext","1. Historický kontext",[1030,144696,144697,144698,4010,144701,144703],{},"Benjamin Ward publikoval v roce 1958 článek ",[1091,144699,144700],{},"\"The Firm in Illyria: Market Syndicalism\"",[1091,144702,126360],{},"), kde formálně analyzoval ekonomické chování firmy vlastněné svými zaměstnanci. Inspirací byla:",[1112,144705,144706,144716,144722],{},[1115,144707,144708,144711,144712,144715],{},[1047,144709,144710],{},"Jugoslávský experiment se samosprávou pracovníků"," (Tito, od roku 1950): podniky byly formálně ve \"společenském vlastnictví\" a řízeny ",[1047,144713,144714],{},"dělnickými radami",", které rozhodovaly o investicích, zaměstnanosti i rozdělení zisku.",[1115,144717,144718,144721],{},[1047,144719,144720],{},"Hledání třetí cesty"," mezi sovětským centrálním plánováním a západním kapitalismem.",[1115,144723,144724,144727],{},[1047,144725,144726],{},"Tradice utopického socialismu"," (Robert Owen, Charles Fourier) a kooperativního hnutí 19. století.",[1030,144729,144730,144731,144734],{},"Ward chtěl ukázat, že i samosprávná firma je ",[1047,144732,144733],{},"racionálním ekonomickým aktérem"," — jen s jinou cílovou funkcí. Z toho vyplývají překvapivé predikce, které lze testovat na jugoslávských datech.",[4503,144736],{},[1077,144738,144740],{"id":144739},"_2-předpoklady-wardova-modelu","2. Předpoklady Wardova modelu",[1260,144742,144743,144749,144755,144789],{},[1115,144744,144745,144748],{},[1047,144746,144747],{},"Vlastníky jsou všichni zaměstnanci."," Firma nemá externí akcionáře; rozhodovacím orgánem je shromáždění zaměstnanců (resp. dělnická rada).",[1115,144750,144751,144754],{},[1047,144752,144753],{},"Homogenní práce."," Všichni pracovníci mají stejnou produktivitu, stejný hlas a nárok na stejný podíl. Nejsou rozdíly ve kvalifikaci ani v intenzitě úsilí.",[1115,144756,144757,144760,144761,144774,144775,144788],{},[1047,144758,144759],{},"Firma je price-taker."," Přijímá ceny statku ",[1035,144762,144764],{"className":144763},[1772],[1774,144765,144766],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,144767,144768,144772],{},[1781,144769,144770],{},[1784,144771,2264],{},[1808,144773,2264],{"encoding":1810}," i ceny kapitálu ",[1035,144776,144778],{"className":144777},[1772],[1774,144779,144780],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,144781,144782,144786],{},[1781,144783,144784],{},[1784,144785,3794],{},[1808,144787,3794],{"encoding":1810}," z trhu, neovlivňuje je.",[1115,144790,144791,144794,144795,1089,144798,144815,144816,144829,144830,1089,144833,1075],{},[1047,144792,144793],{},"Krátké období."," Firma vlastní ",[1047,144796,144797],{},"fixní objem kapitálu",[1035,144799,144801],{"className":144800},[1772],[1774,144802,144803],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,144804,144805,144813],{},[1781,144806,144807],{},[1792,144808,144809,144811],{},[1784,144810,3722],{},[2348,144812,2350],{},[1808,144814,3727],{"encoding":1810},". Investice (změna ",[1035,144817,144819],{"className":144818},[1772],[1774,144820,144821],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,144822,144823,144827],{},[1781,144824,144825],{},[1784,144826,3722],{},[1808,144828,3722],{"encoding":1810},") je v modelu mimo dosah; jediným rozhodovacím proměnnou je ",[1047,144831,144832],{},"počet zaměstnanců",[1035,144834,144836],{"className":144835},[1772],[1774,144837,144838],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,144839,144840,144844],{},[1781,144841,144842],{},[1784,144843,3766],{},[1808,144845,3766],{"encoding":1810},[1023,144847,144849,144856],{"className":144848,"dataCallout":2090},[1026,2089],[1030,144850,144852,144855],{"className":144851},[1033],[1035,144853],{"className":144854,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,2097,1040],"Co zůstává implicitní",[1030,144857,144858],{},"Model nepředpokládá altruismus ani solidaritu — zaměstnanci jsou stejně sobečtí jako kapitalista. Jen sdílejí celý čistý příjem firmy, místo aby pobírali fixní mzdu.",[4503,144860],{},[1077,144862,144864],{"id":144863},"_3-cílová-funkce","3. Cílová funkce",[1030,144866,144867,144868,3738],{},"Cílem firmy je maximalizovat ",[1047,144869,144870],{},"příjem na jednoho zaměstnance",[1035,144872,144874],{"className":144873},[1772],[1774,144875,144876],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,144877,144878,144896],{},[1781,144879,144880,144882,144884],{},[1784,144881,3750],{},[1788,144883,1863],{},[2322,144885,144886,144894],{},[1781,144887,144888,144890,144892],{},[1784,144889,3759],{},[1788,144891,2637],{},[1784,144893,1786],{},[1784,144895,3766],{},[1808,144897,144898],{"encoding":1810},"y = \\frac{W + \\pi}{L}",[1030,144900,7908,144901,144914,144915,144928],{},[1035,144902,144904],{"className":144903},[1772],[1774,144905,144906],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,144907,144908,144912],{},[1781,144909,144910],{},[1784,144911,3759],{},[1808,144913,3759],{"encoding":1810}," je celková mzdová suma a ",[1035,144916,144918],{"className":144917},[1772],[1774,144919,144920],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,144921,144922,144926],{},[1781,144923,144924],{},[1784,144925,1786],{},[1808,144927,3081],{"encoding":1810}," je zisk. Roznásobením:",[1035,144930,144932],{"className":144931},[1772],[1774,144933,144934],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,144935,144936,145014],{},[1781,144937,144938,144940,144942,144974,144976,144996,144998],{},[1784,144939,3750],{},[1788,144941,1863],{},[2322,144943,144944,144972],{},[1781,144945,144946,144948,144950,144952,144954,144956,144958,144960,144962,144964,144966],{},[1784,144947,3775],{},[1784,144949,3766],{},[1788,144951,2637],{},[1784,144953,2264],{},[1784,144955,2270],{},[1788,144957,2371],{},[1784,144959,3775],{},[1784,144961,3766],{},[1788,144963,2371],{},[1784,144965,3794],{},[1792,144967,144968,144970],{},[1784,144969,3722],{},[2348,144971,2350],{},[1784,144973,3766],{},[1788,144975,1863],{},[2322,144977,144978,144994],{},[1781,144979,144980,144982,144984,144986,144988],{},[1784,144981,2264],{},[1784,144983,2270],{},[1788,144985,2371],{},[1784,144987,3794],{},[1792,144989,144990,144992],{},[1784,144991,3722],{},[2348,144993,2350],{},[1784,144995,3766],{},[1788,144997,1863],{},[2322,144999,145000,145012],{},[1781,145001,145002,145004,145006,145008,145010],{},[1784,145003,2257],{},[1784,145005,1860],{},[1788,145007,2371],{},[1784,145009,3817],{},[1784,145011,1868],{},[1784,145013,3766],{},[1808,145015,145016],{"encoding":1810},"y = \\frac{wL + PQ - wL - rK_0}{L} = \\frac{PQ - rK_0}{L} = \\frac{TR - FC}{L}",[1030,145018,145019,145020,145036,145037,145040,145041,145054,145055,145058,145059,2440],{},"Mzdová složka ",[1035,145021,145023],{"className":145022},[1772],[1774,145024,145025],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,145026,145027,145033],{},[1781,145028,145029,145031],{},[1784,145030,3775],{},[1784,145032,3766],{},[1808,145034,145035],{"encoding":1810},"wL"," se v zaměstnanecké firmě vyruší — zaměstnanci si ",[1047,145038,145039],{},"rozdělují celý čistý příjem"," (tržby minus fixní náklady na kapitál). Tržní mzda ",[1035,145042,145044],{"className":145043},[1772],[1774,145045,145046],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,145047,145048,145052],{},[1781,145049,145050],{},[1784,145051,3775],{},[1808,145053,3775],{"encoding":1810}," tedy v cílové funkci vůbec nevystupuje; slouží jen jako ",[1047,145056,145057],{},"referenční bod"," (zaměstnanci by měli pracovat ve firmě jen tehdy, je-li ",[1035,145060,145062],{"className":145061},[1772],[1774,145063,145064],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,145065,145066,145074],{},[1781,145067,145068,145070,145072],{},[1784,145069,3750],{},[1788,145071,2491],{},[1784,145073,3775],{},[1808,145075,145076],{"encoding":1810},"y > w",[4503,145078],{},[1077,145080,145082],{"id":145081},"_4-technologické-omezení","4. Technologické omezení",[1030,145084,145085,145086,1310],{},"Krátkoběžná produkční funkce s fixním kapitálem ",[1035,145087,145089],{"className":145088},[1772],[1774,145090,145091],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,145092,145093,145101],{},[1781,145094,145095],{},[1792,145096,145097,145099],{},[1784,145098,3722],{},[2348,145100,2350],{},[1808,145102,3727],{"encoding":1810},[1035,145104,145106],{"className":145105},[1772],[1774,145107,145108],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,145109,145110,145132],{},[1781,145111,145112,145114,145116,145118,145120,145126,145128,145130],{},[1784,145113,2270],{},[1788,145115,1863],{},[1784,145117,2139],{},[1788,145119,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,145121,145122,145124],{},[1784,145123,3722],{},[2348,145125,2350],{},[1788,145127,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,145129,3766],{},[1788,145131,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,145133,3859],{"encoding":1810},[1030,145135,145136,145137,145154,145155,145168,145169,145182,145183,145186],{},"Protože ",[1035,145138,145140],{"className":145139},[1772],[1774,145141,145142],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,145143,145144,145152],{},[1781,145145,145146],{},[1792,145147,145148,145150],{},[1784,145149,3722],{},[2348,145151,2350],{},[1808,145153,3727],{"encoding":1810}," je dáno, ",[1035,145156,145158],{"className":145157},[1772],[1774,145159,145160],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,145161,145162,145166],{},[1781,145163,145164],{},[1784,145165,2270],{},[1808,145167,2270],{"encoding":1810}," závisí už jen na ",[1035,145170,145172],{"className":145171},[1772],[1774,145173,145174],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,145175,145176,145180],{},[1781,145177,145178],{},[1784,145179,3766],{},[1808,145181,3766],{"encoding":1810},". Model se redukuje na ",[1047,145184,145185],{},"jedno-vstupový problém"," s klesajícími mezními výnosy práce.",[1030,145188,145189,145190,145193],{},"Pro numerické příklady se obvykle používá ",[1047,145191,145192],{},"Cobb–Douglas"," s konstantními výnosy:",[1035,145195,145197],{"className":145196},[1772],[1774,145198,145199],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,145200,145201,145260],{},[1781,145202,145203,145205,145207,145221,145233,145235,145238,145240,145242,145244,145246],{},[1784,145204,2270],{},[1788,145206,1863],{},[13587,145208,145209,145211,145213],{},[1784,145210,3722],{},[2348,145212,2350],{},[1781,145214,145215,145217,145219],{},[2348,145216,2374],{},[1784,145218,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,145220,5332],{},[2467,145222,145223,145225],{},[1784,145224,3766],{},[1781,145226,145227,145229,145231],{},[2348,145228,4593],{},[1784,145230,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[2348,145232,5332],{},[2352,145234],{"width":2702},[2149,145236,145237],{},"nebo",[2352,145239],{"width":2702},[1784,145241,2270],{},[1788,145243,1863],{},[2348,145245,3116],{},[22228,145247,145248],{},[1781,145249,145250,145252,145254],{},[1784,145251,3766],{},[1788,145253,2267],{},[1792,145255,145256,145258],{},[1784,145257,3722],{},[2348,145259,2350],{},[1808,145261,145262],{"encoding":1810},"Q = K_0^{1\u002F3} L^{2\u002F3} \\quad \\text{nebo} \\quad Q = 10\\sqrt{L \\cdot K_0}",[1030,145264,145265,145266,1089,145269,145295],{},"Předpoklad ",[1047,145267,145268],{},"klesajícího mezního produktu práce",[1035,145270,145272],{"className":145271},[1772],[1774,145273,145274],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,145275,145276,145292],{},[1781,145277,145278,145288,145290],{},[1792,145279,145280,145282],{},[1784,145281,2139],{},[1781,145283,145284,145286],{},[1784,145285,3766],{},[1784,145287,3766],{},[1788,145289,2537],{},[2348,145291,2350],{},[1808,145293,145294],{"encoding":1810},"f_{LL} \u003C 0"," je nezbytný, jinak by problém neměl vnitřní řešení.",[4503,145297],{},[1077,145299,145301],{"id":145300},"_5-optimalizační-podmínka","5. Optimalizační podmínka",[1030,145303,145304],{},"Maximalizujeme",[1035,145306,145308],{"className":145307},[1772],[1774,145309,145310],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,145311,145312,145360],{},[1781,145313,145314,145316,145318,145320,145322,145324],{},[1784,145315,3750],{},[1788,145317,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,145319,3766],{},[1788,145321,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,145323,1863],{},[2322,145325,145326,145358],{},[1781,145327,145328,145330,145332,145334,145336,145342,145344,145346,145348,145350,145352],{},[1784,145329,2264],{},[1788,145331,2267],{},[1784,145333,2139],{},[1788,145335,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1792,145337,145338,145340],{},[1784,145339,3722],{},[2348,145341,2350],{},[1788,145343,1138],{"separator":1041},[1784,145345,3766],{},[1788,145347,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,145349,2371],{},[1784,145351,3794],{},[1792,145353,145354,145356],{},[1784,145355,3722],{},[2348,145357,2350],{},[1784,145359,3766],{},[1808,145361,145362],{"encoding":1810},"y(L) = \\frac{P \\cdot f(K_0, L) - rK_0}{L}",[1030,145364,145365,145366,145379],{},"První derivace podle ",[1035,145367,145369],{"className":145368},[1772],[1774,145370,145371],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,145372,145373,145377],{},[1781,145374,145375],{},[1784,145376,3766],{},[1808,145378,3766],{"encoding":1810}," (kvocientový vzorec):",[1035,145381,145383],{"className":145382},[1772],[1774,145384,145385],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,145386,145387,145453],{},[1781,145388,145389,145403,145405,145449,145451],{},[2322,145390,145391,145397],{},[1781,145392,145393,145395],{},[1784,145394,2328],{},[1784,145396,3750],{},[1781,145398,145399,145401],{},[1784,145400,2328],{},[1784,145402,3766],{},[1788,145404,1863],{},[2322,145406,145407,145443],{},[1781,145408,145409,145411,145413,145419,145421,145423,145425,145427,145429,145431,145433,145435,145441],{},[1784,145410,2264],{},[1788,145412,2267],{},[1792,145414,145415,145417],{},[1784,145416,2139],{},[1784,145418,3766],{},[1788,145420,2267],{},[1784,145422,3766],{},[1788,145424,2371],{},[1788,145426,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,145428,2264],{},[1784,145430,2270],{},[1788,145432,2371],{},[1784,145434,3794],{},[1792,145436,145437,145439],{},[1784,145438,3722],{},[2348,145440,2350],{},[1788,145442,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[2467,145444,145445,145447],{},[1784,145446,3766],{},[2348,145448,4593],{},[1788,145450,1863],{},[2348,145452,2350],{},[1808,145454,145455],{"encoding":1810},"\\frac{dy}{dL} = \\frac{P \\cdot f_L \\cdot L - (PQ - rK_0)}{L^2} = 0",[1030,145457,145458],{},"Čitatel = 0:",[1035,145460,145462],{"className":145461},[1772],[1774,145463,145464],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,145465,145466,145498],{},[1781,145467,145468,145470,145472,145478,145480,145482,145484,145486,145488,145490,145492],{},[1784,145469,2264],{},[1788,145471,2267],{},[1792,145473,145474,145476],{},[1784,145475,2139],{},[1784,145477,3766],{},[1788,145479,2267],{},[1784,145481,3766],{},[1788,145483,1863],{},[1784,145485,2264],{},[1784,145487,2270],{},[1788,145489,2371],{},[1784,145491,3794],{},[1792,145493,145494,145496],{},[1784,145495,3722],{},[2348,145497,2350],{},[1808,145499,145500],{"encoding":1810},"P \\cdot f_L \\cdot L = PQ - rK_0",[1035,145502,145504],{"className":145503},[1772],[1774,145505,145506],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,145507,145508,145546],{},[1781,145509,145510,145512,145514,145520,145522,145542,145544],{},[1784,145511,2264],{},[1788,145513,2267],{},[1792,145515,145516,145518],{},[1784,145517,2139],{},[1784,145519,3766],{},[1788,145521,1863],{},[2322,145523,145524,145540],{},[1781,145525,145526,145528,145530,145532,145534],{},[1784,145527,2264],{},[1784,145529,2270],{},[1788,145531,2371],{},[1784,145533,3794],{},[1792,145535,145536,145538],{},[1784,145537,3722],{},[2348,145539,2350],{},[1784,145541,3766],{},[1788,145543,1863],{},[1784,145545,3750],{},[1808,145547,145548],{"encoding":1810},"P \\cdot f_L = \\frac{PQ - rK_0}{L} = y",[1023,145550,145552,145559],{"className":145551,"dataCallout":4153},[1026,3500],[1030,145553,145555,145558],{"className":145554},[1033],[1035,145556],{"className":145557,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,3508,1040],"Optimální podmínka Wardovy firmy",[1030,145560,145561,145603,145604,145607],{},[1035,145562,145564],{"className":145563},[1772],[1774,145565,145566],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,145567,145568,145600],{},[1781,145569,145570],{},[21766,145571,145572],{"notation":21768},[14390,145573,145574],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,145575,145576],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":2142},[14390,145577,145578],{"scriptlevel":2350,"displaystyle":1041},[1781,145579,145580,145582,145584,145586,145588,145594,145596,145598],{},[2149,145581,2769],{},[1784,145583,2264],{},[1788,145585,2267],{},[1784,145587,1857],{},[1792,145589,145590,145592],{},[1784,145591,2264],{},[1784,145593,3766],{},[1788,145595,1863],{},[1784,145597,3750],{},[2149,145599,2769],{},[1808,145601,145602],{"encoding":1810},"\\boxed{\\,P \\cdot MP_L = y\\,}","\nMezní příjmový produkt práce se rovná ",[1047,145605,145606],{},"průměrnému"," příjmu na zaměstnance — ne mzdě.",[1030,145609,145610,145611,145635],{},"Intuice: zaměstnanci přijmou nového člena pouze tehdy, pokud jeho příspěvek ",[1035,145612,145614],{"className":145613},[1772],[1774,145615,145616],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,145617,145618,145632],{},[1781,145619,145620,145622,145624,145626],{},[1784,145621,2264],{},[1788,145623,2267],{},[1784,145625,1857],{},[1792,145627,145628,145630],{},[1784,145629,2264],{},[1784,145631,3766],{},[1808,145633,145634],{"encoding":1810},"P \\cdot MP_L"," není menší než stávající průměr — jinak by nový člen \"naředil\" jejich podíl.",[4503,145637],{},[1077,145639,145641],{"id":145640},"_6-srovnání-s-kapitalistickou-firmou","6. Srovnání s kapitalistickou firmou",[1030,145643,145644],{},[2206,145645],{"alt":145646,"className":145647,"src":145648},"mikk-wardova-firma",[1071,2210],"\u002Fwiki-assets\u002Fmikk-wardova-firma.jpeg",[1153,145650,145651,145667],{},[1156,145652,145653],{},[1159,145654,145655,145657,145662],{},[1162,145656],{},[1162,145658,145659],{},[1047,145660,145661],{},"Kapitalistická firma",[1162,145663,145664],{},[1047,145665,145666],{},"Wardova firma",[1172,145668,145669,145764,145842,145853,145912],{},[1159,145670,145671,145674,145718],{},[1177,145672,145673],{},"Cíl",[1177,145675,145676],{},[1035,145677,145679],{"className":145678},[1772],[1774,145680,145681],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,145682,145683,145715],{},[1781,145684,145685,145687,145689,145691,145693,145695,145697,145699,145701,145703,145705,145707,145709],{},[1784,145686,3347],{},[1788,145688,3350],{},[2149,145690,13478],{},[1784,145692,1786],{},[1788,145694,1863],{},[1784,145696,2264],{},[1784,145698,2270],{},[1788,145700,2371],{},[1784,145702,3775],{},[1784,145704,3766],{},[1788,145706,2371],{},[1784,145708,3794],{},[1792,145710,145711,145713],{},[1784,145712,3722],{},[2348,145714,2350],{},[1808,145716,145717],{"encoding":1810},"\\max\\ \\pi = PQ - wL - rK_0",[1177,145719,145720],{},[1035,145721,145723],{"className":145722},[1772],[1774,145724,145725],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,145726,145727,145761],{},[1781,145728,145729,145731,145733,145735,145737,145739,145741,145743,145745,145747,145749,145755,145757,145759],{},[1784,145730,3347],{},[1788,145732,3350],{},[2149,145734,13478],{},[1784,145736,3750],{},[1788,145738,1863],{},[1788,145740,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,145742,2264],{},[1784,145744,2270],{},[1788,145746,2371],{},[1784,145748,3794],{},[1792,145750,145751,145753],{},[1784,145752,3722],{},[2348,145754,2350],{},[1788,145756,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,145758,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,145760,3766],{},[1808,145762,145763],{"encoding":1810},"\\max\\ y = (PQ - rK_0)\u002FL",[1159,145765,145766,145782,145812],{},[1177,145767,145768,145769],{},"FOC pro ",[1035,145770,145772],{"className":145771},[1772],[1774,145773,145774],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,145775,145776,145780],{},[1781,145777,145778],{},[1784,145779,3766],{},[1808,145781,3766],{"encoding":1810},[1177,145783,145784],{},[1035,145785,145787],{"className":145786},[1772],[1774,145788,145789],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,145790,145791,145809],{},[1781,145792,145793,145795,145797,145799,145805,145807],{},[1784,145794,2264],{},[1788,145796,2267],{},[1784,145798,1857],{},[1792,145800,145801,145803],{},[1784,145802,2264],{},[1784,145804,3766],{},[1788,145806,1863],{},[1784,145808,3775],{},[1808,145810,145811],{"encoding":1810},"P \\cdot MP_L = w",[1177,145813,145814],{},[1035,145815,145817],{"className":145816},[1772],[1774,145818,145819],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,145820,145821,145839],{},[1781,145822,145823,145825,145827,145829,145835,145837],{},[1784,145824,2264],{},[1788,145826,2267],{},[1784,145828,1857],{},[1792,145830,145831,145833],{},[1784,145832,2264],{},[1784,145834,3766],{},[1788,145836,1863],{},[1784,145838,3750],{},[1808,145840,145841],{"encoding":1810},"P \\cdot MP_L = y",[1159,145843,145844,145847,145850],{},[1177,145845,145846],{},"Co se rovná meznímu produktu",[1177,145848,145849],{},"mzda (externí cena)",[1177,145851,145852],{},"průměrný příjem (endogenní)",[1159,145854,145855,145874,145893],{},[1177,145856,145857,145858],{},"Reakce na ",[1035,145859,145861],{"className":145860},[1772],[1774,145862,145863],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,145864,145865,145871],{},[1781,145866,145867,145869],{},[1784,145868,2264],{},[1788,145870,118273],{},[1808,145872,145873],{"encoding":1810},"P \\uparrow",[1177,145875,145876,145892],{},[1035,145877,145879],{"className":145878},[1772],[1774,145880,145881],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,145882,145883,145889],{},[1781,145884,145885,145887],{},[1784,145886,3766],{},[1788,145888,118273],{},[1808,145890,145891],{"encoding":1810},"L \\uparrow"," (najmout)",[1177,145894,145895,145911],{},[1035,145896,145898],{"className":145897},[1772],[1774,145899,145900],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,145901,145902,145908],{},[1781,145903,145904,145906],{},[1784,145905,3766],{},[1788,145907,118262],{},[1808,145909,145910],{"encoding":1810},"L \\downarrow"," (propustit)",[1159,145913,145914,145932,145948],{},[1177,145915,145857,145916],{},[1035,145917,145919],{"className":145918},[1772],[1774,145920,145921],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,145922,145923,145929],{},[1781,145924,145925,145927],{},[1784,145926,3794],{},[1788,145928,118273],{},[1808,145930,145931],{"encoding":1810},"r \\uparrow",[1177,145933,145934,145947],{},[1035,145935,145937],{"className":145936},[1772],[1774,145938,145939],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,145940,145941,145945],{},[1781,145942,145943],{},[1784,145944,3766],{},[1808,145946,3766],{"encoding":1810}," ~ stejné (krátkoběžně)",[1177,145949,145950,145965,145966,145979],{},[1035,145951,145953],{"className":145952},[1772],[1774,145954,145955],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,145956,145957,145963],{},[1781,145958,145959,145961],{},[1784,145960,3766],{},[1788,145962,118273],{},[1808,145964,145891],{"encoding":1810}," (FC roste, ",[1035,145967,145969],{"className":145968},[1772],[1774,145970,145971],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,145972,145973,145977],{},[1781,145974,145975],{},[1784,145976,3750],{},[1808,145978,3750],{"encoding":1810}," klesá)",[1030,145981,145982,145983,145986,145987,145990],{},"Klíčový rozdíl je v tom, že u kapitalisty je referenční hladina pro mezní produkt ",[1047,145984,145985],{},"exogenní"," (mzda určená trhem práce), u Wardovy firmy ",[1047,145988,145989],{},"endogenní"," (průměr, který sama produkuje).",[4503,145992],{},[1077,145994,145996],{"id":145995},"_7-paradoxní-reakce-na-cenu","7. Paradoxní reakce na cenu",[1030,145998,145999,146000,1075],{},"Toto je ",[1047,146001,146002],{},"slavný paradox Wardova modelu",[1112,146004,146005,146024],{},[1115,146006,146007,146009,146010,146023],{},[1047,146008,145661],{},": vyšší cena ",[1035,146011,146013],{"className":146012},[1772],[1774,146014,146015],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,146016,146017,146021],{},[1781,146018,146019],{},[1784,146020,2264],{},[1808,146022,2264],{"encoding":1810}," → vyšší marginální výnos práce → najmout více pracovníků → vyrobit více → kladný sklon nabídky.",[1115,146025,146026,146009,146028,146041,146042,34518,146055,146057,146058,146071,146072,4752,146075,1075],{},[1047,146027,145666],{},[1035,146029,146031],{"className":146030},[1772],[1774,146032,146033],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,146034,146035,146039],{},[1781,146036,146037],{},[1784,146038,2264],{},[1808,146040,2264],{"encoding":1810}," → roste ",[1035,146043,146045],{"className":146044},[1772],[1774,146046,146047],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,146048,146049,146053],{},[1781,146050,146051],{},[1784,146052,3750],{},[1808,146054,3750],{"encoding":1810},[1047,146056,42314],{}," počet pracovníků → optimum se posouvá tam, kde je ",[1035,146059,146061],{"className":146060},[1772],[1774,146062,146063],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,146064,146065,146069],{},[1781,146066,146067],{},[1784,146068,3750],{},[1808,146070,3750],{"encoding":1810}," ještě vyšší → ",[1047,146073,146074],{},"propustit pracovníky",[1047,146076,146077],{},"záporný sklon nabídky",[1030,146079,146080,146081,146101,146102,127215,146120,146133,146134,146137,146138,146151,146152,146172],{},"Geometricky: funkce ",[1035,146082,146084],{"className":146083},[1772],[1774,146085,146086],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,146087,146088,146098],{},[1781,146089,146090,146092,146094,146096],{},[1784,146091,3750],{},[1788,146093,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,146095,3766],{},[1788,146097,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,146099,146100],{"encoding":1810},"y(L)"," má tvar inverzního U s maximem při ",[1035,146103,146105],{"className":146104},[1772],[1774,146106,146107],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,146108,146109,146117],{},[1781,146110,146111],{},[2467,146112,146113,146115],{},[1784,146114,3766],{},[1788,146116,7763],{},[1808,146118,146119],{"encoding":1810},"L^*",[1035,146121,146123],{"className":146122},[1772],[1774,146124,146125],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,146126,146127,146131],{},[1781,146128,146129],{},[1784,146130,2264],{},[1808,146132,2264],{"encoding":1810}," zvedne křivku a ",[1047,146135,146136],{},"posune maximum doleva"," (k nižšímu ",[1035,146139,146141],{"className":146140},[1772],[1774,146142,146143],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,146144,146145,146149],{},[1781,146146,146147],{},[1784,146148,3766],{},[1808,146150,3766],{"encoding":1810},"), protože fixní náklad ",[1035,146153,146155],{"className":146154},[1772],[1774,146156,146157],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,146158,146159,146169],{},[1781,146160,146161,146163],{},[1784,146162,3794],{},[1792,146164,146165,146167],{},[1784,146166,3722],{},[2348,146168,2350],{},[1808,146170,146171],{"encoding":1810},"rK_0"," se rozkládá na menší vliv.",[1023,146174,146176,146183],{"className":146175,"dataCallout":3501},[1026,3500],[1030,146177,146179,146182],{"className":146178},[1033],[1035,146180],{"className":146181,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,3508,1040],"Anti-Smithův výsledek",[1030,146184,146185,146186,146189],{},"Trh s Wardovými firmami má ",[1047,146187,146188],{},"klesající nabídku"," — vyšší cena znamená nižší produkci. To podkopává standardní mechanismus tržní rovnováhy a vede k makroekonomické nestabilitě.",[4503,146191],{},[1077,146193,146195],{"id":146194},"_8-numerický-příklad","8. Numerický příklad",[1030,146197,146198],{},"Cobb–Douglas s odmocninou:",[1035,146200,146202],{"className":146201},[1772],[1774,146203,146204],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,146205,146206,146254],{},[1781,146207,146208,146210,146212,146214,146228,146230,146232,146238,146240,146242,146244,146246,146248,146250],{},[1784,146209,2270],{},[1788,146211,1863],{},[2348,146213,3116],{},[22228,146215,146216],{},[1781,146217,146218,146220,146222],{},[1784,146219,3766],{},[1788,146221,2267],{},[1792,146223,146224,146226],{},[1784,146225,3722],{},[2348,146227,2350],{},[1788,146229,1138],{"separator":1041},[2352,146231],{"width":2702},[1792,146233,146234,146236],{},[1784,146235,3722],{},[2348,146237,2350],{},[1788,146239,1863],{},[2348,146241,2605],{},[1788,146243,2357],{},[1784,146245,2270],{},[1788,146247,1863],{},[2348,146249,2605],{},[22228,146251,146252],{},[1784,146253,3766],{},[1808,146255,146256],{"encoding":1810},"Q = 10\\sqrt{L \\cdot K_0}, \\quad K_0 = 100 \\Rightarrow Q = 100\\sqrt{L}",[1030,146258,146259,146260,1299,146278,1075],{},"Parametry: ",[1035,146261,146263],{"className":146262},[1772],[1774,146264,146265],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,146266,146267,146275],{},[1781,146268,146269,146271,146273],{},[1784,146270,3794],{},[1788,146272,1863],{},[2348,146274,2374],{},[1808,146276,146277],{"encoding":1810},"r = 1",[1035,146279,146281],{"className":146280},[1772],[1774,146282,146283],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,146284,146285,146305],{},[1781,146286,146287,146289,146291,146293,146295,146301,146303],{},[1784,146288,3817],{},[1784,146290,1868],{},[1788,146292,1863],{},[1784,146294,3794],{},[1792,146296,146297,146299],{},[1784,146298,3722],{},[2348,146300,2350],{},[1788,146302,1863],{},[2348,146304,2605],{},[1808,146306,146307],{"encoding":1810},"FC = rK_0 = 100",[1030,146309,146310],{},"Příjem na zaměstnance:",[1035,146312,146314],{"className":146313},[1772],[1774,146315,146316],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,146317,146318,146370],{},[1781,146319,146320,146322,146324,146326,146328,146330,146348,146350,146362,146364],{},[1784,146321,3750],{},[1788,146323,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,146325,3766],{},[1788,146327,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1788,146329,1863],{},[2322,146331,146332,146346],{},[1781,146333,146334,146336,146338,146342,146344],{},[2348,146335,2605],{},[1784,146337,2264],{},[22228,146339,146340],{},[1784,146341,3766],{},[1788,146343,2371],{},[2348,146345,2605],{},[1784,146347,3766],{},[1788,146349,1863],{},[2322,146351,146352,146358],{},[1781,146353,146354,146356],{},[2348,146355,2605],{},[1784,146357,2264],{},[22228,146359,146360],{},[1784,146361,3766],{},[1788,146363,2371],{},[2322,146365,146366,146368],{},[2348,146367,2605],{},[1784,146369,3766],{},[1808,146371,146372],{"encoding":1810},"y(L) = \\frac{100 P \\sqrt{L} - 100}{L} = \\frac{100 P}{\\sqrt{L}} - \\frac{100}{L}",[1030,146374,146375],{},"První derivace:",[1035,146377,146379],{"className":146378},[1772],[1774,146380,146381],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,146382,146383,146433],{},[1781,146384,146385,146399,146401,146403,146417,146419,146429,146431],{},[2322,146386,146387,146393],{},[1781,146388,146389,146391],{},[1784,146390,2328],{},[1784,146392,3750],{},[1781,146394,146395,146397],{},[1784,146396,2328],{},[1784,146398,3766],{},[1788,146400,1863],{},[1788,146402,2371],{},[2322,146404,146405,146411],{},[1781,146406,146407,146409],{},[2348,146408,2853],{},[1784,146410,2264],{},[2467,146412,146413,146415],{},[1784,146414,3766],{},[2348,146416,16562],{},[1788,146418,2637],{},[2322,146420,146421,146423],{},[2348,146422,2605],{},[2467,146424,146425,146427],{},[1784,146426,3766],{},[2348,146428,4593],{},[1788,146430,1863],{},[2348,146432,2350],{},[1808,146434,146435],{"encoding":1810},"\\frac{dy}{dL} = -\\frac{50 P}{L^{1{,}5}} + \\frac{100}{L^2} = 0",[1035,146437,146439],{"className":146438},[1772],[1774,146440,146441],{"xmlns":1776,"display":2117},[1778,146442,146443,146481],{},[1781,146444,146445,146447,146453,146455,146461,146463,146469,146471],{},[1788,146446,2357],{},[2467,146448,146449,146451],{},[1784,146450,3766],{},[2348,146452,15984],{},[1788,146454,1863],{},[2322,146456,146457,146459],{},[2348,146458,4593],{},[1784,146460,2264],{},[1788,146462,2357],{},[2467,146464,146465,146467],{},[1784,146466,3766],{},[1788,146468,7763],{},[1788,146470,1863],{},[2322,146472,146473,146475],{},[2348,146474,5344],{},[2467,146476,146477,146479],{},[1784,146478,2264],{},[2348,146480,4593],{},[1808,146482,146483],{"encoding":1810},"\\Rightarrow L^{0{,}5} = \\frac{2}{P} \\Rightarrow L^* = \\frac{4}{P^2}",[1153,146485,146486,146554],{},[1156,146487,146488],{},[1159,146489,146490,146505,146524,146539],{},[1162,146491,146492],{},[1035,146493,146495],{"className":146494},[1772],[1774,146496,146497],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,146498,146499,146503],{},[1781,146500,146501],{},[1784,146502,2264],{},[1808,146504,2264],{"encoding":1810},[1162,146506,146507],{},[1035,146508,146510],{"className":146509},[1772],[1774,146511,146512],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,146513,146514,146522],{},[1781,146515,146516],{},[2467,146517,146518,146520],{},[1784,146519,3766],{},[1788,146521,7763],{},[1808,146523,146119],{"encoding":1810},[1162,146525,146526],{},[1035,146527,146529],{"className":146528},[1772],[1774,146530,146531],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,146532,146533,146537],{},[1781,146534,146535],{},[1784,146536,2270],{},[1808,146538,2270],{"encoding":1810},[1162,146540,146541],{},[1035,146542,146544],{"className":146543},[1772],[1774,146545,146546],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,146547,146548,146552],{},[1781,146549,146550],{},[1784,146551,3750],{},[1808,146553,3750],{"encoding":1810},[1172,146555,146556,146566,146576],{},[1159,146557,146558,146560,146562,146564],{},[1177,146559,2374],{},[1177,146561,5344],{},[1177,146563,28338],{},[1177,146565,2882],{},[1159,146567,146568,146570,146572,146574],{},[1177,146569,4593],{},[1177,146571,2374],{},[1177,146573,2605],{},[1177,146575,2605],{},[1159,146577,146578,146580,146582,146584],{},[1177,146579,5344],{},[1177,146581,14363],{},[1177,146583,2853],{},[1177,146585,28338],{},[1030,146587,146588,146589,4974,146607,146625,146626,146629,146630,1075],{},"Když cena vzroste z ",[1035,146590,146592],{"className":146591},[1772],[1774,146593,146594],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,146595,146596,146604],{},[1781,146597,146598,146600,146602],{},[1784,146599,2264],{},[1788,146601,1863],{},[2348,146603,2374],{},[1808,146605,146606],{"encoding":1810},"P=1",[1035,146608,146610],{"className":146609},[1772],[1774,146611,146612],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,146613,146614,146622],{},[1781,146615,146616,146618,146620],{},[1784,146617,2264],{},[1788,146619,1863],{},[2348,146621,4593],{},[1808,146623,146624],{"encoding":1810},"P=2",": zaměstnanost klesá ze 4 na 1, produkce klesá z 200 na 100, ",[1047,146627,146628],{},"ale"," příjem každého zbylého zaměstnance vzroste z 25 na 100. Pro stávající členy je propuštění kolegů ",[1047,146631,146632],{},"racionální",[4503,146634],{},[1077,146636,146638],{"id":146637},"_9-důsledky-a-kritika","9. Důsledky a kritika",[1260,146640,146641,146647,146704,146717,146723],{},[1115,146642,146643,146646],{},[1047,146644,146645],{},"Záporný sklon nabídky práce"," — anti-Smithův výsledek, makro-nestabilita.",[1115,146648,146649,146652,146653,146669,146670,146689,146690,146703],{},[1047,146650,146651],{},"Kapitálová nedostatečnost"," — Wardova firma nemá silnou motivaci investovat. Každý nový kapitál ",[1035,146654,146656],{"className":146655},[1772],[1774,146657,146658],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,146659,146660,146666],{},[1781,146661,146662,146664],{},[1784,146663,17064],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,146665,3722],{},[1808,146667,146668],{"encoding":1810},"\\Delta K"," zvyšuje ",[1035,146671,146673],{"className":146672},[1772],[1774,146674,146675],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,146676,146677,146687],{},[1781,146678,146679,146681],{},[1784,146680,3794],{},[1792,146682,146683,146685],{},[1784,146684,3722],{},[2348,146686,2350],{},[1808,146688,146171],{"encoding":1810}," a snižuje ",[1035,146691,146693],{"className":146692},[1772],[1774,146694,146695],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,146696,146697,146701],{},[1781,146698,146699],{},[1784,146700,3750],{},[1808,146702,3750],{"encoding":1810},". Investice se vyplatí jen tehdy, jsou-li externě dotované nebo financované z nesdílených zdrojů.",[1115,146705,146706,3250,146709,146712,146713,146716],{},[1047,146707,146708],{},"Vanek (1970)",[1091,146710,146711],{},"General Theory of Labor-Managed Market Economies",": doporučuje ",[1047,146714,146715],{},"externí financování investic"," (státní banka), aby se obešel underinvestment problém.",[1115,146718,146719,146722],{},[1047,146720,146721],{},"Free-rider problém"," — viz sekce 14.",[1115,146724,146725,146728],{},[1047,146726,146727],{},"Krátké pracovní horizonty"," — odcházející zaměstnanec ztrácí podíl na kapitálu, takže preferuje rychlou spotřebu zisku před dlouhodobou akumulací.",[4503,146730],{},[1077,146732,146734],{"id":146733},"_10-empirické-testování","10. Empirické testování",[1153,146736,146737,146747],{},[1156,146738,146739],{},[1159,146740,146741,146744],{},[1162,146742,146743],{},"Případ",[1162,146745,146746],{},"Hodnocení",[1172,146748,146749,146760,146779,146790],{},[1159,146750,146751,146757],{},[1177,146752,146753,146756],{},[1047,146754,146755],{},"Jugoslávie"," (1950–1990)",[1177,146758,146759],{},"Stagnační produktivita, chronický underinvestment, vysoká inflace, nezaměstnanost. Většina ekonomů (Estrin, Bartlett) potvrzuje Wardovy predikce.",[1159,146761,146762,146768],{},[1177,146763,146764,146767],{},[1047,146765,146766],{},"Mondragón"," (Baskicko, ESP)",[1177,146769,146770,146771,146774,146775,146778],{},"Úspěšný kooperativní konglomerát (>80 000 zaměstnanců). Funguje proto, že čelí ",[1047,146772,146773],{},"tržní konkurenci"," a má ",[1047,146776,146777],{},"interní hierarchii"," s diferencovanými mzdami.",[1159,146780,146781,146787],{},[1177,146782,146783,146786],{},[1047,146784,146785],{},"Kibucy"," (Izrael)",[1177,146788,146789],{},"Zemědělské kooperativy. Mnohé zanikly nebo se transformovaly; přežívající často spoléhají na státní dotace nebo turistiku.",[1159,146791,146792,146798],{},[1177,146793,146794,146797],{},[1047,146795,146796],{},"Worker co-ops"," (USA, UK)",[1177,146799,146800],{},"Stabilní v nikách (potravinářství, řemeslo), nedosahují měřítka kapitalistických firem.",[4503,146802],{},[1077,146804,146806],{"id":146805},"_11-aplikace-v-moderní-době","11. Aplikace v moderní době",[1112,146808,146809,146815,146821,146827],{},[1115,146810,146811,146814],{},[1047,146812,146813],{},"Družstevní firmy",": zemědělská družstva, spotřebitelská družstva (COOP), bytová družstva.",[1115,146816,146817,146820],{},[1047,146818,146819],{},"Worker cooperatives",": některé tech firmy (Loomio, Ouishare), drobné výrobní podniky.",[1115,146822,146823,146826],{},[1047,146824,146825],{},"Velké kooperativní korporace",": Mondragón Corporación, Equal Exchange, John Lewis Partnership (UK, employee-owned).",[1115,146828,146829,146832],{},[1047,146830,146831],{},"Profit-sharing a ESOP"," (Employee Stock Ownership Plans): hybridní řešení — zaměstnanci sdílejí zisk, ale ne plně řídí.",[1030,146834,146835,146836,146839,146840,146843],{},"Tyto formy přebírají z Wardova modelu ",[1047,146837,146838],{},"motivační mechanismus"," (sdílení zisku), ale obvykle ",[1047,146841,146842],{},"odstraňují"," strukturální slabiny (fixní mzda + bonus, externí kapitál, manažerská hierarchie).",[4503,146845],{},[1077,146847,146849],{"id":146848},"_12-rozšíření-modelu","12. Rozšíření modelu",[1112,146851,146852,146862,146868,146878],{},[1115,146853,146854,146857,146858,146861],{},[1047,146855,146856],{},"Pejovich (1969)",": dlouhé období s proměnným kapitálem. Predikuje, že Wardova firma bude ",[1047,146859,146860],{},"systematicky podkapitalizována"," vůči kapitalistické firmě se stejnou produkční funkcí.",[1115,146863,146864,146867],{},[1047,146865,146866],{},"Drèze (1976)",": model s rizikem. Zaměstnanci jsou averzní k riziku a sdílejí volatilitu příjmu, což snižuje optimální velikost firmy.",[1115,146869,146870,146873,146874,146877],{},[1047,146871,146872],{},"Bonin & Putterman (1987)",": učebnice ",[1091,146875,146876],{},"Economics of Cooperation and the Labor-Managed Economy"," — syntéza tří desetiletí výzkumu.",[1115,146879,146880,146883],{},[1047,146881,146882],{},"Kremer (1997)",": efektivita výběru členů — kvalitní pracovníci nemají motivaci vstoupit do firmy s méně kvalitními kolegy, protože sdílejí příjem.",[4503,146885],{},[1077,146887,146889],{"id":146888},"_13-vazba-na-motivaci-a-principal-agent","13. Vazba na motivaci a principal-agent",[1030,146891,146892,146893,146896,146897,146901,146902,146905],{},"Wardova firma ",[1047,146894,146895],{},"řeší"," klasický ",[1068,146898,146900],{"className":146899,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1662,"href":1663},[1071],"principal-agent problém"," mezi vlastníkem a manažerem — protože ",[1047,146903,146904],{},"zaměstnanec i vlastník jsou tatáž osoba",". Není koho monitorovat zvenčí.",[1030,146907,146908,146909,1310],{},"Ale otevírá ",[1047,146910,146911],{},"dva nové problémy",[1260,146913,146914,146942],{},[1115,146915,146916,146918,146919,146937,146938,146941],{},[1047,146917,146721],{}," uvnitř kolektivu. Každý zaměstnanec sdílí ",[1035,146920,146922],{"className":146921},[1772],[1774,146923,146924],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,146925,146926,146934],{},[1781,146927,146928,146930,146932],{},[2348,146929,2374],{},[1784,146931,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,146933,3766],{},[1808,146935,146936],{"encoding":1810},"1\u002FL"," z marginálního výnosu vlastního úsilí, ale nese plnou cenu úsilí. Vznik tendence k ",[1047,146939,146940],{},"shirkingu"," (snižování úsilí). Mondragón to řeší interními bonusy a peer monitoringem.",[1115,146943,146944,146947],{},[1047,146945,146946],{},"Horizon problem",". Odcházející členové ztrácejí podíl na akumulovaném kapitálu, takže hlasují proti dlouhodobým investicím.",[4503,146949],{},[1077,146951,146953],{"id":146952},"_14-klíčové-poznatky-pro-zkoušku","14. Klíčové poznatky pro zkoušku",[1023,146955,146957,146964],{"className":146956,"dataCallout":38709},[1026,38708],[1030,146958,146960,146963],{"className":146959},[1033],[1035,146961],{"className":146962,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,38716,1040],"Co umět",[1260,146965,146966,147044,147077,147101,147128,147134],{},[1115,146967,146968,4058,146971,147029,147030,147043],{},[1047,146969,146970],{},"Cílová funkce",[1035,146972,146974],{"className":146973},[1772],[1774,146975,146976],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,146977,146978,147026],{},[1781,146979,146980,146982,146984,146986,146988,146990,146992,146994,146996,146998,147000,147002,147004,147006,147008,147010,147012,147014,147020,147022,147024],{},[1784,146981,3750],{},[1788,146983,1863],{},[1788,146985,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,146987,2257],{},[1784,146989,1860],{},[1788,146991,2371],{},[1784,146993,3817],{},[1784,146995,1868],{},[1788,146997,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,146999,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,147001,3766],{},[1788,147003,1863],{},[1788,147005,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,147007,2264],{},[1784,147009,2270],{},[1788,147011,2371],{},[1784,147013,3794],{},[1792,147015,147016,147018],{},[1784,147017,3722],{},[2348,147019,2350],{},[1788,147021,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,147023,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,147025,3766],{},[1808,147027,147028],{"encoding":1810},"y = (TR - FC)\u002FL = (PQ - rK_0)\u002FL",". Mzda ",[1035,147031,147033],{"className":147032},[1772],[1774,147034,147035],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,147036,147037,147041],{},[1781,147038,147039],{},[1784,147040,3775],{},[1808,147042,3775],{"encoding":1810}," se vyruší.",[1115,147045,147046,4058,147049,147076],{},[1047,147047,147048],{},"Optimální podmínka",[1035,147050,147052],{"className":147051},[1772],[1774,147053,147054],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,147055,147056,147074],{},[1781,147057,147058,147060,147062,147064,147070,147072],{},[1784,147059,2264],{},[1788,147061,2267],{},[1784,147063,1857],{},[1792,147065,147066,147068],{},[1784,147067,2264],{},[1784,147069,3766],{},[1788,147071,1863],{},[1784,147073,3750],{},[1808,147075,145841],{"encoding":1810}," (mezní produkt = průměrný příjem, ne mzda).",[1115,147078,147079,147082,147083,147100],{},[1047,147080,147081],{},"Předpoklady",": zaměstnanci = vlastníci, homogenní práce, fixní ",[1035,147084,147086],{"className":147085},[1772],[1774,147087,147088],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,147089,147090,147098],{},[1781,147091,147092],{},[1792,147093,147094,147096],{},[1784,147095,3722],{},[2348,147097,2350],{},[1808,147099,3727],{"encoding":1810},", price-taker.",[1115,147102,147103,4058,147105,147127],{},[1047,147104,142558],{},[1035,147106,147108],{"className":147107},[1772],[1774,147109,147110],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,147111,147112,147124],{},[1781,147113,147114,147116,147118,147120,147122],{},[1784,147115,2264],{},[1788,147117,118273],{},[1788,147119,2357],{},[1784,147121,3766],{},[1788,147123,118262],{},[1808,147125,147126],{"encoding":1810},"P \\uparrow \\Rightarrow L \\downarrow"," (záporný sklon nabídky).",[1115,147129,147130,147133],{},[1047,147131,147132],{},"Důsledky",": underinvestment, free-riding, horizon problem.",[1115,147135,147136,147139],{},[1047,147137,147138],{},"Empirie",": Jugoslávie selhala, Mondragón funguje (s tržními principy a hierarchií).",[1023,147141,147143,147150],{"className":147142,"dataCallout":25986},[1026,25985],[1030,147144,147146,147149],{"className":147145},[1033],[1035,147147],{"className":147148,"ariaHidden":1041},[1038,25993,1040],"Typická úloha",[1030,147151,147152,147153,1299,147175,1299,147192,147214,147215,147239,147240,147270,147271,1075],{},"Cobb–Douglas ",[1035,147154,147156],{"className":147155},[1772],[1774,147157,147158],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,147159,147160,147172],{},[1781,147161,147162,147164,147166,147168],{},[1784,147163,2270],{},[1788,147165,1863],{},[2348,147167,2605],{},[22228,147169,147170],{},[1784,147171,3766],{},[1808,147173,147174],{"encoding":1810},"Q = 100\\sqrt{L}",[1035,147176,147178],{"className":147177},[1772],[1774,147179,147180],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,147181,147182,147190],{},[1781,147183,147184,147186,147188],{},[1784,147185,3794],{},[1788,147187,1863],{},[2348,147189,2374],{},[1808,147191,146277],{"encoding":1810},[1035,147193,147195],{"className":147194},[1772],[1774,147196,147197],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,147198,147199,147211],{},[1781,147200,147201,147207,147209],{},[1792,147202,147203,147205],{},[1784,147204,3722],{},[2348,147206,2350],{},[1788,147208,1863],{},[2348,147210,2605],{},[1808,147212,147213],{"encoding":1810},"K_0 = 100",". Najděte optimální ",[1035,147216,147218],{"className":147217},[1772],[1774,147219,147220],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,147221,147222,147236],{},[1781,147223,147224,147230,147232,147234],{},[2467,147225,147226,147228],{},[1784,147227,3766],{},[1788,147229,7763],{},[1788,147231,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,147233,2264],{},[1788,147235,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,147237,147238],{"encoding":1810},"L^*(P)"," a ukažte, že ",[1035,147241,147243],{"className":147242},[1772],[1774,147244,147245],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,147246,147247,147267],{},[1781,147248,147249,147251,147257,147259,147261,147263,147265],{},[1784,147250,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[2467,147252,147253,147255],{},[1784,147254,3766],{},[1788,147256,7763],{},[1784,147258,13360],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,147260,7830],{"mathvariant":7829},[1784,147262,2264],{},[1788,147264,2537],{},[2348,147266,2350],{},[1808,147268,147269],{"encoding":1810},"\\partial L^*\u002F\\partial P \u003C 0",". Srovnejte s kapitalistickou firmou se mzdou ",[1035,147272,147274],{"className":147273},[1772],[1774,147275,147276],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,147277,147278,147286],{},[1781,147279,147280,147282,147284],{},[1784,147281,3775],{},[1788,147283,1863],{},[2348,147285,2882],{},[1808,147287,147288],{"encoding":1810},"w = 25",[4503,147290],{},[1077,147292,147294],{"id":147293},"_15-vztah-ke-zkoušce-z-mikk","15. Vztah ke zkoušce z MikK",[1030,147296,147297,147298,147300,147301,147304],{},"Wardův model je v kurzu ",[1047,147299,1682],{}," pokryt poměrně stručně, ale tvoří ",[1047,147302,147303],{},"kanonický kontrast"," ke kapitalistické firmě a manažerským modelům. U zkoušky se obvykle objevuje:",[1112,147306,147307,147313,147366],{},[1115,147308,147309,147312],{},[1047,147310,147311],{},"Konceptuální otázka",": rozdíl mezi cílovou funkcí Wardovy a kapitalistické firmy.",[1115,147314,147315,147318,147319,147346,147347,1075],{},[1047,147316,147317],{},"Matematická otázka",": odvození podmínky ",[1035,147320,147322],{"className":147321},[1772],[1774,147323,147324],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,147325,147326,147344],{},[1781,147327,147328,147330,147332,147334,147340,147342],{},[1784,147329,2264],{},[1788,147331,2267],{},[1784,147333,1857],{},[1792,147335,147336,147338],{},[1784,147337,2264],{},[1784,147339,3766],{},[1788,147341,1863],{},[1784,147343,3750],{},[1808,147345,145841],{"encoding":1810}," z maximalizace ",[1035,147348,147350],{"className":147349},[1772],[1774,147351,147352],{"xmlns":1776},[1778,147353,147354,147364],{},[1781,147355,147356,147358,147360,147362],{},[1784,147357,3750],{},[1788,147359,2143],{"stretchy":2142},[1784,147361,3766],{},[1788,147363,2192],{"stretchy":2142},[1808,147365,146100],{"encoding":1810},[1115,147367,147368,147371],{},[1047,147369,147370],{},"Aplikační otázka",": vysvětlit paradoxní reakci na cenu na jednoduchém numerickém příkladu.",[1030,147373,147374,147375,1299,147379,1062,147382,1075],{},"Spojení s ostatními tématy: ",[1068,147376,147378],{"className":147377,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1876,"href":1877},[1071],"monopolní cenotvorba",[1068,147380,56235],{"className":147381,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":4348,"href":4349},[1071],[1068,147383,147385],{"className":147384,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1832,"href":1833},[1071],"přehled vzorců MikK",[4503,147387],{},[1077,147389,1646],{"id":1645},[1112,147391,147392,147397,147404,147410,147416,147422],{},[1115,147393,147394,71823],{},[1068,147395,6988],{"className":147396,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1680,"href":1681},[1071],[1115,147398,147399,147403],{},[1068,147400,147402],{"className":147401,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1662,"href":1663},[1071],"mikk-alternativni-cile-firmy"," — manažerské modely (Baumol, Williamson, Marris)",[1115,147405,147406,147409],{},[1068,147407,1822],{"className":147408,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1072,"href":1073},[1071]," — Cyert–March, Simon",[1115,147411,147412,147415],{},[1068,147413,1878],{"className":147414,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1876,"href":1877},[1071]," — pokročilá analýza monopolu",[1115,147417,147418,147421],{},[1068,147419,4350],{"className":147420,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":4348,"href":4349},[1071]," — Chamberlin",[1115,147423,147424,147427],{},[1068,147425,1834],{"className":147426,"dataFsResolvedFilePath":1832,"href":1833},[1071]," — přehled klíčových vzorců",{"title":1685,"searchDepth":141,"depth":141,"links":147429},[147430,147431,147432,147433,147434,147435,147436,147437,147438,147439,147440,147441,147442,147443,147444,147445],{"id":144693,"depth":141,"text":144694},{"id":144739,"depth":141,"text":144740},{"id":144863,"depth":141,"text":144864},{"id":145081,"depth":141,"text":145082},{"id":145300,"depth":141,"text":145301},{"id":145640,"depth":141,"text":145641},{"id":145995,"depth":141,"text":145996},{"id":146194,"depth":141,"text":146195},{"id":146637,"depth":141,"text":146638},{"id":146733,"depth":141,"text":146734},{"id":146805,"depth":141,"text":146806},{"id":146848,"depth":141,"text":146849},{"id":146888,"depth":141,"text":146889},{"id":146952,"depth":141,"text":146953},{"id":147293,"depth":141,"text":147294},{"id":1645,"depth":141,"text":1646},{},"\u002Ftopics\u002Fmikk-zamestnanecka-firma-ward",{"title":144582,"description":1685},[4436],"topics\u002Fmikk-zamestnanecka-firma-ward",[13,28,988,1002,57],"31fszMr8OaF72v3HEVoqYeqITXV0aShhI-eVG7B8f5M",[147454],{"slug":13,"path":1681,"title":14,"snippet":147455},"… ernativní cíle]] — monopolistická konkurence, alternativní a behavioristické cíle firmy - \u003C\u003Cmikk-buchta-clanek>> — Behavioristické modely ve veřejném sektoru (aplikace teorie omezené racionality) - [[mi …",[147457,147458,147461],{"slug":1822,"title":4443,"path":1073,"sharedTags":58},{"slug":147459,"title":147460,"path":1672,"sharedTags":141},"mikk-prednaska-5-blok","MikK — Monopolistická konkurence a alternativní cíle firmy",{"slug":1828,"title":144582,"path":1827,"sharedTags":141},1777320345102]